Atelektaza
Epidemiologia

Atelektaza, definiowana jako częściowy lub całkowity kolaps tkanki płucnej, charakteryzuje się globalną częstością występowania około 79/100 000 osób, z wyższą częstością u osób starszych (średni wiek około 60 lat) oraz u dzieci poniżej 10 roku życia, szczególnie tych poddanych wentylacji mechanicznej (8-15%). Szczególnie wysoka częstość atelektazy pooperacyjnej sięga do 90% u pacjentów po znieczuleniu ogólnym, zwłaszcza po zabiegach kardiochirurgicznych (90%), chirurgii kręgosłupa (75%) oraz operacjach w górnej części jamy brzusznej (25%). W kontekście COVID-19, atelektaza występuje u 24% pacjentów z zapaleniem płuc, gdzie większe obszary kolapsu korelują z niższym stosunkiem SatO2/FiO2, wyższą częstością przyjęć na OIT oraz dłuższym czasem hospitalizacji. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują m.in. wiek powyżej 65 lat, otyłość, POChP, niedokrwistość (Hb <10 g/dl), znieczulenie ogólne, wentylację mechaniczną, długotrwałe operacje (>2-3 godziny), wysokie FiO2, pozycję leżącą na plecach oraz choroby restrykcyjne płuc.

Epidemiologia atelektazy

Atelektaza (niedodma) to częściowy lub całkowity kolaps tkanki płucnej. Epidemiologia atelektazy nie jest w pełni udokumentowana, ale szacuje się, że globalna częstość występowania wynosi około 79 przypadków na 100 000 osób12. Dokładna prewalencja tej choroby pozostaje nieznana3.

Demografia pacjentów

Atelektaza może występować u pacjentów w każdym wieku, choć niektóre dane wskazują na wyższą częstość u osób starszych45. Średni wiek pacjentów z atelektazą wynosi około 60 lat, szczególnie w przypadku zaokrąglonej niedodmy płuca678. Atelektaza nie wykazuje predylekcji płciowej, rasowej ani socjoekonomicznej – występuje z równą częstością u mężczyzn i kobiet91011.

W populacji pediatrycznej atelektaza występuje częściej u dzieci poniżej 10 roku życia, co wynika z węższych dróg oddechowych, które łatwiej ulegają obturacji przez wydzielinę i stany zapalne oraz są bardziej podatne na ucisk. U tych pacjentów również rzadziej występuje wentylacja oboczna12. Szacuje się, że atelektaza pojawia się u 8-15% dzieci poddanych wentylacji mechanicznej13.

Atelektaza pooperacyjna

Atelektaza pooperacyjna jest niezwykle powszechna14. U pacjentów poddawanych znieczuleniu ogólnemu częstość występowania atelektazy sięga nawet 90%1516. Badania wykazały, że zależne grawitacyjnie części płuc wykazują oznaki atelektazy już w ciągu pięciu minut od rozpoczęcia znieczulenia ogólnego17.

Częstość występowania atelektazy różni się w zależności od rodzaju zabiegu chirurgicznego:

  • Zabiegi kardiochirurgiczne – atelektaza występuje u około 90% pacjentów18
  • Zabiegi chirurgii kręgosłupa – około 75% przypadków19
  • Zabiegi w obrębie górnej części jamy brzusznej – około 25% przypadków20
  • Zabiegi endoskopowe – atelektaza radiograficzna występuje u prawie 20% pacjentów21

Atelektaza jest bardziej powszechna po zabiegach kardiochirurgicznych z użyciem krążenia pozaustrojowego niż po innych rodzajach operacji, w tym torakotomiach. Niemniej jednak, pacjenci poddawani zabiegom brzusznym i klatki piersiowej są narażeni na zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju atelektazy2223.

Atelektaza w COVID-19

W przypadku pacjentów z zapaleniem płuc wywołanym przez SARS-CoV-2, atelektaza może pojawić się u nawet 24% chorych. Wśród nich, 19% pacjentów wykazuje małe obszary atelektazy, a 5% pacjentów rozległe obszary atelektazy. Pacjenci z większymi obszarami atelektazy w porównaniu do pacjentów z mniejszymi obszarami wykazują niższy stosunek SatO2/FiO2, wyższy wskaźnik przyjęć na oddział intensywnej terapii oraz dłuższy czas hospitalizacji24.

