Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355197

  Functional neurologic disorder is a newer and broader term that includes what some people call conversion disorder features nervous system (neurological) symptoms that can’t be explained by a neurological disease or other medical condition. […] Early diagnosis and treatment, especially education about the condition, can help with recovery. […] If the diagnosis is functional neurologic disorder, treatment may improve the symptoms and help prevent future problems. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for patients with a functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder): An integrated approach.

• #2 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #3 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #4 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355197

  Functional neurologic disorder is a newer and broader term that includes what some people call conversion disorder features nervous system (neurological) symptoms that can’t be explained by a neurological disease or other medical condition. […] Early diagnosis and treatment, especially education about the condition, can help with recovery. […] If the diagnosis is functional neurologic disorder, treatment may improve the symptoms and help prevent future problems. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for patients with a functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder): An integrated approach.

• #5 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #6 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  PATIENTS BENEFIT THE MOST FROM MULTIDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT. […] FND treatment can begin once a patients symptoms are validated, and the patient is diagnosed. The aim of FND treatment is to retrain the brain, for example by unlearning abnormal and dysfunctional movement patterns that have developed and relearning normal movement. […] Most experts advocate a multidisciplinary approach to FND treatment because of the variety of symptoms the disorder encompasses. Multidisciplinary treatment means that a range of medical specialties will be involved in treatment. These specialties can include neurology, physiotherapy, psychiatry/psychology, occupational therapy or any other specialty that patients may benefit. Ultimately, the best approach allows treatment to be tailored to the individual. […] Evidence is now emerging for the effectiveness of certain FND treatments, especially physiotherapy (for motor symptoms) and psychotherapy (for attacks or seizures) that have been specifically tailored for FND.

• #7 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  For effective and sympathetic FND treatment, it is critical to acknowledge that FND is a genuine disorder in which symptoms are experienced as out of the persons control. […] Sometimes treatment occurs in the setting of multidisciplinary rehabilitation where people with FND are often admitted to hospital for a period of time (for example 4-6 weeks) to have regular CBT, specialist physiotherapy and occupational therapy. […] Physiotherapy can also be useful, particularly for people with motor symptoms (e.g. weakness, muscle spasms, tremor). The treatment is based on the idea that the movement symptoms are caused by an abnormal learned pattern of movement that the brain has learned and therefore retraining may be able to replace this pattern with normal movement. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the psychological therapy most commonly suggested for people with FND.

• #8 Functional Neurological Disorder Program | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/fnd.html

  Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is used to describe neurologic symptoms incompatible with an established medical illness. […] The Functional Neurological Disorder Program in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford treats patients suffering from FND with a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. […] Clients receive a clinical evaluation resulting in an individualized treatment plan. […] Virtual, designed specifically for clients with FND. […] Patients completing time-limited FND treatment at Stanford or unable to participate with on-site therapy will receive treatment plans designed around the local resources available to the client. […] Physical and occupational therapists utilize a therapy protocol designed specifically for functional movement disorders and paralysis.

• #9 Functional Neurological Disorder Program | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/fnd.html

  A collaboration with Stanford, the FND Day Program is a specialized treatment track within La Selva’s state-of-the-art residential, partial hospitalization (PHP) and intensive outpatient programs (IOP). […] All programs require a diagnosis of FND or conversion disorder by a neurologist with supportive documentation. […] Patients are offered an opportunity to participate in national and international studies investigating FND diagnosis and treatment throughout the process of evaluation and treatment. […] Our team created the two educational videos below. In these videos, we used clinical neuroscience in discussing the diagnosis of FND and treatment options.

• #10 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  For effective and sympathetic FND treatment, it is critical to acknowledge that FND is a genuine disorder in which symptoms are experienced as out of the persons control. […] Sometimes treatment occurs in the setting of multidisciplinary rehabilitation where people with FND are often admitted to hospital for a period of time (for example 4-6 weeks) to have regular CBT, specialist physiotherapy and occupational therapy. […] Physiotherapy can also be useful, particularly for people with motor symptoms (e.g. weakness, muscle spasms, tremor). The treatment is based on the idea that the movement symptoms are caused by an abnormal learned pattern of movement that the brain has learned and therefore retraining may be able to replace this pattern with normal movement. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the psychological therapy most commonly suggested for people with FND.

