Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] If a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy, which may include surgery. Other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, may or may not be needed. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #2 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis usually resolves after treating the underlying cause. […] Treatments could include: Deep breathing exercises (incentive spirometry). […] Other treatments depend on the cause and extent of the collapse. […] Many cases of atelectasis get better without treatment, under careful monitoring by your healthcare provider. […] Removing obstructions in your lung (usually using bronchoscopy). […] Physical therapy to help promote expansion of your lungs. […] Inhaled medications to open up your airways (bronchodilators). […] Treatment of tumor or chronic lung conditions.

• #3 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  If an object is causing the blockage, it must be removed. Your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options if atelectasis is caused by a tumor, an aspirated foreign body, or other chronic lung conditions. Serious complications may occur if atelectasis remains untreated. Complications can include low oxygen levels, pneumonia, or lung failure. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve. Talk with your healthcare provider about how long to continue using any medications or mucus clearance techniques. Keep any follow-up appointments to monitor your health condition. If a tumor is causing atelectasis or you have an underlying lung condition, discuss with your provider ways to manage and treat the condition.

• #4 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  Lobar atelectasis is a common problem caused by a variety of mechanisms including resorption atelectasis due to airway obstruction, passive atelectasis from hypoventilation, compressive atelectsis from abdominal distension and adhesive atelectasis due to increased surface tension. However, evidence-based studies on the management of lobar atelectasis are lacking. […] Chest physiotherapy, nebulised DNase and possibly fibreoptic bronchoscopy might be helpful in patients with mucous plugging of the airways. In passive and adhesive atelectasis, positive end-expiratory pressure might be a useful adjunct to treatment. […] Treatment modalities that have been described include chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, fibreoptic bronchoscopy, DNase, positive end-expiratory pressure and surfactant.

• #5 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  Chest physiotherapy is the traditional first-line therapy for atelectasis; however, even for this basic therapy, evidence is lacking: there are only two published studies. […] Fibreoptic bronchoscopy to aspirate secretions has been used in the management of proximal airway obstruction, and has been found to resolve atelectasis successfully in 26 of 35 (74%) paediatric intensive care patients. […] Nebulised or direct tracheal application of DNase reduces the viscoelastic properties of purulent airway secretions by breaking down the highly polymerised deoxyribonucleic acid. […] For the management of atelectasis, there are five small published case series describing the successful use of DNase in one to five patients. […] For atelectasis not due to mucous plugging of the airways, increased end-expiratory pressure has been used and resulted in complete resolution of lobar atelectasis in four patients and re-expansion of atelectasis in experimental studies.

• #6 Atelectasis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/atelectasis

  The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying cause and re-expand the collapsed lung tissue. If fluid is putting pressure on the lung, removing the fluid may allow the lung to expand. […] Treatments include one or more of the following: […] Clap (percussion) on the chest to loosen mucus plugs in the airway. […] Deep breathing exercises (with the help of incentive spirometry devices). […] Remove or relieve any blockage in the airways by bronchoscopy. […] Tilt the person so the head is lower than the chest (called postural drainage). This allows mucus to drain more easily. […] Treat a tumor or other condition. […] Turn the person to lie on the healthy side, allowing the collapsed area of lung to re-expand. […] Use inhaled medicines to open the airway. […] Use other devices that help increase positive pressure in the airways and clear fluids. […] Be physically active if possible.

• #7 Atelectasis – Respiratory Physiotherapy Ireland

  https://respphysio.ie/conditions-we-treat/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis can make breathing difficult, particularly if you already have lung disease. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the collapse. […] The most effective treatments for atelectasis are deep breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy. This ensures that the airways are opened maximally and coughing can be performed effectively. […] To enable the patient to deep breath and cough effectively to clear secretions. […] Removal of airway obstructions may be done by suctioning mucus or by bronchoscopy if no significant improvement following physiotherapy. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be helpful in some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) after surgery. […] Treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying cause with the aim of re-expanding the lung to its normal size. Respiratory physiotherapy has a major role to play in the treatment of atelectasis. […] At respiratory physiotherapy Ireland, our physiotherapists can provide specialised therapy and treatment techniques to manage your symptoms and best level of function.

• #8 Atelectasis (Aftercare Instructions)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/atelectasis-aftercare-instructions.html

  Atelectasis is a condition that happens when the alveoli in your lungs cannot expand fully. This may cause part or all of your lung to collapse. […] You may need any of the following: Bronchodilators help open your airway to make breathing easier. Mucolytics help thin mucus so it is easier to cough out. Antibiotics help treat or prevent an infection caused by bacteria. […] Manage or prevent atelectasis: Change your position often. Sit on the side of the bed or walk after surgery as directed. This helps expand your lungs. Your healthcare provider may ask you to lie or sit in certain positions to help drain mucus. This is called postural drainage. […] Use chest percussion. Chest percussion is gentle clapping on your back or side to help move mucus out of your lungs. Chest percussion is sometimes used with postural drainage.

• #9 Atelectasis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/atelectasis

  The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying cause and re-expand the collapsed lung tissue. If fluid is putting pressure on the lung, removing the fluid may allow the lung to expand. […] Treatments include one or more of the following: […] Clap (percussion) on the chest to loosen mucus plugs in the airway. […] Deep breathing exercises (with the help of incentive spirometry devices). […] Remove or relieve any blockage in the airways by bronchoscopy. […] Tilt the person so the head is lower than the chest (called postural drainage). This allows mucus to drain more easily. […] Treat a tumor or other condition. […] Turn the person to lie on the healthy side, allowing the collapsed area of lung to re-expand. […] Use inhaled medicines to open the airway. […] Use other devices that help increase positive pressure in the airways and clear fluids. […] Be physically active if possible.

• #10 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Treating atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and how severe your symptoms are. […] If you’re having trouble breathing or feel like you’re not getting enough air, seek immediate medical treatment. […] You may need the assistance of a breathing machine until your lungs can recover and the cause is treated. […] Most cases of atelectasis don’t require surgery. Depending on the underlying cause, a healthcare professional might suggest one or more of these treatments: […] Chest physiotherapy. This involves moving your body in different positions and using tapping motions, vibrations, or wearing a vibrating vest to help loosen and drain mucus. It’s generally used for obstructive or postsurgical atelectasis. This treatment is also commonly used in people with cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchoscopy. A healthcare professional can insert a small tube through your nose or mouth into your lungs to remove a foreign object or clear a mucus plug. They can also use the technique to remove a tissue sample from a mass to help figure out what’s causing the problem.

• #11 Atelectasis: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/what-is-atelectasis-how-do-you-figure-out-the-causes-of-breathlessness

  Atelectasis treatment depends on the cause and severity of the collapse. […] Some treatment options for atelectasis include: […] Chest physiotherapy: A common treatment to help post-surgical atelectasis, this largely involves positioning your body in different ways and using vibrations and tapping motions, the use of a vibrating vest, and other techniques to help loosen the chest muscles and clear mucus blockages. […] Bronchoscopy: This is when a doctor inserts a small tube in your airway to clear a mucus plug or remove a foreign object from the air path. […] Doctors may opt for a procedure known as fluid drainage. A needle is inserted between your ribs to drain the possible fluid build-up. An additional procedure at this point may be the insertion of a chest tube which could be left in place for several days to remove extra air or excess fluids that build up in your body, causing atelectasis.

• #12 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  The treatment for bibasilar atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and typically involves breathing exercises, devices, and medications to re-expand the lungs. […] The treatment of bibasilar atelectasis varies by the underlying cause. Irrespective of the cause, the ultimate goal is to re-expand the lung to its normal size. A combination of approaches may be needed. […] Non-drug intervention may include: Breathing exercises: This includes huffing with coughing (also known as controlled coughing). […] Medications can improve the clearance of mucus, including: Bronchodilators: These are inhaled or oral drugs that help open airway passages. […] If there is an underlying cause of atelectasis, it needs to be treated to prevent further collapse. This may involve surgery and chemotherapy for lung cancer, fluid drainage for pleural effusion, and antibiotics to treat lung infections or complications of cystic fibrosis.

• #13 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy. […] Chronic atelectasis is treated with segmental resection or lobectomy.

• #14 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  If no significant improvement is seen following physiotherapy, bronchoscopy may be required to aid in suctioning out pulmonary secretions, however it is not routinely performed. […] All patients who have undergone major surgery should be referred to receive chest physiotherapy as a preventative measure. This has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing atelectasis. Patients should undertake regular deep breathing exercises or use devices such as an incentive spirometer. […] A Cochrane Review suggested that postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce the risks of postoperative atelectasis, pneumonia, and requiring reintubation. However, its effect on mortality, hypoxia or invasive ventilation is uncertain. […] Pain control and physiotherapy form the mainstay of management.