Czynniki ryzyka rozwoju atelektazy

Istnieje wiele czynników predysponujących do rozwoju atelektazy, które można podzielić na różne kategorie2526:

Czynniki związane z pacjentem

  • Wiek – osoby starsze, szczególnie powyżej 65 roku życia27
  • Otyłość – z powodu zmniejszonej czynnościowej pojemności zalegającej (FRC)2829
  • Ciąża – również z powodu zmniejszonej FRC30
  • Przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc (POChP)31
  • Niedokrwistość przedoperacyjna (hemoglobina <10 g/dl)32
  • Zakażenie układu oddechowego w ciągu ostatniego miesiąca33
  • Choroby płuc – różne schorzenia płucne34
  • Nowotwory35
  • Infekcje36
  • Gruźlica37
  • Palenie tytoniu38
  • Niedożywienie39

Czynniki związane z procedurami medycznymi

  • Znieczulenie ogólne – w porównaniu do znieczulenia podpajęczynówkowego/zewnątrzoponowego lub innego znieczulenia regionalnego4041
  • Wentylacja mechaniczna – szczególnie przy nieadekwatnej objętości oddechowej4243
  • Operacje chirurgiczne – zwłaszcza w górnej części jamy brzusznej i klatki piersiowej4445
  • Czas trwania operacji – szczególnie procedury trwające 2-3 godziny lub dłużej46
  • Operacje w trybie pilnym47
  • Wysokie stężenie tlenu (FiO2) podczas znieczulenia48

Inne czynniki

Czynniki ryzyka zaokrąglonej atelektazy

Zaokrąglona atelektaza (rounded atelectasis) występuje u około 65-70% pracowników narażonych na azbest5556. Może być również związana z57:

Zaokrąglona atelektaza wykazuje predylekcję do dolnych płatów płuc58.

Powikłania i wyniki kliniczne

Atelektaza może prowadzić do szeregu powikłań oraz wpływać na wyniki kliniczne pacjentów59. Jednym z najważniejszych powikłań jest zapalenie płuc. Badania wykazały, że pacjenci z pooperacyjną atelektazą mają 2,33-krotnie wyższe ryzyko wystąpienia zapalenia płuc w porównaniu do pacjentów bez atelektazy60.

Atelektaza związana jest również z dłuższym czasem hospitalizacji6162. W przypadku pacjentów z COVID-19 większe obszary atelektazy korelują z gorszym utlenowaniem i wyższym wskaźnikiem przyjęć na oddziały intensywnej terapii63.

Powikłania pooperacyjne płucne, w tym atelektaza, stanowią główną przyczynę chorobowości i śmiertelności okołooperacyjnej64. Ogólna częstość występowania powikłań płucnych po zabiegach operacyjnych waha się od 5 do 83%, w zależności od populacji pacjentów, rodzaju wykonanego zabiegu, kryteriów definiujących powikłanie i badanego środowiska szpitalnego65.

Nadzór i zapobieganie

Zapobieganie i leczenie atelektazy wymaga współpracy interdyscyplinarnego zespołu66. Wczesne rozpoznanie i leczenie są istotne, gdyż mogą skrócić czas hospitalizacji, zmniejszyć koszty i poprawić wyniki leczenia pacjentów67.

W przypadku atelektazy pooperacyjnej, kluczowe znaczenie ma identyfikacja pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka. Do oceny ryzyka powikłań płucnych po operacji można wykorzystać indeks ryzyka ARISCAT, który uwzględnia następujące czynniki68:

  • Wiek (50-80 lat)
  • Czas trwania operacji (2-3 godziny)
  • Operacja w trybie pilnym
  • Niedokrwistość przedoperacyjna (hemoglobina <10 g/dl)
  • Zakażenie układu oddechowego w ciągu ostatniego miesiąca
  • Nacięcie chirurgiczne w górnej części jamy brzusznej

Pacjenci z ponad 45 punktami w skali ARISCAT mają 42,1% ryzyko wystąpienia pooperacyjnych powikłań płucnych69.

Warto zauważyć, że większość przypadków atelektazy po zabiegach endoskopowych ustępuje samoistnie bez następstw70. Jednak w innych przypadkach, szczególnie u pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka, mogą być konieczne interwencje zapobiegawcze.

