Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #2 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung, leading to impaired exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. […] Signs and symptoms of atelectasis include the following: Pain on the affected side, Sudden onset of dyspnea, Cyanosis (bluish skin discoloration), Dullness to percussion over the involved area, Diminished or absent breath sounds, Reduced or absent chest excursion of the involved hemithorax, Deviation of trachea and heart toward the affected side. […] The rate at which atelectasis develops and the extent of atelectasis depend on several factors, including the extent of collateral ventilation that is present and the composition of inspired gas.

• #3 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis itself is asymptomatic unless hypoxemia or pneumonia develops. Symptoms of hypoxemia tend to be related to the acuity of onset and extent of atelectasis. With rapid, extensive atelectasis, dyspnea or even respiratory failure can develop. With slowly developing, less extensive atelectasis, symptoms may be mild or absent. […] Major consequences of atelectasis include impaired gas exchange (ie, hypoxia and/or hypercapnia), pneumonia, and respiratory failure in severe cases.

• #4 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis itself does not cause any symptoms except sometimes shortness of breath. The presence and severity of shortness of breath depend on how rapidly atelectasis develops and how much of the lung is affected. If atelectasis involves a limited portion of the lung or develops slowly, symptoms may be mild or not even noticed. If a large number of alveoli are affected, particularly if atelectasis occurs rapidly, shortness of breath may be severe. […] The heart rate and breathing rate may increase, and sometimes the person may look bluish (a condition called cyanosis) because oxygen levels in the blood are low. This appearance may be darker brown or black in people with dark skin and easier to identify in the eyes (conjunctiva), lips, and nail beds. […] Symptoms may also reflect the disorder that caused atelectasis (for example, chest pain due to an injury) or a disorder that results from atelectasis (for example, chest pain with deep breathing, due to pneumonia).

• #5 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Cough. […] There are no symptoms if atelectasis is mild. […] In an adult, atelectasis in a small area of the lung is usually not life threatening. The rest of the lung can make up for the collapsed area, bringing in enough oxygen for the body to function. […] Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, often in a baby or small child, or in someone who has another lung disease or illness. […] The collapsed lung usually reinflates slowly if the airway blockage has been removed. Scarring or damage may remain. […] The outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer often don’t do well, while those with simple atelectasis after surgery have a very good outcome.

• #6 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include: […] Having a hard time breathing. […] Rapid, weak breathing. […] Wheezing. […] Coughing. […] Always get medical attention right away if you have a hard time breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can make it hard to breathe, so it’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If your breathing suddenly becomes difficult, get emergency medical help.

• #7 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Symptoms depend on the acuity and extent of atelectasis. […] Small number of affected alveoli or slowly manifesting atelectasis asymptomatic or minimal symptoms […] Large number of affected alveoli or rapid onset acute dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, tachycardia, and cyanosis.

• #8 Lung collapse (atelectasis) symptoms, treatments & forums | PatientsLikeMe

  https://www.patientslikeme.com/conditions/lung-collapse-atelectasis

  Atelectasis, or collapsed lung, is the incomplete expansion of a lung or a portion of a lung or the airlessness or collapse of a lung that had once been expanded. A collapsed lung in an adult often improves on its own but it can lead to infections if it doesn’t improve quickly. […] Common symptom Pain […] 12 lung collapse (atelectasis) patients report severe pain (50%) […] 8 lung collapse (atelectasis) patients report moderate pain (33%) […] 3 lung collapse (atelectasis) patients report mild pain (12%) […] 1 a lung collapse (atelectasis) patient reports no pain (4%) […] Common symptom Stress […] 9 lung collapse (atelectasis) patients report severe stress (42%) […] 8 lung collapse (atelectasis) patients report moderate stress (38%) […] 2 lung collapse (atelectasis) patients report mild stress (9%)

• #9 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis often causes no symptoms on its own, though some underlying conditions that lead to atelectasis (like COPD) can cause symptoms. […] If atelectasis affects large areas of the lungs, the oxygen level in your blood may go down (hypoxemia). This can lead to symptoms like: Trouble breathing/shortness of breath (dyspnea). Coughing. Chest pain. Rapid breathing (tachypnea). Skin and lips turning blue. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. When anesthesia is used during surgery to keep you asleep, you dont breathe deeply enough to fill your lungs all the way or cough to clear your lungs of mucus. This can lead to blockages or lack of air to the alveoli, causing resorptive atelectasis. […] Most of the time, atelectasis is reversible once the cause is treated. Most people recover quickly and have no serious lasting effects. In people who have a long-lasting (chronic) condition, further treatment may be needed to manage the underlying cause of atelectasis.

