Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #2 Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684

  Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. […] It’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. […] Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. […] If you’re scheduled for surgery, talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk. Some research shows that certain breathing exercises and muscle training may lower the risk of atelectasis after some surgeries.

• #3 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis can be compressive, resorptive/obstructive, or contraction. […] Atelectasis is a condition where alveoli in your lung or a part of your lung deflates, causing a partial or complete collapsed lung. […] If you haven’t had a chest or abdominal surgery recently, atelectasis can indicate an obstruction of your airway that’s causing a partial or complete collapse of your lung. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. […] Chest X-rays (pictures of your lungs) are the first step in diagnosing atelectasis. […] Your healthcare provider may use a computed tomography (CT) scan to get more detailed pictures if necessary. […] Many cases of atelectasis get better without treatment, under careful monitoring by your healthcare provider. […] Most of the time, atelectasis is reversible once the cause is treated.

• #4 Atelectasis and Pneumothorax Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/atelectasis-and-pneumothorax/causes-and-diagnoses

  Diagnosing atelectasis and pneumothorax begins with a physical exam. Other diagnostic tests may include: […] A chest X-ray can identify the presence of blockages or fluids creating pressure. […] This test combines X-ray and computer technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of your chest cavity. […] An endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end) is inserted into your airway to check for blockages. […] This blood test checks the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and measures your bloods acidity. […] An oximeter measures the amount of oxygen in your blood with a sensor thats clipped onto your finger.

• #5 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Atelectasis is one of three types: compressive, due to lung tissue compression, resorptive, caused by absorption of alveolar air, or related to an impairment of pulmonary surfactant production or function. […] It is categorized as either obstructive, non-obstructive, postoperative, and rounded atelectasis. […] Atelectasis is usually clinically diagnosed in a patient with known risk factors. If an X-ray is warranted, a chest film, chest CAT scan (CT), and/or thoracic ultrasound may be useful to diagnose atelectasis. A chest x-ray will show platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectasis. Atelectasis is not usually seen on convention chest X-rays until it is significant. […] On chest X-ray, the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, and/or tracheal shift toward the affected side is seen with atelectasis. […] Chest CT shows densities in the dependent lung and decreased volume in the affected side.

• #6 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Atelectasis occurs when the airways collapse, and air can’t reach the tiny sacs called alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. This causes hypoxia, in which organs and tissues don’t get enough oxygen. […] If your healthcare provider suspects you have atelectasis, they will perform a physical exam. If there is a collapse, your breathing sounds may be quiet or absent in the lower areas of your lung. […] Additional tests may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis, including: Chest X-ray: This standard imaging test can visualize abnormalities in the lungs and chest. Ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging test can detect changes in lung tissues and airways using reflected sound waves. Computed tomography (CT scan): This imaging test can detect smaller obstructions by compositing multiple X-ray images of the airways. Bronchoscopy: This indirect imaging technique involves the insertion of a flexible scope into the trachea (windpipe) to view the lungs. Positron emission tomography (PET): This imaging test looks at changes in cell metabolism that are suggestive of lung cancer.

• #7 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is a loss of lung volume that may be caused by a variety of ventilation disorders, for instance, bronchial injury or an obstructive mass such as a tumor. […] Clinical features depend on the severity and extent of atelectasis, ranging from no symptoms to respiratory distress. […] Physical examination reveals a dull note on percussion and diminished breathing sounds over the affected area. […] On x-ray, the atelectatic section of the lung appears condensed and, due to decreased lung volume, may extend to the surrounding tissue. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Complications of atelectasis include pneumonia or, depending on the extent of disease, respiratory failure. […] Symptoms depend on the acuity and extent of atelectasis. […] Dull percussion note, diminished breath sounds, and decreased fremitus over the affected lung.

• #8 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is a loss of lung volume that may be caused by a variety of ventilation disorders, for instance, bronchial injury or an obstructive mass such as a tumor. […] Clinical features depend on the severity and extent of atelectasis, ranging from no symptoms to respiratory distress. […] Physical examination reveals a dull note on percussion and diminished breathing sounds over the affected area. […] On x-ray, the atelectatic section of the lung appears condensed and, due to decreased lung volume, may extend to the surrounding tissue. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Complications of atelectasis include pneumonia or, depending on the extent of disease, respiratory failure. […] Symptoms depend on the acuity and extent of atelectasis. […] Dull percussion note, diminished breath sounds, and decreased fremitus over the affected lung.

• #9 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #10 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis can be compressive, resorptive/obstructive, or contraction. […] Atelectasis is a condition where alveoli in your lung or a part of your lung deflates, causing a partial or complete collapsed lung. […] If you haven’t had a chest or abdominal surgery recently, atelectasis can indicate an obstruction of your airway that’s causing a partial or complete collapse of your lung. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. […] Chest X-rays (pictures of your lungs) are the first step in diagnosing atelectasis. […] Your healthcare provider may use a computed tomography (CT) scan to get more detailed pictures if necessary. […] Many cases of atelectasis get better without treatment, under careful monitoring by your healthcare provider. […] Most of the time, atelectasis is reversible once the cause is treated.

• #11 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis Diagnosis: If your doctor thinks you might have atelectasis, they’ll probably recommend tests such as: […] Atelectasis X-ray. A chest X-ray is the first test a doctor might do to confirm if you have atelectasis. In the image, a collapsed lung may look partly or completely white. Then, they might do a CT scan, which will give a more detailed picture of your lungs. […] Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of your airways. It can tell your doctor more about whats causing your symptoms. […] Bronchoscopy. Your doctor uses a bronchoscope, a device that looks inside your lungs, to find any problems. A bronchoscope is a thin tube with a light and a camera that goes down your throat and into your airways. […] Oximetry or blood gas test. These measure how much oxygen is getting into your blood.

• #12 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is usually asymptomatic, but hypoxemia and pleuritic chest pain may be present. Diagnosis is by chest radiography or computed tomography. […] Atelectasis should be suspected in patients who have any unexplained respiratory symptoms and who have risk factors, particularly recent major surgery. Atelectasis that is clinically significant (eg, that causes symptoms, increases risk of complications, or meaningfully affects pulmonary function) is generally visible on chest radiographs; findings can include localized lung opacification and/or loss of lung volume. More mild cases may not be apparent on chest radiographs and can only be seen with cross-sectional imaging (ie chest CT). […] Diagnosis is by chest radiography; if the cause is not clinically apparent, bronchoscopy or chest computed tomography may be needed.

