Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Optic neuritis occurs when swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. […] The exact cause of optic neuritis is unknown. It’s believed to develop when the immune system mistakenly targets the substance covering your optic nerve, resulting in inflammation and damage to the myelin. […] Besides MS, optic nerve inflammation can occur with other conditions, including infections or immune diseases, such as lupus. Rarely, another disease called neuromyelitis optica causes inflammation of the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] The following autoimmune conditions often are associated with optic neuritis: Multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which your autoimmune system attacks the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers in your brain.

• #2 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  The mechanism responsible for acute optic neuritis has not been definitively identified. However, an autoimmune reaction damaging the myelin sheath surrounding neurons within the optic nerve is considered a primary factor. Patients with documented autoimmune diseases have a greater propensity to develop optic neuritis, and a causal relationship between HLA DRB1, HLA-B27, and this condition has been observed. […] Some studies suggest that viral illnesses, known to precipitate autoimmune reactions, may induce optic neuritis attacks. Optic neuritis may manifest as a demyelinating disease affecting several central nervous system areas. Optic neuritis is often the first clinical manifestation of demyelination. […] The condition is multifactorial, with autoimmune, infectious, toxic, and idiopathic mechanisms potentially contributing to its development.

• #3 Optic Neuritis

  https://aapos.org/glossary/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is when the optic nerve gets swollen and inflamed. […] Doctors think optic neuritis happens when the bodys immune or defense system attacks its own optic nerve by mistake (an auto-immune problem). This can be triggered by: […] A virus […] A recent vaccine […] An infection near the optic nerve […] Other disease that affect nerves (multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica).

• #4 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  The mechanism responsible for acute optic neuritis has not been definitively identified. However, an autoimmune reaction damaging the myelin sheath surrounding neurons within the optic nerve is considered a primary factor. Patients with documented autoimmune diseases have a greater propensity to develop optic neuritis, and a causal relationship between HLA DRB1, HLA-B27, and this condition has been observed. […] Some studies suggest that viral illnesses, known to precipitate autoimmune reactions, may induce optic neuritis attacks. Optic neuritis may manifest as a demyelinating disease affecting several central nervous system areas. Optic neuritis is often the first clinical manifestation of demyelination. […] The condition is multifactorial, with autoimmune, infectious, toxic, and idiopathic mechanisms potentially contributing to its development.

• #5 Adult Optic Neuritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1217083-overview

  Most cases of optic neuritis (ON) are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), even though ON can occur in isolation. In MS-associated and isolated monosymptomatic ON, the cause is presumed to be an autoimmune reaction that results in a demyelinating inflammation of the nerve. Pathologic studies in patients with ON associated with MS have shown that the demyelinated lesions in the optic nerve are similar to the MS plaques seen in the brain, with an inflammatory response marked by perivascular cuffing, T cells, and plasma cells. However, little is known about the pathology of isolated ON. […] In a single case of chronic, isolated ON, a biopsy specimen showed the presence of perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, multifocal demyelination, and reactive astrocytosis in the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. Abnormal intrathecal IgG synthesis, reflected as the presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is found in 60-70% of patients with isolated ON, suggesting an immunologic etiology similar to that of MS.

• #6 Adult Optic Neuritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1217083-overview

  Most cases of optic neuritis (ON) are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), even though ON can occur in isolation. In MS-associated and isolated monosymptomatic ON, the cause is presumed to be an autoimmune reaction that results in a demyelinating inflammation of the nerve. Pathologic studies in patients with ON associated with MS have shown that the demyelinated lesions in the optic nerve are similar to the MS plaques seen in the brain, with an inflammatory response marked by perivascular cuffing, T cells, and plasma cells. However, little is known about the pathology of isolated ON. […] In a single case of chronic, isolated ON, a biopsy specimen showed the presence of perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, multifocal demyelination, and reactive astrocytosis in the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. Abnormal intrathecal IgG synthesis, reflected as the presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is found in 60-70% of patients with isolated ON, suggesting an immunologic etiology similar to that of MS.

• #7 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Optic neuritis may be a result of standalone idiopathic disease, but is often a manifestation that occurs secondary to an underlying disease. […] The most commonly considered etiologies are multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) / neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Other etiologies include idiopathic ON, infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster), and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). […] ON is classified as typical optic neuritis when demyelination is the causative pathophysiologic aberrancy. […] This classification attributes the manifestation of ON primarily to multiple sclerosis or standalone idiopathic disease, of which multiple sclerosis is the most common underlying etiology of all subtypes of optic neuritis.

• #8 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #9 Optic Neuritis: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/acute-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis, or inflammation of the optic nerves, is a frequent cause of acute optic nerve injury in children and adults. Although optic neuritis is frequently associated with multiple sclerosis, there are many other causes of optic neuritis. […] Demyelinating disorders are a common cause of ON in parts of the world where multiple sclerosis (MS) is common such as northern European countries. Multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis as the first presentation of a clinical isolated syndrome with MRI or CSF findings compatible with multiple sclerosis. It can also occur as a multiple sclerosis relapse. Isolated MS-ON is an atypical or attenuated manifestation of multiple sclerosis. There are many other possible causes of optic neuritis which must not be overlooked, as they may require different and urgent management.