• #15 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis. […] Prophylactic measures, such as incentive spirometry, should be taught and instituted before surgery and continued hourly following surgery until discharge to obtain the maximal benefit. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. […] Employing early preventative strategies and valuing prompt recognition of patients with atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease healthcare costs.

• #16 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to the collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume. […] Treatment includes coughing, deep breathing, and treating the cause. […] Commonly recommended measures include chest physiotherapy to help maintain ventilation and clearance of secretions, and encouragement of lung expansion techniques such as directed cough, deep breathing exercises, and frequent use of an incentive spirometer, which is usually done in inpatient settings. […] For patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated, positive end-expiratory pressure may prevent atelectasis. […] Avoiding oversedation helps ensure ventilation and sufficient deep breathing and coughing. […] Most importantly, the underlying cause of atelectasis (eg, mucous plug, foreign body, tumor, mass, pulmonary effusion) should be treated. […] Treatment involves using incentive spirometry, maximizing coughing, deep breathing, and, whenever possible, encouraging mobilization.

• #17 Atelectasis: Overview and Practice Questions (2025)

  https://www.respiratorytherapyzone.com/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis often requires treatment, especially if it’s causing significant symptoms or if there’s a risk of complications like pneumonia. […] Treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause, such as removing airway obstructions, along with chest physiotherapy, deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, and sometimes bronchoscopy. […] Prompt identification and treatment of atelectasis are crucial to prevent these complications, particularly in patients at higher risk, such as those undergoing surgery or with pre-existing lung conditions. […] This typically involves interventions to re-expand the affected lung tissue, improve ventilation, and address any underlying causes or contributing factors. […] Preventing atelectasis, particularly in individuals at higher risk due to surgery, underlying lung conditions, or prolonged immobility, involves several proactive strategies: Deep Breathing Exercises: Regularly practicing deep breathing exercises can help expand the lungs and clear airways of mucus.

• #18 Atelectasis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atelectasis

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs.

• #19 What Is Atelectasis? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-atelectasis

  One popular tool is an incentive spirometer, which helps measure how deep your breaths are. Your doctor may perform a bronchoscopy to suction mucus and fluids from the lungs as you recover from surgery. […] Dr. Colson encourages people not to be overly concerned about seeing atelectasis on a radiology report. […] To patients, it may seem like a big, horrible word that sounds like you have a major condition. Its important for your health care providers to know if you have atelectasis, but its usually not significant, and you shouldnt be alarmed, she explains. Most of the time, you can think of atelectasis similar to a balloon that isnt completely inflated, and all you have to do is to relax and take a deep breath to fix the problem.

• #20 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Adequate analgesia […] Early mobilization […] Lung expansion maneuvers that increase positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) […] Deep breathing exercises […] Directed coughing […] Intermittent incentive spirometry […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients unable to perform deep breathing exercises. […] Treatment of underlying condition […] Bronchoscopy to remove tumors causing obstructive or compression atelectasis. […] The risk of atelectasis after surgery can be avoided by prescribing opioids in doses that are sufficient for pain relief, as well as encouraging the use of incentive spirometry. At the same time, opioids should be used with caution due to their suppression on coughing. Smoking should be avoided 68 weeks prior to surgery.

• #21 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy. […] Chronic atelectasis is treated with segmental resection or lobectomy.

• #22 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis. […] Prophylactic measures, such as incentive spirometry, should be taught and instituted before surgery and continued hourly following surgery until discharge to obtain the maximal benefit. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. […] Employing early preventative strategies and valuing prompt recognition of patients with atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease healthcare costs.

• #23 Atelectasis Medication: Bronchodilators, Antibiotics, Mucolytic agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-medication

  Bronchodilators may be used to encourage sputum expectoration; if underlying airflow is present, these agents may also improve ventilation. Some patients may require broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat the underlying infections, which may occur because of bronchial obstruction. N-acetylcysteine aerosol is not routinely recommended because of the risk of bronchoconstriction and the lack of documented efficacy. […] Therapy with mucolytics may promote sputum removal of thick mucous plugs and, therefore, helps treat atelectasis in many patients. Inhaled recombinant human deoxyribonuclease is a mucolytic agent successfully used in patients with cystic fibrosis. […] N-acetylcysteine inhalations may be tried to encourage sputum expectoration in patients with tenacious sputum and mucous plugging. […] Dornase alfa cleaves and depolymerizes extracellular DNA and separates DNA from proteins. This allows endogenous proteolytic enzymes to break down the proteins; thus, decreasing viscoelasticity and surface tension of purulent sputum.

• #24 Atelectasis Medication: Bronchodilators, Antibiotics, Mucolytic agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-medication

  Bronchodilators may be used to encourage sputum expectoration; if underlying airflow is present, these agents may also improve ventilation. Some patients may require broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat the underlying infections, which may occur because of bronchial obstruction. N-acetylcysteine aerosol is not routinely recommended because of the risk of bronchoconstriction and the lack of documented efficacy. […] Therapy with mucolytics may promote sputum removal of thick mucous plugs and, therefore, helps treat atelectasis in many patients. Inhaled recombinant human deoxyribonuclease is a mucolytic agent successfully used in patients with cystic fibrosis. […] N-acetylcysteine inhalations may be tried to encourage sputum expectoration in patients with tenacious sputum and mucous plugging. […] Dornase alfa cleaves and depolymerizes extracellular DNA and separates DNA from proteins. This allows endogenous proteolytic enzymes to break down the proteins; thus, decreasing viscoelasticity and surface tension of purulent sputum.

• #25 Atelectasis medical therapy – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atelectasis_medical_therapy

  Obstructive atelectasis due to mucus plugs may be treated with nebulized dornase alfa (DNase) and N-acetylcysteine, which helps in the lysis of mucus secretions. […] Resorption atelectasis due to airway obstruction is initially treated with coughing exercises and nasotracheal suctioning. If these interventions fail, fiberoptic bronchoscopy is used to clear the obstruction. […] Patients with atelectasis have a high chance of developing secondary infection in atelectatic sites. Patients with signs of infection should be administered broad spectrum antibiotics. […] Postoperative atelectasis may be prevented by ensuring judicious use of anaesthetic agents known to cause narcosis. […] In addition to this, the use of incentive spirometry, early ambulation, humidifiers, nebulized bronchodilators (Albuterol, Metaproterenol), chest physiotherapy, deep breathing, coughing exercises and supplemental oxygen in order to maintain an arterial oxygen saturation of greater than 90 percent is recommended in patients. […] Obstructive atelectasis due to a tumor may be treated using modalities such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or laser therapy.

• #26 Acceleration-Induced atelectasis; a case with deceptive clinical manifestations for COVID-19 pneumonia – JMVH

  https://jmvh.org/article/acceleration-induced-atelectasis-a-case-with-deceptive-clinical-manifestations-for-covid-19-pneumonia/

  W końcu pacjent zadowalająco wyzdrowiał dzięki rehabilitacji oddechowej i podaniu N-acetylocysteiny. […] Pacjent został zachęcony do pozostania w pozycji pionowej (aby zwiększyć funkcjonalną pojemność resztkową [FRC]) i do jak najczęstszego wykonywania głębokich oddechów. […] Podanie spirometrii zachęcającej, fizjoterapii klatki piersiowej i N-acetylocysteiny (600 mg doustnie co 6 godzin przez 3 rundy) miało ogromny wpływ na powrót do zdrowia. […] Objawy i radiograficzne oznaki zwykle całkowicie ustępują po zmianie pozycji z leżącej na stojącą (zwiększa FRC i zmniejsza atelektyzę), zachęcając pacjentów do wykonywania kilku głębokich oddechów (co często wywołuje napady kaszlu), spirometrii zachęcającej, stosowania fizjoterapii klatki piersiowej i środków mukolitycznych (np. N-acetylocysteiny).

• #27 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  Chest physiotherapy is the traditional first-line therapy for atelectasis; however, even for this basic therapy, evidence is lacking: there are only two published studies. […] Fibreoptic bronchoscopy to aspirate secretions has been used in the management of proximal airway obstruction, and has been found to resolve atelectasis successfully in 26 of 35 (74%) paediatric intensive care patients. […] Nebulised or direct tracheal application of DNase reduces the viscoelastic properties of purulent airway secretions by breaking down the highly polymerised deoxyribonucleic acid. […] For the management of atelectasis, there are five small published case series describing the successful use of DNase in one to five patients. […] For atelectasis not due to mucous plugging of the airways, increased end-expiratory pressure has been used and resulted in complete resolution of lobar atelectasis in four patients and re-expansion of atelectasis in experimental studies.