• #13 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #14 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #15 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. […] Clinically significant atelectasis is generally visible on chest X-ray; findings can include lung opacification and/or loss of lung volume. […] Chest CT or bronchoscopy may be necessary if the cause of atelectasis is not clinically apparent. […] Direct signs of atelectasis include displacement of interlobar fissures and mobile structures within the thorax, overinflation of the unaffected ipsilateral lobe or contralateral lung, and opacification of the collapsed lobe. […] In addition to clinically significant findings on chest X-rays, patients may present with indirect signs and symptoms such as elevation of the diaphragm, shifting of the trachea, heart and mediastinum; displacement of the hilus and shifting granulomas.

• #16 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #17 Atelectasis | Lower Respiratory Disease – MedSchool

  https://medschool.co/diseases/lower/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to alveolar volume loss resulting in collapse of a portion of the lung. […] Chest X-Ray Findings […] Pulmonary opacification […] Air bronchograms – tubular outlines of the smaller airways […] Silhouette signs – obliteration of normally clear outlines between lung fields and adjacent structures […] Evidence of Volume Loss […] Crowding of pulmonary vessels […] Underinflation […] Hemidiaphragmatic elevation […] Tracheal deviation toward the area of atelectasis […] Mediastinal shift toward the area of atelectasis […] Hilar displacement.

• #18 Atelectasis | Lower Respiratory Disease – MedSchool

  https://medschool.co/diseases/lower/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to alveolar volume loss resulting in collapse of a portion of the lung. […] Chest X-Ray Findings […] Pulmonary opacification […] Air bronchograms – tubular outlines of the smaller airways […] Silhouette signs – obliteration of normally clear outlines between lung fields and adjacent structures […] Evidence of Volume Loss […] Crowding of pulmonary vessels […] Underinflation […] Hemidiaphragmatic elevation […] Tracheal deviation toward the area of atelectasis […] Mediastinal shift toward the area of atelectasis […] Hilar displacement.

• #19 Atelectasis | Lower Respiratory Disease – MedSchool

  https://medschool.co/diseases/lower/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to alveolar volume loss resulting in collapse of a portion of the lung. […] Chest X-Ray Findings […] Pulmonary opacification […] Air bronchograms – tubular outlines of the smaller airways […] Silhouette signs – obliteration of normally clear outlines between lung fields and adjacent structures […] Evidence of Volume Loss […] Crowding of pulmonary vessels […] Underinflation […] Hemidiaphragmatic elevation […] Tracheal deviation toward the area of atelectasis […] Mediastinal shift toward the area of atelectasis […] Hilar displacement.

• #20 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Atelectasis is one of three types: compressive, due to lung tissue compression, resorptive, caused by absorption of alveolar air, or related to an impairment of pulmonary surfactant production or function. […] It is categorized as either obstructive, non-obstructive, postoperative, and rounded atelectasis. […] Atelectasis is usually clinically diagnosed in a patient with known risk factors. If an X-ray is warranted, a chest film, chest CAT scan (CT), and/or thoracic ultrasound may be useful to diagnose atelectasis. A chest x-ray will show platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectasis. Atelectasis is not usually seen on convention chest X-rays until it is significant. […] On chest X-ray, the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, and/or tracheal shift toward the affected side is seen with atelectasis. […] Chest CT shows densities in the dependent lung and decreased volume in the affected side.

• #21 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is usually asymptomatic, but hypoxemia and pleuritic chest pain may be present. Diagnosis is by chest radiography or computed tomography. […] Atelectasis should be suspected in patients who have any unexplained respiratory symptoms and who have risk factors, particularly recent major surgery. Atelectasis that is clinically significant (eg, that causes symptoms, increases risk of complications, or meaningfully affects pulmonary function) is generally visible on chest radiographs; findings can include localized lung opacification and/or loss of lung volume. More mild cases may not be apparent on chest radiographs and can only be seen with cross-sectional imaging (ie chest CT). […] Diagnosis is by chest radiography; if the cause is not clinically apparent, bronchoscopy or chest computed tomography may be needed.

• #22 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #23 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is usually asymptomatic, but hypoxemia and pleuritic chest pain may be present. Diagnosis is by chest radiography or computed tomography. […] Atelectasis should be suspected in patients who have any unexplained respiratory symptoms and who have risk factors, particularly recent major surgery. Atelectasis that is clinically significant (eg, that causes symptoms, increases risk of complications, or meaningfully affects pulmonary function) is generally visible on chest radiographs; findings can include localized lung opacification and/or loss of lung volume. More mild cases may not be apparent on chest radiographs and can only be seen with cross-sectional imaging (ie chest CT). […] Diagnosis is by chest radiography; if the cause is not clinically apparent, bronchoscopy or chest computed tomography may be needed.

• #24 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #25 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #26 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to lung collapse, which can be minor or profound and can be focal, lobar or multilobar depending on the cause. […] Atelectasis is a radiopathological sign that can be categorized in many ways. Each approach aims to help identify possible underlying causes together with other accompanying radiological and clinical findings. […] Atelectasis can also be subcategorised by morphology: […] Lastly atelectasis can be described according to anatomical extent: […] Vary depending on the underlying mechanism and type of atelectasis. […] Air bronchograms indicate patency of the proximal airways and the airways will be crowded indicating volume loss. If air bronchograms are absent suspect an obstructing lesion or mucoid impaction. In this latter case, bronchoscopy may be helpful. […] These features of volume loss and marked enhancement together with the absence of fever help to distinguish atelectasis from pneumonic consolidation.

• #27 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Atelectasis occurs when the airways collapse, and air can’t reach the tiny sacs called alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. This causes hypoxia, in which organs and tissues don’t get enough oxygen. […] If your healthcare provider suspects you have atelectasis, they will perform a physical exam. If there is a collapse, your breathing sounds may be quiet or absent in the lower areas of your lung. […] Additional tests may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis, including: Chest X-ray: This standard imaging test can visualize abnormalities in the lungs and chest. Ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging test can detect changes in lung tissues and airways using reflected sound waves. Computed tomography (CT scan): This imaging test can detect smaller obstructions by compositing multiple X-ray images of the airways. Bronchoscopy: This indirect imaging technique involves the insertion of a flexible scope into the trachea (windpipe) to view the lungs. Positron emission tomography (PET): This imaging test looks at changes in cell metabolism that are suggestive of lung cancer.