• #10 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include: […] Having a hard time breathing. […] Rapid, weak breathing. […] Wheezing. […] Coughing. […] Always get medical attention right away if you have a hard time breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can make it hard to breathe, so it’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If your breathing suddenly becomes difficult, get emergency medical help.

• #11 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  The symptoms of atelectasis range from nonexistent to very serious, depending on how much of your lung is affected and how fast it develops. If only a few alveoli are involved or it happens slowly, you might not have any symptoms. […] If you are seeing signs and symptoms of atelectasis, they may include: shallow breathing, rapid breathing, fever, chest pain, wheezing or crackling sounds, coughing, sputum (phlegm, or thick mucus) production, less chest expansion. […] When atelectasis involves a lot of alveoli or comes on quickly, its hard to get enough oxygen to your blood. Having low blood oxygen can lead to: trouble breathing, sharp chest pain, especially when you take a deep breath or cough, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, blue-colored skin, including the lips, fingernails, or toenails. […] Sometimes, pneumonia develops in the affected part of your lung. When this happens, you can have the typical symptoms of pneumonia, such as: coughing up phlegm, fever, chest pain.

• #12 Bibasilar atelectasis: Definition, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322027

  Bibasilar atelectasis is when there is a collapse in the bottom part of both lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and more. […] If only a small portion of the lung collapses, bibasilar atelectasis may not cause any symptoms. If a person does experience symptoms, these may include: shortness of breath, rapid or shallow breathing, not being able to take a full, satisfying breath, coughing, wheezing, producing lots of mucus, crackling sounds while breathing, absence of breath sounds. […] During bibasilar atelectasis, the alveoli in the base of the lungs deflate and stop performing this essential task. Oxygen may not be able to reach the vital organs, making the condition life-threatening in some cases. […] Early treatment of bibasilar atelectasis may improve a person’s outlook and prevent the risk of complications. […] If a person is already in the hospital, this can make diagnosis and treatment easier, and may help prevent complications. […] A person’s outlook may depend on the underlying cause of atelectasis.

• #13 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  If you have atelectasis, you’ll feel like you cant get enough air. Other symptoms can include: […] Trouble breathing (dyspnea) […] Rapid breathing (tachypnea) […] Bluish skin or lips. […] If you’re having trouble breathing, get medical help right away. […] Your outlook depends on several factors, including the cause of your atelectasis. After treatment, a collapsed lung usually begins working normally again. But in some cases, atelectasis can cause permanent damage. […] Atelectasis happens when the small sacs in your lungs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, leading to a partial or full collapse of your lungs. It can cause distressing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, and a fast heart rate.

• #14 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #15 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung, leading to impaired exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. […] Signs and symptoms of atelectasis include the following: Pain on the affected side, Sudden onset of dyspnea, Cyanosis (bluish skin discoloration), Dullness to percussion over the involved area, Diminished or absent breath sounds, Reduced or absent chest excursion of the involved hemithorax, Deviation of trachea and heart toward the affected side. […] The rate at which atelectasis develops and the extent of atelectasis depend on several factors, including the extent of collateral ventilation that is present and the composition of inspired gas.

• #16 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www-amboss-com.bibliotecavirtual.udla.edu.ec/us/knowledge/atelectasis

  Symptoms depend on the acuity and extent of atelectasis. […] Small number of affected alveoli or slowly manifesting atelectasis asymptomatic or minimal symptoms […] Large number of affected alveoli or rapid onset acute dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, tachycardia, and cyanosis. […] Dull percussion note, diminished breath sounds, and decreased fremitus over the affected lung. […] Possibly tracheal deviation towards the side of lesion.

• #17 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] Patients with atelectasis will present with varying degrees of respiratory compromise. The most common clinical features are increased respiratory rate and reduced oxygen saturations. […] The diagnosis of atelectasis is typically clinical, especially in the post-operative patient who has developed respiratory symptoms within 24hrs of surgery. […] It can present with hypoxia, raised respiratory rate, or even low-grade pyrexia. […] Diagnosis is typically clinical, occurring within 24 hours post-operatively.

• #18 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #19 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  If the obstruction to the bronchus is removed, any complicating postobstructive infection subsides and the lung returns to its normal state. If the obstruction is persistent and infection continues to be present, fibrosis and/or bronchiectasis may develop. […] Patient mortality depends on the underlying cause of atelectasis. In postoperative atelectasis, the condition generally improves. The prognosis of lobar atelectasis secondary to endobronchial obstruction depends on treatment of the underlying malignancy. […] Patients should know that difficulty breathing is an immediate reason to seek medical care. Atelectasis also is one of the most common complications after surgery. Deep-breathing exercises can help reduce atelectasis risk and can improve lung function.