• #28 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Continuous positive airway pressure delivered via a nasal cannula or facemask may also be effective in improving oxygenation and re-expanding the collapsed lung. […] Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be prescribed if evidence of infection is present, such as fever, night sweats, or leukocytosis, because secondary atelectasis usually becomes infected regardless of the cause of obstruction. […] Judicious use of perioperative analgesia is an essential adjunct, permitting patients to breathe deeply, cough forcefully, and participate in chest physiotherapy maneuvers. […] N-acetylcysteine aerosols commonly are administered in an effort to promote clearance of tenacious secretions. However, their efficacy has not been documented. […] In a study of noncystic fibrosis in children who had atelectasis of infectious origin, treatment with DNase led to rapid clinical improvement observed within two hours and radiologic improvement documented within 24 hours. DNase may be an effective treatment for infectious atelectasis in pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis.

• #29 Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/pt-successful-treatment-atelectasis-with-dornase-articulo-S0873215913000226

  Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy. […] A 28-year-old neuromuscular patient chronically treated with nocturnal noninvasive ventilation developed pulmonary lobar atelectasis and daytime hypoxemia. […] On 11 and 13th days rhDNase was instilled by flexible bronchoscopy. A rapid resolution of the atelectasis was observed with relief of hypoxemia, without significant side effects. […] In non-intubated neuromuscular patients with atelectasis who do not respond successfully to non-invasive treatments intrabronchial instillation of rhDNase may safely help to improve airway clearance. […] This experience illustrates the safety and efficacy of intrabronchial rhDNase treatment in the management of infectious atelectasis in a non-invasively ventilated neuromuscular patient in whom physiotherapy techniques alone did not produce a rapid significant improvement.

• #30

  https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/120672/atelectasis

  treatment is specific to the underlying cause and aims to re-expand the lung […] use of incentive spirometry may prevent atelectasis in post-operative patients […] chest physiotherapy may help […] continuous positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation for patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure […] antibiotics for infection […] dornase alfa (DNase) may help mucus clearance […] bronchodilators may help mucus clearance and ventilation

• #31 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  The treatment for bibasilar atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and typically involves breathing exercises, devices, and medications to re-expand the lungs. […] The treatment of bibasilar atelectasis varies by the underlying cause. Irrespective of the cause, the ultimate goal is to re-expand the lung to its normal size. A combination of approaches may be needed. […] Non-drug intervention may include: Breathing exercises: This includes huffing with coughing (also known as controlled coughing). […] Medications can improve the clearance of mucus, including: Bronchodilators: These are inhaled or oral drugs that help open airway passages. […] If there is an underlying cause of atelectasis, it needs to be treated to prevent further collapse. This may involve surgery and chemotherapy for lung cancer, fluid drainage for pleural effusion, and antibiotics to treat lung infections or complications of cystic fibrosis.

• #32 Lung ultrasonography as a tool to guide perioperative atelectasis treatment bundle in head and neck cancer patients undergoing free flap reconstructive surgeries: a preliminary observational study | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-lung-ultrasonography-as-tool-guide-S1808869420301117

  General anesthesia causes pulmonary atelectasis within few minutes of induction. This can have significant impact on postoperative outcome of cancer patients undergoing prolonged reconstructive surgeries. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of sonographically detected perioperative atelectasis on the need for postoperative oxygen supplementation, bronchodilator therapy and assisted chest physiotherapy in patients undergoing free flap surgeries for head and neck carcinoma. […] This preliminary study detected significant levels of perioperative atelectasis using point of care lung ultrasonography in head and neck cancer patients undergoing long duration surgical reconstructions. Higher lung ultrasound scores highlighted the need for frequent bronchodilator nebulizations as well as assisted chest physiotherapy and were associated with delayed weaning. We propose more frequent point of care lung ultrasonographic evaluations and use of recruitment maneuvers to reduce the impact of perioperative pulmonary atelectasis.

• #33 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prevention of further atelectasis involves (1) placing the patient in such a position that the uninvolved side is dependent to promote increased drainage of the affected area, (2) giving vigorous chest physiotherapy, and (3) encouraging the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. […] Therapy with a broad-spectrum antibiotic is started and modified appropriately if a specific pathogen is isolated from sputum samples or bronchial secretions. […] Postoperative atelectasis is treated with adequate oxygenation and re-expansion of the lung segments. Supplemental oxygen should be titrated to achieve an arterial oxygen saturation of greater than 90%. […] Severe hypoxemia associated with severe respiratory distress should lead to intubation and mechanical support. Intubation not only provides oxygenation and ventilatory support, but also provides access for suctioning of the airways and facilitates performing bronchoscopy, if needed. The positive pressure ventilation and larger tidal volumes may help to re-expand collapsed lung segments.

• #34 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Continuous positive airway pressure delivered via a nasal cannula or facemask may also be effective in improving oxygenation and re-expanding the collapsed lung. […] Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be prescribed if evidence of infection is present, such as fever, night sweats, or leukocytosis, because secondary atelectasis usually becomes infected regardless of the cause of obstruction. […] Judicious use of perioperative analgesia is an essential adjunct, permitting patients to breathe deeply, cough forcefully, and participate in chest physiotherapy maneuvers. […] N-acetylcysteine aerosols commonly are administered in an effort to promote clearance of tenacious secretions. However, their efficacy has not been documented. […] In a study of noncystic fibrosis in children who had atelectasis of infectious origin, treatment with DNase led to rapid clinical improvement observed within two hours and radiologic improvement documented within 24 hours. DNase may be an effective treatment for infectious atelectasis in pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis.

• #35 Collapsed Lung (Atelectasis) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/collapsed-lung-atelectasis.html

  There are several options for treating a collapsed lung. For example: […] If the lung has collapsed because of a blockage, the blockage can be removed by coughing, suctioning the airways or bronchoscopy. […] Antibiotics can be given to treat an infection. […] Surgery to remove a part of the lung may be needed if chronic infections become disabling or if significant bleeding occurs. […] Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or laser therapy may be used if a tumor is causing the blockage. […] Drugs to treat a lack of surfactant. This is a life-saving measure in newborns. In adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome, it is considered experimental. For adults, the amount of oxygen in the blood is raised by continuous positive-pressure oxygen or mechanical ventilation.

• #36 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Continuous positive airway pressure delivered via a nasal cannula or facemask may also be effective in improving oxygenation and re-expanding the collapsed lung. […] Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be prescribed if evidence of infection is present, such as fever, night sweats, or leukocytosis, because secondary atelectasis usually becomes infected regardless of the cause of obstruction. […] Judicious use of perioperative analgesia is an essential adjunct, permitting patients to breathe deeply, cough forcefully, and participate in chest physiotherapy maneuvers. […] N-acetylcysteine aerosols commonly are administered in an effort to promote clearance of tenacious secretions. However, their efficacy has not been documented. […] In a study of noncystic fibrosis in children who had atelectasis of infectious origin, treatment with DNase led to rapid clinical improvement observed within two hours and radiologic improvement documented within 24 hours. DNase may be an effective treatment for infectious atelectasis in pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis.

• #37 Atelectasis (Aftercare Instructions)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/atelectasis-aftercare-instructions.html

  Atelectasis is a condition that happens when the alveoli in your lungs cannot expand fully. This may cause part or all of your lung to collapse. […] You may need any of the following: Bronchodilators help open your airway to make breathing easier. Mucolytics help thin mucus so it is easier to cough out. Antibiotics help treat or prevent an infection caused by bacteria. […] Manage or prevent atelectasis: Change your position often. Sit on the side of the bed or walk after surgery as directed. This helps expand your lungs. Your healthcare provider may ask you to lie or sit in certain positions to help drain mucus. This is called postural drainage. […] Use chest percussion. Chest percussion is gentle clapping on your back or side to help move mucus out of your lungs. Chest percussion is sometimes used with postural drainage.

• #38 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] It is a clinically important condition as it is often a precursor or contributor to other important, and often more severe, post-operative pulmonary complications. […] In this article, we shall look at the risk factors, clinical features and management of atelectasis. […] The most effective treatments for atelectasis are deep breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy. This ensures that the airways are opened maximally and coughing can be performed effectively. As an adjunct, ensure that the patient has adequate pain control to allow them to deep breathe.

• #39 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  If an object is causing the blockage, it must be removed. Your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options if atelectasis is caused by a tumor, an aspirated foreign body, or other chronic lung conditions. Serious complications may occur if atelectasis remains untreated. Complications can include low oxygen levels, pneumonia, or lung failure. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve. Talk with your healthcare provider about how long to continue using any medications or mucus clearance techniques. Keep any follow-up appointments to monitor your health condition. If a tumor is causing atelectasis or you have an underlying lung condition, discuss with your provider ways to manage and treat the condition.