Interesująca obserwacja w kontekście nowotworów

Ciekawostką jest, że atelektaza została zgłoszona jako korzystny czynnik prognostyczny raka płuc, chociaż mechanizm leżący u podłoża tego zjawiska nie jest znany71. Badania wykazały, że atelektaza i/lub zapalenie płuc z zatkania były związane z wydłużonym przeżyciem w miejscowo zaawansowanym niedrobnokomórkowym raku płuca (NSCLC). Istniało również wyraźne powiązanie między atelektazą i/lub zapaleniem płuc z zatkania a liczbą płytek krwi i wskaźnikiem sedymentacji krwi72.

Podsumowanie epidemiologiczne

Atelektaza jest powszechnym problemem klinicznym, szczególnie w kontekście pooperacyjnym i na oddziałach intensywnej terapii. Występuje u pacjentów w każdym wieku, bez wyraźnej predylekcji płciowej czy rasowej. Główne czynniki ryzyka obejmują znieczulenie ogólne, zabiegi chirurgiczne (zwłaszcza kardiochirurgiczne i w górnej części jamy brzusznej), wentylację mechaniczną, otyłość, podeszły wiek oraz różne choroby płuc.

Atelektaza zwiększa ryzyko zapalenia płuc i wydłuża czas hospitalizacji, co podkreśla znaczenie skutecznego zapobiegania i wczesnego leczenia tego stanu. Interdyscyplinarne podejście do zarządzania ryzykiem atelektazy jest niezbędne do poprawy wyników leczenia pacjentów i zmniejszenia obciążenia systemu opieki zdrowotnej.7374