• #10 Optic Neuritis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammation that damages your optic nerve. […] ON can flare up due to an infection or a nerve condition. […] There are many possible causes of ON. Some cases are idiopathic, which means they have no known cause. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common known cause of ON. ON is often the first symptom of MS. About 50% of people with MS will develop ON at some point. […] Other nerve conditions that can cause ON include: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, Schilders disease, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder. […] Autoimmune conditions can also cause ON, which include: sarcoidosis, Sjgrens syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G disease. […] Infections that can cause ON include: measles, shingles, tuberculosis, syphilis, cat scratch fever (Bartonella), Lyme disease, herpes, HIV, West Nile virus, encephalitis, meningitis. […] Common causes of ON include viral infections or autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or lupus.

• #11 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis happens when inflammation damages your optic nerve. There are several possible causes of that inflammation, including: […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. They also suspect that the specific autoimmune conditions involved vary by the type of optic neuritis you have. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main condition linked to typical optic neuritis. Research shows that optic neuritis is often the first event that signals a person has MS, and that approximately 50% of people with typical optic neuritis will develop MS within 15 years. […] Research links atypical optic neuritis to neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and MOG-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Your nerves are vulnerable to damage (neuropathy) from infections, and your optic nerve is no exception. Infections are often a triggering event that causes pediatric optic neuritis.

• #12 Optic neuritis: Pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/optic-neuritis-pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Optic neuritis is an inflammatory, demyelinating condition that causes acute, usually monocular, visual loss. It is highly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Optic neuritis is the presenting feature of MS in 15 to 20 percent of patients and occurs in 50 percent at some time during the course of their illness. […] The term „optic neuritis” is sometimes applied to other inflammatory and infectious conditions affecting the optic nerve. These and other causes of optic neuropathy are discussed separately. […] The incidence of optic neuritis is highest in populations located at higher latitudes, in the northern United States and western Europe, and is lowest in regions closer to the equator. In the United States, studies have estimated the annual incidence of optic neuritis to be as high as 6.4 per 100,000. In the United States, optic neuritis occurs more frequently in White compared with Black Americans. In Asia, optic neuritis is proportionately more common relative to the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the United States or Western Europe.

• #13 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis happens when inflammation damages your optic nerve. There are several possible causes of that inflammation, including: […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. They also suspect that the specific autoimmune conditions involved vary by the type of optic neuritis you have. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main condition linked to typical optic neuritis. Research shows that optic neuritis is often the first event that signals a person has MS, and that approximately 50% of people with typical optic neuritis will develop MS within 15 years. […] Research links atypical optic neuritis to neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and MOG-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Your nerves are vulnerable to damage (neuropathy) from infections, and your optic nerve is no exception. Infections are often a triggering event that causes pediatric optic neuritis.

• #14 Eyes – optic neuritis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve that causes blurred, grey and dim vision. […] Common causes of optic neuritis include multiple sclerosis, cytomegalovirus, Lyme disease and herpes. […] A number of diseases and conditions can trigger this inflammation, including multiple sclerosis. […] Some of the many conditions and diseases that can cause optic neuritis include: cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV, Lyme disease, measles, multiple sclerosis, mumps, paranasal sinus infection, radiation therapy, syphilis, tuberculosis. […] Optic neuritis can be the first symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), but this is only true for some people. […] It is estimated that the risk of people who have optic neuritis developing MS within 10 years is 30 to 60 per cent, depending on whether these spots are seen on the MRI scan. […] However, optic neuritis doesn’t mean that developing MS is inevitable.

• #15 Adult Optic Neuritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1217083-overview

  Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has been recognized as a distinct inflammatory demyelinating disease consisting of ON in combination with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Neuromyelitis optica is associated with the presence of a specific serum, NMO IgG autoantibody, which targets the water channel aquaporin-4. […] As previously stated, ON can occasionally result from an infectious process involving the orbits or paranasal sinuses or occur in the course of a systemic viral infection.

• #16 Adult Optic Neuritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1217290-overview

  Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has been recognized as a distinct inflammatory demyelinating disease consisting of ON in combination with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Neuromyelitis optica is associated with the presence of a specific serum, NMO IgG autoantibody, which targets the water channel aquaporin-4. […] Approximately two thirds or more of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have IgG antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), a water channel protein that is abundant on astrocytic membranes and proximate to the blood-brain barrier. Patients who are seronegative cannot be distinguished clinically from those who are seropositive. In AQP4-IgG-seropositive disease, binding of AQP4-IgG to AQP4 on astrocytic end-feet initiates the activation of the complement cascade, the infiltration of granulocytes into the central nervous system, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. […] As previously stated, ON can occasionally result from an infectious process involving the orbits or paranasal sinuses or occur in the course of a systemic viral infection.

• #17 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #18 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #19 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis happens when inflammation damages your optic nerve. There are several possible causes of that inflammation, including: […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. They also suspect that the specific autoimmune conditions involved vary by the type of optic neuritis you have. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main condition linked to typical optic neuritis. Research shows that optic neuritis is often the first event that signals a person has MS, and that approximately 50% of people with typical optic neuritis will develop MS within 15 years. […] Research links atypical optic neuritis to neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and MOG-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Your nerves are vulnerable to damage (neuropathy) from infections, and your optic nerve is no exception. Infections are often a triggering event that causes pediatric optic neuritis.

• #20 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis happens when inflammation damages your optic nerve. There are several possible causes of that inflammation, including: […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. They also suspect that the specific autoimmune conditions involved vary by the type of optic neuritis you have. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main condition linked to typical optic neuritis. Research shows that optic neuritis is often the first event that signals a person has MS, and that approximately 50% of people with typical optic neuritis will develop MS within 15 years. […] Research links atypical optic neuritis to neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and MOG-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Your nerves are vulnerable to damage (neuropathy) from infections, and your optic nerve is no exception. Infections are often a triggering event that causes pediatric optic neuritis.