• #40 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] If a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy, which may include surgery. Other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, may or may not be needed. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #41 Atelectasis – Respiratory Physiotherapy Ireland

  https://respphysio.ie/conditions-we-treat/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis can make breathing difficult, particularly if you already have lung disease. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the collapse. […] The most effective treatments for atelectasis are deep breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy. This ensures that the airways are opened maximally and coughing can be performed effectively. […] To enable the patient to deep breath and cough effectively to clear secretions. […] Removal of airway obstructions may be done by suctioning mucus or by bronchoscopy if no significant improvement following physiotherapy. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be helpful in some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) after surgery. […] Treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying cause with the aim of re-expanding the lung to its normal size. Respiratory physiotherapy has a major role to play in the treatment of atelectasis. […] At respiratory physiotherapy Ireland, our physiotherapists can provide specialised therapy and treatment techniques to manage your symptoms and best level of function.

• #42 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Continuous positive airway pressure delivered via a nasal cannula or facemask may also be effective in improving oxygenation and re-expanding the collapsed lung. […] Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be prescribed if evidence of infection is present, such as fever, night sweats, or leukocytosis, because secondary atelectasis usually becomes infected regardless of the cause of obstruction. […] Judicious use of perioperative analgesia is an essential adjunct, permitting patients to breathe deeply, cough forcefully, and participate in chest physiotherapy maneuvers. […] N-acetylcysteine aerosols commonly are administered in an effort to promote clearance of tenacious secretions. However, their efficacy has not been documented. […] In a study of noncystic fibrosis in children who had atelectasis of infectious origin, treatment with DNase led to rapid clinical improvement observed within two hours and radiologic improvement documented within 24 hours. DNase may be an effective treatment for infectious atelectasis in pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis.

• #43 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  If no significant improvement is seen following physiotherapy, bronchoscopy may be required to aid in suctioning out pulmonary secretions, however it is not routinely performed. […] All patients who have undergone major surgery should be referred to receive chest physiotherapy as a preventative measure. This has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing atelectasis. Patients should undertake regular deep breathing exercises or use devices such as an incentive spirometer. […] A Cochrane Review suggested that postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce the risks of postoperative atelectasis, pneumonia, and requiring reintubation. However, its effect on mortality, hypoxia or invasive ventilation is uncertain. […] Pain control and physiotherapy form the mainstay of management.

• #44 Atelectasis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atelectasis

  Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen mucus. This technique is called percussion. You also can use mechanical mucus clearance devices, such as an air pulse vibrator vest or a hand-held instrument. […] Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] If a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy, which may include surgery. Other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, may or may not be needed. […] In some cases, a breathing tube may be needed. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #45 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  Lobar atelectasis is a common problem caused by a variety of mechanisms including resorption atelectasis due to airway obstruction, passive atelectasis from hypoventilation, compressive atelectsis from abdominal distension and adhesive atelectasis due to increased surface tension. However, evidence-based studies on the management of lobar atelectasis are lacking. […] Chest physiotherapy, nebulised DNase and possibly fibreoptic bronchoscopy might be helpful in patients with mucous plugging of the airways. In passive and adhesive atelectasis, positive end-expiratory pressure might be a useful adjunct to treatment. […] Treatment modalities that have been described include chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, fibreoptic bronchoscopy, DNase, positive end-expiratory pressure and surfactant.

• #46 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] Nevertheless, some patients develop significant perioperative respiratory complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality if not treated. Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis.

• #47 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to the collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume. […] Treatment includes coughing, deep breathing, and treating the cause. […] Commonly recommended measures include chest physiotherapy to help maintain ventilation and clearance of secretions, and encouragement of lung expansion techniques such as directed cough, deep breathing exercises, and frequent use of an incentive spirometer, which is usually done in inpatient settings. […] For patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated, positive end-expiratory pressure may prevent atelectasis. […] Avoiding oversedation helps ensure ventilation and sufficient deep breathing and coughing. […] Most importantly, the underlying cause of atelectasis (eg, mucous plug, foreign body, tumor, mass, pulmonary effusion) should be treated. […] Treatment involves using incentive spirometry, maximizing coughing, deep breathing, and, whenever possible, encouraging mobilization.

• #48 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prevention of further atelectasis involves (1) placing the patient in such a position that the uninvolved side is dependent to promote increased drainage of the affected area, (2) giving vigorous chest physiotherapy, and (3) encouraging the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. […] Therapy with a broad-spectrum antibiotic is started and modified appropriately if a specific pathogen is isolated from sputum samples or bronchial secretions. […] Postoperative atelectasis is treated with adequate oxygenation and re-expansion of the lung segments. Supplemental oxygen should be titrated to achieve an arterial oxygen saturation of greater than 90%. […] Severe hypoxemia associated with severe respiratory distress should lead to intubation and mechanical support. Intubation not only provides oxygenation and ventilatory support, but also provides access for suctioning of the airways and facilitates performing bronchoscopy, if needed. The positive pressure ventilation and larger tidal volumes may help to re-expand collapsed lung segments.

• #49 Atelectasis: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/what-is-atelectasis-how-do-you-figure-out-the-causes-of-breathlessness

  Surgery is rare and is done if the lung is permanently scarred, if a lobe needs to be removed, or there is a need for lung transplantation. […] A ventilator will help you breathe until the lungs repair themselves or the underlying conditions and causes are treated in the most extreme case. In case of any difficulty breathing, it is essential to seek medical advice as soon as possible.

• #50 AirPhysio Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure Device

  https://airphysioaustralia.com.au/atelectasis-condition-treatment-collapsed-lung/

  AirPhysio is an International Multi-Award-winning Mucus Clearance Lung Expansion device used for the Treatment of Asthma, COPD and other respiratory conditions. […] Used in the Treatment of respiratory conditions like Asthma, COPD, Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchiectasis, etc. […] The Device Is Used As A Treatment And Preventative For The Following Conditions: Atelectasis. […] AirPhysio is an Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) device that is used for mucus clearance and lung expansion to help in the treatment of respiratory conditions.

• #51 IPV Therapy Essential for Secretion Clearance and Atelectasis | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/critical-care/acute-disorders/ipv-therapy-an-essential-solution-for-secretion-clearance-and-atelectasis/

  Retained and excessive secretions can lead to disorders like atelectasis but therapies like Percussionaires IPV therapy recently acquired by Senteccan improve patient outcomes. […] In 1991, Percussionaire received the 510(K) authorization from the FDA to begin marketing IPV therapy, a new and innovative way to address secretions and atelectasis. […] The recommended treatment time for one session is 15 to 20 minutes and a typical schedule will start on a Q6 to Q8-hour time frame, decreasing in frequency as the patient improves. […] Over time, the IPV therapy recruits areas of atelectasis, removes secretions, debris and mucus plugs, and maintains the open lung to allow improved gas exchange and healing to occur. […] Any patient with secretion issues, post-operative atelectasis, mucus plugging, or lung recruitment needs can benefit from IPV therapy.

• #52 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  If no significant improvement is seen following physiotherapy, bronchoscopy may be required to aid in suctioning out pulmonary secretions, however it is not routinely performed. […] All patients who have undergone major surgery should be referred to receive chest physiotherapy as a preventative measure. This has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing atelectasis. Patients should undertake regular deep breathing exercises or use devices such as an incentive spirometer. […] A Cochrane Review suggested that postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce the risks of postoperative atelectasis, pneumonia, and requiring reintubation. However, its effect on mortality, hypoxia or invasive ventilation is uncertain. […] Pain control and physiotherapy form the mainstay of management.

• #53 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] If a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy, which may include surgery. Other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, may or may not be needed. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #54 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  Atelectasis can be diagnosed with a chest x-ray. To find the severity or type of atelectasis, your provider may recommend other diagnostic tests or procedures. A CT scan can also help get a better picture of the lungs. A bronchoscopy is a technique used if there is a suspected blockage or obstruction in the airway. It can be used to look inside the lungs and may be able to remove the blockage. An arterial blood gas test can check the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. […] The goal of treatment is to relieve or remove the blockage in the airways and re-inflate the lungs. Mild forms of atelectasis may not require any treatment. If mucus build up is the cause, you may use medication to open your airways, an incentive spirometer, and techniques to loosen the mucus in the airways (chest percussion, assisted cough, etc). An incentive spirometer is a medical device often given after surgery and may help prevent lung infections and clear mucus from the lungs.

• #55 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  Atelectasis can be diagnosed with a chest x-ray. To find the severity or type of atelectasis, your provider may recommend other diagnostic tests or procedures. A CT scan can also help get a better picture of the lungs. A bronchoscopy is a technique used if there is a suspected blockage or obstruction in the airway. It can be used to look inside the lungs and may be able to remove the blockage. An arterial blood gas test can check the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. […] The goal of treatment is to relieve or remove the blockage in the airways and re-inflate the lungs. Mild forms of atelectasis may not require any treatment. If mucus build up is the cause, you may use medication to open your airways, an incentive spirometer, and techniques to loosen the mucus in the airways (chest percussion, assisted cough, etc). An incentive spirometer is a medical device often given after surgery and may help prevent lung infections and clear mucus from the lungs.