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  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Atelectasis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atelectasis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of atelectasis is approximately 79 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of atelectasis is not known. […] Patients of all age groups may develop atelectasis. […] Rounded atelectasis commonly affects individuals at sixty years of age. […] There is no racial predilection to atelectasis. […] Atelectasis affects men and women equally.
  • #2 Atelectasis | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/atelectasis/
    Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of lung tissue. The incidence is not well known. There is no race or sex predilection. […] The diagnosis is made with imaging. Management includes treatment of the underlying etiology, lung expansion exercises, chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, and bronchoscopy.
  • #3 Atelectasis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atelectasis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of atelectasis is approximately 79 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of atelectasis is not known. […] Patients of all age groups may develop atelectasis. […] Rounded atelectasis commonly affects individuals at sixty years of age. […] There is no racial predilection to atelectasis. […] Atelectasis affects men and women equally.
  • #4 Atelectasis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atelectasis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of atelectasis is approximately 79 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of atelectasis is not known. […] Patients of all age groups may develop atelectasis. […] Rounded atelectasis commonly affects individuals at sixty years of age. […] There is no racial predilection to atelectasis. […] Atelectasis affects men and women equally.
  • #5
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #6 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview
    Postoperative atelectasis is extremely common. Lobar atelectasis is also common. The incidence and prevalence of this disorder are not well documented. […] The mean age at presentation for rounded atelectasis is 60 years. Atelectasis has no sexual predilection or racial predilection.
  • #7 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 6570% of asbestos workers.
  • #8 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/1.0/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 65-70% of asbestos workers.
  • #9 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview
    Postoperative atelectasis is extremely common. Lobar atelectasis is also common. The incidence and prevalence of this disorder are not well documented. […] The mean age at presentation for rounded atelectasis is 60 years. Atelectasis has no sexual predilection or racial predilection.
  • #10 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 6570% of asbestos workers.
  • #11 Atelectasis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atelectasis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The incidence of atelectasis is approximately 79 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of atelectasis is not known. […] Patients of all age groups may develop atelectasis. […] Rounded atelectasis commonly affects individuals at sixty years of age. […] There is no racial predilection to atelectasis. […] Atelectasis affects men and women equally.
  • #12 Pulmonary Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-overview
    Incidence of atelectasis is reported to occur in 8% to 15% of children during mechanical ventilation. […] Atelectasis is probably more common in children younger than 10 years because their airways are typically narrower and are more likely to become obstructed by secretions, airway inflammation, or both. In addition, these smaller airways are more easily compressed. These children are also less likely to have collateral ventilation.
  • #13 Pulmonary Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-overview
    Incidence of atelectasis is reported to occur in 8% to 15% of children during mechanical ventilation. […] Atelectasis is probably more common in children younger than 10 years because their airways are typically narrower and are more likely to become obstructed by secretions, airway inflammation, or both. In addition, these smaller airways are more easily compressed. These children are also less likely to have collateral ventilation.
  • #14 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview
    Postoperative atelectasis is extremely common. Lobar atelectasis is also common. The incidence and prevalence of this disorder are not well documented. […] The mean age at presentation for rounded atelectasis is 60 years. Atelectasis has no sexual predilection or racial predilection.
  • #15 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/
    The incidence of atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia is 90%. […] Atelectasis is more common in those who have recently had surgery using general anesthesia. Incidence has been reported as high as 90% in this group. […] Research has demonstrated that the dependent portions of the lungs show indications of atelectasis within five minutes of beginning general anesthesia. […] Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Any of these mechanisms of atelectasis may contribute to perioperative atelectasis. Most frequently seen are the absorptive and compression variety. […] The risk for atelectasis due to the use of high FIO2 during anesthesia is related to the rates at which oxygen and nitrogen are absorbed into the bloodstream. […] Prevention and treatment of atelectasis require an interprofessional team effort. […] Early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.
  • #16 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 6570% of asbestos workers.
  • #17 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/
    The incidence of atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia is 90%. […] Atelectasis is more common in those who have recently had surgery using general anesthesia. Incidence has been reported as high as 90% in this group. […] Research has demonstrated that the dependent portions of the lungs show indications of atelectasis within five minutes of beginning general anesthesia. […] Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Any of these mechanisms of atelectasis may contribute to perioperative atelectasis. Most frequently seen are the absorptive and compression variety. […] The risk for atelectasis due to the use of high FIO2 during anesthesia is related to the rates at which oxygen and nitrogen are absorbed into the bloodstream. […] Prevention and treatment of atelectasis require an interprofessional team effort. […] Early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.