• #21 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Viral infections are a common cause of optic neuritis, especially the pediatric form. […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. […] Several other conditions can also cause or contribute to optic neuropathy. They include: Lack of blood flow (ischemia). If your optic nerve isn’t getting enough blood flow, its cells can stop working correctly, leading to optic nerve damage. […] People with autoimmune conditions like lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and Behçet’s disease have a higher risk of developing optic neuritis.

• #22 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Viral infections are a common cause of optic neuritis, especially the pediatric form. […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. […] Several other conditions can also cause or contribute to optic neuropathy. They include: Lack of blood flow (ischemia). If your optic nerve isn’t getting enough blood flow, its cells can stop working correctly, leading to optic nerve damage. […] People with autoimmune conditions like lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and Behçet’s disease have a higher risk of developing optic neuritis.

• #23 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  Optic neuritis is a vision-threatening disorder and often the first symptom of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications may also trigger this condition. […] Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which disrupts its ability to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain, causing sudden and often severe vision loss. This condition is multifactorial, though it is most commonly associated with demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other potential etiologies include infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster) and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). Idiopathic cases have also been reported. In rare instances, optic neuritis may be triggered by toxins or drugs, such as ethambutol and methanol.

• #24 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Optic neuritis may be a result of standalone idiopathic disease, but is often a manifestation that occurs secondary to an underlying disease. […] The most commonly considered etiologies are multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) / neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Other etiologies include idiopathic ON, infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster), and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). […] ON is classified as typical optic neuritis when demyelination is the causative pathophysiologic aberrancy. […] This classification attributes the manifestation of ON primarily to multiple sclerosis or standalone idiopathic disease, of which multiple sclerosis is the most common underlying etiology of all subtypes of optic neuritis.

• #25 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  Optic neuritis is a vision-threatening disorder and often the first symptom of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications may also trigger this condition. […] Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which disrupts its ability to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain, causing sudden and often severe vision loss. This condition is multifactorial, though it is most commonly associated with demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other potential etiologies include infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster) and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). Idiopathic cases have also been reported. In rare instances, optic neuritis may be triggered by toxins or drugs, such as ethambutol and methanol.

• #26 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Optic neuritis may be a result of standalone idiopathic disease, but is often a manifestation that occurs secondary to an underlying disease. […] The most commonly considered etiologies are multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) / neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Other etiologies include idiopathic ON, infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster), and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). […] ON is classified as typical optic neuritis when demyelination is the causative pathophysiologic aberrancy. […] This classification attributes the manifestation of ON primarily to multiple sclerosis or standalone idiopathic disease, of which multiple sclerosis is the most common underlying etiology of all subtypes of optic neuritis.

• #27 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #28 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #29 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #30 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #31 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #32 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #33 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #34 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #35 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis happens when inflammation damages your optic nerve. There are several possible causes of that inflammation, including: […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. They also suspect that the specific autoimmune conditions involved vary by the type of optic neuritis you have. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main condition linked to typical optic neuritis. Research shows that optic neuritis is often the first event that signals a person has MS, and that approximately 50% of people with typical optic neuritis will develop MS within 15 years. […] Research links atypical optic neuritis to neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and MOG-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). […] Your nerves are vulnerable to damage (neuropathy) from infections, and your optic nerve is no exception. Infections are often a triggering event that causes pediatric optic neuritis.

• #36 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  The mechanism responsible for acute optic neuritis has not been definitively identified. However, an autoimmune reaction damaging the myelin sheath surrounding neurons within the optic nerve is considered a primary factor. Patients with documented autoimmune diseases have a greater propensity to develop optic neuritis, and a causal relationship between HLA DRB1, HLA-B27, and this condition has been observed. […] Some studies suggest that viral illnesses, known to precipitate autoimmune reactions, may induce optic neuritis attacks. Optic neuritis may manifest as a demyelinating disease affecting several central nervous system areas. Optic neuritis is often the first clinical manifestation of demyelination. […] The condition is multifactorial, with autoimmune, infectious, toxic, and idiopathic mechanisms potentially contributing to its development.

• #37 Adult Optic Neuritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1217083-overview

  Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has been recognized as a distinct inflammatory demyelinating disease consisting of ON in combination with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Neuromyelitis optica is associated with the presence of a specific serum, NMO IgG autoantibody, which targets the water channel aquaporin-4. […] As previously stated, ON can occasionally result from an infectious process involving the orbits or paranasal sinuses or occur in the course of a systemic viral infection.

• #38 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Viral infections are a common cause of optic neuritis, especially the pediatric form. […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. […] Several other conditions can also cause or contribute to optic neuropathy. They include: Lack of blood flow (ischemia). If your optic nerve isn’t getting enough blood flow, its cells can stop working correctly, leading to optic nerve damage. […] People with autoimmune conditions like lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and Behçet’s disease have a higher risk of developing optic neuritis.

• #39 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  Optic neuritis is a vision-threatening disorder and often the first symptom of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications may also trigger this condition. […] Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which disrupts its ability to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain, causing sudden and often severe vision loss. This condition is multifactorial, though it is most commonly associated with demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other potential etiologies include infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster) and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). Idiopathic cases have also been reported. In rare instances, optic neuritis may be triggered by toxins or drugs, such as ethambutol and methanol.

• #40 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #41 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  Optic neuritis is a vision-threatening disorder and often the first symptom of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications may also trigger this condition. […] Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which disrupts its ability to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain, causing sudden and often severe vision loss. This condition is multifactorial, though it is most commonly associated with demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other potential etiologies include infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster) and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). Idiopathic cases have also been reported. In rare instances, optic neuritis may be triggered by toxins or drugs, such as ethambutol and methanol.