• #11 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Functional neurologic disorder cannot truly be considered a diagnosis of exclusion, but diagnosis relies on the clinician to exclude major neurologic diseases and to look for inconsistencies on an exam, as well as clinical signs and symptoms that are not characteristic of organic disorders. […] The first step in the treatment of functional neurologic disorder involves an effective presentation of the diagnosis to the patient. General recommendations are that the clinician does not reveal the diagnosis during the first encounter. Instead, it is essential to build a strong therapeutic alliance with the patient. […] Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment in most cases of functional neurologic disorder. Different types of therapy can be useful, but the most effective throughout the literature seems to be cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

• #12 Functional Neurological Disorders: Exploring Unmet Needs – UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://physicianresources.utswmed.org/news/functional-neurological-disorders-exploring-unmet-needs

  Importantly, prompt diagnosis allows for more rapid implementation of appropriate evidence-based interventions. The mainstay of treatment, Dr. Lane notes, is psychotherapy and rehabilitative therapies, including physical, occupational, and speech therapies. Medications can have a role in the management of co-occurring conditions, including depression, trauma-related disorders, and anxiety. […] Multidisciplinary treatment teams are fundamental to the successful care of patients with an FND, Dr. Lane says. As is often noted in the literature, treatment begins with diagnosis. Assuring patients that their symptoms are real and brain-based, providing a helpful metaphor such as FND being a software rather than a hardware problem, and delivering the diagnosis with compassion, empathy, and confidence are all critical to setting a patient on the right treatment trajectory.

• #13 From conversion disorders to functional neurological disorders. Overcoming the rule-out diagnosis? | Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-colombiana-psiquiatria-english-edition–479-articulo-from-conversion-disorders-functional-neurological-S2530312019300281

  Functional neurological disorders, formerly referred to as conversion disorders, are a frequent clinical problem in neurology, psychiatry and primary care departments. […] The new proposed diagnosis for functional neurological disorders provides the opportunity to transform a diagnosis made by ruling out other pathologies to a diagnosis where the presence of neurological signs suggestive of the disorder are verified and can be taught to the patient, and based on them, treatment strategies posed. […] The importance of neurologists in the teams who evaluate these patients is increasingly insisted upon. […] Once the diagnosis is clear, its nature should be communicated appropriately to the patient. […] The objectives of the psychiatrist and psychologist include identifying comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, dissociation, use of substances or abuse, for which the specific treatments that each case requires will be indicated, such as psychotropic drugs and/or psychotherapy.

• #14 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  All members of the treatment team must provide a unified message to a patient with functional movement disorder for treatment success. Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder Restart Program Play Program Media formats available: […] Functional movement disorder (FMD) may be the most common functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND), representing a significant therapeutic challenge for healthcare providers. […] Persons with FMD are often significantly disabled by their condition and best served by an interdisciplinary approach, with collaboration among neurology, rehabilitation, psychiatry, psychology, and social work professionals. […] Communicating a clear, unambiguous diagnosis of FMD to the patient is a key therapeutic step. […] With these barriers in mind, communication frameworks for diagnosis of FND have been developed.

• #15 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #16 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy. Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] Speech therapy. If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction or distraction techniques. Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #17 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Another first-line treatment that clinicians should offer in conjunction with CBT is physical therapy. This approach is more useful for functional motor symptoms and helps patients feel as though their clinical team takes their symptoms seriously. […] Pharmacotherapy is most effective when there is a comorbid mental illness, such as anxiety or depression. […] Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) may be beneficial for patients with functional neurologic disorder, though no published control studies have been published. […] One of the most critical aspects of treatment in functional neurologic disorder is frequent follow-up appointments with all involved clinicians. Frequent follow-up prevents the patient from visiting other facilities, such as urgent care or the emergency department.