  • #18 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Atelectasis in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Setting: Acute Lobar Atelectasis is One of the Commonly Encountered Clinical Problems in Critical Care Medicine (Chest, 2019) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis (to At Least Some Extent) May Complicate Many Major Surgeries (Eur J Radiol, 1996) [MEDLINE] (Current Opinion Anaesthesiology, 2007) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 90% of Cardiac Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 75% of Spinal Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 25% of Upper Abdominal Surgeries […] Postoperative Pulmonary Complications are a Major Etiology of Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality (Br J Anaesth, 2017) [MEDLINE] […] General Risk Factors for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005) [MEDLINE] (Ann Intern Med, 2006) [MEDLINE] (J Clin Anesth, 2013) [MEDLINE]
  • #19 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Atelectasis in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Setting: Acute Lobar Atelectasis is One of the Commonly Encountered Clinical Problems in Critical Care Medicine (Chest, 2019) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis (to At Least Some Extent) May Complicate Many Major Surgeries (Eur J Radiol, 1996) [MEDLINE] (Current Opinion Anaesthesiology, 2007) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 90% of Cardiac Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 75% of Spinal Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 25% of Upper Abdominal Surgeries […] Postoperative Pulmonary Complications are a Major Etiology of Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality (Br J Anaesth, 2017) [MEDLINE] […] General Risk Factors for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005) [MEDLINE] (Ann Intern Med, 2006) [MEDLINE] (J Clin Anesth, 2013) [MEDLINE]
  • #20 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Atelectasis in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Setting: Acute Lobar Atelectasis is One of the Commonly Encountered Clinical Problems in Critical Care Medicine (Chest, 2019) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis (to At Least Some Extent) May Complicate Many Major Surgeries (Eur J Radiol, 1996) [MEDLINE] (Current Opinion Anaesthesiology, 2007) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 90% of Cardiac Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 75% of Spinal Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 25% of Upper Abdominal Surgeries […] Postoperative Pulmonary Complications are a Major Etiology of Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality (Br J Anaesth, 2017) [MEDLINE] […] General Risk Factors for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005) [MEDLINE] (Ann Intern Med, 2006) [MEDLINE] (J Clin Anesth, 2013) [MEDLINE]
  • #21 Articles: pulmonary-atelectasis-epidemiology « metajournal.com
    https://www.metajournal.com/articles/topic/26248/pulmonary-atelectasis-epidemiology
    Atelectasis is one of the pulmonary complications associated with anesthesia. […] The incidence of radiographic atelectasis following endoscopic resection was nearly 20 %. Obesity, procedural time, and amount of propofol were the significant risk factors for atelectasis following endoscopic procedure. Most cases of the atelectasis resolved spontaneously with no sequelae.
  • #22 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/
    Atelectasis does not preferentially affect either sex. There is also no increased incidence of atelectasis in people with COPD, asthma, or advanced age. […] Atelectasis is more common in patients who are immobilized and mechanically ventilated, such as patients undergoing general anesthesia or in the intensive care unit. Atelectasis is more prominent after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass than after other types of surgery, including thoracotomies; however, patients undergoing abdominal and thoracic procedures are at increased risk of developing atelectasis. Additionally, patients with obesity and those who are pregnant are more likely to develop atelectasis due to a decreased functional residual capacity (FRC).
  • #23 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #24 Prevalence and clinical consequences of atelectasis in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a computed tomography retrospective cohort study | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-021-01638-9
    The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of atelectasis assessed with computer tomography (CT) in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and the relationship between the amount of atelectasis with oxygenation impairment, Intensive Care Unit admission rate and the length of in-hospital stay. […] In patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, atelectasis might appear in up to 24% of patients and the presence of larger amount of atelectasis is associated with worse oxygenation and clinical outcome. […] In the present study we found that in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia the prevalence of atelectasis was 24%. Among them, 19% of the patients showed small atelectasis and 5% of the patients showed large atelectasis. Patients with larger compared to smaller atelectasis showed less SatO2/FiO2 ratio, higher rate of ICU admission and longer length of in-hospital stay.
  • #25
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #26 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/
    Atelectasis does not preferentially affect either sex. There is also no increased incidence of atelectasis in people with COPD, asthma, or advanced age. […] Atelectasis is more common in patients who are immobilized and mechanically ventilated, such as patients undergoing general anesthesia or in the intensive care unit. Atelectasis is more prominent after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass than after other types of surgery, including thoracotomies; however, patients undergoing abdominal and thoracic procedures are at increased risk of developing atelectasis. Additionally, patients with obesity and those who are pregnant are more likely to develop atelectasis due to a decreased functional residual capacity (FRC).
  • #27 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #28 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/
    Atelectasis does not preferentially affect either sex. There is also no increased incidence of atelectasis in people with COPD, asthma, or advanced age. […] Atelectasis is more common in patients who are immobilized and mechanically ventilated, such as patients undergoing general anesthesia or in the intensive care unit. Atelectasis is more prominent after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass than after other types of surgery, including thoracotomies; however, patients undergoing abdominal and thoracic procedures are at increased risk of developing atelectasis. Additionally, patients with obesity and those who are pregnant are more likely to develop atelectasis due to a decreased functional residual capacity (FRC).