• #42 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #43 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #44 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #45 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #46 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #47 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #48 Eyes – optic neuritis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve that causes blurred, grey and dim vision. […] Common causes of optic neuritis include multiple sclerosis, cytomegalovirus, Lyme disease and herpes. […] A number of diseases and conditions can trigger this inflammation, including multiple sclerosis. […] Some of the many conditions and diseases that can cause optic neuritis include: cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV, Lyme disease, measles, multiple sclerosis, mumps, paranasal sinus infection, radiation therapy, syphilis, tuberculosis. […] Optic neuritis can be the first symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), but this is only true for some people. […] It is estimated that the risk of people who have optic neuritis developing MS within 10 years is 30 to 60 per cent, depending on whether these spots are seen on the MRI scan. […] However, optic neuritis doesn’t mean that developing MS is inevitable.

• #49 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #50 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #51 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  Optic neuritis is a vision-threatening disorder and often the first symptom of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications may also trigger this condition. […] Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which disrupts its ability to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain, causing sudden and often severe vision loss. This condition is multifactorial, though it is most commonly associated with demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other potential etiologies include infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster) and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). Idiopathic cases have also been reported. In rare instances, optic neuritis may be triggered by toxins or drugs, such as ethambutol and methanol.

• #52 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #53 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  Optic neuritis is a vision-threatening disorder and often the first symptom of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications may also trigger this condition. […] Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which disrupts its ability to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain, causing sudden and often severe vision loss. This condition is multifactorial, though it is most commonly associated with demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other potential etiologies include infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, and viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster) and systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis). Idiopathic cases have also been reported. In rare instances, optic neuritis may be triggered by toxins or drugs, such as ethambutol and methanol.

• #54 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #55 Optic Neuritis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammation that damages your optic nerve. […] ON can flare up due to an infection or a nerve condition. […] There are many possible causes of ON. Some cases are idiopathic, which means they have no known cause. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common known cause of ON. ON is often the first symptom of MS. About 50% of people with MS will develop ON at some point. […] Other nerve conditions that can cause ON include: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, Schilders disease, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder. […] Autoimmune conditions can also cause ON, which include: sarcoidosis, Sjgrens syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G disease. […] Infections that can cause ON include: measles, shingles, tuberculosis, syphilis, cat scratch fever (Bartonella), Lyme disease, herpes, HIV, West Nile virus, encephalitis, meningitis. […] Common causes of ON include viral infections or autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or lupus.

• #56 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #57 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #58 Optic neuritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-neuritis?lang=us

  Optic neuritis can arise in the setting of many infective and non-infective conditions ref: […] non-infective […] multiple sclerosis (most common: 1 in 3 cases 8) […] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) […] MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) […] anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy […] autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy 9 […] neurosarcoidosis […] acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) […] chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) […] systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Sjgren syndrome […] Behet disease […] toxins […] radiation-induced […] infective […] Lyme disease […] toxoplasmosis […] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] systemic viral diseases as varicella or herpes.

• #59 Optic Neuritis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammation that damages your optic nerve. […] ON can flare up due to an infection or a nerve condition. […] There are many possible causes of ON. Some cases are idiopathic, which means they have no known cause. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common known cause of ON. ON is often the first symptom of MS. About 50% of people with MS will develop ON at some point. […] Other nerve conditions that can cause ON include: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, Schilders disease, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder. […] Autoimmune conditions can also cause ON, which include: sarcoidosis, Sjgrens syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G disease. […] Infections that can cause ON include: measles, shingles, tuberculosis, syphilis, cat scratch fever (Bartonella), Lyme disease, herpes, HIV, West Nile virus, encephalitis, meningitis. […] Common causes of ON include viral infections or autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or lupus.

• #60 Optic Neuritis, its Differential Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3414716/

  ON is mainly idiopathic in nature; though, it could be related to demyelinating lesions (e.g. MS [4,8-10] neuromyelitis optica (NMO) [4,8,9]) or other less common etiologies such as autoimmune disease (e.g. sarcoidosis [1,4,9], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [4,9]), infectious and para-infectious causes (e.g. syphilis [1,4,9,11], tuberculosis [4,9,11]), inflammatory and post vaccination immunological responses [4] (e.g. sinusitis [1], and vaccinations against measles and rubella [12]). […] The pathogenesis of optic neuritis is not well understood. It is likely due to some inflammatory process which leads to delayed type IV hypersensitivity reaction induced by released cytokines and other inflammatory mediators from activated peripheral T-cells which can cross the blood brain barrier and cause destruction of myelin, neural cell death and axonal degeneration. […] The presence of demyelinating white matter lesions in brain MRI scans, 3 mm or larger in diameter, ovoid, located in periventricular areas of the white matter and radiating toward the ventricular spaces has been identified as the strongest predictor for the development of MS.

• #61 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #62 Optic neuritis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/optic-neuritis

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #63 Optic neuritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #64 Optic neuritis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/optic-neuritis

  Neuromyelitis optica. In this condition, inflammation affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorder. This condition can cause inflammation to the optic nerve, spinal cord or brain. […] When symptoms of optic neuritis are more complex, other associated causes need to be considered, including: Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. […] Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis. […] Drugs and toxins. Some drugs and toxins have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. Ethambutol, used to treat tuberculosis, and methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents, are associated with optic neuritis.

