Zaburzenie neurologiczne czynnościowe / zaburzenie konwersyjne
Epidemiologia

Zaburzenie neurologiczne czynnościowe (FND) charakteryzuje się objawami neurologicznymi bez podłoża organicznego, z zapadalnością w populacji ogólnej szacowaną na 4-12 do 50 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie, a chorobowością minimalną na poziomie 80-140 (zakres 50-1600) na 100 000. FND stanowi 5-16% konsultacji neurologicznych, z wyraźną przewagą kobiet (stosunek 2:1 do 10:1) i szczytem zachorowań w wieku 35-50 lat. W populacji pediatrycznej zapadalność wynosi 0,2-4,2 na 100 000 rocznie. Współwystępowanie zaburzeń psychiatrycznych dotyczy 55-95% pacjentów, co podkreśla złożoność kliniczną i konieczność interdyscyplinarnego podejścia. FND jest istotnym problemem klinicznym, generującym wysokie koszty opieki zdrowotnej, sięgające od 5 000 do 87 000 USD rocznie na pacjenta, oraz znaczące obciążenie dla systemów opieki neurologicznej i psychiatrycznej.

Epidemiologia zaburzenia neurologicznego czynnościowego / zaburzenia konwersyjnego

Zaburzenie neurologiczne czynnościowe (ang. Functional Neurological Disorder, FND), znane również jako zaburzenie konwersyjne, charakteryzuje się występowaniem objawów neurologicznych takich jak osłabienie, nieprawidłowe ruchy lub napady niepadaczkowe, które wynikają z nieprawidłowego funkcjonowania układu nerwowego, a nie z organicznej choroby strukturalnej.1 Mimo że dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące tego zaburzenia są zróżnicowane i często niejednoznaczne, zebrane informacje pozwalają na określenie skali występowania tego problemu w populacji ogólnej i w grupach specyficznych.

Częstotliwość występowania w populacji ogólnej

Częstość występowania FND w populacji ogólnej jest trudna do precyzyjnego określenia ze względu na różnice w definicjach przypadków, metodologii badań i kryteriach diagnostycznych. Według badań epidemiologicznych, zapadalność (liczba nowych przypadków) na FND wynosi od 4 do 12 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie.23 Jednakże dane z rejestrów opartych na populacji sugerują, że wskaźnik ten może być wyższy i wynosić około 50 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie.4

W przeglądzie systematycznym obejmującym 39 artykułów, oszacowano zapadalność na FND na poziomie 10-22 przypadków na 100 000 osób, natomiast minimalna chorobowość (występowanie w danym momencie) została oszacowana na 80-140 przypadków na 100 000 osób, z możliwym zakresem 50-1600 na 100 000.5 Rozbieżności w danych wynikają ze znacznej heterogeniczności badań oraz z faktu, że większość z nich prawdopodobnie zaniża rzeczywiste wartości ze względu na wyzwania metodologiczne.6

Występowanie w jednostkach medycznych

Zaburzenie neurologiczne czynnościowe stanowi istotny problem w praktyce klinicznej. Badania wskazują, że FND odpowiada za około 5,6% do 6% wszystkich wizyt w poradniach neurologicznych.78 Według niektórych źródeł, objawy funkcjonalne stanowią drugą najczęstszą przyczynę konsultacji neurologicznych po bólach głowy i są diagnozowane u 16% pacjentów ambulatoryjnych poradni neurologicznych.9 Bardziej restrykcyjnie zdefiniowane FND nadal stanowi co najmniej 5-10% nowych konsultacji neurologicznych.10

W badaniach określających częstość występowania objawów konwersyjnych w warunkach szpitalnych, stwierdzono prewalencję na poziomie 20-25%, jednak tylko 5% z tych pacjentów w pełni spełnia kryteria zaburzenia konwersyjnego.11 W innym badaniu obejmującym 300 nowych skierowań do ambulatoryjnej poradni neurologicznej, 11% miało objawy, które były określone jako całkowicie niewyjaśnione przez chorobę organiczną, a 19% miało objawy tylko częściowo wyjaśnione przez chorobę organiczną, co wskazuje, że 30% nowych skierowań do ogólnych poradni neurologicznych ma objawy słabo wyjaśnione przez identyfikowalne choroby organiczne.12

W badaniu dotyczącym przyjęć do szpitala neurologicznego w Nowej Zelandii, FND stanowiło 9% hospitalizacji, co jest zgodne z anegdotycznymi doświadczeniami z australijskich szpitali publicznych.13 Około 8% przyjęć z powodu ostrego udaru mózgu może być spowodowanych przez FND.14

Różnice demograficzne i czynniki ryzyka

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują na wyraźne różnice w występowaniu FND w zależności od płci, wieku i czynników socjoekonomicznych:

Płeć

Kobiety są diagnozowane z FND częściej niż mężczyźni. Stosunek kobiet do mężczyzn waha się od 2:1 do 10:1.1516 Nowsze badania dotyczące napadów psychogennych niepadaczkowych (PNES) wskazują, że mężczyźni stanowią około 40% przypadków, co stanowi odejście od wcześniejszych prac, w których kobiety stanowiły 80% przypadków PNES w niektórych seriach.17 Ogólnie jednak, częstość występowania zaburzenia konwersyjnego jest prawdopodobnie wyższa u kobiet.1819

Wiek

FND może wystąpić w każdym wieku, ale najczęściej diagnozuje się je u osób w wieku od 35 do 50 lat, z typowym początkiem między drugą a czwartą dekadą życia.2021 Zaburzenie to występuje rzadko u dzieci poniżej 10 roku życia oraz u osób starszych.2223 Badania wykazały, że FND u dzieci jest rzadkie przed 5 rokiem życia i występuje najczęściej w okresie dojrzewania i adolescencji.24

Częstość występowania FND u dzieci jest również w dużej mierze zależna od badanej populacji. Badanie przeprowadzone w Niemczech wykazało, że wskaźnik FND w populacji pediatrycznej wynosił 0,2%. W innym badaniu przeprowadzonym w Australii, częstość FND w populacji pediatrycznej wynosiła 2,3-4,2 na 100 000 osób rocznie.25 Powyżej 10 roku życia, dziewczęta mają trzy razy większe szanse na rozwój FND niż chłopcy.26

Czynniki socjoekonomiczne i kulturowe

Badania wskazują, że FND częściej występuje w populacjach wiejskich, u osób o niższym statusie socjoekonomicznym, z niższym poziomem wykształcenia i niską znajomością zagadnień psychologicznych.2728 Czynniki geograficzne również odgrywają rolę, z wyższymi wskaźnikami zgłaszanymi w krajach uprzemysłowionych w porównaniu do krajów rozwijających się. Ta rozbieżność może odzwierciedlać różnice w infrastrukturze opieki zdrowotnej, dostępie do usług zdrowia psychicznego, kulturowych postawach wobec stanów neurologicznych i psychiatrycznych oraz praktykach diagnostycznych.29

Ponadto, czynniki socjoekonomiczne, takie jak niskie bezpieczeństwo finansowe, dochody i poziom wykształcenia, były związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem FND, podkreślając złożoną interakcję między społecznymi determinantami zdrowia a podatnością na chorobę.30

Współwystępowanie z innymi zaburzeniami

Istotną cechą epidemiologiczną FND jest wysoki wskaźnik współwystępowania z innymi zaburzeniami, szczególnie psychiatrycznymi:

  • Współistniejąca choroba neurologiczna występuje w około 10% przypadków FND.31
  • Szacuje się, że 55-95% osób z FND ma co najmniej jedno współistniejące zaburzenie psychiatryczne.32
  • Badania dorosłych z FND wykazały występowanie zaburzeń psychiatrycznych u 51-95% pacjentów.33
  • Weterani z funkcjonalnymi zaburzeniami ruchu (FMD) mają 75% częstość występowania współistniejących stanów psychiatrycznych.34
  • Weterani z PNES mają 94% częstość występowania współistniejących stanów psychiatrycznych.35

Zwiększona częstość występowania konwersji u pacjentów z przebytą historią wykorzystywania seksualnego lub fizycznego jest dobrze udokumentowana.36 Ogólne wskaźniki FND wśród żołnierzy z historią depresji lub historią PTSD były ponad 10 razy wyższe niż wskaźniki wśród osób bez takiej historii.37 Wskaźnik ogólny wśród żołnierzy z historią depresji był 10,1 razy wyższy niż u tych bez takiej historii (203,4 vs 20,1 na 100 000 osobolat).38 Podobnie, ogólny wskaźnik wśród osób z historią PTSD był 12,9 razy wyższy niż u tych bez takiej historii (318,8 vs 24,7 na 100 000 osobolat).39

Badania specyficznych populacji

Interesujących danych dostarczają badania przeprowadzone w specyficznych populacjach, np. w siłach zbrojnych:

Dane z sił zbrojnych USA

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w latach 2000-2018 wśród aktywnych żołnierzy amerykańskich, surowy ogólny wskaźnik zapadalności na FND wynosił 29,5 przypadków na 100 000 osobolat, co jest około 2,5-7,4 razy wyższe niż szacunki raportowane dla ogólnej populacji USA.40 W tym okresie zidentyfikowano 7 644 nowych przypadków FND, a surowy roczny wskaźnik zapadalności był najwyższy w 2012 roku (37,8 na 100 000 osobolat) i najniższy w 2003 roku (22,2 na 100 000 osobolat).41

Ogólny medianowy roczny wskaźnik chorobowości w badanym okresie wynosił 37,2 przypadków na 100 000 osób.42 Ogólne wskaźniki chorobowości FND były wyższe wśród kobiet w porównaniu do mężczyzn (76,0 vs 30,1 na 100 000 osób).43

Funkcjonalne zaburzenia ruchu

Funkcjonalne zaburzenie ruchu (FMD) jest typem FND, które jest powszechne, ale często trudne do zdiagnozowania i leczenia. Badania wykazały, że FMD stanowi około 3-8% wizyt w poradniach zaburzeń ruchu.44 Średni wiek wystąpienia FMD mieści się w zakresie od 46 do 53 lat, z przewagą kobiet.45 Retrospektywna analiza 199 pacjentów z ośrodków zaburzeń ruchu wykazała, że częstość występowania FMD była 2-3 razy wyższa u kobiet niż u mężczyzn.46

Najnowsza metaanaliza obejmująca 4 905 pacjentów wykazała, że FMD osiąga szczyt w średnim wieku dla wszystkich fenotypów, ale osoby z funkcjonalną dystonią i osłabieniem są młodsze, natomiast osoby z zaburzeniami chodu są starsze.47

Wpływ na system opieki zdrowotnej

FND jest związane z wysokim wykorzystaniem opieki zdrowotnej. Przegląd systematyczny wykazał, że średnie roczne koszty związane z FND wynoszą od 5 000 do 87 000 USD na pacjenta lub 1,2 miliarda USD w rocznych kosztach oddziałów ratunkowych i hospitalizacji w USA.48

Australijskie dane dotyczące wykorzystania opieki zdrowotnej są skąpe, ale kohorta pacjentów z Wiktorii z napadami niepadaczkowymi (poddawanych wideo-EEG w latach 2009-2014) zgłosiła medianę kosztów wykorzystania opieki zdrowotnej przed diagnozą na pacjenta wynoszącą 26 468 AUD.49

Dynamika i trendy w czasie

Światowa dystrybucja FND szybko rośnie. Wskaźnik zachorowań na FND między 1976 a 2010 rokiem wynosił 4-12 na 100 000 pacjentów rocznie, a chorobowość wynosiła 50 na 100 000 populacji.50 W 2010 roku stwierdzono, że FND jest drugą najczęstszą przyczyną nowych ambulatoryjnych ocen neurologicznych.51

W 2021 roku badanie sugerowało, że TikTok i media społecznościowe mogą przyczyniać się do rozprzestrzeniania FND.52 Niedawne badanie przekrojowe wykazało zwiększoną częstość występowania FMD zarówno u dzieci, jak i dorosłych podczas stosunkowo niedawnej pandemii COVID-19, podkreślając rolę stresorów psychologicznych i środowiskowych w rozwoju tego zaburzenia.53

Wyzwania diagnostyczne i wpływ na pacjentów

Diagnoza FND jest niezawodna, z częstością rewizji poniżej 5%.54 Jednakże objawy FND są upośledzające i wiążą się ze znacznym cierpieniem.55 Zaburzenie neurologiczne czynnościowe nie jest zagrażającym życiu ani bezpośrednio niebezpiecznym stanem. Jednak może znacząco wpływać na ogólne zdrowie psychiczne i dobrostan.56

Osoby z FND często mają poważne problemy, które uniemożliwiają im pracę lub uczestnictwo w przyjemnych aktywnościach. Wielu pacjentów z FND zmaga się również z tym, jak czują się w związku ze swoim stanem i jak inni ich traktują.57 Często czują, że nikt im nie wierzy lub że ludzie myślą, że udają lub kłamią. Poczucie, że nikt im nie wierzy lub oskarżenia o kłamstwo, szczególnie ze strony pracowników opieki zdrowotnej, często powstrzymują ludzi przed szukaniem pomocy, która mogłaby im pomóc.58

FND może trwać różne okresy, w zależności od kilku czynników. Te czynniki obejmują moment wystąpienia w życiu, stopień nasilenia i to, czy otrzymuje się opiekę w związku z tym stanem. Ostry przypadek to taki, w którym objawy występują krócej niż sześć miesięcy. Uporczywy przypadek to taki, w którym objawy utrzymują się dłużej niż sześć miesięcy.59

Rokowanie FND pozostaje złe, z niepełnosprawnością utrzymującą się lub pogarszającą się z czasem, a wielu pacjentów doświadcza ciężkich objawów pomimo leczenia.60

Podsumowanie danych epidemiologicznych

Zbierając wszystkie dostępne dane epidemiologiczne, można przedstawić następujące szacunki dotyczące zaburzenia neurologicznego czynnościowego / zaburzenia konwersyjnego:

Parametr epidemiologiczny Wartość/zakres Źródło
Zapadalność w populacji ogólnej 4-12 na 100 000 osób rocznie Akagi i House, Stefansson et al.
Zapadalność według rejestrów populacyjnych 50 na 100 000 osób rocznie Przegląd systematyczny
Chorobowość minimalna 80-140 na 100 000 osób (zakres możliwy: 50-1600) Przegląd systematyczny
Częstość w poradniach neurologicznych 5-16% pacjentów Scottish Neurologic Symptoms Study
Stosunek kobiet do mężczyzn 2:1 do 10:1 Metaanalizy
Szczytowy wiek zachorowania 35-50 lat Badania epidemiologiczne
Zapadalność w populacji pediatrycznej 0,2-4,2 na 100 000 osób rocznie Badania niemieckie i australijskie
Współwystępowanie zaburzeń psychiatrycznych 55-95% pacjentów Badania kliniczne

Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że FND wydaje się być bardziej rozpowszechnione niż wiele innych dobrze znanych i dobrze finansowanych zaburzeń neurologicznych, dane dotyczące zapadalności i chorobowości sugerują potrzebę większego przydziału środków na badania i programy kliniczne FND.61 Brak lepszych danych epidemiologicznych i niedoszacowanie częstości występowania FND utrudnia właściwą alokację zasobów na leczenie tego istotnego problemu zdrowotnego.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) in adults: Clinical features, assessment, and comorbidity – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-neurological-symptom-disorder-conversion-disorder-in-adults-clinical-features-assessment-and-comorbidity
    Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) is characterized by neurologic symptoms, such as weakness, abnormal movements, or nonepileptic seizures, which involve abnormal nervous system functioning rather than structural disease. […] Nevertheless, the disorder causes distress and/or functional impairment, is common in clinical settings, and often has a poor prognosis. […] This topic reviews the clinical features, assessment, and comorbidity of functional neurological symptom disorder. […] The terminology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment are discussed separately, as are functional neurological symptom disorder with attacks or seizures (functional or psychogenic nonepileptic seizures) and functional neurological symptom disorder with abnormal movements (functional movement disorders). […] (See „Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) in adults: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis”.)
  • #2 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    The incidence of functional neurologic disorder depends largely on the populations studied. Akagi and House found that the average incidence of functional neurologic disorder across varying geographic settings was approximately 4 to 12 per 100000 per year. […] Population-based case registries would place the rate of functional neurologic disorder higher, at 50 per 100000 per year. The Scottish Neurologic Symptoms Study was a cohort study looking at 3781 individuals in an outpatient neurology setting; of these individuals, an estimated 5.6% had functional neurologic disorder. […] Research has revealed that adult women diagnosed with functional neurologic disorder outnumber adult men in a ratio ranging from 2 to 1 to 10 to 1. […] Patients of lower socioeconomic class and with less education have higher incidences of functional neurologic disorder.
  • #3 Epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719864/
    The epidemiology of functional neurologic disorders (FND) is complex and has been hampered over the years by a lack of clear definition, with previous definitions struggling with an uneasy mix of both physical and psychologic components. […] On this basis, FND account for approximately 6% of neurology outpatient contacts and putative community incidence rates of 4-12 per 100 000 per annum. […] Comorbid neurologic disease occurs in around 10% of cases. […] The diagnosis is reliable, with revision rates less than 5%. […] FND symptoms are disabling and associated with significant distress. […] They are more common in women and have a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 50; however the presentation is common in men and throughout the lifespan. […] The issues surrounding case definition, ascertainment, misdiagnosis, and risk factors are discussed in detail.
  • #4 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    The incidence of functional neurologic disorder depends largely on the populations studied. Akagi and House found that the average incidence of functional neurologic disorder across varying geographic settings was approximately 4 to 12 per 100000 per year. […] Population-based case registries would place the rate of functional neurologic disorder higher, at 50 per 100000 per year. The Scottish Neurologic Symptoms Study was a cohort study looking at 3781 individuals in an outpatient neurology setting; of these individuals, an estimated 5.6% had functional neurologic disorder. […] Research has revealed that adult women diagnosed with functional neurologic disorder outnumber adult men in a ratio ranging from 2 to 1 to 10 to 1. […] Patients of lower socioeconomic class and with less education have higher incidences of functional neurologic disorder.
  • #5 Incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2025/01/24/jnnp-2024-334767
    Robust epidemiological data regarding population incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder (FND) would be helpful with regards to resource allocation and planning for this disorder, particularly given high symptom burden and high healthcare utilisation. […] Thirty-nine articles were included. Nineteen reported on FND incidence, 21 reported on prevalence. […] The incidence of FND was estimated at 1022/100 000, while minimum prevalence of FND was estimated at 80140/100 000, with a possible range of 501600/100 000. […] The range of incidence and prevalence varies widely across studies, with significant heterogeneity among studies and most studies likely provide underestimates due to methodological challenges. […] Given that FND appears to be more prevalent than many other well-known and well-funded neurological disorders, incidence and prevalence data suggested here indicate the need for greater research and clinical funding allocation to FND programmes.
  • #6 Incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2025/01/24/jnnp-2024-334767
    Robust epidemiological data regarding population incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder (FND) would be helpful with regards to resource allocation and planning for this disorder, particularly given high symptom burden and high healthcare utilisation. […] Thirty-nine articles were included. Nineteen reported on FND incidence, 21 reported on prevalence. […] The incidence of FND was estimated at 1022/100 000, while minimum prevalence of FND was estimated at 80140/100 000, with a possible range of 501600/100 000. […] The range of incidence and prevalence varies widely across studies, with significant heterogeneity among studies and most studies likely provide underestimates due to methodological challenges. […] Given that FND appears to be more prevalent than many other well-known and well-funded neurological disorders, incidence and prevalence data suggested here indicate the need for greater research and clinical funding allocation to FND programmes.
  • #7 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    The incidence of functional neurologic disorder depends largely on the populations studied. Akagi and House found that the average incidence of functional neurologic disorder across varying geographic settings was approximately 4 to 12 per 100000 per year. […] Population-based case registries would place the rate of functional neurologic disorder higher, at 50 per 100000 per year. The Scottish Neurologic Symptoms Study was a cohort study looking at 3781 individuals in an outpatient neurology setting; of these individuals, an estimated 5.6% had functional neurologic disorder. […] Research has revealed that adult women diagnosed with functional neurologic disorder outnumber adult men in a ratio ranging from 2 to 1 to 10 to 1. […] Patients of lower socioeconomic class and with less education have higher incidences of functional neurologic disorder.
  • #8 Epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719864/
    The epidemiology of functional neurologic disorders (FND) is complex and has been hampered over the years by a lack of clear definition, with previous definitions struggling with an uneasy mix of both physical and psychologic components. […] On this basis, FND account for approximately 6% of neurology outpatient contacts and putative community incidence rates of 4-12 per 100 000 per annum. […] Comorbid neurologic disease occurs in around 10% of cases. […] The diagnosis is reliable, with revision rates less than 5%. […] FND symptoms are disabling and associated with significant distress. […] They are more common in women and have a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 50; however the presentation is common in men and throughout the lifespan. […] The issues surrounding case definition, ascertainment, misdiagnosis, and risk factors are discussed in detail.
  • #9 Day # 120: Functional Neurologic Disorder (Conversion Disorder)
    https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-120-functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder
    Patients with functional neurologic disorder (FND) have at least one real (not feigned) neurological symptom (sensory or motor) that cannot be fully explained by a neurological condition. […] FND is also known as „conversion disorder”. This is based on the psychoanalytic hypothesis that unconscious psychological distress or conflict is „converted” into neurologic symptoms. […] The exact incidence/prevalence is unknown and difficult to study. […] Studies estimate that functional neurologic symptoms are the 2nd most common complaint to neurology clinics after headaches and diagnosed in 16% of neurology outpatients. More tightly defined FND still accounts for at least 5%-10% of new neurological consultations. […] The incidence of individual persistent conversion symptoms is estimated to be 2-5/100,000 per year in the general population.
  • #10 Day # 120: Functional Neurologic Disorder (Conversion Disorder)
    https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-120-functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder
    Patients with functional neurologic disorder (FND) have at least one real (not feigned) neurological symptom (sensory or motor) that cannot be fully explained by a neurological condition. […] FND is also known as „conversion disorder”. This is based on the psychoanalytic hypothesis that unconscious psychological distress or conflict is „converted” into neurologic symptoms. […] The exact incidence/prevalence is unknown and difficult to study. […] Studies estimate that functional neurologic symptoms are the 2nd most common complaint to neurology clinics after headaches and diagnosed in 16% of neurology outpatients. More tightly defined FND still accounts for at least 5%-10% of new neurological consultations. […] The incidence of individual persistent conversion symptoms is estimated to be 2-5/100,000 per year in the general population.
  • #11 Sudden Vision Loss: A Case Report and Overview of Conversion Disorder | Consultant360
    https://www.consultant360.com/articles/sudden-vision-loss-case-report-and-overview-conversion-disorder
    When examining individual symptoms of conversion in the general hospital setting, a prevalence of 20% to 25% has been reported, but only 5% of these patients fully meet the criteria for CD. […] With the presence of other neurologic disorders being a risk factor for CD and many patients with CD symptoms receiving neurologic evaluations, it is not surprising that the prevalence increases in neurologic settings. […] In another study that included 300 new referrals to an outpatient neurology clinic, 11% had symptoms that were rated as not at all explained by organic disease and 19% had symptoms that were only somewhat explained by organic disease, indicating that 30% of new referrals to general neurology clinics have symptoms that are poorly explained by identifiable organic diseases. […] When examining prevalence data from psychiatric services, they paint yet another picture.
  • #12 Sudden Vision Loss: A Case Report and Overview of Conversion Disorder | Consultant360
    https://www.consultant360.com/articles/sudden-vision-loss-case-report-and-overview-conversion-disorder
    When examining individual symptoms of conversion in the general hospital setting, a prevalence of 20% to 25% has been reported, but only 5% of these patients fully meet the criteria for CD. […] With the presence of other neurologic disorders being a risk factor for CD and many patients with CD symptoms receiving neurologic evaluations, it is not surprising that the prevalence increases in neurologic settings. […] In another study that included 300 new referrals to an outpatient neurology clinic, 11% had symptoms that were rated as not at all explained by organic disease and 19% had symptoms that were only somewhat explained by organic disease, indicating that 30% of new referrals to general neurology clinics have symptoms that are poorly explained by identifiable organic diseases. […] When examining prevalence data from psychiatric services, they paint yet another picture.
  • #13 Functional neurological disorders: an Australian interdisciplinary perspective | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/216/10/functional-neurological-disorders-australian-interdisciplinary-perspective
    High prevalence and associated health care and social costs demand a change in health care paradigms for functional neurological disorders. […] FND is a common neurological condition anecdotally. Even though the prevalence of FND in the Australian community is unknown, 74% of 152 general practitioners based in the New South Wales Hunter Region reported seeing patients with neurological symptoms due to somatisation at least monthly in a 2021 survey (unpublished data). The reported prevalence of FND in international neurology outpatient series varies by clinic characteristics and definition, with neurological symptoms either not at all or only somewhat explained by organic disease in up to one-third of patients. […] About 8% of acute stroke admissions may be due to FND, and a recent report that FND represents 9% of neurology hospital admissions in New Zealand is consistent with anecdotal Australian public hospital neurology experience.
  • #14 Functional neurological disorders: an Australian interdisciplinary perspective | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/216/10/functional-neurological-disorders-australian-interdisciplinary-perspective
    High prevalence and associated health care and social costs demand a change in health care paradigms for functional neurological disorders. […] FND is a common neurological condition anecdotally. Even though the prevalence of FND in the Australian community is unknown, 74% of 152 general practitioners based in the New South Wales Hunter Region reported seeing patients with neurological symptoms due to somatisation at least monthly in a 2021 survey (unpublished data). The reported prevalence of FND in international neurology outpatient series varies by clinic characteristics and definition, with neurological symptoms either not at all or only somewhat explained by organic disease in up to one-third of patients. […] About 8% of acute stroke admissions may be due to FND, and a recent report that FND represents 9% of neurology hospital admissions in New Zealand is consistent with anecdotal Australian public hospital neurology experience.
  • #15 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    The incidence of functional neurologic disorder depends largely on the populations studied. Akagi and House found that the average incidence of functional neurologic disorder across varying geographic settings was approximately 4 to 12 per 100000 per year. […] Population-based case registries would place the rate of functional neurologic disorder higher, at 50 per 100000 per year. The Scottish Neurologic Symptoms Study was a cohort study looking at 3781 individuals in an outpatient neurology setting; of these individuals, an estimated 5.6% had functional neurologic disorder. […] Research has revealed that adult women diagnosed with functional neurologic disorder outnumber adult men in a ratio ranging from 2 to 1 to 10 to 1. […] Patients of lower socioeconomic class and with less education have higher incidences of functional neurologic disorder.
  • #16 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805361-overview
    Individual conversion symptoms are generally self-limiting and do not lead to physical changes or disabilities. […] Morbidity is often an iatrogenic manifestation of unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic interventions aimed at establishing an organic diagnosis for the patient’s symptoms. […] Patients with chronic conversion symptoms rarely may develop atrophy, frozen joints, and contractures from disuse. […] Classically, the female-to-male ratio is 2-10:1. […] Recent work with PNES reports that males make up approximately 40% of cases. This is a departure from past work, where females made up 80% of cases of PNES in some series. […] Overall, female-to-male ratio is variable, but the occurrence of conversion disorder is likely higher in females overall. […] The typical onset is between the second and fourth decades. […] The reported range is from children to individuals in their ninth decade of life.
  • #17 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805361-overview
    Individual conversion symptoms are generally self-limiting and do not lead to physical changes or disabilities. […] Morbidity is often an iatrogenic manifestation of unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic interventions aimed at establishing an organic diagnosis for the patient’s symptoms. […] Patients with chronic conversion symptoms rarely may develop atrophy, frozen joints, and contractures from disuse. […] Classically, the female-to-male ratio is 2-10:1. […] Recent work with PNES reports that males make up approximately 40% of cases. This is a departure from past work, where females made up 80% of cases of PNES in some series. […] Overall, female-to-male ratio is variable, but the occurrence of conversion disorder is likely higher in females overall. […] The typical onset is between the second and fourth decades. […] The reported range is from children to individuals in their ninth decade of life.
  • #18 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805361-overview
    Individual conversion symptoms are generally self-limiting and do not lead to physical changes or disabilities. […] Morbidity is often an iatrogenic manifestation of unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic interventions aimed at establishing an organic diagnosis for the patient’s symptoms. […] Patients with chronic conversion symptoms rarely may develop atrophy, frozen joints, and contractures from disuse. […] Classically, the female-to-male ratio is 2-10:1. […] Recent work with PNES reports that males make up approximately 40% of cases. This is a departure from past work, where females made up 80% of cases of PNES in some series. […] Overall, female-to-male ratio is variable, but the occurrence of conversion disorder is likely higher in females overall. […] The typical onset is between the second and fourth decades. […] The reported range is from children to individuals in their ninth decade of life.
  • #19 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355197
    Functional neurologic disorder a newer and broader term that includes what some people call conversion disorder features nervous system (neurological) symptoms that can’t be explained by a neurological disease or other medical condition. […] The exact cause of functional neurologic disorder is unknown. […] Factors that may increase your risk of functional neurologic disorder include: […] Females may be more likely than males to develop functional neurologic disorder. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.
  • #20 Epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719864/