  • #29 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #30 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/
    Atelectasis does not preferentially affect either sex. There is also no increased incidence of atelectasis in people with COPD, asthma, or advanced age. […] Atelectasis is more common in patients who are immobilized and mechanically ventilated, such as patients undergoing general anesthesia or in the intensive care unit. Atelectasis is more prominent after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass than after other types of surgery, including thoracotomies; however, patients undergoing abdominal and thoracic procedures are at increased risk of developing atelectasis. Additionally, patients with obesity and those who are pregnant are more likely to develop atelectasis due to a decreased functional residual capacity (FRC).
  • #31 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #32 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #33 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #34
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #35
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #36
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #37
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #38
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #39 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #40 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #41 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #42 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 6570% of asbestos workers.
  • #43 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #44
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] more common in older patients […] […] […] Risk factors […] surgery […] lung disease […] malignancy […] infection […] tuberculosis […] smoking
  • #45 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #46 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #47 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #48 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/
    The incidence of atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia is 90%. […] Atelectasis is more common in those who have recently had surgery using general anesthesia. Incidence has been reported as high as 90% in this group. […] Research has demonstrated that the dependent portions of the lungs show indications of atelectasis within five minutes of beginning general anesthesia. […] Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Any of these mechanisms of atelectasis may contribute to perioperative atelectasis. Most frequently seen are the absorptive and compression variety. […] The risk for atelectasis due to the use of high FIO2 during anesthesia is related to the rates at which oxygen and nitrogen are absorbed into the bloodstream. […] Prevention and treatment of atelectasis require an interprofessional team effort. […] Early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.
  • #49 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #50 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #51 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/
    Atelectasis does not preferentially affect either sex. There is also no increased incidence of atelectasis in people with COPD, asthma, or advanced age. […] Atelectasis is more common in patients who are immobilized and mechanically ventilated, such as patients undergoing general anesthesia or in the intensive care unit. Atelectasis is more prominent after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass than after other types of surgery, including thoracotomies; however, patients undergoing abdominal and thoracic procedures are at increased risk of developing atelectasis. Additionally, patients with obesity and those who are pregnant are more likely to develop atelectasis due to a decreased functional residual capacity (FRC).
  • #52 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #53 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #54 Postoperative Atelectasis | Thoracic Key
    https://thoracickey.com/postoperative-atelectasis/
    Postoperative atelectasis commonly is seen after upper abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures. […] Postoperative atelectasis develops when lung expansion is decreased or when excess airway secretions cause mucous plugs, which in turn produce distal degassing of lung units. […] Thoracic and upper abdominal procedures often result in a reduction in the patients ability to generate good lung expansion and therefore are considered as high-risk factors for subsequent development of postoperative atelectasis. […] Other precipitating factors that decrease the patients ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure include (1) anesthesia, (2) postoperative pain, (3) supine position, (4) obesity, (5) advanced age, (6) inadequate tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation, (7) malnutrition, (8) free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), (9) diaphragmatic apraxia (e.g., topical cooling of the left phrenic nerve often occurs during cardiac surgery and may lead to an inadequate diaphragmatic movement and left lower lobe atelectasis), and (10) the presence of restrictive lung disorders (e.g., pleural effusion, pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], pulmonary edema, chronic interstitial lung disease, and pleural masses). […] Postoperative atelectasis often is associated with retained airway secretions and mucous plugs.
  • #55 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 6570% of asbestos workers.
  • #56 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/1.0/Atelectasis
    Mean age is 60 years, but all ages are susceptible. […] Male = female; no racial or socioeconomic predilection. […] Frequently occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation. […] Increased risk in postoperative patients and patients with lung or chest wall injury. […] Postoperative atelectasis, especially after major cardiovascular or gastrointestinal (GI) procedures; can be seen in up to 90% of patients. […] Rounded atelectasis can be seen in up to 65-70% of asbestos workers.
  • #57 Round atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/round-atelectasis?lang=us
    Round atelectasis may be associated with: […] asbestos lung exposure 3: most commonly […] therapeutic pneumothorax in the treatment of tuberculosis 1 […] congestive heart failure 2 […] hepatic hydrothorax 17 […] end stage renal disease 17 […] pulmonary infarction 2 […] post-infectious pleural inflammation / parapneumonic effusion. […] There may be a predilection towards the lower lobes 4.