• #18 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  For effective and sympathetic FND treatment, it is critical to acknowledge that FND is a genuine disorder in which symptoms are experienced as out of the persons control. […] Sometimes treatment occurs in the setting of multidisciplinary rehabilitation where people with FND are often admitted to hospital for a period of time (for example 4-6 weeks) to have regular CBT, specialist physiotherapy and occupational therapy. […] Physiotherapy can also be useful, particularly for people with motor symptoms (e.g. weakness, muscle spasms, tremor). The treatment is based on the idea that the movement symptoms are caused by an abnormal learned pattern of movement that the brain has learned and therefore retraining may be able to replace this pattern with normal movement. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the psychological therapy most commonly suggested for people with FND.

• #19 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] Speech interventions for FSD start with imitation of simple sounds or words with gradual increase in complexity to natural reading or conversational speech, similar to the approach for motor reprogramming of the extremities. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP).

• #20 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  Other treatments that may help include: […] Physical therapy. The symptoms of conversion disorder may start with mental health, but the physical effects are still real. Physical therapy can help people with conversion disorder recover from or adapt to the physical symptoms. […] Medication. When conversion disorder happens alongside other conditions, such as depression or anxiety, medications for those conditions can help conversion disorder symptoms also. […] Biofeedback. Biofeedback is an alternative medicine approach that teaches people to change the way their bodies function. Its a mind-body therapy that may improve your physical and mental health. During a biofeedback session, your provider uses monitoring equipment and instruments to measure your bodys functions. Based on feedback from the instruments, your provider suggests how you can create physiologic changes. With education and practice, you can learn to make those bodily changes without equipment.

• #21 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Physical therapy or physiotherapy (PT) is a healthcare discipline focused on helping individuals regain or improve their physical abilities and movements. […] As per the article titled Physical therapies (physiotherapy occupational therapy) by FND Hope, physiotherapy is beneficial for individuals experiencing symptoms that impact voluntary movement, such as weakness, tremors, dystonia, and issues related to walking and balance. […] Certain studies have indicated that physical rehabilitation, tailored to understanding FND, has led to symptom improvement in approximately 60 to 70 percent of individuals. […] Hypnosis is the induction of a trance-like state to enhance focus, concentration, and suggestibility in an individual. […] Hypnosis is especially beneficial in treating individuals with speech or sensory loss.

• #22 Conversion disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/conversion-disorder/

  Currently, the diagnosis of FNSD is not specifically an indication for any pharmacotherapy. No placebo-controlled randomized trials exist to date. Evidence for antidepressants only comes from a few uncontrolled studies. However, conditions related to FNSD should be treated. For example, if the patient has underlying depression, anxiety, or seizures, then those conditions should be treated. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment in functional neurological disorders to include psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. CBT uses strategies between a therapist and patient to give them techniques relevant to their daily life that they can progressively implement with a goal of becoming more autonomous with these strategies. […] Benefit has been noted for as long as a year after three weeks of inpatient physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT). This was assessed in a randomized control trial with 60 patients with a disabling walking gait who had been experiencing symptoms for 1-48 months. Patients exhibited a statistically significant lasting increase in FIMS score, decreased need for assistive devices, and increased physical quality of life at 12 months.

• #23 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Physical therapy or physiotherapy (PT) is a healthcare discipline focused on helping individuals regain or improve their physical abilities and movements. […] As per the article titled Physical therapies (physiotherapy occupational therapy) by FND Hope, physiotherapy is beneficial for individuals experiencing symptoms that impact voluntary movement, such as weakness, tremors, dystonia, and issues related to walking and balance. […] Certain studies have indicated that physical rehabilitation, tailored to understanding FND, has led to symptom improvement in approximately 60 to 70 percent of individuals. […] Hypnosis is the induction of a trance-like state to enhance focus, concentration, and suggestibility in an individual. […] Hypnosis is especially beneficial in treating individuals with speech or sensory loss.

• #24 Treatment – FND Action

  https://www.fndaction.org.uk/treatment/

  Occupational Therapy supports people in managing daily activities, energy levels, and adjusting tasks or environments to suit their needs. […] Speech and Language Therapy helps with communication difficulties and swallowing problems that may arise in some types of FND. […] Psychological Therapies may include: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-based approaches, EMDR (for those with trauma histories), Other talking therapies. These treatments are not because FND is all in the mind but because they can help re-establish brain-body connections and improve regulation of symptoms. […] Medication may help manage co-existing symptoms such as pain, sleep disturbances, or emotional health difficulties. There is no specific medication for FND itself. […] FND Action advocate that everyone diagnosed with Functional Neurological Disorder should have their health managed by a consistent primary care provider while symptomatic. This provider should work collaboratively with other professionals to support care, in line with the NICE Quality Standard QS198 on suspected neurological conditions and the Patient Experience in Adult NHS Services (QS15) both of which highlight the importance of coordinated, respectful, and timely care.