• #20 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Healthy-Living/Atelectasis-Symptoms-Causes-and-Treatment

  Atelectasis may develop suddenly within minutes (acute) or can take days or even weeks to develop (chronic). […] Atelectasis may come with very few symptoms or fail to produce any symptoms at all if it emerges at a slow pace, or if it affects just a small fraction of your lungs. […] Atelectasis is considered life-threatening when the symptoms arise abruptly or if the condition involves a number of airways.

• #21 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  Atelectasis happens when the tiny air sacs or alveoli in your lungs are blocked, and it causes a partial or full collapse of one or more lobes or sections of the lungs. […] Signs and symptoms of atelectasis often depend on the severity of the collapse. Some people may have a mild form and do not experience symptoms. If atelectasis affects a larger part of your lungs, you are more likely to experience symptoms. Symptoms associated with atelectasis include shortness of breath, cough that may bring up mucus, wheezing, chest pain, or low oxygen levels. […] Many cases clear up in 24-48 hours, however more severe cases may take longer to resolve.

• #22 Acceleration-Induced atelectasis; a case with deceptive clinical manifestations for COVID-19 pneumonia – JMVH

  https://jmvh.org/article/acceleration-induced-atelectasis-a-case-with-deceptive-clinical-manifestations-for-covid-19-pneumonia/

  The symptoms and radiographic signs are usually completely clear after changing position from supine to upright (increases FRC and decreases atelectasis), encouraging patients to take several deep breaths (which often provoke bouts of coughing), incentive spirometry, use of chest physiotherapy and a mucolytic agents (e.g. N-acetylcysteine). […] In the absence of these interventions, however, basal collapse may persist for 24 hours or more.

• #23 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #24 Atelectasis (Atelectasis) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/lung-disease-respiratory-health/atelectasis-atelectasis/

  The outlook for patients with atelectasis, a condition where the lungs air sacs collapse, varies significantly. The main factors determining the prognosis are the cause of the atelectasis and the patients other health conditions. If atelectasis is not treated, it might lead to lung infections, including repeated cases of pneumonia. […] Atelectasis can also result in the inability of the lungs to properly exchange oxygen, leading to low oxygen levels in the blood, known as hypoxemia, causing breathing difficulties. Over time, regular occurrences of atelectasis can lead to lung scarring or fibrosis and reduce overall lung capacity. Early detection and appropriate treatment are vital to prevent these potentially severe complications.

• #25 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  When a bronchus or a smaller airway (bronchiole) becomes blocked, the air in the alveoli beyond the blockage is absorbed into the bloodstream, causing the alveoli to shrink and collapse. The area of collapsed lung may become infected because bacteria and white blood cells can build up behind (to the inside of) the blockage. Infection is particularly likely if atelectasis persists for several days or more. If atelectasis persists for months, the lung may not easily re-expand.

• #26 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis itself is asymptomatic unless hypoxemia or pneumonia develops. Symptoms of hypoxemia tend to be related to the acuity of onset and extent of atelectasis. With rapid, extensive atelectasis, dyspnea or even respiratory failure can develop. With slowly developing, less extensive atelectasis, symptoms may be mild or absent. […] Major consequences of atelectasis include impaired gas exchange (ie, hypoxia and/or hypercapnia), pneumonia, and respiratory failure in severe cases.

• #27 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and a productive cough. […] Symptoms tend to develop suddenly and involve: Dyspnea (shortness of breath), Wheezing, Rapid, shallow breathing, A persistent, productive cough with phlegm. […] As the condition progresses, symptoms worsen as oxygen levels decrease. If left untreated, bibasilar atelectasis can lead to a severe drop in blood pressure, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and shock. […] The outlook for bibasilar atelectasis is generally good, mainly because it usually occurs in the hospital and can be immediately treated. When treated early, atelectasis can be resolved without long-term lung harm. […] If not treated early, bibasilar atelectasis can cause scarring of lung tissues. This contraction of these tissues can lead to another form of atelectasis called cicatrization atelectasis.

• #28 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung, leading to impaired exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. […] Signs and symptoms of atelectasis include the following: Pain on the affected side, Sudden onset of dyspnea, Cyanosis (bluish skin discoloration), Dullness to percussion over the involved area, Diminished or absent breath sounds, Reduced or absent chest excursion of the involved hemithorax, Deviation of trachea and heart toward the affected side. […] The rate at which atelectasis develops and the extent of atelectasis depend on several factors, including the extent of collateral ventilation that is present and the composition of inspired gas.