• #28 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Rounded Atelectasis: A Case Report | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  http://archbronconeumol.org/es-contrast-enhanced-ultrasound-in-diagnosis-rounded-articulo-S1579212917303981

  Rounded atelectasis is a form of chronic lung collapse. The 2 main theories surrounding the origin of rounded atelectasis are the collapse theory (atelectasis due to pleural effusion) and the fibrosis theory (atelectasis due to pleural injury), both of which produce a rounded image on radiology. Rounded atelectasis is often revealed by a chance finding on an imaging test in an asymptomatic patient, and is generally visualized in standard X-rays as a rounded or oval subpleural opacity. […] Rounded atelectasis appears on computed tomography (CT) as a subpleural nodule or mass. A characteristic sign of this radiological entity is the comet tail sign. These lesions are usually enhanced after administration of contrast medium, but this characteristic is indistinguishable from malignant neoplastic processes.

• #29 Atelectasis (summary) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/atelectasis-summary?lang=us

  Atelectasis describes small areas of collapsed lung. Atelectasis and collapse both describe the same pathophysiology, though atelectasis tends to be used to describe small areas of lung that are not fully expanded, whereas collapse tends to be used to describe larger more confluent areas. […] The role of imaging is to confirm atelectasis and differentiate it from air-space opacification. Imaging can also help to determine the cause, which may require CT. […] CT allows a more accurate depiction of the involved lung. The dependent lung can be affected by subsegmental collapse just because of lying down. […] Most cases of atelectasis are diagnosed and managed without CT investigation.

• #30 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #31 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. […] But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #32 Atelectasis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. […] A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that is needed to diagnose atelectasis. However, other tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis or determine the type or severity of atelectasis. They include: […] CT scan. Since a CT is a more sensitive technique than an X-ray, it may sometimes help better detect the cause and type of atelectasis. […] Oximetry. This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood-oxygen level. It helps determine the severity of atelectasis. […] Ultrasound of the thorax. This noninvasive test can help tell the difference between atelectasis, hardening and swelling of a lung due to fluid in the air sacs (lung consolidation), and pleural effusion. […] Bronchoscopy. A flexible, lighted tube inserted down your throat allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage, such as a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This procedure may also be used to remove the blockages.

• #33 Atelectasis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/atelectasis

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. […] But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. A small, hand-held device is pressed against your chest and moved as needed to capture the images. It can find the causes of atelectasis, such as pneumothorax, where air leaks into the space between the lungs and chest wall, and pleural effusion, where fluid builds up around the lungs. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/raic/fulltext/2020/07040/the_role_of_ultrasound_in_the_diagnosis_of.2.aspx

  There was no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic ability of US before and after recruitment; diagnostic ability of US before recruitment was 93.3% and after recruitment it decreased to 86.7%, which was not significant. […] The role of US in the diagnosis of recruitment was very high as its sensitivity 95% confidence interval=86.7 (77.999.18) as well as its positive predictive value (95% confidence interval) was 100 (87.66100). […] Lung US has proved its diagnostic value besides it having advantages as a bedside, real-time image, low-radiation, and of lower cost than CT in recruitment maneuver assessment. […] In this study, CT is the gold standard technique; it detected atelectasis in 100% of patients (30 patients), in comparison to CT; US detected atelectasis in 28 patients with a sensitivity of US 93.3% in the diagnosis of postoperative atelectasis.

• #35 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Rounded Atelectasis: A Case Report | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  http://archbronconeumol.org/es-contrast-enhanced-ultrasound-in-diagnosis-rounded-articulo-S1579212917303981

  Although the radiological findings suggested rounded atelectasis, the suspicion of some lesion growth in the latest follow-up led us to rule out a malignant etiology. In this setting, we decided to perform ultrasonography with SonoVue intravenous contrast (Bracco, Amsterdam, Netherlands), with image-guided biopsy. Early (in the first 6 seconds following administration), homogeneous uptake of the intravenous contrast medium by the tumor was observed on ultrasound. This uptake was maintained over time, and continued to be visible more than 1 minute after the administration of contrast medium. These findings are highly suggestive of atelectasis. […] Rounded atelectasis is a benign process that does not require treatment and generally resolves spontaneously or remains stable. Radiological monitoring is necessary to confirm its status. Nevertheless, on multiple occasions and in certain clinical contexts, histological (biopsy) or cytological (fine needle aspiration) specimens must be obtained to safely rule out underlying malignancy. Since atelectasis is usually located in a subpleural site, it can be easily visualized with ultrasound. Moreover, contrast-enhanced ultrasound is useful for characterizing these lesions. Accordingly, if we find a subpleural lesion with characteristics typical of atelectasis on a contrast-enhanced ultrasound, no invasive diagnostic tests will be required for arriving at a definite diagnosis, and subsequent monitoring can be performed using ultrasound, thus obviating the risks associated with radiation generated by CT.

• #36 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis may also be directly visible with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, often revealing the cause of any obstruction contributing to the atelectasis, such as a tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body. […] Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. In one study, single-suction fiberoptic bronchoscopy improved lung function and reversed atelectasis in 76% of cases. […] The differential diagnosis of atelectasis should include: Neoplasm, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, Pulmonary embolism, Foreign body. […] Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications.

• #37 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Fiberoptic bronchoscopy may allow direct visualization of atelectasis. It can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, as it may reveal the cause of an obstruction causing the atelectasis (i.e., tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body). […] A transient lung dysfunction leading to atelectasis caused by general anesthesia generally resolves itself within 24 hours. […] When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Incentive spirometry has been a mainstay of nursing postoperative atelectasis prevention. Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient. […] Therefore, early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.

• #38 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #39 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Fiberoptic bronchoscopy may allow direct visualization of atelectasis. It can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, as it may reveal the cause of an obstruction causing the atelectasis (i.e., tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body). […] A transient lung dysfunction leading to atelectasis caused by general anesthesia generally resolves itself within 24 hours. […] When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Incentive spirometry has been a mainstay of nursing postoperative atelectasis prevention. Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient. […] Therefore, early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.