• #25 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy. Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] Speech therapy. If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction or distraction techniques. Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #26 Functional Neurologic Disorders Program | Integrated outpatient treatment | Los Angeles

  https://www.reactivept.com/fnd

  Meet the re+active team. re+active has been working with people with Functional Neurological disorder for 12 years and specializes in an outpatient integrated approach for kids (aged 12 and above) and adults. […] We believe you and believe in you. We will go on the journey with you to help you restore confidence and control symptoms, find hope and support to live a full life. […] Our transdisciplinary program includes: Physical therapy with an emphasis on sensory, motor and autonomic control. […] Occupational therapy with a focus on lifestyle interventions. […] Mental health support therapy for regaining control and improving emotional and cognitive brain health. […] The amount of therapy depends on the person. We have had the most success in an intensive outpatient program 3-5 days per week for a minimum of two weeks.

• #27 Interdisciplinary Functional Neurological Disorder Treatment Program

  https://www.uabmedicine.org/specialties/interdisciplinary-functional-neurological-disorder-treatment-program/

  If a referral to outpatient rehabilitation services is needed, physical therapists may help retrain physical symptoms and provide exercises to work on at home, and speech pathologists focus on symptoms related to speech, language, and swallowing. Occupational therapists may help patients retrain their physical or cognitive symptoms and regain skills related to the daily activities of living, such as cooking, grooming, and dressing.

• #28 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  Other treatments that may help include: […] Physical therapy. The symptoms of conversion disorder may start with mental health, but the physical effects are still real. Physical therapy can help people with conversion disorder recover from or adapt to the physical symptoms. […] Medication. When conversion disorder happens alongside other conditions, such as depression or anxiety, medications for those conditions can help conversion disorder symptoms also. […] Biofeedback. Biofeedback is an alternative medicine approach that teaches people to change the way their bodies function. Its a mind-body therapy that may improve your physical and mental health. During a biofeedback session, your provider uses monitoring equipment and instruments to measure your bodys functions. Based on feedback from the instruments, your provider suggests how you can create physiologic changes. With education and practice, you can learn to make those bodily changes without equipment.

• #29 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy. Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] Speech therapy. If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction or distraction techniques. Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #30 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  The diagnosis of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) encompasses a wide range of problems, many of which can benefit from not only physical/physiotherapy, but other therapies such as occupational therapy and speech therapy as well. […] Pain is very commonly associated with FND and often leads to people taking high quantities of medication. These drugs usually dull the pain to some extent, but they rarely reduce it significantly.

• #31 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] Speech interventions for FSD start with imitation of simple sounds or words with gradual increase in complexity to natural reading or conversational speech, similar to the approach for motor reprogramming of the extremities. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP).

• #32 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Psychological therapy can be helpful to many people with FND, even those without stress in their lives. It can help you gain a better understanding of FND and its relationship to your personal circumstances. There are specific psychological techniques which can help you gain better control over movement or seizure symptoms. Psychological therapy can also help you learn to manage low mood, anxiety and past traumatic events, as well as other psychological problems (if present). Not everyone with FND will need psychological therapy. […] Speech and language therapists are available to help if you’re struggling with speaking or swallowing. They have a range of techniques to try, designed to help with specific problems. These might include helping you to shape certain sounds, or to practice breathing patterns as you try to talk.