• #29 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] Patients with atelectasis will present with varying degrees of respiratory compromise. The most common clinical features are increased respiratory rate and reduced oxygen saturations. […] The diagnosis of atelectasis is typically clinical, especially in the post-operative patient who has developed respiratory symptoms within 24hrs of surgery. […] It can present with hypoxia, raised respiratory rate, or even low-grade pyrexia. […] Diagnosis is typically clinical, occurring within 24 hours post-operatively.

• #30 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. It is usually unilateral, affecting part or all of one lung. […] Signs and symptoms may include: cough, but not prominent; chest pain (not common); breathing difficulty (fast and shallow); low oxygen saturation; pleural effusion (transudate type); cyanosis (late sign); increased heart rate. […] Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of surfactant deficiency. In premature babies, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome. […] The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments. […] The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause.

• #31 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is defined as volume reduction of lung tissue, due to reduced aeration. […] The clinical significance of atelectasis varies widely depending on the cause, configuration, and severity. For example, a small amount of dependent atelectasis is commonly seen, with minimal clinical significance. Alternatively, lobar atelectasis may be the cause of respiratory failure. […] Potential symptoms include respiratory dysfunction (e.g., hypoxemia, tachypnea) and cough. […] The right middle lobe is particularly prone to the development of atelectasis for several reasons: the right bronchus is longer with a narrow angle and orifice, which is often prone to obstruction; the right middle lobe has less effective collateral ventilation, as compared to other lobes; and the right middle lobe bronchus is surrounded by lymph nodes, rendering it vulnerable in patients with bulky lymphadenopathy.

• #32 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Atelectasis can also be subcategorised by morphology: […] Atelectasis is a radiopathological sign that can be categorized in many ways. Each approach aims to help identify possible underlying causes together with other accompanying radiological and clinical findings. […] The three most common specific etiologies of passive atelectasis are pleural effusion, pneumothorax and diaphragmatic abnormality. […] Compressive atelectasis occurs as a result of any thoracic space-occupying lesion (e.g. large pneumothorax) compressing the lung and forcing air out of the alveoli. […] Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis occurs as a result of complete obstruction of an airway. […] Resorptive atelectasis of an entire lung („collapsed lung”) can result from complete obstruction of the right or left main bronchus.

• #33 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Passive (relaxation) atelectasis occurs when contact between the parietal and visceral pleura is disrupted with loss of normal negative pressure and the lung relaxes due to natural elastic recoil. […] Cicatrisation atelectasis occurs as a result of scarring or fibrosis that reduces lung expansion. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs from surfactant deficiency. […] Gravity dependant atelectasis occurs in the most dependent portions of the lungs due to the weight of the lungs.

• #34 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is defined as volume reduction of lung tissue, due to reduced aeration. […] The clinical significance of atelectasis varies widely depending on the cause, configuration, and severity. For example, a small amount of dependent atelectasis is commonly seen, with minimal clinical significance. Alternatively, lobar atelectasis may be the cause of respiratory failure. […] Potential symptoms include respiratory dysfunction (e.g., hypoxemia, tachypnea) and cough. […] The right middle lobe is particularly prone to the development of atelectasis for several reasons: the right bronchus is longer with a narrow angle and orifice, which is often prone to obstruction; the right middle lobe has less effective collateral ventilation, as compared to other lobes; and the right middle lobe bronchus is surrounded by lymph nodes, rendering it vulnerable in patients with bulky lymphadenopathy.

• #35 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  The right middle lobe is relatively small. The functional loss of the right middle lobe is often well tolerated clinically (without causing significant dyspnea or hypoxemia). These patients often have chronic, asymptomatic collapse of the right middle lobe. […] Among hospitalized patients, mucus plugging is the most common cause of atelectasis. […] Initial therapy focuses on conservative measures: increased airway pressure may promote lung inflation. […] Bronchoscopy for removal of mucus plugs may be considered if other therapies fail. However, the results are generally disappointing.

• #36 Atelectasis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-clinical

  Atelectasis may occur postoperatively following thoracic or upper abdominal procedures. […] Most symptoms and signs are determined by the rapidity with which the bronchial occlusion occurs, the size of the lung area affected, and the presence or absence of complicating infection. Rapid bronchial occlusion with a large area of lung collapse causes pain on the affected side, sudden onset of dyspnea, and cyanosis. Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, and shock may also occur. […] Slowly developing atelectasis may be asymptomatic or may cause only minor symptoms. Middle lobe syndrome often is asymptomatic, although irritation in the right middle and right lower lobe bronchi may cause a severe, hacking, nonproductive cough.