• #56 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  Chest physiotherapy is the traditional first-line therapy for atelectasis; however, even for this basic therapy, evidence is lacking: there are only two published studies. […] Fibreoptic bronchoscopy to aspirate secretions has been used in the management of proximal airway obstruction, and has been found to resolve atelectasis successfully in 26 of 35 (74%) paediatric intensive care patients. […] Nebulised or direct tracheal application of DNase reduces the viscoelastic properties of purulent airway secretions by breaking down the highly polymerised deoxyribonucleic acid. […] For the management of atelectasis, there are five small published case series describing the successful use of DNase in one to five patients. […] For atelectasis not due to mucous plugging of the airways, increased end-expiratory pressure has been used and resulted in complete resolution of lobar atelectasis in four patients and re-expansion of atelectasis in experimental studies.

• #57 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  The treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying etiology. Treatment of acute atelectasis, including postoperative lung collapse, requires removal of the underlying cause. […] For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed.

• #58 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Treating atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and how severe your symptoms are. […] If you’re having trouble breathing or feel like you’re not getting enough air, seek immediate medical treatment. […] You may need the assistance of a breathing machine until your lungs can recover and the cause is treated. […] Most cases of atelectasis don’t require surgery. Depending on the underlying cause, a healthcare professional might suggest one or more of these treatments: […] Chest physiotherapy. This involves moving your body in different positions and using tapping motions, vibrations, or wearing a vibrating vest to help loosen and drain mucus. It’s generally used for obstructive or postsurgical atelectasis. This treatment is also commonly used in people with cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchoscopy. A healthcare professional can insert a small tube through your nose or mouth into your lungs to remove a foreign object or clear a mucus plug. They can also use the technique to remove a tissue sample from a mass to help figure out what’s causing the problem.

• #59 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Treating atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and how severe your symptoms are. […] If you’re having trouble breathing or feel like you’re not getting enough air, seek immediate medical treatment. […] You may need the assistance of a breathing machine until your lungs can recover and the cause is treated. […] Most cases of atelectasis don’t require surgery. Depending on the underlying cause, a healthcare professional might suggest one or more of these treatments: […] Chest physiotherapy. This involves moving your body in different positions and using tapping motions, vibrations, or wearing a vibrating vest to help loosen and drain mucus. It’s generally used for obstructive or postsurgical atelectasis. This treatment is also commonly used in people with cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchoscopy. A healthcare professional can insert a small tube through your nose or mouth into your lungs to remove a foreign object or clear a mucus plug. They can also use the technique to remove a tissue sample from a mass to help figure out what’s causing the problem.

• #60 Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/pt-successful-treatment-atelectasis-with-dornase-articulo-S0873215913000226

  Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy. […] A 28-year-old neuromuscular patient chronically treated with nocturnal noninvasive ventilation developed pulmonary lobar atelectasis and daytime hypoxemia. […] On 11 and 13th days rhDNase was instilled by flexible bronchoscopy. A rapid resolution of the atelectasis was observed with relief of hypoxemia, without significant side effects. […] In non-intubated neuromuscular patients with atelectasis who do not respond successfully to non-invasive treatments intrabronchial instillation of rhDNase may safely help to improve airway clearance. […] This experience illustrates the safety and efficacy of intrabronchial rhDNase treatment in the management of infectious atelectasis in a non-invasively ventilated neuromuscular patient in whom physiotherapy techniques alone did not produce a rapid significant improvement.

• #61 Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/pt-successful-treatment-atelectasis-with-dornase-articulo-S0873215913000226

  Best clinical practice in neuromuscular patients usually requires non-invasive means to manage respiratory complications; however, intrabronchial instillation of rhDNase could be a supplementary method of treatment. […] In conclusion, treatment with rhDNAse demonstrated a safe option for this neuromuscular patient with atelectasis who had not responded to normal intensive treatment. Bronchoscopic instillation gave the best results, liquefying secretions that were easily eliminated with the In-Exsufflator.

• #62 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] If a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy, which may include surgery. Other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, may or may not be needed. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #63 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is defined as volume reduction of lung tissue, due to reduced aeration. […] Treatment depends on the etiology. […] Obstruction may be treated with interventional pulmonology therapies (e.g., balloon dilation, laser therapy). […] The right middle lobe is small, so resection is generally well tolerated. Consequently, surgical resection is a consideration if other treatments fail and symptoms are persistent. […] For example, atelectasis due to endobronchial tumor may sometimes benefit from endobronchial debulking by interventional pulmonology. […] Management of atelectasis in a nonintubated patient often requires that the patient be able to comfortably breathe deeply, cough, and participate in chest physiotherapy. […] Among hospitalized patients, mucus plugging is the most common cause of atelectasis.

• #64 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  Chest physiotherapy is the traditional first-line therapy for atelectasis; however, even for this basic therapy, evidence is lacking: there are only two published studies. […] Fibreoptic bronchoscopy to aspirate secretions has been used in the management of proximal airway obstruction, and has been found to resolve atelectasis successfully in 26 of 35 (74%) paediatric intensive care patients. […] Nebulised or direct tracheal application of DNase reduces the viscoelastic properties of purulent airway secretions by breaking down the highly polymerised deoxyribonucleic acid. […] For the management of atelectasis, there are five small published case series describing the successful use of DNase in one to five patients. […] For atelectasis not due to mucous plugging of the airways, increased end-expiratory pressure has been used and resulted in complete resolution of lobar atelectasis in four patients and re-expansion of atelectasis in experimental studies.

• #65 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Lobar atelectasis is a common problem caused by a variety of mechanisms including resorption atelectasis due to airway obstruction, passive atelectasis from hypoventilation, compressive atelectasis from abdominal distension, and adhesive atelectasis due to increased surface tension. Evidence-based studies on the management of lobar atelectasis are lacking. Assessment of air bronchograms on a chest radiograph may be helpful to determine whether the airway obstruction is proximal or distal. Chest physiotherapy, nebulized dornase alfa (DNase), and, possibly, fiberoptic bronchoscopy might be helpful in patients with mucous plugging of the airways. In passive and adhesive atelectasis, positive end-expiratory pressure might be a useful adjunct to treatment. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is commonly required for diagnosis, particularly if an endobronchial lesion is suggested. This procedure has a limited role in the management of postoperative atelectasis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is not more effective than standard chest physiotherapy, deep breathing, coughing, and suctioning of patients who are intubated. Therefore, simple and standard respiratory therapy techniques should be administered to patients who spontaneously ventilate or patients on mechanical ventilation. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy should be reserved for those situations in which chest physiotherapy is contraindicated (eg, chest trauma, immobilized patient), poorly tolerated, or unsuccessful.

• #66 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  The treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying etiology. Treatment of acute atelectasis, including postoperative lung collapse, requires removal of the underlying cause. […] For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed.

• #67 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Adequate analgesia […] Early mobilization […] Lung expansion maneuvers that increase positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) […] Deep breathing exercises […] Directed coughing […] Intermittent incentive spirometry […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients unable to perform deep breathing exercises. […] Treatment of underlying condition […] Bronchoscopy to remove tumors causing obstructive or compression atelectasis. […] The risk of atelectasis after surgery can be avoided by prescribing opioids in doses that are sufficient for pain relief, as well as encouraging the use of incentive spirometry. At the same time, opioids should be used with caution due to their suppression on coughing. Smoking should be avoided 68 weeks prior to surgery.

• #68 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] If a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy, which may include surgery. Other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, may or may not be needed. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #69 Collapsed Lung (Atelectasis) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/collapsed-lung-atelectasis.html

  There are several options for treating a collapsed lung. For example: […] If the lung has collapsed because of a blockage, the blockage can be removed by coughing, suctioning the airways or bronchoscopy. […] Antibiotics can be given to treat an infection. […] Surgery to remove a part of the lung may be needed if chronic infections become disabling or if significant bleeding occurs. […] Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or laser therapy may be used if a tumor is causing the blockage. […] Drugs to treat a lack of surfactant. This is a life-saving measure in newborns. In adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome, it is considered experimental. For adults, the amount of oxygen in the blood is raised by continuous positive-pressure oxygen or mechanical ventilation.

• #70 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause. A blockage that cannot be removed by coughing or by suctioning the airways often can be removed by bronchoscopy. Antibiotics are given for an infection. Chronic atelectasis is often treated with antibiotics because infection is almost inevitable. In certain cases, the affected part of the lung may be surgically removed when recurring or chronic infections become disabling or bleeding is significant. If a tumor is blocking the airway, relieving the obstruction by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or laser therapy may prevent atelectasis from progressing and recurrent obstructive pneumonia from developing.