  • #58 Round atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/round-atelectasis?lang=us
    Round atelectasis may be associated with: […] asbestos lung exposure 3: most commonly […] therapeutic pneumothorax in the treatment of tuberculosis 1 […] congestive heart failure 2 […] hepatic hydrothorax 17 […] end stage renal disease 17 […] pulmonary infarction 2 […] post-infectious pleural inflammation / parapneumonic effusion. […] There may be a predilection towards the lower lobes 4.
  • #59 Atelectasis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com
    https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/atelectasis/?srsltid=AfmBOooSHhUWu-L2lMnNzXqOcixowTNHww6rshY4p8F5N_dXJE-dO_lu
    Atelectasis is condition where there is a complete or partial collapse of the lung field when the alveoli become deflated within the lung. […] While atelectasis is the most common respiratory complication following a surgery, it also can become a complication as a result of other respiratory problems, such as: […] Risk factors for atelectasis may include: […] Complications that may results from atelectasis include:
  • #60 Is atelectasis related to the development of postoperative pneumonia? a retrospective single center study | BMC Anesthesiology | Full Text
    https://bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12871-023-02020-4
    The present study was aimed to determine whether the presence of atelectasis is related to an increased incidence of postoperative pneumonia, ICU admissions, and LOS in patients who underwent elective non-cardiothoracic surgery under general anesthesia. […] Pneumonia occurred in 63 cases (3.2%) within the first 30 days after the surgery: 19 of 373 patients in the atelectasis group (5.1%) and 44 of 1,568 patients in the non-atelectasis (2.8%) (P=0.025). […] Multivariable regression analysis revealed that atelectasis (atelectasis vs. non-atelectasis) was an independent predictor for pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24 4.38; P=0.008). […] The present study demonstrated that patients with postoperative atelectasis had a 2.33-fold higher risk of postoperative pneumonia compared with those without. […] The atelectasis was also associated with an extended LOS. However, it was not related to ICU admission rate after adjustment for confounders.
  • #61 Is atelectasis related to the development of postoperative pneumonia? a retrospective single center study | BMC Anesthesiology | Full Text
    https://bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12871-023-02020-4
    The present study was aimed to determine whether the presence of atelectasis is related to an increased incidence of postoperative pneumonia, ICU admissions, and LOS in patients who underwent elective non-cardiothoracic surgery under general anesthesia. […] Pneumonia occurred in 63 cases (3.2%) within the first 30 days after the surgery: 19 of 373 patients in the atelectasis group (5.1%) and 44 of 1,568 patients in the non-atelectasis (2.8%) (P=0.025). […] Multivariable regression analysis revealed that atelectasis (atelectasis vs. non-atelectasis) was an independent predictor for pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24 4.38; P=0.008). […] The present study demonstrated that patients with postoperative atelectasis had a 2.33-fold higher risk of postoperative pneumonia compared with those without. […] The atelectasis was also associated with an extended LOS. However, it was not related to ICU admission rate after adjustment for confounders.
  • #62 Prevalence and clinical consequences of atelectasis in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a computed tomography retrospective cohort study | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-021-01638-9
    The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of atelectasis assessed with computer tomography (CT) in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and the relationship between the amount of atelectasis with oxygenation impairment, Intensive Care Unit admission rate and the length of in-hospital stay. […] In patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, atelectasis might appear in up to 24% of patients and the presence of larger amount of atelectasis is associated with worse oxygenation and clinical outcome. […] In the present study we found that in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia the prevalence of atelectasis was 24%. Among them, 19% of the patients showed small atelectasis and 5% of the patients showed large atelectasis. Patients with larger compared to smaller atelectasis showed less SatO2/FiO2 ratio, higher rate of ICU admission and longer length of in-hospital stay.
  • #63 Prevalence and clinical consequences of atelectasis in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a computed tomography retrospective cohort study | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-021-01638-9
    The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of atelectasis assessed with computer tomography (CT) in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and the relationship between the amount of atelectasis with oxygenation impairment, Intensive Care Unit admission rate and the length of in-hospital stay. […] In patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, atelectasis might appear in up to 24% of patients and the presence of larger amount of atelectasis is associated with worse oxygenation and clinical outcome. […] In the present study we found that in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia the prevalence of atelectasis was 24%. Among them, 19% of the patients showed small atelectasis and 5% of the patients showed large atelectasis. Patients with larger compared to smaller atelectasis showed less SatO2/FiO2 ratio, higher rate of ICU admission and longer length of in-hospital stay.
  • #64 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Atelectasis in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Setting: Acute Lobar Atelectasis is One of the Commonly Encountered Clinical Problems in Critical Care Medicine (Chest, 2019) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis (to At Least Some Extent) May Complicate Many Major Surgeries (Eur J Radiol, 1996) [MEDLINE] (Current Opinion Anaesthesiology, 2007) [MEDLINE] […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 90% of Cardiac Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 75% of Spinal Surgeries […] Lobar Atelectasis Occurs in 25% of Upper Abdominal Surgeries […] Postoperative Pulmonary Complications are a Major Etiology of Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality (Br J Anaesth, 2017) [MEDLINE] […] General Risk Factors for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005) [MEDLINE] (Ann Intern Med, 2006) [MEDLINE] (J Clin Anesth, 2013) [MEDLINE]
  • #65 Postoperative airway and pulmonary complications in adults: Management following initial stabilization – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postoperative-airway-and-pulmonary-complications-in-adults-management-following-initial-stabilization