• #33 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: […] Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #34 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Functional neurologic disorder cannot truly be considered a diagnosis of exclusion, but diagnosis relies on the clinician to exclude major neurologic diseases and to look for inconsistencies on an exam, as well as clinical signs and symptoms that are not characteristic of organic disorders. […] The first step in the treatment of functional neurologic disorder involves an effective presentation of the diagnosis to the patient. General recommendations are that the clinician does not reveal the diagnosis during the first encounter. Instead, it is essential to build a strong therapeutic alliance with the patient. […] Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment in most cases of functional neurologic disorder. Different types of therapy can be useful, but the most effective throughout the literature seems to be cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

• #35 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  Conversion disorder is often treatable through various types of therapy. […] Treating the mental health component with some form of psychotherapy (mental health therapy) is usually the first approach. Its also usually the most successful approach. The most common types of psychotherapy include: […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is the most common type of therapy recommended. Experts also consider it the most likely to work. […] Hypnotherapy. This is usually a second option for types of therapy. It may be especially helpful when the symptoms of conversion disorder affect your ability to speak or any of your senses. […] Group or family therapy. Shared therapy experiences can help people with conversion disorder. Group therapy can help people with this condition connect with others who have similar struggles. Family therapy can help loved ones understand the condition and offer support.

• #36 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Psychiatric treatment options may include: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). A type of psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps you become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking so that you can view situations more clearly and respond to them in a more effective way. can also help you learn how to better manage stressful life situations and symptoms. This may be particularly beneficial if your symptoms include nonepileptic seizures. Other types of psychotherapy may be helpful if you have interpersonal problems or a history of trauma or abuse. […] Treating other mental health conditions. Anxiety, depression or other mental health disorders can worsen symptoms of functional neurologic disorder. Treating mental health conditions along with functional neurologic disorder can help recovery.

• #37 Conversion Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-conversion-disorder

  Stress reduction or distraction techniques: Your symptoms may improve when you don’t focus on them. A counselor or other trained expert can help you find ways to distract yourself, such as texting a friend or tapping a part of your body. […] Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS): For instance, magnetic fields outside your body can activate nerve cells in your brain and help improve depression and anxiety. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy: This type of therapy is often used to treat conversion disorder. It helps you learn to spot and change negative thought patterns that affect what you do. […] Treating other mental health conditions: For instance, about one-third of people with conversion disorder have major depression. Treating the depression could lessen your physical symptoms.

• #38 Management of Functional Neurological Disorders (FND): Experience from a Swiss FND Clinic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/6/1/2

  Whenever possible, physiotherapy is organized internally in our institution, especially if symptoms are complex or severe. […] Psychotherapy is an important part of the interdisciplinary treatment. […] Scientific studies prove the beneficial effect of psychotherapeutic interventions in functional movement disorders and functional non-epileptic seizures (PNES). […] In functional non-epileptic seizures, for example, we work together with the patients towards identifying prodromal symptoms and triggers of their seizures at a behavioral, physiological, and cognitive level. […] Psychotherapy is an important treatment of FND: Goldstein and colleagues (2010) showed a significant reduction in seizure frequency and a higher probability of seizure-free time in the following three months in patients who received CBT compared with those receiving standard medical care. […] Improved pathophysiological understanding of FND and development of specialized centers have highlighted the benefit of specific in- and out-patient treatment approaches for patients with FND.

• #39 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/conversion-disorder-management

  Conversion disorder is, in a way, a treatment on its own for psychological or emotional stresses. A sort of protective mechanism, conversion disorder is thought to be your body’s way of helping you to dissociate or cope with difficult situations or events. […] Dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness, and other therapies that focus on recognizing and accepting the disorder are used most often and most effectively for treating conversion disorder. […] In a 2018 case report, cognitive and behavioral therapy that focused on tolerating stress, regulating emotions, and other coping skills decreased seizures by about 60%. The report also found that these treatments eliminated symptoms completely in about 30% of people who had seizures from conversion disorder. […] There are no specific medications to treat the disorder, but several therapies may help: occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

• #40 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] Speech interventions for FSD start with imitation of simple sounds or words with gradual increase in complexity to natural reading or conversational speech, similar to the approach for motor reprogramming of the extremities. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP).

• #41 On the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Conversion Disorder

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychoanalytic-treatment-conversion-disorder

  While psychiatric medications may be used to address overlapping comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for CD. Studies have found benefit from short-term cognitive and both short- and long-term psychodynamic treatments. Patients who receive longer term psychotherapy generally improve more in terms of overall functioning than those provided short-term cognitive therapy. Patients who are able to consider the possibility that symptoms are related to underlying psychical conflict tend to improve more significantly and may have complete remission of conversion symptoms. […] Psychoanalytic approaches aim for the development of reflective function, construction of the narrative about oneself (including, but not limited to, the role of the conversion symptom), development of greater awareness of unconscious conflict, and capacity for self-analysis. Given that many patients with CD have histories of childhood trauma, care should be taken to avoid exposing the patient to excessive regression and decompensation, which may occur with frequent sessions and intense negative transferences.