    The epidemiology of functional neurologic disorders (FND) is complex and has been hampered over the years by a lack of clear definition, with previous definitions struggling with an uneasy mix of both physical and psychologic components. […] On this basis, FND account for approximately 6% of neurology outpatient contacts and putative community incidence rates of 4-12 per 100 000 per annum. […] Comorbid neurologic disease occurs in around 10% of cases. […] The diagnosis is reliable, with revision rates less than 5%. […] FND symptoms are disabling and associated with significant distress. […] They are more common in women and have a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 50; however the presentation is common in men and throughout the lifespan. […] The issues surrounding case definition, ascertainment, misdiagnosis, and risk factors are discussed in detail.
  • #21 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805361-overview
    Individual conversion symptoms are generally self-limiting and do not lead to physical changes or disabilities. […] Morbidity is often an iatrogenic manifestation of unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic interventions aimed at establishing an organic diagnosis for the patient’s symptoms. […] Patients with chronic conversion symptoms rarely may develop atrophy, frozen joints, and contractures from disuse. […] Classically, the female-to-male ratio is 2-10:1. […] Recent work with PNES reports that males make up approximately 40% of cases. This is a departure from past work, where females made up 80% of cases of PNES in some series. […] Overall, female-to-male ratio is variable, but the occurrence of conversion disorder is likely higher in females overall. […] The typical onset is between the second and fourth decades. […] The reported range is from children to individuals in their ninth decade of life.
  • #22 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    Studies have shown that functional neurologic disorder in children is rare under age 5 and occurs most commonly during puberty and adolescence. […] The incidence of functional neurologic disorder in children is also largely population-based; one study conducted in Germany found the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 0.2%. In another study conducted in Australia, the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 2.3 to 4.2 per 100000 per year. Over ten years of age, girls demonstrated a three times more likely chance to develop functional neurologic disorder than boys.
  • #23 Functional neurological disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000954.htm
    Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which there is a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to one or more parts of the body. FND is not caused by a disease or injury. For reasons not understood, the nervous (neurological) system does not work properly. […] FND is uncommon in children under age 10. Before age 50, it is more likely to occur in women. After age 50 it affects both men and women equally. […] While the cause of FND is unclear, this condition and its symptoms are real. It causes serious distress and cannot be turned on and off at will. […] Symptoms usually last for days to weeks and may suddenly go away while others may last for years. The symptoms are usually not life threatening, but complications can be debilitating.
  • #24 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    Studies have shown that functional neurologic disorder in children is rare under age 5 and occurs most commonly during puberty and adolescence. […] The incidence of functional neurologic disorder in children is also largely population-based; one study conducted in Germany found the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 0.2%. In another study conducted in Australia, the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 2.3 to 4.2 per 100000 per year. Over ten years of age, girls demonstrated a three times more likely chance to develop functional neurologic disorder than boys.
  • #25 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    Studies have shown that functional neurologic disorder in children is rare under age 5 and occurs most commonly during puberty and adolescence. […] The incidence of functional neurologic disorder in children is also largely population-based; one study conducted in Germany found the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 0.2%. In another study conducted in Australia, the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 2.3 to 4.2 per 100000 per year. Over ten years of age, girls demonstrated a three times more likely chance to develop functional neurologic disorder than boys.
  • #26 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    Studies have shown that functional neurologic disorder in children is rare under age 5 and occurs most commonly during puberty and adolescence. […] The incidence of functional neurologic disorder in children is also largely population-based; one study conducted in Germany found the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 0.2%. In another study conducted in Australia, the rate of functional neurologic disorder in the pediatric population was 2.3 to 4.2 per 100000 per year. Over ten years of age, girls demonstrated a three times more likely chance to develop functional neurologic disorder than boys.
  • #27 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/
    The incidence of functional neurologic disorder depends largely on the populations studied. Akagi and House found that the average incidence of functional neurologic disorder across varying geographic settings was approximately 4 to 12 per 100000 per year. […] Population-based case registries would place the rate of functional neurologic disorder higher, at 50 per 100000 per year. The Scottish Neurologic Symptoms Study was a cohort study looking at 3781 individuals in an outpatient neurology setting; of these individuals, an estimated 5.6% had functional neurologic disorder. […] Research has revealed that adult women diagnosed with functional neurologic disorder outnumber adult men in a ratio ranging from 2 to 1 to 10 to 1. […] Patients of lower socioeconomic class and with less education have higher incidences of functional neurologic disorder.
  • #28 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805361-overview
    Conversion disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) is categorized under the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) category of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. […] Stefansson et al report that the annual incidence of conversion reactions is 22 cases per 100,000 persons per year in Monroe County, New York. However, the reported rates vary widely. […] Overall, conversion disorder is reported to be more common in rural populations, in individuals with lower socioeconomic status, lack of education, and low psychological sophistication. […] The increased rate of conversion in patients with a past history of sexual or physical abuse is well described. […] Women are more commonly diagnosed with conversion disorder. […] Stefansson et al report that the annual incidence is 11 cases per 100,000 persons per year in Iceland.
  • #29 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470
    Geographically, FND prevalence varies, with higher rates reported in industrialized nations compared to developing countries. This disparity may reflect differences in healthcare infrastructure, access to mental health services, cultural attitudes toward neurological and psychiatric conditions, and diagnostic practices. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors, such as low financial security, income, and educational attainment, have been associated with an increased risk of FND, highlighting the complex interplay between social determinants of health and disease susceptibility. […] The epidemiology of FND reveals its widespread impact, yet there remains a significant gap in understanding its precise mechanisms. This gap extends to the difficulties in differentiating FND from feigning or malingering, a challenge that has historically contributed to stigma and barriers in diagnosis and treatment. […] Neuroimaging studies have started to unveil the complex neural circuitry involved in FND, pointing towards a multi-network brain disorder implicating limbic, salience, self-agency, multimodal integration, and attentional and sensorimotor circuits.
  • #30 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470
    Geographically, FND prevalence varies, with higher rates reported in industrialized nations compared to developing countries. This disparity may reflect differences in healthcare infrastructure, access to mental health services, cultural attitudes toward neurological and psychiatric conditions, and diagnostic practices. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors, such as low financial security, income, and educational attainment, have been associated with an increased risk of FND, highlighting the complex interplay between social determinants of health and disease susceptibility. […] The epidemiology of FND reveals its widespread impact, yet there remains a significant gap in understanding its precise mechanisms. This gap extends to the difficulties in differentiating FND from feigning or malingering, a challenge that has historically contributed to stigma and barriers in diagnosis and treatment. […] Neuroimaging studies have started to unveil the complex neural circuitry involved in FND, pointing towards a multi-network brain disorder implicating limbic, salience, self-agency, multimodal integration, and attentional and sensorimotor circuits.
  • #31 Epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719864/
    The epidemiology of functional neurologic disorders (FND) is complex and has been hampered over the years by a lack of clear definition, with previous definitions struggling with an uneasy mix of both physical and psychologic components. […] On this basis, FND account for approximately 6% of neurology outpatient contacts and putative community incidence rates of 4-12 per 100 000 per annum. […] Comorbid neurologic disease occurs in around 10% of cases. […] The diagnosis is reliable, with revision rates less than 5%. […] FND symptoms are disabling and associated with significant distress. […] They are more common in women and have a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 50; however the presentation is common in men and throughout the lifespan. […] The issues surrounding case definition, ascertainment, misdiagnosis, and risk factors are discussed in detail.