• #65 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is most often caused by multiple sclerosis. […] Optic neuritis may also be caused by the following: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodyassociated disease (MOGAD), Infections such as viral encephalitis (especially in children), meningitis, syphilis, sinusitis, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Medications such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors or checkpoint inhibitors, Other autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus. […] However, the cause of optic neuritis is often unknown.

• #66 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is the most common optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50. Most cases result from demyelinating disease, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which case there may be recurrences. Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Other causes include neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis, sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus), tumor metastasis to the optic nerve, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Chemicals, medications, and drugs, such as lead, methanol, quinine, arsenic, ethambutol, and antibiotics, cause optic neuropathies rather than true optic neuritis. TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. Rare causes include pernicious anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases. Often, the cause remains idiopathic despite thorough evaluation. […] The most common causes are demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), but infections, medications, drugs, and toxins are other possible causes.

• #67 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is most often caused by multiple sclerosis. […] Optic neuritis may also be caused by the following: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodyassociated disease (MOGAD), Infections such as viral encephalitis (especially in children), meningitis, syphilis, sinusitis, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Medications such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors or checkpoint inhibitors, Other autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus. […] However, the cause of optic neuritis is often unknown.

• #68 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is the most common optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50. Most cases result from demyelinating disease, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which case there may be recurrences. Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Other causes include neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis, sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus), tumor metastasis to the optic nerve, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Chemicals, medications, and drugs, such as lead, methanol, quinine, arsenic, ethambutol, and antibiotics, cause optic neuropathies rather than true optic neuritis. TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. Rare causes include pernicious anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases. Often, the cause remains idiopathic despite thorough evaluation. […] The most common causes are demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), but infections, medications, drugs, and toxins are other possible causes.

• #69 Optic Neuritis Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/optic_neuritis/article.htm

  Some drugs (including quinine, tetracycline, linezolid antibiotics, amiodarone, ethambutol, and isoniazid) have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. […] Approximately one-half of initial cases of optic neuritis have an unprovable cause and are described as idiopathic. […] There are a variety of conditions that can affect the optic nerve, causing symptoms like optic neuritis. […] Optic neuritis risk factors include trauma, hereditary conditions, toxic or nutritional problems, compressive lesions of the optic nerves, and vascular diseases, including arteritic optic neuropathy, diabetes, and glaucoma.

• #70 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is the most common optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50. Most cases result from demyelinating disease, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which case there may be recurrences. Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Other causes include neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis, sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus), tumor metastasis to the optic nerve, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Chemicals, medications, and drugs, such as lead, methanol, quinine, arsenic, ethambutol, and antibiotics, cause optic neuropathies rather than true optic neuritis. TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. Rare causes include pernicious anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases. Often, the cause remains idiopathic despite thorough evaluation. […] The most common causes are demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), but infections, medications, drugs, and toxins are other possible causes.

• #71 Optic Neuritis Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/optic_neuritis/article.htm

  Some drugs (including quinine, tetracycline, linezolid antibiotics, amiodarone, ethambutol, and isoniazid) have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. […] Approximately one-half of initial cases of optic neuritis have an unprovable cause and are described as idiopathic. […] There are a variety of conditions that can affect the optic nerve, causing symptoms like optic neuritis. […] Optic neuritis risk factors include trauma, hereditary conditions, toxic or nutritional problems, compressive lesions of the optic nerves, and vascular diseases, including arteritic optic neuropathy, diabetes, and glaucoma.

• #72 Optic Neuritis Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/optic_neuritis/article.htm

  Some drugs (including quinine, tetracycline, linezolid antibiotics, amiodarone, ethambutol, and isoniazid) have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. […] Approximately one-half of initial cases of optic neuritis have an unprovable cause and are described as idiopathic. […] There are a variety of conditions that can affect the optic nerve, causing symptoms like optic neuritis. […] Optic neuritis risk factors include trauma, hereditary conditions, toxic or nutritional problems, compressive lesions of the optic nerves, and vascular diseases, including arteritic optic neuropathy, diabetes, and glaucoma.

• #73 Optic Neuritis Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/optic_neuritis/article.htm

  Some drugs (including quinine, tetracycline, linezolid antibiotics, amiodarone, ethambutol, and isoniazid) have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. […] Approximately one-half of initial cases of optic neuritis have an unprovable cause and are described as idiopathic. […] There are a variety of conditions that can affect the optic nerve, causing symptoms like optic neuritis. […] Optic neuritis risk factors include trauma, hereditary conditions, toxic or nutritional problems, compressive lesions of the optic nerves, and vascular diseases, including arteritic optic neuropathy, diabetes, and glaucoma.

• #74 Optic Neuritis Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/optic_neuritis/article.htm

  Some drugs (including quinine, tetracycline, linezolid antibiotics, amiodarone, ethambutol, and isoniazid) have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. […] Approximately one-half of initial cases of optic neuritis have an unprovable cause and are described as idiopathic. […] There are a variety of conditions that can affect the optic nerve, causing symptoms like optic neuritis. […] Optic neuritis risk factors include trauma, hereditary conditions, toxic or nutritional problems, compressive lesions of the optic nerves, and vascular diseases, including arteritic optic neuropathy, diabetes, and glaucoma.

• #75 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is the most common optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50. Most cases result from demyelinating disease, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which case there may be recurrences. Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Other causes include neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis, sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus), tumor metastasis to the optic nerve, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Chemicals, medications, and drugs, such as lead, methanol, quinine, arsenic, ethambutol, and antibiotics, cause optic neuropathies rather than true optic neuritis. TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. Rare causes include pernicious anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases. Often, the cause remains idiopathic despite thorough evaluation. […] The most common causes are demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), but infections, medications, drugs, and toxins are other possible causes.