• #37 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #38 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] Patients with atelectasis will present with varying degrees of respiratory compromise. The most common clinical features are increased respiratory rate and reduced oxygen saturations. […] The diagnosis of atelectasis is typically clinical, especially in the post-operative patient who has developed respiratory symptoms within 24hrs of surgery. […] It can present with hypoxia, raised respiratory rate, or even low-grade pyrexia. […] Diagnosis is typically clinical, occurring within 24 hours post-operatively.

• #39 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis often causes no symptoms on its own, though some underlying conditions that lead to atelectasis (like COPD) can cause symptoms. […] If atelectasis affects large areas of the lungs, the oxygen level in your blood may go down (hypoxemia). This can lead to symptoms like: Trouble breathing/shortness of breath (dyspnea). Coughing. Chest pain. Rapid breathing (tachypnea). Skin and lips turning blue. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. When anesthesia is used during surgery to keep you asleep, you dont breathe deeply enough to fill your lungs all the way or cough to clear your lungs of mucus. This can lead to blockages or lack of air to the alveoli, causing resorptive atelectasis. […] Most of the time, atelectasis is reversible once the cause is treated. Most people recover quickly and have no serious lasting effects. In people who have a long-lasting (chronic) condition, further treatment may be needed to manage the underlying cause of atelectasis.

• #40 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] Patients with atelectasis will present with varying degrees of respiratory compromise. The most common clinical features are increased respiratory rate and reduced oxygen saturations. […] The diagnosis of atelectasis is typically clinical, especially in the post-operative patient who has developed respiratory symptoms within 24hrs of surgery. […] It can present with hypoxia, raised respiratory rate, or even low-grade pyrexia. […] Diagnosis is typically clinical, occurring within 24 hours post-operatively.

• #41 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Cough. […] There are no symptoms if atelectasis is mild. […] In an adult, atelectasis in a small area of the lung is usually not life threatening. The rest of the lung can make up for the collapsed area, bringing in enough oxygen for the body to function. […] Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, often in a baby or small child, or in someone who has another lung disease or illness. […] The collapsed lung usually reinflates slowly if the airway blockage has been removed. Scarring or damage may remain. […] The outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer often don’t do well, while those with simple atelectasis after surgery have a very good outcome.

• #42 Atelectasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000065.htm

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Cough. There are no symptoms if atelectasis is mild. […] In an adult, atelectasis in a small area of the lung is usually not life threatening. The rest of the lung can make up for the collapsed area, bringing in enough oxygen for the body to function. Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, often in a baby or small child, or in someone who has another lung disease or illness. The collapsed lung usually reinflates slowly if the airway blockage has been removed. Scarring or damage may remain. The outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer often don’t do well, while those with simple atelectasis after surgery have a very good outcome. […] Pneumonia may develop quickly after atelectasis in the affected part of the lung.

• #43 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. It is usually unilateral, affecting part or all of one lung. […] Signs and symptoms may include: cough, but not prominent; chest pain (not common); breathing difficulty (fast and shallow); low oxygen saturation; pleural effusion (transudate type); cyanosis (late sign); increased heart rate. […] Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of surfactant deficiency. In premature babies, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome. […] The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments. […] The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause.

• #44 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Mild atelectasis that resolves quickly generally does not affect life expectancy. However, severe or wide-spread atelectasis may be life-threatening, especially in someone with another lung disease or illness. […] Additionally, young children and infants may be more susceptible to severe complications from a lung collapse due to a mucus obstruction or other causes.

• #45 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  Shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing these are all symptoms of lung cancer. But did you know they can also occur with a collapsed lung? Known as atelectasis, this complication affects the tiny air sacs in the lungs. People with lung cancer may develop atelectasis due to tumor growth or cancer treatments. […] You likely wont experience any symptoms of atelectasis if your case is mild. If entire lobes are affected, your oxygen levels may drop. This can cause noticeable symptoms, including: […] Atelectasis is a potential complication of lung cancer and its treatments. Your oncologist can discuss your individual risk of atelectasis. […] Obstructive atelectasis occurs when a blockage in your airways prevents air from reaching your alveoli. If a lung tumor forms inside your airways, it may cause your alveoli to collapse.