• #40 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. […] But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #41 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Arterial blood gas analysis: Hypoxemia, potentially low PaCO2, and respiratory alkalosis. […] Imaging findings in atelectasis (e.g., chest x-ray, CT chest): evidence of lobar collapse. […] Direct signs: displacement of fissures and homogeneous opacification of the collapsed lobe. […] Indirect signs: Elevation of ipsilateral diaphragm. […] Displacement of the hilum and mediastinal structures towards the affected side. […] Loss of volume in the affected side of the chest. […] Increased lucency and overinflation of the unaffected lung; silhouetting of the diaphragm or the heart border. […] Bronchoscopy (diagnostic and therapeutic): A biopsy may be performed if the etiology is uncertain despite imaging (e.g., to exclude malignancy) and mucus plugs can be removed.

• #42 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis may also be directly visible with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, often revealing the cause of any obstruction contributing to the atelectasis, such as a tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body. […] Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. In one study, single-suction fiberoptic bronchoscopy improved lung function and reversed atelectasis in 76% of cases. […] The differential diagnosis of atelectasis should include: Neoplasm, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, Pulmonary embolism, Foreign body. […] Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications.

• #43 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is defined as volume reduction of lung tissue, due to reduced aeration. […] The clinical significance of atelectasis varies widely depending on the cause, configuration, and severity. For example, a small amount of dependent atelectasis is commonly seen, with minimal clinical significance. Alternatively, lobar atelectasis may be the cause of respiratory failure. […] Diagnostic bronchoscopy may be indicated for lobar atelectasis, especially if: Atelectasis fails to respond to less invasive therapies. […] CT scan is the front-line investigation. […] Treatment depends on the etiology. […] Among hospitalized patients, mucus plugging is the most common cause of atelectasis. […] Initial therapy focuses on conservative measures: Increased airway pressure may promote lung inflation.

• #44 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #45 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. […] But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #46 Atelectasis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. […] A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that is needed to diagnose atelectasis. However, other tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis or determine the type or severity of atelectasis. They include: […] CT scan. Since a CT is a more sensitive technique than an X-ray, it may sometimes help better detect the cause and type of atelectasis. […] Oximetry. This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood-oxygen level. It helps determine the severity of atelectasis. […] Ultrasound of the thorax. This noninvasive test can help tell the difference between atelectasis, hardening and swelling of a lung due to fluid in the air sacs (lung consolidation), and pleural effusion. […] Bronchoscopy. A flexible, lighted tube inserted down your throat allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage, such as a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This procedure may also be used to remove the blockages.

• #47 Atelectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atelectasis

  To diagnose atelectasis, a healthcare professional starts by reviewing your medical history. They look for any previous lung conditions you’ve had or any recent surgeries. […] Next, they try to get a better idea of how well your lungs are working. To do this, they might have you do one or more of the following tests: […] A healthcare professional typically does this with an oximeter, a small device that fits on the end of your finger. […] A healthcare professional takes blood from an artery, usually in your wrist, and runs a blood gas test to check your blood chemistry and levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. […] A chest X-ray uses a small dose of radiation to create images of the inside of your chest so a healthcare professional can look for any abnormalities. […] A CT scan helps them check for infections or blockages, such as a tumor in the lung or airway. […] A bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera through your nose or mouth and into your lungs.

• #48 Atelectasis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. […] A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that is needed to diagnose atelectasis. However, other tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis or determine the type or severity of atelectasis. They include: […] CT scan. Since a CT is a more sensitive technique than an X-ray, it may sometimes help better detect the cause and type of atelectasis. […] Oximetry. This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood-oxygen level. It helps determine the severity of atelectasis. […] Ultrasound of the thorax. This noninvasive test can help tell the difference between atelectasis, hardening and swelling of a lung due to fluid in the air sacs (lung consolidation), and pleural effusion. […] Bronchoscopy. A flexible, lighted tube inserted down your throat allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage, such as a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This procedure may also be used to remove the blockages.

• #49 Atelectasis and Pneumothorax Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/atelectasis-and-pneumothorax/causes-and-diagnoses

  Diagnosing atelectasis and pneumothorax begins with a physical exam. Other diagnostic tests may include: […] A chest X-ray can identify the presence of blockages or fluids creating pressure. […] This test combines X-ray and computer technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of your chest cavity. […] An endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end) is inserted into your airway to check for blockages. […] This blood test checks the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and measures your bloods acidity. […] An oximeter measures the amount of oxygen in your blood with a sensor thats clipped onto your finger.

• #50 Atelectasis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/atelectasis

  Atelectasis can be diagnosed with a chest x-ray. To find the severity or type of atelectasis, your provider may recommend other diagnostic tests or procedures. […] A bronchoscopy is a technique used if there is a suspected blockage or obstruction in the airway. It can be used to look inside the lungs and may be able to remove the blockage. […] An arterial blood gas test can check the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

• #51 Atelectasis and Pneumothorax Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/atelectasis-and-pneumothorax/causes-and-diagnoses

  Diagnosing atelectasis and pneumothorax begins with a physical exam. Other diagnostic tests may include: […] A chest X-ray can identify the presence of blockages or fluids creating pressure. […] This test combines X-ray and computer technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of your chest cavity. […] An endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end) is inserted into your airway to check for blockages. […] This blood test checks the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and measures your bloods acidity. […] An oximeter measures the amount of oxygen in your blood with a sensor thats clipped onto your finger.

• #52 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Arterial blood gas analysis: Hypoxemia, potentially low PaCO2, and respiratory alkalosis. […] Imaging findings in atelectasis (e.g., chest x-ray, CT chest): evidence of lobar collapse. […] Direct signs: displacement of fissures and homogeneous opacification of the collapsed lobe. […] Indirect signs: Elevation of ipsilateral diaphragm. […] Displacement of the hilum and mediastinal structures towards the affected side. […] Loss of volume in the affected side of the chest. […] Increased lucency and overinflation of the unaffected lung; silhouetting of the diaphragm or the heart border. […] Bronchoscopy (diagnostic and therapeutic): A biopsy may be performed if the etiology is uncertain despite imaging (e.g., to exclude malignancy) and mucus plugs can be removed.