• #71 Effect of Radiation Therapy on Atelectasis from Lung Cancer

  https://www.e-roj.org/journal/view.php?number=1073

  Effect of Radiation Therapy on Atelectasis from Lung Cancer Seong Eon Hong, Young Ki Hong Department of Therapeutic Radiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. ABSTRACT From January 1981 to December 1989, total 42 patients with atelectasis from lung cancer were treated with radiation therapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology in Kyung Hee University Hospital. The reexpansion of atelectasis after radiotherapy of the lung was evaluated retrospectively, utilizing treatment records and follow-up chest radiographs. Of the patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, the response rate was 62% (21/34). Patient with small cell carcinoma showed a 75% (6/8) response rate. There appears to be some evidence of a relationship of total tumor dose versus response of atelectasis; radiation dose over 40 gy (1337 ret), had a favorable effect on the rate of response compared with that below 40 gy (1297 ret), 70% (21/30) and 50% (6/12), respectively. […] Key Words: Radiation therapy, Lung cancer, Atelectasis

• #72 Atelectasis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/atelectasis

  The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying cause and re-expand the collapsed lung tissue. If fluid is putting pressure on the lung, removing the fluid may allow the lung to expand. […] Treatments include one or more of the following: […] Clap (percussion) on the chest to loosen mucus plugs in the airway. […] Deep breathing exercises (with the help of incentive spirometry devices). […] Remove or relieve any blockage in the airways by bronchoscopy. […] Tilt the person so the head is lower than the chest (called postural drainage). This allows mucus to drain more easily. […] Treat a tumor or other condition. […] Turn the person to lie on the healthy side, allowing the collapsed area of lung to re-expand. […] Use inhaled medicines to open the airway. […] Use other devices that help increase positive pressure in the airways and clear fluids. […] Be physically active if possible.

• #73 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Breathing exercises. Exercises or devices, such as an incentive spirometer, can force you to breathe in deeply and help open up your alveoli. This is especially useful for postsurgical atelectasis. […] Drainage. If your atelectasis is due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion, a healthcare professional may need to drain air or fluid from your chest. They’ll likely insert a needle through your back, between your ribs, and into the pocket of fluid. To remove air, they may need to insert a plastic tube, called a chest tube. This may need to be left in for several days in more severe cases. […] In very rare cases, you may need to have a small area or lobe of your lung removed. […] Healthcare professionals will usually only do this after trying all other options or in cases involving permanently scarred lungs.

• #74 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Breathing exercises. Exercises or devices, such as an incentive spirometer, can force you to breathe in deeply and help open up your alveoli. This is especially useful for postsurgical atelectasis. […] Drainage. If your atelectasis is due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion, a healthcare professional may need to drain air or fluid from your chest. They’ll likely insert a needle through your back, between your ribs, and into the pocket of fluid. To remove air, they may need to insert a plastic tube, called a chest tube. This may need to be left in for several days in more severe cases. […] In very rare cases, you may need to have a small area or lobe of your lung removed. […] Healthcare professionals will usually only do this after trying all other options or in cases involving permanently scarred lungs.

• #75 Atelectasis and Pneumothorax Treatments | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/atelectasis-and-pneumothorax/treatments

  Mild atelectasis or a small pneumothorax may heal, and the lung may re-inflate on its own. If not, there are a variety of techniques for clearing blockages, removing excess air and healing the lung. […] In cases of atelectasis, your physician may recommend: Percussion on the chest to loosen mucus plugs in the airway, Deep breathing exercises with an incentive spirometer, Removal of any blockages through bronchoscopy or another interventional pulmonology procedure, Postural drainage (tilting so your head is lower than your chest to facilitate drainage of mucus), Removal of a tumor, if it is causing the condition, Turning onto your unaffected side, to allow the collapsed section of lung to re-inflate. […] If a pneumothorax is large, your surgeon may need to place a chest tube between the ribs and into the space around the lungs in order to drain the air and let the affected lung(s) re-inflate. Depending on the severity of the pneumothorax, lung surgery may be necessary for treatment or even prevention of future collapses of the lung. Serious pneumothorax can be fatal if not treated. […] Treatments: Bronchoscopy, Chest Tube, Surgery.

• #76 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis usually resolves after treating the underlying cause. […] Treatments could include: Deep breathing exercises (incentive spirometry). […] Other treatments depend on the cause and extent of the collapse. […] Many cases of atelectasis get better without treatment, under careful monitoring by your healthcare provider. […] Removing obstructions in your lung (usually using bronchoscopy). […] Physical therapy to help promote expansion of your lungs. […] Inhaled medications to open up your airways (bronchodilators). […] Treatment of tumor or chronic lung conditions.

• #77 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  The treatment for bibasilar atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and typically involves breathing exercises, devices, and medications to re-expand the lungs. […] The treatment of bibasilar atelectasis varies by the underlying cause. Irrespective of the cause, the ultimate goal is to re-expand the lung to its normal size. A combination of approaches may be needed. […] Non-drug intervention may include: Breathing exercises: This includes huffing with coughing (also known as controlled coughing). […] Medications can improve the clearance of mucus, including: Bronchodilators: These are inhaled or oral drugs that help open airway passages. […] If there is an underlying cause of atelectasis, it needs to be treated to prevent further collapse. This may involve surgery and chemotherapy for lung cancer, fluid drainage for pleural effusion, and antibiotics to treat lung infections or complications of cystic fibrosis.

• #78 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] Nevertheless, some patients develop significant perioperative respiratory complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality if not treated. Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis.

• #79 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] It is a clinically important condition as it is often a precursor or contributor to other important, and often more severe, post-operative pulmonary complications. […] In this article, we shall look at the risk factors, clinical features and management of atelectasis. […] The most effective treatments for atelectasis are deep breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy. This ensures that the airways are opened maximally and coughing can be performed effectively. As an adjunct, ensure that the patient has adequate pain control to allow them to deep breathe.

• #80 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause. A blockage that cannot be removed by coughing or by suctioning the airways often can be removed by bronchoscopy. Antibiotics are given for an infection. Chronic atelectasis is often treated with antibiotics because infection is almost inevitable. In certain cases, the affected part of the lung may be surgically removed when recurring or chronic infections become disabling or bleeding is significant. If a tumor is blocking the airway, relieving the obstruction by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or laser therapy may prevent atelectasis from progressing and recurrent obstructive pneumonia from developing.

• #81 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Breathing exercises. Exercises or devices, such as an incentive spirometer, can force you to breathe in deeply and help open up your alveoli. This is especially useful for postsurgical atelectasis. […] Drainage. If your atelectasis is due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion, a healthcare professional may need to drain air or fluid from your chest. They’ll likely insert a needle through your back, between your ribs, and into the pocket of fluid. To remove air, they may need to insert a plastic tube, called a chest tube. This may need to be left in for several days in more severe cases. […] In very rare cases, you may need to have a small area or lobe of your lung removed. […] Healthcare professionals will usually only do this after trying all other options or in cases involving permanently scarred lungs.

• #82 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy. […] Chronic atelectasis is treated with segmental resection or lobectomy.

• #83 Collapsed Lung (Atelectasis) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/collapsed-lung-atelectasis.html

  There are several options for treating a collapsed lung. For example: […] If the lung has collapsed because of a blockage, the blockage can be removed by coughing, suctioning the airways or bronchoscopy. […] Antibiotics can be given to treat an infection. […] Surgery to remove a part of the lung may be needed if chronic infections become disabling or if significant bleeding occurs. […] Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or laser therapy may be used if a tumor is causing the blockage. […] Drugs to treat a lack of surfactant. This is a life-saving measure in newborns. In adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome, it is considered experimental. For adults, the amount of oxygen in the blood is raised by continuous positive-pressure oxygen or mechanical ventilation.

• #84 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is defined as volume reduction of lung tissue, due to reduced aeration. […] Treatment depends on the etiology. […] Obstruction may be treated with interventional pulmonology therapies (e.g., balloon dilation, laser therapy). […] The right middle lobe is small, so resection is generally well tolerated. Consequently, surgical resection is a consideration if other treatments fail and symptoms are persistent. […] For example, atelectasis due to endobronchial tumor may sometimes benefit from endobronchial debulking by interventional pulmonology. […] Management of atelectasis in a nonintubated patient often requires that the patient be able to comfortably breathe deeply, cough, and participate in chest physiotherapy. […] Among hospitalized patients, mucus plugging is the most common cause of atelectasis.