  • #32 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder
    Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] There is a high comorbidity of other psychiatric conditions in FND that varies with age group and FND subtype. […] The annual incidence of FND is estimated to be 1.9 to 4 per 100,000 for PNES and 4 to 5 per 100,000 for FMD. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Accurate determination of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in FND is challenging for multiple reasons. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] Veterans with FMD have a 75% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Veterans with PNES have a 94% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and FND can be conceptualized as the consequence of insecure attachment, a state of general vulnerability to mental illness driven by maladaptive coping.
  • #33 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder
    Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] There is a high comorbidity of other psychiatric conditions in FND that varies with age group and FND subtype. […] The annual incidence of FND is estimated to be 1.9 to 4 per 100,000 for PNES and 4 to 5 per 100,000 for FMD. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Accurate determination of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in FND is challenging for multiple reasons. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] Veterans with FMD have a 75% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Veterans with PNES have a 94% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and FND can be conceptualized as the consequence of insecure attachment, a state of general vulnerability to mental illness driven by maladaptive coping.
  • #34 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder
    Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] There is a high comorbidity of other psychiatric conditions in FND that varies with age group and FND subtype. […] The annual incidence of FND is estimated to be 1.9 to 4 per 100,000 for PNES and 4 to 5 per 100,000 for FMD. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Accurate determination of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in FND is challenging for multiple reasons. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] Veterans with FMD have a 75% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Veterans with PNES have a 94% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and FND can be conceptualized as the consequence of insecure attachment, a state of general vulnerability to mental illness driven by maladaptive coping.
  • #35 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder
    Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] There is a high comorbidity of other psychiatric conditions in FND that varies with age group and FND subtype. […] The annual incidence of FND is estimated to be 1.9 to 4 per 100,000 for PNES and 4 to 5 per 100,000 for FMD. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Accurate determination of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in FND is challenging for multiple reasons. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] Veterans with FMD have a 75% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Veterans with PNES have a 94% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. […] Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and FND can be conceptualized as the consequence of insecure attachment, a state of general vulnerability to mental illness driven by maladaptive coping.
  • #36 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805361-overview
    Conversion disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) is categorized under the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) category of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. […] Stefansson et al report that the annual incidence of conversion reactions is 22 cases per 100,000 persons per year in Monroe County, New York. However, the reported rates vary widely. […] Overall, conversion disorder is reported to be more common in rural populations, in individuals with lower socioeconomic status, lack of education, and low psychological sophistication. […] The increased rate of conversion in patients with a past history of sexual or physical abuse is well described. […] Women are more commonly diagnosed with conversion disorder. […] Stefansson et al report that the annual incidence is 11 cases per 100,000 persons per year in Iceland.
  • #37 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020
    Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 […] The crude overall incidence rate of FND diagnoses among U.S. active component service members during 2000-2018 was 29.5 per 100,000 p-yrs, which is approximately 2.5-7.4 times higher than estimates reported for the general U.S. population. […] The overall rates of FND among service members with a history of depression or a history of PTSD were more than 10 times the rates among individuals without such a history. […] There was a total of 162 medical evacuations out of CENTCOM for FND during the study period. […] Additional data exploring the impact of FND diagnosis on readiness and force health protection are warranted. […] The overall incidence rate was 29.5 per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs), with the highest rates among women and individuals less than 20 years old. […] The overall median annual prevalence rate was 37.2 per 100,000 persons.
  • #38 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020?page=26
    The overall rate among service members with a history of depression was 10.1 times that of those without such a history (203.4 vs 20.1 per 100,000 p-yrs, respectively). […] Similarly, the overall rate among individuals with a history of PTSD was 12.9 times that of those without such a history (318.8 vs 24.7 per 100,000 p-yrs, respectively). […] The overall median annual prevalence rate of FND diagnoses during the study period was 37.2 cases per 100,000 persons. […] Prevalence rates were again higher among those who had no deployment history to OEF/OIF/OND compared to those who did (39.2 vs 33.5 per 100,000 persons), those with a history of depression compared to those without (298.3 vs 22.7 per 100,000 persons), and those with a history of PTSD compared to those without (560.5 vs 28.2 per 100,000 persons).
  • #39 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020?page=26
    The overall rate among service members with a history of depression was 10.1 times that of those without such a history (203.4 vs 20.1 per 100,000 p-yrs, respectively). […] Similarly, the overall rate among individuals with a history of PTSD was 12.9 times that of those without such a history (318.8 vs 24.7 per 100,000 p-yrs, respectively). […] The overall median annual prevalence rate of FND diagnoses during the study period was 37.2 cases per 100,000 persons. […] Prevalence rates were again higher among those who had no deployment history to OEF/OIF/OND compared to those who did (39.2 vs 33.5 per 100,000 persons), those with a history of depression compared to those without (298.3 vs 22.7 per 100,000 persons), and those with a history of PTSD compared to those without (560.5 vs 28.2 per 100,000 persons).
  • #40 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020
    Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 […] The crude overall incidence rate of FND diagnoses among U.S. active component service members during 2000-2018 was 29.5 per 100,000 p-yrs, which is approximately 2.5-7.4 times higher than estimates reported for the general U.S. population. […] The overall rates of FND among service members with a history of depression or a history of PTSD were more than 10 times the rates among individuals without such a history. […] There was a total of 162 medical evacuations out of CENTCOM for FND during the study period. […] Additional data exploring the impact of FND diagnosis on readiness and force health protection are warranted. […] The overall incidence rate was 29.5 per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs), with the highest rates among women and individuals less than 20 years old. […] The overall median annual prevalence rate was 37.2 per 100,000 persons.
  • #41 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020
    During 2000-2018, there were 7,644 incident cases of FND among active component service members, with a crude overall incidence rate of 29.5 cases per 100,000 p-yrs. […] The crude annual incidence rate of FND diagnoses was highest in 2012 (37.8 per 100,000 p-yrs) and lowest in 2003 (22.2 per 100,000 p-yrs). […] The overall median annual prevalence rate of FND diagnoses during the study period was 37.2 cases per 100,000 persons. […] Overall prevalence rates of FND diagnoses were higher among women compared to men (76.0 vs 30.1 per 100,000 persons, respectively). […] A total of 3,162 cases of FND were diagnosed within 1 year before military separation, accounting for 41.4% of total FND cases. […] The majority (4,482; 58.6%) of active component service members diagnosed with FND remained on active duty for longer than 365 days after their incident diagnoses. […] There were 162 medical evacuations out of CENTCOM for FND during the study period. […] A majority of medical evacuees for FND were male (84.6%) and 24 years old or younger (57.4%).
  • #42 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020
    Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 […] The crude overall incidence rate of FND diagnoses among U.S. active component service members during 2000-2018 was 29.5 per 100,000 p-yrs, which is approximately 2.5-7.4 times higher than estimates reported for the general U.S. population. […] The overall rates of FND among service members with a history of depression or a history of PTSD were more than 10 times the rates among individuals without such a history. […] There was a total of 162 medical evacuations out of CENTCOM for FND during the study period. […] Additional data exploring the impact of FND diagnosis on readiness and force health protection are warranted. […] The overall incidence rate was 29.5 per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs), with the highest rates among women and individuals less than 20 years old. […] The overall median annual prevalence rate was 37.2 per 100,000 persons.
  • #43 Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2018 | Health.mil
    https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Epidemiology-of-Functional-Neurological-2020
    During 2000-2018, there were 7,644 incident cases of FND among active component service members, with a crude overall incidence rate of 29.5 cases per 100,000 p-yrs. […] The crude annual incidence rate of FND diagnoses was highest in 2012 (37.8 per 100,000 p-yrs) and lowest in 2003 (22.2 per 100,000 p-yrs). […] The overall median annual prevalence rate of FND diagnoses during the study period was 37.2 cases per 100,000 persons. […] Overall prevalence rates of FND diagnoses were higher among women compared to men (76.0 vs 30.1 per 100,000 persons, respectively). […] A total of 3,162 cases of FND were diagnosed within 1 year before military separation, accounting for 41.4% of total FND cases. […] The majority (4,482; 58.6%) of active component service members diagnosed with FND remained on active duty for longer than 365 days after their incident diagnoses. […] There were 162 medical evacuations out of CENTCOM for FND during the study period. […] A majority of medical evacuees for FND were male (84.6%) and 24 years old or younger (57.4%).
  • #44 Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.24126
    Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a type of functional neurological disorder that is common but often difficult to diagnose or manage. […] Studies have reported that FMD accounts for approximately 3% to 8% of movement disorder clinic visits. […] A recent cross-sectional study found an increased incidence of FMD in both children and adults during the relatively recent COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the role of psychological and environmental stressors in the development of this disorder. […] The mean age at onset of FMD has been reported to range from 46 years to 53 years, with a female preponderance. […] A retrospective analysis of 199 patients seen from movement disorders centers at academic referral sites revealed that the prevalence of FMD was 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men.
  • #45 Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.24126
    Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a type of functional neurological disorder that is common but often difficult to diagnose or manage. […] Studies have reported that FMD accounts for approximately 3% to 8% of movement disorder clinic visits. […] A recent cross-sectional study found an increased incidence of FMD in both children and adults during the relatively recent COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the role of psychological and environmental stressors in the development of this disorder. […] The mean age at onset of FMD has been reported to range from 46 years to 53 years, with a female preponderance. […] A retrospective analysis of 199 patients seen from movement disorders centers at academic referral sites revealed that the prevalence of FMD was 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men.
  • #46 Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.24126
    Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a type of functional neurological disorder that is common but often difficult to diagnose or manage. […] Studies have reported that FMD accounts for approximately 3% to 8% of movement disorder clinic visits. […] A recent cross-sectional study found an increased incidence of FMD in both children and adults during the relatively recent COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the role of psychological and environmental stressors in the development of this disorder. […] The mean age at onset of FMD has been reported to range from 46 years to 53 years, with a female preponderance. […] A retrospective analysis of 199 patients seen from movement disorders centers at academic referral sites revealed that the prevalence of FMD was 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men.
  • #47 Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.24126
    A recent meta-analysis of 4,905 patients revealed that FMD peaks in midlife for all phenotypes, but those with functional dystonia and weakness are younger, whereas those with gait disorders are older. […] Several risk factors for FMD have been reported, including childhood trauma or psychiatric symptoms/illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and somatization. […] While most of the literature on FMD pertains to the adult population, there are some data on FMD in the pediatric population. […] The prevalence of childhood FMD has been reported to be lower than that of adult FMD, ranging from 2.8% to 23.1%, with a female preponderance in most studies.
  • #48 Incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2025/01/24/jnnp-2024-334767
    Epidemiological data, including both incidence and prevalence, can help determine how resources should be allocated in managing specific diseases and disorders. […] A systematic review found mean annual costs related to FND to lie somewhere between US$5000 and US$87000 per patient or US$1.2 billion in annual emergency department and inpatient costs in the USA, suggesting that FND is associated with high healthcare utilisation. […] However, cost estimates and appropriate resource allocation for FND have been hampered by the fact that robust epidemiological data regarding population incidence and prevalence of this disorder are sparse, with no contemporary systematic reviews attempting to synthesise what data are available. […] To address this gap in knowledge, we aimed to systematically review the available incidence and prevalence data on FND at a population level in order to make a determination regarding the minimum incidence and prevalence of this disorder, exploring sources of heterogeneity between estimates.
  • #49 Functional neurological disorders: an Australian interdisciplinary perspective | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/216/10/functional-neurological-disorders-australian-interdisciplinary-perspective
    The NSW Health Admitted Patient Collection 2001-2016 includes an average of 566 patients with ICD code F44 per year for the entire state. […] The direct health care utilisation costs related to FND are high (eg, in 2019, the estimated cost in the United States was US$900 million), with delayed diagnosis, recurrent health care visits and repeated investigations all contributing. […] Australian specific data on health care utilisation are sparse, but a Victorian cohort of patients with nonepileptic seizure (undergoing video electroencephalogram between 2009 and 2014) reported median prediagnosis health care utilisation costs per patient of AU$26468. […] An Australian consortium of FND clinics is needed to allow prospective collection of accurate epidemiological and resource utilisation data to inform health administrators and government bodies regarding the need for further investment to address ongoing gaps and inequities in FND care.
  • #50 Functional Neurological Disorder: Historical Trends and Urgent Directions | Velazquez-Rodriquez | Journal of Neurology Research
    https://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/view/754/722
    The objective was to identify the gaps in understanding and management of functional neurological disorders (FNDs) that could be negatively impacting its incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and preventive tools. […] Despite clear findings steaming from epidemiological, functional imaging, and clinical studies, FND outcomes and prognosis remain suboptimal. […] The worldwide distribution of FND has been rapidly increasing. The incidence rate of FND between 1976 and 2010 was 4 to 12 per 100,000 patients per year and the prevalence was 50 per 100,000 population. […] In 2010, FND was found to be the second most common reason for new outpatient neurological evaluation. […] In 2021, a study suggested that TikTok and social media could be contributing to the spread of FND. […] The most studied pediatric FND subpopulation, functional seizures (FS), have a high frequency of preexisting and newly diagnosed psychiatric disorders.
  • #51 Functional Neurological Disorder: Historical Trends and Urgent Directions | Velazquez-Rodriquez | Journal of Neurology Research
    https://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/view/754/722
    The objective was to identify the gaps in understanding and management of functional neurological disorders (FNDs) that could be negatively impacting its incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and preventive tools. […] Despite clear findings steaming from epidemiological, functional imaging, and clinical studies, FND outcomes and prognosis remain suboptimal. […] The worldwide distribution of FND has been rapidly increasing. The incidence rate of FND between 1976 and 2010 was 4 to 12 per 100,000 patients per year and the prevalence was 50 per 100,000 population. […] In 2010, FND was found to be the second most common reason for new outpatient neurological evaluation. […] In 2021, a study suggested that TikTok and social media could be contributing to the spread of FND. […] The most studied pediatric FND subpopulation, functional seizures (FS), have a high frequency of preexisting and newly diagnosed psychiatric disorders.