• #53 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung, leading to impaired exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. […] Diagnosis of atelectasis involves the following: Arterial blood gas evaluation, Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) – May demonstrate direct and indirect signs of lobar collapse (collapsed lung), Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy – Useful diagnostically and therapeutically. […] Pulmonary atelectasis is one of the most commonly encountered abnormalities in chest radiographs. Recognizing an abnormality due to atelectasis on chest radiographs can be crucial to understanding the underlying pathology. […] The primary cause of acute or chronic atelectasis is bronchial obstruction by plugs of tenacious sputum; foreign bodies; endobronchial tumors; or tumors, a lymph node, or an aneurysm compressing the bronchi and causing bronchial distortion. […] Patient mortality depends on the underlying cause of atelectasis. In postoperative atelectasis, the condition generally improves. The prognosis of lobar atelectasis secondary to endobronchial obstruction depends on treatment of the underlying malignancy.

• #54 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #55 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis vs. pneumothorax. Although symptoms of atelectasis and pneumothorax may look alike, theyre different conditions. Atelectasis occurs when the lung deflates, causing it to collapse. On the other hand, pneumothorax is when air seeps into the area between your lungs and chest wall, compressing your lungs and causing a partial or full collapse. […] Atelectasis vs. pneumonia. Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that can cause atelectasis.

• #56 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to lung collapse, which can be minor or profound and can be focal, lobar or multilobar depending on the cause. […] Atelectasis is a radiopathological sign that can be categorized in many ways. Each approach aims to help identify possible underlying causes together with other accompanying radiological and clinical findings. […] Atelectasis can also be subcategorised by morphology: […] Lastly atelectasis can be described according to anatomical extent: […] Vary depending on the underlying mechanism and type of atelectasis. […] Air bronchograms indicate patency of the proximal airways and the airways will be crowded indicating volume loss. If air bronchograms are absent suspect an obstructing lesion or mucoid impaction. In this latter case, bronchoscopy may be helpful. […] These features of volume loss and marked enhancement together with the absence of fever help to distinguish atelectasis from pneumonic consolidation.

• #57 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to lung collapse, which can be minor or profound and can be focal, lobar or multilobar depending on the cause. […] Atelectasis is a radiopathological sign that can be categorized in many ways. Each approach aims to help identify possible underlying causes together with other accompanying radiological and clinical findings. […] Atelectasis can also be subcategorised by morphology: […] Lastly atelectasis can be described according to anatomical extent: […] Vary depending on the underlying mechanism and type of atelectasis. […] Air bronchograms indicate patency of the proximal airways and the airways will be crowded indicating volume loss. If air bronchograms are absent suspect an obstructing lesion or mucoid impaction. In this latter case, bronchoscopy may be helpful. […] These features of volume loss and marked enhancement together with the absence of fever help to distinguish atelectasis from pneumonic consolidation.

• #58 Atelectasis

  https://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/atlas/atelectasis.htm

  The definition of atelectasis is loss of air in the alveoli; alveoli devoid of air (not replaced). A diagnosis of atelectasis requires the following: A density, representing lung devoid of air […] Signs indicating loss of lung volume – classification. In a given case, one or more of these features will alert you to the presence of atelectasis. Clinical history and physical findings should help in determining the most probable etiology for a given atelectasis. Progressive decrease in size of density should be carefully evaluated to make sure that it is not progressive atelectasis. More complete the atelectasis, the smaller the shadow! When air bronchogram is visible in an atelectatic lung, it implies that there is no airway obstruction. It is more a trapped lung with patent airways.

• #59 Atelectasis: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/what-is-atelectasis-how-do-you-figure-out-the-causes-of-breathlessness/

  Atelectasis is a condition when there is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. […] Atelectasis treatment depends on the cause and severity of the collapse. […] Atelectasis causes include the following: […] Pneumonia It can also lead to atelectasis. […] Some treatment options for atelectasis include: […] A ventilator will help you breathe until the lungs repair themselves or the underlying conditions and causes are treated in the most extreme case.

• #60 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis vs. pneumothorax. Although symptoms of atelectasis and pneumothorax may look alike, theyre different conditions. Atelectasis occurs when the lung deflates, causing it to collapse. On the other hand, pneumothorax is when air seeps into the area between your lungs and chest wall, compressing your lungs and causing a partial or full collapse. […] Atelectasis vs. pneumonia. Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that can cause atelectasis.

• #61 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #62 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #63 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #64 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #65 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #66 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #67 Atelectasis – Undergraduate Diagnostic Imaging Fundamentals

  https://pressbooks.pub/undergradimaging/chapter/atelectasis/

  Passive Another entity occupies the space usually occupied by lung, most often pleural fluid, but masses i.e. lung, or pleural, can enlarge and cause compression of the adjacent lung. Pneumothorax can also lead to passive atelectasis as the air in the pleural space causes the underlying lung to partially collapse. […] Resorptive An obstruction (intraluminal or extraluminal) prevents the normal ingress and egress of air. The gas in the aerated lung (bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli) downstream of the obstruction is resorbed/absorbed. This can be seen with endobronchial malignancies, mucous plugs in the bronchi, or extrinsic masses compressing airways leading to bronchial obstruction. […] Also, inability to fully inflate the lungs i.e. splinting of the chest due to pain, and prolonged bed rest. may lead to linear bands of resorptive atelectasis.

• #68 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #69 Atelectasis | Asbestos Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://mesothelioma.net/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the lung, which can cause serious complications like pneumonia and respiratory failure, although it is treatable. […] Diagnosing atelectasis requires a complete physical examination followed by imaging of the chest cavity. The first step is usually an X-ray, which may show the obstruction and any tissue with no air in it. A CT scan is the next stage in a diagnosis, allowing doctors to see soft tissue and the cause of deflation. […] On both CT scans and X-rays, atelectasis shows reduced volume in the lung. It also shows opacity. In other words, the affected part of the lung lets less light through it. […] Atelectasis does not typically require a biopsy. However, in cases where the imaging scans show a mass or growth, a biopsy can determine if it is a cancerous tumor or benign growth. […] A biopsy may be especially useful in the case of rounded atelectasis, the type caused by asbestos. The mass created by this condition may look like a tumor, or it may hide tumors, indicating the person also has mesothelioma. A biopsy helps refine the diagnosis.