• #46 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  A type of cancer known as lung adenocarcinoma (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma, or BAC) develops in the alveoli. This can cause replacement atelectasis one of the most severe forms. Replacement atelectasis occurs when tumor tissue replaces all the alveoli in a lung lobe. People with this complication may experience a complete lung collapse. […] Interestingly, researchers have found that atelectasis may be associated with better overall survival in lung cancer. Several studies showed that people with atelectasis and lung cancer especially those with locally advanced (stage 3) lung cancer live longer than those without atelectasis. […] However, atelectasis is also linked with an increased risk of complications. If left untreated, atelectasis can lead to acute respiratory failure meaning your lungs cant provide enough oxygen for your body. This is a serious medical condition that requires emergency treatment. Atelectasis may also cause pneumonia.

• #47 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  A type of cancer known as lung adenocarcinoma (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma, or BAC) develops in the alveoli. This can cause replacement atelectasis one of the most severe forms. Replacement atelectasis occurs when tumor tissue replaces all the alveoli in a lung lobe. People with this complication may experience a complete lung collapse. […] Interestingly, researchers have found that atelectasis may be associated with better overall survival in lung cancer. Several studies showed that people with atelectasis and lung cancer especially those with locally advanced (stage 3) lung cancer live longer than those without atelectasis. […] However, atelectasis is also linked with an increased risk of complications. If left untreated, atelectasis can lead to acute respiratory failure meaning your lungs cant provide enough oxygen for your body. This is a serious medical condition that requires emergency treatment. Atelectasis may also cause pneumonia.

• #48 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and a productive cough. […] Symptoms tend to develop suddenly and involve: Dyspnea (shortness of breath), Wheezing, Rapid, shallow breathing, A persistent, productive cough with phlegm. […] As the condition progresses, symptoms worsen as oxygen levels decrease. If left untreated, bibasilar atelectasis can lead to a severe drop in blood pressure, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and shock. […] The outlook for bibasilar atelectasis is generally good, mainly because it usually occurs in the hospital and can be immediately treated. When treated early, atelectasis can be resolved without long-term lung harm. […] If not treated early, bibasilar atelectasis can cause scarring of lung tissues. This contraction of these tissues can lead to another form of atelectasis called cicatrization atelectasis.

• #49 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and a productive cough. […] Symptoms tend to develop suddenly and involve: Dyspnea (shortness of breath), Wheezing, Rapid, shallow breathing, A persistent, productive cough with phlegm. […] As the condition progresses, symptoms worsen as oxygen levels decrease. If left untreated, bibasilar atelectasis can lead to a severe drop in blood pressure, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and shock. […] The outlook for bibasilar atelectasis is generally good, mainly because it usually occurs in the hospital and can be immediately treated. When treated early, atelectasis can be resolved without long-term lung harm. […] If not treated early, bibasilar atelectasis can cause scarring of lung tissues. This contraction of these tissues can lead to another form of atelectasis called cicatrization atelectasis.

• #50 Bibasilar atelectasis: Symptoms, causes, and complications

  https://www.m3india.in/contents/clinical_news/bibasilar-atelectasis-symptoms-causes-and

  Bibasilar atelectasis can cause severe complications if left untreated. […] If a person does experience symptoms, these may include: shortness of breath, feeling their breath is too shallow or quick, not being able to take a full, satisfying breath, coughing, wheezing, lots of mucus or sputum. […] Difficulty breathing is the most common symptom. […] Bibasilar atelectasis must be caught early on and treated quickly to give a person the best chance of recovery without any severe complications. […] If there is extensive damage to the lungs or the collapse is not treated urgently, possible complications can include: pneumonia, hypoxia, or when the blood does not carry enough oxygen, respiratory failure, which can be life-threatening, scar tissue. […] By catching the condition early, they may reduce their risk of scarring and other complications in the lungs.

• #51 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #52 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  If the obstruction to the bronchus is removed, any complicating postobstructive infection subsides and the lung returns to its normal state. If the obstruction is persistent and infection continues to be present, fibrosis and/or bronchiectasis may develop. […] Patient mortality depends on the underlying cause of atelectasis. In postoperative atelectasis, the condition generally improves. The prognosis of lobar atelectasis secondary to endobronchial obstruction depends on treatment of the underlying malignancy. […] Patients should know that difficulty breathing is an immediate reason to seek medical care. Atelectasis also is one of the most common complications after surgery. Deep-breathing exercises can help reduce atelectasis risk and can improve lung function.