  • #52 Functional Neurological Disorder: Historical Trends and Urgent Directions | Velazquez-Rodriquez | Journal of Neurology Research
    https://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/view/754/722
    The objective was to identify the gaps in understanding and management of functional neurological disorders (FNDs) that could be negatively impacting its incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and preventive tools. […] Despite clear findings steaming from epidemiological, functional imaging, and clinical studies, FND outcomes and prognosis remain suboptimal. […] The worldwide distribution of FND has been rapidly increasing. The incidence rate of FND between 1976 and 2010 was 4 to 12 per 100,000 patients per year and the prevalence was 50 per 100,000 population. […] In 2010, FND was found to be the second most common reason for new outpatient neurological evaluation. […] In 2021, a study suggested that TikTok and social media could be contributing to the spread of FND. […] The most studied pediatric FND subpopulation, functional seizures (FS), have a high frequency of preexisting and newly diagnosed psychiatric disorders.
  • #53 Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.24126
    Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a type of functional neurological disorder that is common but often difficult to diagnose or manage. […] Studies have reported that FMD accounts for approximately 3% to 8% of movement disorder clinic visits. […] A recent cross-sectional study found an increased incidence of FMD in both children and adults during the relatively recent COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the role of psychological and environmental stressors in the development of this disorder. […] The mean age at onset of FMD has been reported to range from 46 years to 53 years, with a female preponderance. […] A retrospective analysis of 199 patients seen from movement disorders centers at academic referral sites revealed that the prevalence of FMD was 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men.
  • #54 Epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719864/
    The epidemiology of functional neurologic disorders (FND) is complex and has been hampered over the years by a lack of clear definition, with previous definitions struggling with an uneasy mix of both physical and psychologic components. […] On this basis, FND account for approximately 6% of neurology outpatient contacts and putative community incidence rates of 4-12 per 100 000 per annum. […] Comorbid neurologic disease occurs in around 10% of cases. […] The diagnosis is reliable, with revision rates less than 5%. […] FND symptoms are disabling and associated with significant distress. […] They are more common in women and have a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 50; however the presentation is common in men and throughout the lifespan. […] The issues surrounding case definition, ascertainment, misdiagnosis, and risk factors are discussed in detail.
  • #55 Epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27719864/
    The epidemiology of functional neurologic disorders (FND) is complex and has been hampered over the years by a lack of clear definition, with previous definitions struggling with an uneasy mix of both physical and psychologic components. […] On this basis, FND account for approximately 6% of neurology outpatient contacts and putative community incidence rates of 4-12 per 100 000 per annum. […] Comorbid neurologic disease occurs in around 10% of cases. […] The diagnosis is reliable, with revision rates less than 5%. […] FND symptoms are disabling and associated with significant distress. […] They are more common in women and have a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 50; however the presentation is common in men and throughout the lifespan. […] The issues surrounding case definition, ascertainment, misdiagnosis, and risk factors are discussed in detail.
  • #56 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder
    Conversion disorder isn’t a life-threatening or outright dangerous condition. However, it can greatly affect your overall mental health and well-being. People with conversion disorder often have severe problems that keep them from working or participating in enjoyable activities. […] Many people with conversion disorder also struggle with how they feel about their condition and how others treat them. It’s common for people with conversion disorder to feel as if nobody believes them or that people think they’re faking or lying. Often, feeling that nobody believes them or accusations of lying especially when this involves healthcare providers keep people from seeking care that could help them.
  • #57 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder
    Conversion disorder isn’t a life-threatening or outright dangerous condition. However, it can greatly affect your overall mental health and well-being. People with conversion disorder often have severe problems that keep them from working or participating in enjoyable activities. […] Many people with conversion disorder also struggle with how they feel about their condition and how others treat them. It’s common for people with conversion disorder to feel as if nobody believes them or that people think they’re faking or lying. Often, feeling that nobody believes them or accusations of lying especially when this involves healthcare providers keep people from seeking care that could help them.
  • #58 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder
    Conversion disorder isn’t a life-threatening or outright dangerous condition. However, it can greatly affect your overall mental health and well-being. People with conversion disorder often have severe problems that keep them from working or participating in enjoyable activities. […] Many people with conversion disorder also struggle with how they feel about their condition and how others treat them. It’s common for people with conversion disorder to feel as if nobody believes them or that people think they’re faking or lying. Often, feeling that nobody believes them or accusations of lying especially when this involves healthcare providers keep people from seeking care that could help them.
  • #59 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder
    Functional neurological symptom disorder better known as conversion disorder is a mental health condition that causes physical symptoms. […] Conversion disorder can affect people throughout their life, including during childhood. Certain symptoms are more likely at different ages. […] How common is conversion disorder? Conversion disorder isn’t a common problem. Experts estimate that 4 to 12 people out of every 100,000 receive a diagnosis of conversion disorder each year. […] Conversion disorder is a mental health condition that happens unpredictably. Because of that, there’s no way to prevent it or reduce your risk of developing it. […] Conversion disorder can last different lengths of time, depending on several factors. Those factors include when it happens in your life, how severe it is and whether or not you receive care for the condition. An acute case is one where you’ve had symptoms for under six months. A persistent case is one where symptoms last for more than six months.
  • #60 Functional Neurological Disorder: Historical Trends and Urgent Directions | Velazquez-Rodriquez | Journal of Neurology Research
    https://www.neurores.org/index.php/neurores/article/view/754/722
    Patients with FS and functional epilepsy (FE) have an increased risk of death. […] The FND population incurs high inpatient and outpatient healthcare expenditures, due to frequent primary care, specialty, emergency room evaluations, and hospital admissions. […] FND has triggered BBC, CNN, and other media platforms interest. […] There is little data to guide the prevention of FND. […] A review of FND risk factors, incidence, financial, social impacts, and mortality, suggests the need to consider many factors to optimize FND management. […] Given the rapidly increasing incidence of FND and its presentation to multiple specialties, we are of the opinion that a biographically focused biopsychosocial-spiritual model is needed across medical practices. […] The prognosis of FND remains poor, with disability persisting or worsening over time, and with many patients experiencing severe symptoms despite treatment. […] The creation of a comprehensive, pathologically focused, multi-network treatment algorithm is not a simple task and must be designed through multidisciplinary collaborative efforts, overcoming the detrimental effects of medical specialists separateness in FND management.
  • #61 Incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
    https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2025/01/24/jnnp-2024-334767
    Robust epidemiological data regarding population incidence and prevalence of functional neurological disorder (FND) would be helpful with regards to resource allocation and planning for this disorder, particularly given high symptom burden and high healthcare utilisation. […] Thirty-nine articles were included. Nineteen reported on FND incidence, 21 reported on prevalence. […] The incidence of FND was estimated at 1022/100 000, while minimum prevalence of FND was estimated at 80140/100 000, with a possible range of 501600/100 000. […] The range of incidence and prevalence varies widely across studies, with significant heterogeneity among studies and most studies likely provide underestimates due to methodological challenges. […] Given that FND appears to be more prevalent than many other well-known and well-funded neurological disorders, incidence and prevalence data suggested here indicate the need for greater research and clinical funding allocation to FND programmes.