• #76 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is the most common optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50. Most cases result from demyelinating disease, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which case there may be recurrences. Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Other causes include neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis, sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus), tumor metastasis to the optic nerve, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Chemicals, medications, and drugs, such as lead, methanol, quinine, arsenic, ethambutol, and antibiotics, cause optic neuropathies rather than true optic neuritis. TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. Rare causes include pernicious anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases. Often, the cause remains idiopathic despite thorough evaluation. […] The most common causes are demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), but infections, medications, drugs, and toxins are other possible causes.

• #77 Optic Neuritis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/optic-nerve-disorders/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is the most common optic neuropathy in patients younger than 50. Most cases result from demyelinating disease, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which case there may be recurrences. Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Other causes include neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infectious diseases (eg, viral encephalitis, sinusitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus), tumor metastasis to the optic nerve, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Chemicals, medications, and drugs, such as lead, methanol, quinine, arsenic, ethambutol, and antibiotics, cause optic neuropathies rather than true optic neuritis. TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. Rare causes include pernicious anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases. Often, the cause remains idiopathic despite thorough evaluation. […] The most common causes are demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), but infections, medications, drugs, and toxins are other possible causes.

• #78 Optic Neuritis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammation that damages your optic nerve. […] ON can flare up due to an infection or a nerve condition. […] There are many possible causes of ON. Some cases are idiopathic, which means they have no known cause. […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common known cause of ON. ON is often the first symptom of MS. About 50% of people with MS will develop ON at some point. […] Other nerve conditions that can cause ON include: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease, Schilders disease, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder. […] Autoimmune conditions can also cause ON, which include: sarcoidosis, Sjgrens syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G disease. […] Infections that can cause ON include: measles, shingles, tuberculosis, syphilis, cat scratch fever (Bartonella), Lyme disease, herpes, HIV, West Nile virus, encephalitis, meningitis. […] Common causes of ON include viral infections or autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or lupus.

• #79 Optic Neuritis Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/optic_neuritis/article.htm

  Some drugs (including quinine, tetracycline, linezolid antibiotics, amiodarone, ethambutol, and isoniazid) have been associated with the development of optic neuritis. […] Approximately one-half of initial cases of optic neuritis have an unprovable cause and are described as idiopathic. […] There are a variety of conditions that can affect the optic nerve, causing symptoms like optic neuritis. […] Optic neuritis risk factors include trauma, hereditary conditions, toxic or nutritional problems, compressive lesions of the optic nerves, and vascular diseases, including arteritic optic neuropathy, diabetes, and glaucoma.

• #80 Optic Neuritis: A Brief Review

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/optic-neuritis-a-brief-review

  Commonly associated with ON, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is characterized by inflammatory lesions in the optic nerves and the spinal cord. […] While rare, vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated with ON. This form of ON is reversible and treatable. […] Several chemicals and drugs can elicit signs and symptoms that mimic ON. […] The risk factors for typical and atypical ON include age, gender, ethnicity, and genetic factors. […] The primary pathogenicity in typical ON is optic nerve demyelination associated with inflammation. […] While the final end point of ON is the same irrespective of etiology, the triggers and resultant processes that lead to these outcomes vary widely depending upon the underlying cause. […] Successful treatment depends upon accurately diagnosing ON, while etiology will dictate appropriate therapy goals and drug selection as discussed below. […] Because atypical ON has myriad causes, treatment centers on the underlying pathology. Identification and treatment, or eradication, of infections and compressive tumors, and other etiologies such as nutritional, toxic, and drug-induced causes, should be pursued.

• #81 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

  Viral infections are a common cause of optic neuritis, especially the pediatric form. […] Researchers suspect that autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are a major cause or contributing factor to optic neuritis. […] Several other conditions can also cause or contribute to optic neuropathy. They include: Lack of blood flow (ischemia). If your optic nerve isn’t getting enough blood flow, its cells can stop working correctly, leading to optic nerve damage. […] People with autoimmune conditions like lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and Behçet’s disease have a higher risk of developing optic neuritis.

• #82 Optic Neuritis, its Differential Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3414716/

  ON is mainly idiopathic in nature; though, it could be related to demyelinating lesions (e.g. MS [4,8-10] neuromyelitis optica (NMO) [4,8,9]) or other less common etiologies such as autoimmune disease (e.g. sarcoidosis [1,4,9], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [4,9]), infectious and para-infectious causes (e.g. syphilis [1,4,9,11], tuberculosis [4,9,11]), inflammatory and post vaccination immunological responses [4] (e.g. sinusitis [1], and vaccinations against measles and rubella [12]). […] The pathogenesis of optic neuritis is not well understood. It is likely due to some inflammatory process which leads to delayed type IV hypersensitivity reaction induced by released cytokines and other inflammatory mediators from activated peripheral T-cells which can cross the blood brain barrier and cause destruction of myelin, neural cell death and axonal degeneration. […] The presence of demyelinating white matter lesions in brain MRI scans, 3 mm or larger in diameter, ovoid, located in periventricular areas of the white matter and radiating toward the ventricular spaces has been identified as the strongest predictor for the development of MS.

• #83 Optic Neuritis

  https://aapos.org/glossary/optic-neuritis

  Optic neuritis is when the optic nerve gets swollen and inflamed. […] Doctors think optic neuritis happens when the bodys immune or defense system attacks its own optic nerve by mistake (an auto-immune problem). This can be triggered by: […] A virus […] A recent vaccine […] An infection near the optic nerve […] Other disease that affect nerves (multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica).