• #70 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Arterial blood gas analysis: Hypoxemia, potentially low PaCO2, and respiratory alkalosis. […] Imaging findings in atelectasis (e.g., chest x-ray, CT chest): evidence of lobar collapse. […] Direct signs: displacement of fissures and homogeneous opacification of the collapsed lobe. […] Indirect signs: Elevation of ipsilateral diaphragm. […] Displacement of the hilum and mediastinal structures towards the affected side. […] Loss of volume in the affected side of the chest. […] Increased lucency and overinflation of the unaffected lung; silhouetting of the diaphragm or the heart border. […] Bronchoscopy (diagnostic and therapeutic): A biopsy may be performed if the etiology is uncertain despite imaging (e.g., to exclude malignancy) and mucus plugs can be removed.

• #71 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #72 Atelectasis | Asbestos Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://mesothelioma.net/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the lung, which can cause serious complications like pneumonia and respiratory failure, although it is treatable. […] Diagnosing atelectasis requires a complete physical examination followed by imaging of the chest cavity. The first step is usually an X-ray, which may show the obstruction and any tissue with no air in it. A CT scan is the next stage in a diagnosis, allowing doctors to see soft tissue and the cause of deflation. […] On both CT scans and X-rays, atelectasis shows reduced volume in the lung. It also shows opacity. In other words, the affected part of the lung lets less light through it. […] Atelectasis does not typically require a biopsy. However, in cases where the imaging scans show a mass or growth, a biopsy can determine if it is a cancerous tumor or benign growth. […] A biopsy may be especially useful in the case of rounded atelectasis, the type caused by asbestos. The mass created by this condition may look like a tumor, or it may hide tumors, indicating the person also has mesothelioma. A biopsy helps refine the diagnosis.

• #73 Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684

  Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. […] It’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. […] Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. […] If you’re scheduled for surgery, talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk. Some research shows that certain breathing exercises and muscle training may lower the risk of atelectasis after some surgeries.

• #74 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] It is a clinically important condition as it is often a precursor or contributor to other important, and often more severe, post-operative pulmonary complications. […] The diagnosis of atelectasis is typically clinical, especially in the post-operative patient who has developed respiratory symptoms within 24hrs of surgery. […] Diagnosis is typically clinical, occurring within 24 hours post-operatively.

• #75 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Fiberoptic bronchoscopy may allow direct visualization of atelectasis. It can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, as it may reveal the cause of an obstruction causing the atelectasis (i.e., tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body). […] A transient lung dysfunction leading to atelectasis caused by general anesthesia generally resolves itself within 24 hours. […] When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Incentive spirometry has been a mainstay of nursing postoperative atelectasis prevention. Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient. […] Therefore, early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.

• #76 Atelectasis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20369667

  A doctor’s examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that’s needed to diagnose atelectasis. […] But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis. […] These tests include: […] A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis. […] This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is. […] This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. […] During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.

• #77 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis may also be directly visible with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, often revealing the cause of any obstruction contributing to the atelectasis, such as a tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body. […] Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. In one study, single-suction fiberoptic bronchoscopy improved lung function and reversed atelectasis in 76% of cases. […] The differential diagnosis of atelectasis should include: Neoplasm, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, Pulmonary embolism, Foreign body. […] Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications.

• #78 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis may also be directly visible with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, often revealing the cause of any obstruction contributing to the atelectasis, such as a tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body. […] Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. In one study, single-suction fiberoptic bronchoscopy improved lung function and reversed atelectasis in 76% of cases. […] The differential diagnosis of atelectasis should include: Neoplasm, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, Pulmonary embolism, Foreign body. […] Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications.

• #79 Bibasilar atelectasis: Definition, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322027

  Atelectasis is a partial or total collapse of one or both lungs. […] According to the ALA, atelectasis and pneumothorax are similar, so a thorough diagnosis is necessary. Doctors may conduct a physical exam and may also want to monitor a person’s oxygen levels or lung function periodically to note any changes. […] If they suspect atelectasis, healthcare professionals may order a chest X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan to confirm their diagnosis. […] A doctor may also perform a fiberoptic bronchoscopy. This procedure involves a healthcare professional inserting a tube through a person’s nose or mouth to get a closer look at their airways.

• #80 Bibasilar Atelectasis: Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bibasilar-atelectasis

  Bibasilar atelectasis is a condition caused by a partial collapse of your lungs. […] If bibasilar atelectasis is suspected, then your doctor will conduct a physical examination as well as a history of recent medical conditions and treatments. […] An X-ray of your chest will confirm the diagnosis. Once diagnosed your doctor may perform additional tests to find out whats causing the condition. These additional tests may include a CT scan or bronchoscopy. A bronchoscopy is when your doctor views your lungs through a viewing tube into your bronchus.

• #81 Bibasilar Atelectasis: Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bibasilar-atelectasis

  Bibasilar atelectasis is a condition caused by a partial collapse of your lungs. […] If bibasilar atelectasis is suspected, then your doctor will conduct a physical examination as well as a history of recent medical conditions and treatments. […] An X-ray of your chest will confirm the diagnosis. Once diagnosed your doctor may perform additional tests to find out whats causing the condition. These additional tests may include a CT scan or bronchoscopy. A bronchoscopy is when your doctor views your lungs through a viewing tube into your bronchus.

• #82 Bibasilar Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/bibasilar-atelectasis/

  Accurate diagnosis is pivotal for effective treatment. Methods include: […] Diagnosis is made through imaging studies like chest X-rays. […] Treatment may include deep breathing exercises and bronchodilators. […] Management focuses on addressing underlying causes and improving lung function.

• #83 Atelectasis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-in-children

  Atelectasis refers to volume loss within the lung, generally to a degree visible on radiographic imaging. It is a common finding on chest radiography, particularly in the inpatient setting. […] Although it is abnormal, reflecting a pathophysiologic process, it is often asymptomatic and requires no specific intervention. However, patients with risk factors for clinically significant atelectasis may require specific interventions to prevent or treat atelectasis. These include patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery or those with underlying pulmonary or neuromuscular disease. […] The common causes, radiographic appearance, and management of atelectasis in children will be discussed below.

• #84 Atelectasis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-in-children

  Atelectasis refers to volume loss within the lung, generally to a degree visible on radiographic imaging. It is a common finding on chest radiography, particularly in the inpatient setting. […] Although it is abnormal, reflecting a pathophysiologic process, it is often asymptomatic and requires no specific intervention. However, patients with risk factors for clinically significant atelectasis may require specific interventions to prevent or treat atelectasis. These include patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery or those with underlying pulmonary or neuromuscular disease. […] The common causes, radiographic appearance, and management of atelectasis in children will be discussed below.