• #53 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #54 Atelectasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000065.htm

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Cough. There are no symptoms if atelectasis is mild. […] In an adult, atelectasis in a small area of the lung is usually not life threatening. The rest of the lung can make up for the collapsed area, bringing in enough oxygen for the body to function. Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, often in a baby or small child, or in someone who has another lung disease or illness. The collapsed lung usually reinflates slowly if the airway blockage has been removed. Scarring or damage may remain. The outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer often don’t do well, while those with simple atelectasis after surgery have a very good outcome. […] Pneumonia may develop quickly after atelectasis in the affected part of the lung.

• #55 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis often causes no symptoms on its own, though some underlying conditions that lead to atelectasis (like COPD) can cause symptoms. […] If atelectasis affects large areas of the lungs, the oxygen level in your blood may go down (hypoxemia). This can lead to symptoms like: Trouble breathing/shortness of breath (dyspnea). Coughing. Chest pain. Rapid breathing (tachypnea). Skin and lips turning blue. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. When anesthesia is used during surgery to keep you asleep, you dont breathe deeply enough to fill your lungs all the way or cough to clear your lungs of mucus. This can lead to blockages or lack of air to the alveoli, causing resorptive atelectasis. […] Most of the time, atelectasis is reversible once the cause is treated. Most people recover quickly and have no serious lasting effects. In people who have a long-lasting (chronic) condition, further treatment may be needed to manage the underlying cause of atelectasis.

• #56 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Cough. […] There are no symptoms if atelectasis is mild. […] In an adult, atelectasis in a small area of the lung is usually not life threatening. The rest of the lung can make up for the collapsed area, bringing in enough oxygen for the body to function. […] Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, often in a baby or small child, or in someone who has another lung disease or illness. […] The collapsed lung usually reinflates slowly if the airway blockage has been removed. Scarring or damage may remain. […] The outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer often don’t do well, while those with simple atelectasis after surgery have a very good outcome.

• #57 Atelectasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000065.htm

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Cough. There are no symptoms if atelectasis is mild. […] In an adult, atelectasis in a small area of the lung is usually not life threatening. The rest of the lung can make up for the collapsed area, bringing in enough oxygen for the body to function. Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, often in a baby or small child, or in someone who has another lung disease or illness. The collapsed lung usually reinflates slowly if the airway blockage has been removed. Scarring or damage may remain. The outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer often don’t do well, while those with simple atelectasis after surgery have a very good outcome. […] Pneumonia may develop quickly after atelectasis in the affected part of the lung.

• #58 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Mild atelectasis that resolves quickly generally does not affect life expectancy. However, severe or wide-spread atelectasis may be life-threatening, especially in someone with another lung disease or illness. […] Additionally, young children and infants may be more susceptible to severe complications from a lung collapse due to a mucus obstruction or other causes.

• #59 Atelectasis: Definition, types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is when the airways or air sacs in the lungs collapse or do not fully expand. Symptoms can include shallow breathing, coughing, and wheezing. […] If a small portion of the lung or airways become affected, atelectasis may not cause any obvious symptoms. However, when the condition impacts a significant portion of the lung or airways, common symptoms of atelectasis include: shallow breathing, coughing, wheezing or trouble breathing, fever, reduced or absent breathing sounds, crackling when breathing, excess mucus or sputum, reduced chest expansion during inhalation. […] Atelectasis usually resolves itself with time or treatment, while lung or airway collapse is reversible. For example, most people who develop atelectasis due to surgery recover 24 hours afterward. However, if atelectasis is left undiagnosed or untreated, serious complications can develop. These can be potentially fatal, including but not limited to: fluid buildup in the lung, pleural space, or chest, respiratory infections such as pneumonia, respiratory failure. […] The outlook for someone with atelectasis depends on how serious their condition is, the root cause, and any additional underlying conditions.

• #60 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #61 Atelectasis (Atelectasis) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/lung-disease-respiratory-health/atelectasis-atelectasis/

  The outlook for patients with atelectasis, a condition where the lungs air sacs collapse, varies significantly. The main factors determining the prognosis are the cause of the atelectasis and the patients other health conditions. If atelectasis is not treated, it might lead to lung infections, including repeated cases of pneumonia. […] Atelectasis can also result in the inability of the lungs to properly exchange oxygen, leading to low oxygen levels in the blood, known as hypoxemia, causing breathing difficulties. Over time, regular occurrences of atelectasis can lead to lung scarring or fibrosis and reduce overall lung capacity. Early detection and appropriate treatment are vital to prevent these potentially severe complications.