• #42 Conversion Disorders Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287464-treatment

  Avoid invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. […] No specific pharmacologic therapy is available for conversion disorder; however, medications for comorbid mood and anxiety disorders should be considered. Care should be taken to avoid dependence-producing psychotropic agents. […] Physical therapy may be warranted and is often helpful in providing the patient an ego-syntonic way out as they are being provided a benign treatment to which they can respond and improve. […] The best evidence for treatment of conversion is with cognitive behavioral therapy. A review of available data is encouraging for use of this modality across a broad spectrum of somatoform disorders. […] A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of conversion disorder is beneficial. […] Psychiatric treatments that have demonstrated effectiveness include the following: Insight Oriented Supportive therapy: Offers the client support and helps the patient to gain insight into their condition and possible triggers. Behavioral therapy: Examines the patient’s symptoms and teaches techniques to help them better cope and alleviate the symptoms (eg, biofeedback techniques). This is ideal for those lacking intelligence and insight. Psychodynamic therapy: This may be used further in the treatment process as a means to help the patient gain insight. […] Whatever the type of therapy, the most important element is a good relationship with a confident, supportive therapist.

• #43 On the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Conversion Disorder

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychoanalytic-treatment-conversion-disorder

  While psychiatric medications may be used to address overlapping comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for CD. Studies have found benefit from short-term cognitive and both short- and long-term psychodynamic treatments. Patients who receive longer term psychotherapy generally improve more in terms of overall functioning than those provided short-term cognitive therapy. Patients who are able to consider the possibility that symptoms are related to underlying psychical conflict tend to improve more significantly and may have complete remission of conversion symptoms. […] Psychoanalytic approaches aim for the development of reflective function, construction of the narrative about oneself (including, but not limited to, the role of the conversion symptom), development of greater awareness of unconscious conflict, and capacity for self-analysis. Given that many patients with CD have histories of childhood trauma, care should be taken to avoid exposing the patient to excessive regression and decompensation, which may occur with frequent sessions and intense negative transferences.

• #44 On the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Conversion Disorder

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychoanalytic-treatment-conversion-disorder

  Regarding the conversion symptom itself, the therapist should express warm interest in the patients experience without either excessive attention to or avoidance of the symptom. Attempts to avoid the symptom altogether in the hope that it will resolve with neglect are doomed to fail. Clinicians should not challenge the patient on the reality of the symptom; while there may not be any organic explanation for it, the symptom is, in fact, very real and distressing to the patient. […] Kaplan writes that traumatic experiences that do not directly involve perpetration by the maternal caretaker (including the mothers refusal to acknowledge and stop the abuse) are more workable than other traumas in the psychotherapy of CD. Additionally, conversion symptoms of recent onset and those without the unconscious goal of becoming disabled are more amenable to psychoanalytic treatment. Conversion symptoms that tell a story (ie, symbolically reflect some theme in the patients personal narrative) may respond more fully to psychotherapeutic treatment.

• #45 Comparing Dissociative and Conversion Disorder

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/conversion-disorder-5198682

  Psychotherapy is a primary treatment for both dissociative and conversion disorders. Goals of psychotherapy include: […] Additionally, psychotherapy for conversion disorder focuses on identifying the emotional issues that are causing the physical symptoms. […] Physical therapy may be part of the treatment for conversion disorder to help maintain muscle strength and reduce stiffness that can develop due to inactivity. Occupational therapy is also used to help a person regain the ability to perform daily tasks. […] There are no medications that directly treat dissociative disorders or conversion disorder. However, medications are sometimes used to treat depression and anxiety that can occur with these conditions, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). […] Both conditions are treated with psychotherapy. Other therapies can help restore function as the underlying psychological issues are addressed. In some cases, medications are used to treat depression and anxiety that often occur with dissociative and conversion disorders.