• #85 Atelectasis: Definition, types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is when the airways or air sacs in the lungs collapse or do not fully expand. Treatment may involve medications, breathing exercises, or surgery. […] Common treatments for atelectasis include inhaled medications, breathing and coughing exercises, assistive breathing machines, sitting upright, and getting up and moving around soon after surgery. […] A doctor may also perform surgery for one or more of the following reasons: removing fluid, removing obstructions, removing growths, correcting anatomical structures, reopening collapsed tissues. […] Atelectasis usually resolves itself with time or treatment, while lung or airway collapse is reversible. […] Most people recover from atelectasis with proper treatment within 24 hours. However, without medical intervention, atelectasis can lead to serious complications, including death.

• #86 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause. A blockage that cannot be removed by coughing or by suctioning the airways often can be removed by bronchoscopy. Antibiotics are given for an infection. Chronic atelectasis is often treated with antibiotics because infection is almost inevitable. In certain cases, the affected part of the lung may be surgically removed when recurring or chronic infections become disabling or bleeding is significant. If a tumor is blocking the airway, relieving the obstruction by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or laser therapy may prevent atelectasis from progressing and recurrent obstructive pneumonia from developing.

• #87 Atelectasis | Asbestos Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://mesothelioma.net/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the lung, which can cause serious complications like pneumonia and respiratory failure, although it is treatable. […] Treatment for atelectasis depends on the underlying cause. If there is a tumor or other blockage, procedures to remove it will relieve the condition. Surgery is a common treatment for obstruction removal. Chest therapy may follow surgery to help patients learn deep breathing exercises to re-inflate the lung tissue. […] For someone with mesothelioma or pleural effusion triggering atelectasis, treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation to remove or shrink tumors, as well as drain the fluid between the pleura. Surgery is not typically used to treat rounded atelectasis unless it causes significant impairment or severe symptoms. […] Atelectasis is not life-threatening as long as it is treated. The prognosis is good with treatment, and patients generally have no lasting effects.

• #88 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] Nevertheless, some patients develop significant perioperative respiratory complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality if not treated. Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis.

• #89 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy. […] Chronic atelectasis is treated with segmental resection or lobectomy.

• #90 Atelectasis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atelectasis

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs.

• #91 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  The treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying etiology. Treatment of acute atelectasis, including postoperative lung collapse, requires removal of the underlying cause. […] For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed.

• #92 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy. […] Chronic atelectasis is treated with segmental resection or lobectomy.

• #93 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis may be prevented by making sure deep breathing occurs. Whenever possible, conditions that cause shallow breathing for long periods should be treated. […] The use of devices to encourage voluntary deep breathing, called incentive spirometry, and certain exercises, including changing position to increase the drainage of lung mucus and other secretions, may also help prevent atelectasis.

• #94 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Adequate analgesia […] Early mobilization […] Lung expansion maneuvers that increase positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) […] Deep breathing exercises […] Directed coughing […] Intermittent incentive spirometry […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients unable to perform deep breathing exercises. […] Treatment of underlying condition […] Bronchoscopy to remove tumors causing obstructive or compression atelectasis. […] The risk of atelectasis after surgery can be avoided by prescribing opioids in doses that are sufficient for pain relief, as well as encouraging the use of incentive spirometry. At the same time, opioids should be used with caution due to their suppression on coughing. Smoking should be avoided 68 weeks prior to surgery.

• #95 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to the collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume. […] Treatment includes coughing, deep breathing, and treating the cause. […] Commonly recommended measures include chest physiotherapy to help maintain ventilation and clearance of secretions, and encouragement of lung expansion techniques such as directed cough, deep breathing exercises, and frequent use of an incentive spirometer, which is usually done in inpatient settings. […] For patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated, positive end-expiratory pressure may prevent atelectasis. […] Avoiding oversedation helps ensure ventilation and sufficient deep breathing and coughing. […] Most importantly, the underlying cause of atelectasis (eg, mucous plug, foreign body, tumor, mass, pulmonary effusion) should be treated. […] Treatment involves using incentive spirometry, maximizing coughing, deep breathing, and, whenever possible, encouraging mobilization.

• #96 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Adequate analgesia […] Early mobilization […] Lung expansion maneuvers that increase positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) […] Deep breathing exercises […] Directed coughing […] Intermittent incentive spirometry […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients unable to perform deep breathing exercises. […] Treatment of underlying condition […] Bronchoscopy to remove tumors causing obstructive or compression atelectasis. […] The risk of atelectasis after surgery can be avoided by prescribing opioids in doses that are sufficient for pain relief, as well as encouraging the use of incentive spirometry. At the same time, opioids should be used with caution due to their suppression on coughing. Smoking should be avoided 68 weeks prior to surgery.

• #97 Atelectasis (Aftercare Instructions)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/atelectasis-aftercare-instructions.html

  Cough often. This can help clear mucus from your lungs. […] Do deep breathing exercises. This can help improve your lung function and decrease your risk for atelectasis. An incentive spirometer may be used to help you breathe deeply and slowly. […] Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can cause lung damage. […] Drink liquids as directed. Liquids help loosen mucus.

• #98 Atelectasis (Aftercare Instructions)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/atelectasis-aftercare-instructions.html

  Cough often. This can help clear mucus from your lungs. […] Do deep breathing exercises. This can help improve your lung function and decrease your risk for atelectasis. An incentive spirometer may be used to help you breathe deeply and slowly. […] Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can cause lung damage. […] Drink liquids as directed. Liquids help loosen mucus.

• #99

• #100 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  If an object is causing the blockage, it must be removed. Your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options if atelectasis is caused by a tumor, an aspirated foreign body, or other chronic lung conditions. Serious complications may occur if atelectasis remains untreated. Complications can include low oxygen levels, pneumonia, or lung failure. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve. Talk with your healthcare provider about how long to continue using any medications or mucus clearance techniques. Keep any follow-up appointments to monitor your health condition. If a tumor is causing atelectasis or you have an underlying lung condition, discuss with your provider ways to manage and treat the condition.

• #101 Atelectasis: Definition, types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is when the airways or air sacs in the lungs collapse or do not fully expand. Treatment may involve medications, breathing exercises, or surgery. […] Common treatments for atelectasis include inhaled medications, breathing and coughing exercises, assistive breathing machines, sitting upright, and getting up and moving around soon after surgery. […] A doctor may also perform surgery for one or more of the following reasons: removing fluid, removing obstructions, removing growths, correcting anatomical structures, reopening collapsed tissues. […] Atelectasis usually resolves itself with time or treatment, while lung or airway collapse is reversible. […] Most people recover from atelectasis with proper treatment within 24 hours. However, without medical intervention, atelectasis can lead to serious complications, including death.

• #102 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  The treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying etiology. Treatment of acute atelectasis, including postoperative lung collapse, requires removal of the underlying cause. […] For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed.

• #103 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  If an object is causing the blockage, it must be removed. Your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options if atelectasis is caused by a tumor, an aspirated foreign body, or other chronic lung conditions. Serious complications may occur if atelectasis remains untreated. Complications can include low oxygen levels, pneumonia, or lung failure. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve. Talk with your healthcare provider about how long to continue using any medications or mucus clearance techniques. Keep any follow-up appointments to monitor your health condition. If a tumor is causing atelectasis or you have an underlying lung condition, discuss with your provider ways to manage and treat the condition.

• #104 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Atelectasis | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20369667

  Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs.

• #105 Atelectasis | Asbestos Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://mesothelioma.net/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the lung, which can cause serious complications like pneumonia and respiratory failure, although it is treatable. […] Treatment for atelectasis depends on the underlying cause. If there is a tumor or other blockage, procedures to remove it will relieve the condition. Surgery is a common treatment for obstruction removal. Chest therapy may follow surgery to help patients learn deep breathing exercises to re-inflate the lung tissue. […] For someone with mesothelioma or pleural effusion triggering atelectasis, treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation to remove or shrink tumors, as well as drain the fluid between the pleura. Surgery is not typically used to treat rounded atelectasis unless it causes significant impairment or severe symptoms. […] Atelectasis is not life-threatening as long as it is treated. The prognosis is good with treatment, and patients generally have no lasting effects.

• #106 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  If an object is causing the blockage, it must be removed. Your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options if atelectasis is caused by a tumor, an aspirated foreign body, or other chronic lung conditions. Serious complications may occur if atelectasis remains untreated. Complications can include low oxygen levels, pneumonia, or lung failure. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve. Talk with your healthcare provider about how long to continue using any medications or mucus clearance techniques. Keep any follow-up appointments to monitor your health condition. If a tumor is causing atelectasis or you have an underlying lung condition, discuss with your provider ways to manage and treat the condition.