• #62 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and a productive cough. […] Symptoms tend to develop suddenly and involve: Dyspnea (shortness of breath), Wheezing, Rapid, shallow breathing, A persistent, productive cough with phlegm. […] As the condition progresses, symptoms worsen as oxygen levels decrease. If left untreated, bibasilar atelectasis can lead to a severe drop in blood pressure, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and shock. […] The outlook for bibasilar atelectasis is generally good, mainly because it usually occurs in the hospital and can be immediately treated. When treated early, atelectasis can be resolved without long-term lung harm. […] If not treated early, bibasilar atelectasis can cause scarring of lung tissues. This contraction of these tissues can lead to another form of atelectasis called cicatrization atelectasis.

• #63 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. This condition, resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory function, can lead to severe complications if not promptly addressed. […] Typically, atelectasis is asymptomatic if only a few alveoli are affected. As more alveoli become involved, however, the individual may report dyspnea, cough with or without sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. The physical examination of a patient with atelectasis may reveal tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished or absent breath sounds, crackles, and decreased chest expansion. […] For patients with atelectasis, the prognosis varies greatly, and the primary prognostic determinators are the underlying etiology and patient comorbidities. Untreated atelectasis can result in lung infections, including recurrent pneumonia. Atelectasis may result in impaired oxygen exchange, causing hypoxemia and respiratory distress. With time, recurrent instances of atelectasis may result in the formation of lung scarring or fibrosis and decrease overall lung reserve. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications. […] Atelectasis is one of the most common respiratory complications in the perioperative period, and may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

• #64 Bibasilar atelectasis: Definition, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322027

  Bibasilar atelectasis is when there is a collapse in the bottom part of both lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and more. […] If only a small portion of the lung collapses, bibasilar atelectasis may not cause any symptoms. If a person does experience symptoms, these may include: shortness of breath, rapid or shallow breathing, not being able to take a full, satisfying breath, coughing, wheezing, producing lots of mucus, crackling sounds while breathing, absence of breath sounds. […] During bibasilar atelectasis, the alveoli in the base of the lungs deflate and stop performing this essential task. Oxygen may not be able to reach the vital organs, making the condition life-threatening in some cases. […] Early treatment of bibasilar atelectasis may improve a person’s outlook and prevent the risk of complications. […] If a person is already in the hospital, this can make diagnosis and treatment easier, and may help prevent complications. […] A person’s outlook may depend on the underlying cause of atelectasis.

• #65 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include: […] Having a hard time breathing. […] Rapid, weak breathing. […] Wheezing. […] Coughing. […] Always get medical attention right away if you have a hard time breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can make it hard to breathe, so it’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If your breathing suddenly becomes difficult, get emergency medical help.

• #66 Atelectasis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atelectasis

  There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include: […] Having a hard time breathing. […] Rapid, weak breathing. […] Wheezing. […] Coughing. […] Always get medical attention right away if you have a hard time breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can make it hard to breathe, so it’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If your breathing suddenly becomes difficult, get emergency medical help. […] Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments. […] Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #67 What is Atelectasis? – Prof. Dr. Adalet Demir

  https://dradaletdemir.com/en/what-is-atelectasis-diagnosis-and-treatment-methods/

  Atelectasis may commonly manifest as shortness of breath, rapid breathing, hunger for air, wheezing, or prolonged chronic cough. […] Such complaints indicate a severe problem in the lungs and require immediate intervention. Therefore, in cases where such a symptom occurs, applying to the nearest health institution is helpful.

• #68 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  If you have atelectasis, you’ll feel like you cant get enough air. Other symptoms can include: […] Trouble breathing (dyspnea) […] Rapid breathing (tachypnea) […] Bluish skin or lips. […] If you’re having trouble breathing, get medical help right away. […] Your outlook depends on several factors, including the cause of your atelectasis. After treatment, a collapsed lung usually begins working normally again. But in some cases, atelectasis can cause permanent damage. […] Atelectasis happens when the small sacs in your lungs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, leading to a partial or full collapse of your lungs. It can cause distressing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, and a fast heart rate.

• #69 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  If the obstruction to the bronchus is removed, any complicating postobstructive infection subsides and the lung returns to its normal state. If the obstruction is persistent and infection continues to be present, fibrosis and/or bronchiectasis may develop. […] Patient mortality depends on the underlying cause of atelectasis. In postoperative atelectasis, the condition generally improves. The prognosis of lobar atelectasis secondary to endobronchial obstruction depends on treatment of the underlying malignancy. […] Patients should know that difficulty breathing is an immediate reason to seek medical care. Atelectasis also is one of the most common complications after surgery. Deep-breathing exercises can help reduce atelectasis risk and can improve lung function.

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