• #85 The Radiology Assistant : Chest X-Ray – Lung disease

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/chest-x-ray/lung-disease

  Atelectasis – collapse of a part of the lung due to a decrease in the amount of air in the alveoli resulting in volume loss and increased density. […] Atelectasis or lung-collapse is the result of loss of air in a lung or part of the lung with subsequent volume loss due to airway obstruction or compression of the lung by pleural fluid or a pneumothorax. […] The key-findings on the X-ray are: Sharply-defined opacity obscuring vessels without air-bronchogram, Volume loss resulting in displacement of diafragm, fissures, hili or mediastinum. […] Lobar atelectasis or lobar collaps is an important finding on a chest x-ray and has a limited differential diagnosis. […] The most common causes of atelectasis are: Bronchial carcinoma in smokers, Mucus plug in patients on mechanical ventilation or astmathics (ABPA), Malpositioned endotracheal tube, Foreign body in children. […] Rounded atelectasis is a benign lesion and when the findings are convincing, then biopsy is not needed.

• #86 Anesthesia-induced atelectasis assessed by lung sonography | The Ultrasound Journal | Full Text

  https://theultrasoundjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2036-7902-6-S1-A13

  Atelectasis and poorly ventilated lung areas are negative consequences of general anesthesia observed in adult as well as in children. The diagnosis of this entity is difficult to do at the bedside; they are commonly small and mostly invisible to standard chest X-ray images. […] Lung sonography is an accurate, safe and simple method for diagnosing anesthesia-induced atelectasis in children at the bedside. This tool would help anesthesiologists to treat this entity and to adjust the ventilatory setting during surgery.

• #87 The Radiology Assistant : Chest X-Ray – Lung disease

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/chest-x-ray/lung-disease

  Atelectasis – collapse of a part of the lung due to a decrease in the amount of air in the alveoli resulting in volume loss and increased density. […] Atelectasis or lung-collapse is the result of loss of air in a lung or part of the lung with subsequent volume loss due to airway obstruction or compression of the lung by pleural fluid or a pneumothorax. […] The key-findings on the X-ray are: Sharply-defined opacity obscuring vessels without air-bronchogram, Volume loss resulting in displacement of diafragm, fissures, hili or mediastinum. […] Lobar atelectasis or lobar collaps is an important finding on a chest x-ray and has a limited differential diagnosis. […] The most common causes of atelectasis are: Bronchial carcinoma in smokers, Mucus plug in patients on mechanical ventilation or astmathics (ABPA), Malpositioned endotracheal tube, Foreign body in children. […] Rounded atelectasis is a benign lesion and when the findings are convincing, then biopsy is not needed.

• #88 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #89 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #90 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #91 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #92 Atelectasis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-differential

  Bronchogenic carcinoma, which may present with atelectasis, must be excluded in all patients older than 35 years. […] A pneumothorax can produce patient complaints similar to atelectasis. However, on physical examination, the percussion note is hyper-resonant and the heart and mediastinum are pushed to the opposite side. Chest radiographs are diagnostic. […] A massive pleural effusion may cause dyspnea, cyanosis, and weakness. On physical examination, there is typically dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds of the involved hemithorax. The heart and mediastinum may be deviated away from the involved area. […] The following may be areas of medicolegal concern regarding diagnosis: Failure to consider lobar or segmental collapse when a loss of volume is observed on chest radiographs, Failure to exclude an endobronchial abnormality when evaluating a patient with lobar collapse, Failure to recognize that the lung collapse is a medical emergency because patients may develop respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Failure to consider bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with lung collapse.

• #93 Atelectasis | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/atelectasis/

  This chapter will review the types of atelectasis on the basis of mechanism, the signs of atelectasis, and the radiologic manifestations of lobar and nonlobar atelectasis. […] Radiographic signs of atelectasis are outlined in Table 11.1. Opacification of atelectatic lung may not be seen until a considerable loss of volume has occurred. […] A key radiographic feature of upper lobe atelectasis is superior displacement of the hilus. […] Conversely, in lower lobe atelectasis, the hilus is displaced inferiorly. […] Displacement of a fissure follows the movement of the atelectatic lung and is most apparent with atelectasis of an entire lobe. […] One of the pitfalls in diagnosing left lower lobe atelectasis is artifactual loss of the medial margin of the left hemidiaphragm and abnormal opacity in the left lower lung as a result of incorrect angulation of the X-ray beam. […] In an adult with lobar atelectasis, a central obstructing neoplasm should always be considered as the underlying cause.

• #94 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code J98.11: Atelectasis

  https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/J00-J99/J96-J99/J98-/J98.11

  J98.11 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] This is the American ICD-10-CM version of J98.11 – other international versions of ICD-10 J98.11 may differ. […] A disorder characterized by the collapse of part or the entire lung. […] Absence of air in the entire or part of a lung, such as an incompletely inflated neonate lung or a collapsed adult lung. Pulmonary atelectasis can be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression, fibrotic contraction, or other factors. […] Collapse of all or part of a lung due to bronchial plugging or the chest cavity being opened to atmospheric pressure. […] Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely. This may be caused by a blocked airway, a tumor, general anesthesia, pneumonia or other lung infections, lung disease, or long-term bedrest with shallow breathing. Sometimes called a collapsed lung. […] The collapse of part or the entire lung due to airway obstruction, infection, tumor, or general anesthesia.

• #95 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code J98.11: Atelectasis

  https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/J00-J99/J96-J99/J98-/J98.11

  J98.11 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] This is the American ICD-10-CM version of J98.11 – other international versions of ICD-10 J98.11 may differ. […] A disorder characterized by the collapse of part or the entire lung. […] Absence of air in the entire or part of a lung, such as an incompletely inflated neonate lung or a collapsed adult lung. Pulmonary atelectasis can be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression, fibrotic contraction, or other factors. […] Collapse of all or part of a lung due to bronchial plugging or the chest cavity being opened to atmospheric pressure. […] Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely. This may be caused by a blocked airway, a tumor, general anesthesia, pneumonia or other lung infections, lung disease, or long-term bedrest with shallow breathing. Sometimes called a collapsed lung. […] The collapse of part or the entire lung due to airway obstruction, infection, tumor, or general anesthesia.