• #84 Optic neuritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_neuritis

  Atypical ON is most frequently seen as an early manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] Other causes of atypical ON include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), other autoimmune disorders (eg, Sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and infections (Bacterial [Tuberculosis, syphillis, meningitis, Lymes disease, Bartonella] or Viral [measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, herpes]). […] A wide range of attributable infectious etiologies have been found to cause optic neuritis and can arise from varying pathophysiologic mechanisms. […] Other etiologies associated with optic neuritis include congenital anomalies, glaucoma, elevated intracranial pressure (i.e. papilledema), compression, nutritional and toxic optic neuropathy, trauma, inherited optic neuropathy, or infiltration (eg, neoplastic or granulomatous).

• #85 Optic Neuritis: A Brief Review

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/optic-neuritis-a-brief-review

  Commonly associated with ON, neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is characterized by inflammatory lesions in the optic nerves and the spinal cord. […] While rare, vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated with ON. This form of ON is reversible and treatable. […] Several chemicals and drugs can elicit signs and symptoms that mimic ON. […] The risk factors for typical and atypical ON include age, gender, ethnicity, and genetic factors. […] The primary pathogenicity in typical ON is optic nerve demyelination associated with inflammation. […] While the final end point of ON is the same irrespective of etiology, the triggers and resultant processes that lead to these outcomes vary widely depending upon the underlying cause. […] Successful treatment depends upon accurately diagnosing ON, while etiology will dictate appropriate therapy goals and drug selection as discussed below. […] Because atypical ON has myriad causes, treatment centers on the underlying pathology. Identification and treatment, or eradication, of infections and compressive tumors, and other etiologies such as nutritional, toxic, and drug-induced causes, should be pursued.

• #86 Optic Neuritis and Neuropathy: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/optic-neuritis/

  Optic neuritis can occur in anyone, but usually occurs in adults younger than 45 and affects more women than men. The condition is common in people who have multiple sclerosis (MS), which occurs when the body’s own immune system attacks and destroys protective nerve coverings. […] Other causes of optic neuritis include: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, Anti-MOG Ab associated Syndrome, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis. […] Other causes of optic neuropathy include: Infections such as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, herpes simplex, Other viral infections, Neurological disorders, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, an inherited form of vision loss that affects mostly males in their 20s or 30s, Certain medications (eg ethambutol, vigabatrin), Nutritional deficiency, Toxins, including methanol, alcohol and tobacco.

• #87 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320414

  Optic neuritis is a condition with close links to multiple sclerosis (MS), an illness that causes inflammation and damage to nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It is often one of the first symptoms of MS. […] Scientists do not know the exact cause of optic neuritis. One theory is that it develops when the immune system which usually fights infection by attacking bacteria, viruses, and other foreign proteins targets the myelin sheath instead. […] People with autoimmune diseases, particularly MS, are more likely to get optic neuritis. According to a 2023 article, optic neuritis is an early symptom in around 15-20% of people with MS. […] Some evidence also suggests that viral illnesses can cause bouts of optic neuritis, as viral infections can sometimes cause an autoimmune response. […] Some risk factors for optic neuritis include: Age: Optic neuritis is more likely to happen in those ages 20 to 40 years. […] Optic neuritis is around twice as likely to happen in females than in males. […] Caucasian people are more likely to develop optic neuritis than other ethnicities. […] Recurring optic neuritis can be the result of multiple sclerosis.

• #88 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320414

  Optic neuritis is a condition with close links to multiple sclerosis (MS), an illness that causes inflammation and damage to nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It is often one of the first symptoms of MS. […] Scientists do not know the exact cause of optic neuritis. One theory is that it develops when the immune system which usually fights infection by attacking bacteria, viruses, and other foreign proteins targets the myelin sheath instead. […] People with autoimmune diseases, particularly MS, are more likely to get optic neuritis. According to a 2023 article, optic neuritis is an early symptom in around 15-20% of people with MS. […] Some evidence also suggests that viral illnesses can cause bouts of optic neuritis, as viral infections can sometimes cause an autoimmune response. […] Some risk factors for optic neuritis include: Age: Optic neuritis is more likely to happen in those ages 20 to 40 years. […] Optic neuritis is around twice as likely to happen in females than in males. […] Caucasian people are more likely to develop optic neuritis than other ethnicities. […] Recurring optic neuritis can be the result of multiple sclerosis.

• #89 Optic Neuritis: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320414

  Optic neuritis is a condition with close links to multiple sclerosis (MS), an illness that causes inflammation and damage to nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It is often one of the first symptoms of MS. […] Scientists do not know the exact cause of optic neuritis. One theory is that it develops when the immune system which usually fights infection by attacking bacteria, viruses, and other foreign proteins targets the myelin sheath instead. […] People with autoimmune diseases, particularly MS, are more likely to get optic neuritis. According to a 2023 article, optic neuritis is an early symptom in around 15-20% of people with MS. […] Some evidence also suggests that viral illnesses can cause bouts of optic neuritis, as viral infections can sometimes cause an autoimmune response. […] Some risk factors for optic neuritis include: Age: Optic neuritis is more likely to happen in those ages 20 to 40 years. […] Optic neuritis is around twice as likely to happen in females than in males. […] Caucasian people are more likely to develop optic neuritis than other ethnicities. […] Recurring optic neuritis can be the result of multiple sclerosis.