• #107 Atelectasis: Definition, types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is when the airways or air sacs in the lungs collapse or do not fully expand. Treatment may involve medications, breathing exercises, or surgery. […] Common treatments for atelectasis include inhaled medications, breathing and coughing exercises, assistive breathing machines, sitting upright, and getting up and moving around soon after surgery. […] A doctor may also perform surgery for one or more of the following reasons: removing fluid, removing obstructions, removing growths, correcting anatomical structures, reopening collapsed tissues. […] Atelectasis usually resolves itself with time or treatment, while lung or airway collapse is reversible. […] Most people recover from atelectasis with proper treatment within 24 hours. However, without medical intervention, atelectasis can lead to serious complications, including death.

• #108 Atelectasis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-in-children

  Atelectasis refers to volume loss within the lung, generally to a degree visible on radiographic imaging. […] However, patients with risk factors for clinically significant atelectasis may require specific interventions to prevent or treat atelectasis. These include patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery or those with underlying pulmonary or neuromuscular disease. […] Advanced measures include airway clearance techniques, positive pressure ventilation, intermittent positive pressure techniques, medications to treat mucus plugging, and bronchoscopy.

• #109 Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/atelectasis

  Adhesive atelectasis is seen in premature infants who are unable to spontaneously breathe and in some infants after only a few days of developing breathing difficulties; their lungs show areas in which the alveoli, or air sacs, are not expanded with air. […] Treatment for infants with this syndrome includes replacement therapy with surfactant. […] Treatment for obstructive and compressive atelectasis is directed toward removal of any obstruction or compressive forces.

• #110 Treatment of atelectasis: where is the evidence?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1269473/

  It is curious that surfactant has not been used more extensively in the management of atelectasis; however, the traditional volumes used (4 ml/kg) are large, resulting in increased expense. Small volumes may be equally effective: 0.5 ml/kg fluorocarbon facilitates lung recruitment by reducing surface tension and ungluing adherent lung surfaces in saline-lavaged rabbits. […] Overall, however, it is clear that there are very few published studies available to guide our management of lobar atelectasis, which is a common complication in critically ill patients; further studies are urgently needed.

• #111 Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/pt-successful-treatment-atelectasis-with-dornase-articulo-S0873215913000226

  Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy. […] A 28-year-old neuromuscular patient chronically treated with nocturnal noninvasive ventilation developed pulmonary lobar atelectasis and daytime hypoxemia. […] On 11 and 13th days rhDNase was instilled by flexible bronchoscopy. A rapid resolution of the atelectasis was observed with relief of hypoxemia, without significant side effects. […] In non-intubated neuromuscular patients with atelectasis who do not respond successfully to non-invasive treatments intrabronchial instillation of rhDNase may safely help to improve airway clearance. […] This experience illustrates the safety and efficacy of intrabronchial rhDNase treatment in the management of infectious atelectasis in a non-invasively ventilated neuromuscular patient in whom physiotherapy techniques alone did not produce a rapid significant improvement.

• #112 Successful treatment of atelectasis with Dornase alpha in a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/pt-successful-treatment-atelectasis-with-dornase-articulo-S0873215913000226

  Best clinical practice in neuromuscular patients usually requires non-invasive means to manage respiratory complications; however, intrabronchial instillation of rhDNase could be a supplementary method of treatment. […] In conclusion, treatment with rhDNAse demonstrated a safe option for this neuromuscular patient with atelectasis who had not responded to normal intensive treatment. Bronchoscopic instillation gave the best results, liquefying secretions that were easily eliminated with the In-Exsufflator.

• #113 Atelectasis Medication: Bronchodilators, Antibiotics, Mucolytic agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-medication

  Bronchodilators may be used to encourage sputum expectoration; if underlying airflow is present, these agents may also improve ventilation. Some patients may require broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat the underlying infections, which may occur because of bronchial obstruction. N-acetylcysteine aerosol is not routinely recommended because of the risk of bronchoconstriction and the lack of documented efficacy. […] Therapy with mucolytics may promote sputum removal of thick mucous plugs and, therefore, helps treat atelectasis in many patients. Inhaled recombinant human deoxyribonuclease is a mucolytic agent successfully used in patients with cystic fibrosis. […] N-acetylcysteine inhalations may be tried to encourage sputum expectoration in patients with tenacious sputum and mucous plugging. […] Dornase alfa cleaves and depolymerizes extracellular DNA and separates DNA from proteins. This allows endogenous proteolytic enzymes to break down the proteins; thus, decreasing viscoelasticity and surface tension of purulent sputum.

• #114 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  Treating atelectasis depends on the underlying cause and how severe your symptoms are. […] If you’re having trouble breathing or feel like you’re not getting enough air, seek immediate medical treatment. […] You may need the assistance of a breathing machine until your lungs can recover and the cause is treated. […] Most cases of atelectasis don’t require surgery. Depending on the underlying cause, a healthcare professional might suggest one or more of these treatments: […] Chest physiotherapy. This involves moving your body in different positions and using tapping motions, vibrations, or wearing a vibrating vest to help loosen and drain mucus. It’s generally used for obstructive or postsurgical atelectasis. This treatment is also commonly used in people with cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchoscopy. A healthcare professional can insert a small tube through your nose or mouth into your lungs to remove a foreign object or clear a mucus plug. They can also use the technique to remove a tissue sample from a mass to help figure out what’s causing the problem.

• #115 Resolution of Resorptive and Compressive Atelectasis without Invasive Manoeuvres: A Case Report – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/article/resolution-of-resorptive-and-compressive-atelectasis-without-invasive-manoeuvres-a-case-report/

  A care challenge that clinicians and other healthcare professionals face very frequently is the complications of bedridden syndrome. […] In this clinical case, the authors describe the results of chest physiotherapy in an elderly patient who had developed complete atelectasis of the left lung, attributable to two mechanisms: obstructive, due to mucus plugging, and compressive, due to pleural effusion. […] The main purpose is to highlight the role of respiratory physiotherapy as an effective, safe, co-adjuvant treatment, and sometimes alternative to invasive manoeuvres in the treatment of frail patients. […] The article highlights the importance of respiratory physiotherapy, a safe and inexpensive therapy that avoided the use of invasive procedures in an elderly and frail patient with hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure from resorptive atelectasis.

• #116 Resolution of Resorptive and Compressive Atelectasis without Invasive Manoeuvres: A Case Report – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/article/resolution-of-resorptive-and-compressive-atelectasis-without-invasive-manoeuvres-a-case-report/

  In this case report, the authors describe the implemented treatment that resulted in the resolution of the mucosal plug. […] Chest physiotherapy should be encouraged from the early stages of hospitalisation in all sufficiently co-operative patients who are elderly, bedridden, or have chronic respiratory diseases, regardless of the reason for admission. […] This report presents the case of an elderly patient with a double component of atelectasis (obstructive due to mucus plug and compressive due to pleural effusion), who responded excellently to physio-kinetic respiratory treatment without recourse to invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy, usually the gold standard in bronchial unblocking. […] Although respiratory physiotherapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of respiratory disease, there is limited scientific evidence to support its use in acute and emergency situations.

• #117 Effect of Radiation Therapy on Atelectasis from Lung Cancer

  https://www.e-roj.org/journal/view.php?number=1073

  Effect of Radiation Therapy on Atelectasis from Lung Cancer Seong Eon Hong, Young Ki Hong Department of Therapeutic Radiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. ABSTRACT From January 1981 to December 1989, total 42 patients with atelectasis from lung cancer were treated with radiation therapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology in Kyung Hee University Hospital. The reexpansion of atelectasis after radiotherapy of the lung was evaluated retrospectively, utilizing treatment records and follow-up chest radiographs. Of the patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, the response rate was 62% (21/34). Patient with small cell carcinoma showed a 75% (6/8) response rate. There appears to be some evidence of a relationship of total tumor dose versus response of atelectasis; radiation dose over 40 gy (1337 ret), had a favorable effect on the rate of response compared with that below 40 gy (1297 ret), 70% (21/30) and 50% (6/12), respectively. […] Key Words: Radiation therapy, Lung cancer, Atelectasis

• #118 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  The treatment of atelectasis depends on the underlying etiology. Treatment of acute atelectasis, including postoperative lung collapse, requires removal of the underlying cause. […] For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed.

• #119 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  If an object is causing the blockage, it must be removed. Your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options if atelectasis is caused by a tumor, an aspirated foreign body, or other chronic lung conditions. Serious complications may occur if atelectasis remains untreated. Complications can include low oxygen levels, pneumonia, or lung failure. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve. Talk with your healthcare provider about how long to continue using any medications or mucus clearance techniques. Keep any follow-up appointments to monitor your health condition. If a tumor is causing atelectasis or you have an underlying lung condition, discuss with your provider ways to manage and treat the condition.

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