• #96 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code J98.11: Atelectasis

  https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/J00-J99/J96-J99/J98-/J98.11

  J98.11 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] This is the American ICD-10-CM version of J98.11 – other international versions of ICD-10 J98.11 may differ. […] A disorder characterized by the collapse of part or the entire lung. […] Absence of air in the entire or part of a lung, such as an incompletely inflated neonate lung or a collapsed adult lung. Pulmonary atelectasis can be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression, fibrotic contraction, or other factors. […] Collapse of all or part of a lung due to bronchial plugging or the chest cavity being opened to atmospheric pressure. […] Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely. This may be caused by a blocked airway, a tumor, general anesthesia, pneumonia or other lung infections, lung disease, or long-term bedrest with shallow breathing. Sometimes called a collapsed lung. […] The collapse of part or the entire lung due to airway obstruction, infection, tumor, or general anesthesia.

• #97 Q&A: Atelectasis query for secondary diagnosis | ACDIS

  https://acdis.org/articles/qa-atelectasis-query-secondary-diagnosis-0

  If the attending provider orders additional monitoring or treatment to evaluate the condition, such as continued x-rays to monitor the progress and resolution of the Atelectasis, it would be a reportable condition. […] Before we assign a code for a secondary diagnoses, we need to ask ourselves, does it meet UHDDS criteria for a secondary diagnoses? […] The CDI specialist needs to determine if the condition required: Clinical evaluation, Therapeutic treatment or a diagnostic procedures, An extended length of stay, Increased nursing care and/or monitoring, Is it supported by at least one clinical indicator. […] Additionally, consider whether: Other providers would arrive at the same conclusion/make the same diagnosis? The diagnosis integral to another condition? This diagnosis relates to this episode of care? The diagnosis was documented by a treating provider? There is a conflict with the attending provider?

• #98 Q&A: Atelectasis query for secondary diagnosis | ACDIS

  https://acdis.org/articles/qa-atelectasis-query-secondary-diagnosis-0

  If the attending provider orders additional monitoring or treatment to evaluate the condition, such as continued x-rays to monitor the progress and resolution of the Atelectasis, it would be a reportable condition. […] Before we assign a code for a secondary diagnoses, we need to ask ourselves, does it meet UHDDS criteria for a secondary diagnoses? […] The CDI specialist needs to determine if the condition required: Clinical evaluation, Therapeutic treatment or a diagnostic procedures, An extended length of stay, Increased nursing care and/or monitoring, Is it supported by at least one clinical indicator. […] Additionally, consider whether: Other providers would arrive at the same conclusion/make the same diagnosis? The diagnosis integral to another condition? This diagnosis relates to this episode of care? The diagnosis was documented by a treating provider? There is a conflict with the attending provider?

• #99 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, characterized by the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, is a common and significant clinical problem encountered in patients, particularly following surgery or in those with prolonged bed rest. […] This activity reviews diagnostic methods to identify and manage atelectasis effectively. […] Atelectasis is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with known risk factors. If imaging is warranted, chest radiography, chest computed tomography, or thoracic ultrasonography are useful when diagnosing atelectasis. […] A chest x-ray will reveal platelike, horizontal lines in the area of atelectatic lung tissue and may result in the displacement of interlobar fissures, pulmonary opacification, or tracheal shift toward the affected side. […] Computed tomography of the chest performed in patients with atelectasis often reveals dependent lung densities and loss of volume in the affected side of the chest.

• #100 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is usually asymptomatic, but hypoxemia and pleuritic chest pain may be present. Diagnosis is by chest radiography or computed tomography. […] Atelectasis should be suspected in patients who have any unexplained respiratory symptoms and who have risk factors, particularly recent major surgery. Atelectasis that is clinically significant (eg, that causes symptoms, increases risk of complications, or meaningfully affects pulmonary function) is generally visible on chest radiographs; findings can include localized lung opacification and/or loss of lung volume. More mild cases may not be apparent on chest radiographs and can only be seen with cross-sectional imaging (ie chest CT). […] Diagnosis is by chest radiography; if the cause is not clinically apparent, bronchoscopy or chest computed tomography may be needed.

• #101 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis may also be directly visible with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, often revealing the cause of any obstruction contributing to the atelectasis, such as a tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body. […] Most atelectasis that appears during general anesthesia leads to transient lung dysfunction that resolves within 24 hours after surgery. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Fiberoptic bronchoscopy also plays a role in the management of atelectasis. In one study, single-suction fiberoptic bronchoscopy improved lung function and reversed atelectasis in 76% of cases. […] The differential diagnosis of atelectasis should include: Neoplasm, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, Pulmonary embolism, Foreign body. […] Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent these potentially serious complications.

• #102 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung, leading to impaired exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. […] Diagnosis of atelectasis involves the following: Arterial blood gas evaluation, Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) – May demonstrate direct and indirect signs of lobar collapse (collapsed lung), Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy – Useful diagnostically and therapeutically. […] Pulmonary atelectasis is one of the most commonly encountered abnormalities in chest radiographs. Recognizing an abnormality due to atelectasis on chest radiographs can be crucial to understanding the underlying pathology. […] The primary cause of acute or chronic atelectasis is bronchial obstruction by plugs of tenacious sputum; foreign bodies; endobronchial tumors; or tumors, a lymph node, or an aneurysm compressing the bronchi and causing bronchial distortion. […] Patient mortality depends on the underlying cause of atelectasis. In postoperative atelectasis, the condition generally improves. The prognosis of lobar atelectasis secondary to endobronchial obstruction depends on treatment of the underlying malignancy.

• #103 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Fiberoptic bronchoscopy may allow direct visualization of atelectasis. It can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, as it may reveal the cause of an obstruction causing the atelectasis (i.e., tumor, mucous plug, or foreign body). […] A transient lung dysfunction leading to atelectasis caused by general anesthesia generally resolves itself within 24 hours. […] When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Incentive spirometry has been a mainstay of nursing postoperative atelectasis prevention. Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient. […] Therefore, early recognition and treatment are also important, as this can decrease the length of hospitalization, cost, and improve patient outcomes.

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