• #90 Inflamed Optic Nerve (Optic Neuritis) | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/eye-care/conditions-treatments/optic-neuritis

  What Causes Optic Neuritis? In some cases, the cause of inflammation to their optic nerve might not be clear. But there are some conditions associated with an increased risk. These include: […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) most common cause […] Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devics disease) […] Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Infection […] Exposure to toxic substances this may be associated with optic neuropathy (injury to the optic nerve) […] Some medications […] Factors that may increase your chance of developing optic nerve inflammation include: […] Personal or family history of multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune disorders […] Previous history of optic neuritis […] Previous history of transverse myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord)

• #91 Inflamed Optic Nerve (Optic Neuritis) | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/eye-care/conditions-treatments/optic-neuritis

  What Causes Optic Neuritis? In some cases, the cause of inflammation to their optic nerve might not be clear. But there are some conditions associated with an increased risk. These include: […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) most common cause […] Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devics disease) […] Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Infection […] Exposure to toxic substances this may be associated with optic neuropathy (injury to the optic nerve) […] Some medications […] Factors that may increase your chance of developing optic nerve inflammation include: […] Personal or family history of multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune disorders […] Previous history of optic neuritis […] Previous history of transverse myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord)

• #92 Inflamed Optic Nerve (Optic Neuritis) | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/eye-care/conditions-treatments/optic-neuritis

  What Causes Optic Neuritis? In some cases, the cause of inflammation to their optic nerve might not be clear. But there are some conditions associated with an increased risk. These include: […] Multiple sclerosis (MS) most common cause […] Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devics disease) […] Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) […] Infection […] Exposure to toxic substances this may be associated with optic neuropathy (injury to the optic nerve) […] Some medications […] Factors that may increase your chance of developing optic nerve inflammation include: […] Personal or family history of multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune disorders […] Previous history of optic neuritis […] Previous history of transverse myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord)

• #93 Optic Neuritis – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.visioncenter.org/conditions/optic-neuritis/

  Optic neuritis (ON) occurs when the optic nerve becomes inflamed. […] In most cases, the exact cause of ON isn’t fully understood. However, several factors can lead to inflammation. […] For example, your own immune system can attack itself through an autoimmune disease, like MS. This causes your body to mistakenly attack the protective coating of the optic nerve. […] It can also be caused by viral infections such as measles, mumps, or herpes. These conditions can trigger an immune response, which can damage the optic nerve. Meanwhile, bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis have also been associated with optic neuritis. […] Other risks include: Aged between 20 to 40 years, Have multiple sclerosis, Live in a high-altitude area, Have certain genetic mutations.

• #94 Optic Neuritis – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.visioncenter.org/conditions/optic-neuritis/

  Optic neuritis (ON) occurs when the optic nerve becomes inflamed. […] In most cases, the exact cause of ON isn’t fully understood. However, several factors can lead to inflammation. […] For example, your own immune system can attack itself through an autoimmune disease, like MS. This causes your body to mistakenly attack the protective coating of the optic nerve. […] It can also be caused by viral infections such as measles, mumps, or herpes. These conditions can trigger an immune response, which can damage the optic nerve. Meanwhile, bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis have also been associated with optic neuritis. […] Other risks include: Aged between 20 to 40 years, Have multiple sclerosis, Live in a high-altitude area, Have certain genetic mutations.

• #95 Optic neuritis: Pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/optic-neuritis-pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Optic neuritis is an inflammatory, demyelinating condition that causes acute, usually monocular, visual loss. It is highly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Optic neuritis is the presenting feature of MS in 15 to 20 percent of patients and occurs in 50 percent at some time during the course of their illness. […] The term „optic neuritis” is sometimes applied to other inflammatory and infectious conditions affecting the optic nerve. These and other causes of optic neuropathy are discussed separately. […] The incidence of optic neuritis is highest in populations located at higher latitudes, in the northern United States and western Europe, and is lowest in regions closer to the equator. In the United States, studies have estimated the annual incidence of optic neuritis to be as high as 6.4 per 100,000. In the United States, optic neuritis occurs more frequently in White compared with Black Americans. In Asia, optic neuritis is proportionately more common relative to the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the United States or Western Europe.

• #96

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2021/01000/atypical_optic_neuritis__an_overview.8.aspx

  The disparity in optic neuritis outcome between the West and the East was due to the increased prevalence of atypical optic neuritis and likely an ethnic variation in the course of the disease. […] The discovery of NMO-IgG and AQP4 as its targeted antigen unequivocally confirmed neuromyelitis optica as a disease distinct from MS, and allowed its early laboratory recognition. […] AQP4 is a water-channel protein expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves that are affected by NMO. […] In NMOSD, optic neuritis is characterized by more severe onset visual loss, bilateral optic nerve or optic chiasma involvement, relapse, poor response to IV corticosteroid pulses, poor recovery with permanent visual deficits, and association with normal brain MRI, or unspecific brain MRI lesions. […] The etiology of atypical ON varies widely and calls out for different treatment options.

• #97 Optic Neuritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557853/

  The mechanism responsible for acute optic neuritis has not been definitively identified. However, an autoimmune reaction damaging the myelin sheath surrounding neurons within the optic nerve is considered a primary factor. Patients with documented autoimmune diseases have a greater propensity to develop optic neuritis, and a causal relationship between HLA DRB1, HLA-B27, and this condition has been observed. […] Some studies suggest that viral illnesses, known to precipitate autoimmune reactions, may induce optic neuritis attacks. Optic neuritis may manifest as a demyelinating disease affecting several central nervous system areas. Optic neuritis is often the first clinical manifestation of demyelination. […] The condition is multifactorial, with autoimmune, infectious, toxic, and idiopathic mechanisms potentially contributing to its development.

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