    The reported incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications ranges from 5 to 83 percent, depending on the patient population, type of surgery performed, criteria used to define a complication, and hospital setting that was studied [1,2].
  • #66 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/
    The incidence of atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia is 90%. […] Atelectasis is more common in those who have recently had surgery using general anesthesia. Incidence has been reported as high as 90% in this group. […] Research has demonstrated that the dependent portions of the lungs show indications of atelectasis within five minutes of beginning general anesthesia. […] Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Any of these mechanisms of atelectasis may contribute to perioperative atelectasis. Most frequently seen are the absorptive and compression variety. […] The risk for atelectasis due to the use of high FIO2 during anesthesia is related to the rates at which oxygen and nitrogen are absorbed into the bloodstream. […] Prevention and treatment of atelectasis require an interprofessional team effort. […] Early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.
  • #67 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/
    The incidence of atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia is 90%. […] Atelectasis is more common in those who have recently had surgery using general anesthesia. Incidence has been reported as high as 90% in this group. […] Research has demonstrated that the dependent portions of the lungs show indications of atelectasis within five minutes of beginning general anesthesia. […] Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Any of these mechanisms of atelectasis may contribute to perioperative atelectasis. Most frequently seen are the absorptive and compression variety. […] The risk for atelectasis due to the use of high FIO2 during anesthesia is related to the rates at which oxygen and nitrogen are absorbed into the bloodstream. […] Prevention and treatment of atelectasis require an interprofessional team effort. […] Early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.
  • #68 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #69 Atelectasis – MD Nexus
    https://www.mdnxs.com/topics-2/pulmonary-and-critical-care/atelectasis/
    Definite Risk Factors: Age 65 y/o […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Emergency Surgery […] Poor General Health Status (ASA Class 2) […] General Anesthesia (as Compared to Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Other Regional Anesthesia) […] ARISCAT Risk Index for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Anesthesiology, 2010) [MEDLINE] […] Age: 50 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 1 […] 80 y/o: adjusted odds ratio = 5.1 (1.9-13.3), risk score = 16 […] Duration of Surgery: 2-3 hrs: adjusted odds ratio = 4.9 (2.4-10.1), risk score = 16 […] Emergency Surgery: adjusted odds ratio = 2.2 (1.0-4.5), risk score = 8 […] Preoperative Anemia (Hemoglobin 10 g/dL): adjusted odds ratio = 3 (1.4-6.5), risk score = 11 […] Respiratory Infection in the Last Month: adjusted odds ratio = 5.5 (2.6-11.5), risk score = 17
  • #70 Articles: pulmonary-atelectasis-epidemiology « metajournal.com
    https://www.metajournal.com/articles/topic/26248/pulmonary-atelectasis-epidemiology
    Atelectasis is one of the pulmonary complications associated with anesthesia. […] The incidence of radiographic atelectasis following endoscopic resection was nearly 20 %. Obesity, procedural time, and amount of propofol were the significant risk factors for atelectasis following endoscopic procedure. Most cases of the atelectasis resolved spontaneously with no sequelae.
  • #71
    https://ujms.net/index.php/ujms/article/view/6146
    Atelectasis was reported as a favorable prognostic sign of pulmonary carcinoma; however, the underlying mechanism in those patients is not known. […] We concluded that atelectasis and/or obstructive pneumonitis was associated with prolonged survival in locally advanced NSCLC. There was also a clear association between atelectasis and/or obstructive pneumonitis and platelets and blood sedimentation rate.
  • #72
    https://ujms.net/index.php/ujms/article/view/6146
    Atelectasis was reported as a favorable prognostic sign of pulmonary carcinoma; however, the underlying mechanism in those patients is not known. […] We concluded that atelectasis and/or obstructive pneumonitis was associated with prolonged survival in locally advanced NSCLC. There was also a clear association between atelectasis and/or obstructive pneumonitis and platelets and blood sedimentation rate.
  • #73 Is atelectasis related to the development of postoperative pneumonia? a retrospective single center study | BMC Anesthesiology | Full Text
    https://bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12871-023-02020-4
    The present study was aimed to determine whether the presence of atelectasis is related to an increased incidence of postoperative pneumonia, ICU admissions, and LOS in patients who underwent elective non-cardiothoracic surgery under general anesthesia. […] Pneumonia occurred in 63 cases (3.2%) within the first 30 days after the surgery: 19 of 373 patients in the atelectasis group (5.1%) and 44 of 1,568 patients in the non-atelectasis (2.8%) (P=0.025). […] Multivariable regression analysis revealed that atelectasis (atelectasis vs. non-atelectasis) was an independent predictor for pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24 4.38; P=0.008). […] The present study demonstrated that patients with postoperative atelectasis had a 2.33-fold higher risk of postoperative pneumonia compared with those without. […] The atelectasis was also associated with an extended LOS. However, it was not related to ICU admission rate after adjustment for confounders.
  • #74 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/
    The incidence of atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia is 90%. […] Atelectasis is more common in those who have recently had surgery using general anesthesia. Incidence has been reported as high as 90% in this group. […] Research has demonstrated that the dependent portions of the lungs show indications of atelectasis within five minutes of beginning general anesthesia. […] Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Any of these mechanisms of atelectasis may contribute to perioperative atelectasis. Most frequently seen are the absorptive and compression variety. […] The risk for atelectasis due to the use of high FIO2 during anesthesia is related to the rates at which oxygen and nitrogen are absorbed into the bloodstream. […] Prevention and treatment of atelectasis require an interprofessional team effort. […] Early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.