• #46 Conversion Disorder Treatment near San Diego, CA

  https://crownviewpsych.com/what-we-treat/conversion-disorder-treatment/

  Crownview Psychiatric Institute provides customized care for adults whose lives have been disrupted by acute symptoms of complex mental health concerns such as conversion disorder. We provide these services within the context of a welcoming and supportive community. […] At Crownview Psychiatric Institute, treatment for conversion disorder often includes therapy, medication, education, adjunct services, and wraparound support. […] A 2015 article in the journal Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience reports that “the cornerstone of treatment for conversion disorder is psychotherapy aimed at elucidating the emotional bases of symptoms.” […] CPI clients take part in several types of therapy, including individual, group, and family sessions. These sessions may incorporate the practices and principles of several therapeutic approaches, including: Acceptance & commitment therapy (ACT), Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), Eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), Strengths-based therapy.

• #47 Conversion Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-conversion-disorder

  Get help from your doctor early on. Sometimes, learning that you dont have a serious physical condition can be enough to lessen your symptoms. […] The treatments you could have include: […] Psychotherapy: Talking with someone about your stress can help you better manage your stress. You could talk to someone one-on-one, or your doctor may suggest group therapy, where you can connect with others with conversion disorder. Sometimes, working through issues as a family is helpful as well. […] Medication: If you’re diagnosed with another condition, such as anxiety, your doctor can prescribe medication to treat it. Medicines could also help relieve your pain or some symptoms such as headaches or insomnia. […] Physical therapy: A trained expert can help you manage pain and improve how well you move.

• #48 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/conversion-disorder-management

  Conversion disorder is, in a way, a treatment on its own for psychological or emotional stresses. A sort of protective mechanism, conversion disorder is thought to be your body’s way of helping you to dissociate or cope with difficult situations or events. […] Dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness, and other therapies that focus on recognizing and accepting the disorder are used most often and most effectively for treating conversion disorder. […] In a 2018 case report, cognitive and behavioral therapy that focused on tolerating stress, regulating emotions, and other coping skills decreased seizures by about 60%. The report also found that these treatments eliminated symptoms completely in about 30% of people who had seizures from conversion disorder. […] There are no specific medications to treat the disorder, but several therapies may help: occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

• #49 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Medications are not effective for functional neurologic disorder, and no drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically as a treatment. However, medications such as antidepressants may be helpful if you also have depression or other mood disorders, or you’re having pain or insomnia. […] Regular follow-up with your medical team is important to monitor your recovery and make changes to your treatment plan as needed.

• #50 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Medications are available to treat pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and headache that may occur with FND. People with functional seizures should not take anti-seizure medications. Anti-seizure medications do not treat as functional symptoms like they do epileptic seizures and might even worsen the symptoms. […] Some studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields generated outside the skull to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, have shown promise, although results have been mixed. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), which uses low-voltage noninvasive electrical current to activate nerves, can be useful for relieving certain pain in people with FND.

• #51 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Medication can play a role in treating the some of the problems associated with FND, like pain, depression and anxiety. Your healthcare provider can help decide if medication is right for you. There are many types of medication that can make FND worse, including opiates like morphine, dihydrocodeine or codeine. It may be worth discussing your current medications with your healthcare provider.

• #52 Conversion Disorder – Functional Neurologic Disorder

  https://harbormentalhealth.com/2023/12/17/conversion-disorder-functional-neurologic-disorder/

  Medications are not effective for functional neurologic disorder, and no drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically as a treatment. However, medications such as antidepressants may be helpful if you also have depression or other mood disorders, or youre having pain or insomnia. […] Regular follow-up with your medical team is important to monitor your recovery and make changes to your treatment plan as needed.

• #53 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Medications are available to treat pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and headache that may occur with FND. People with functional seizures should not take anti-seizure medications. Anti-seizure medications do not treat as functional symptoms like they do epileptic seizures and might even worsen the symptoms. […] Some studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields generated outside the skull to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, have shown promise, although results have been mixed. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), which uses low-voltage noninvasive electrical current to activate nerves, can be useful for relieving certain pain in people with FND.

• #54 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Pharmacotherapy is the use of medications to manage or treat various medical conditions. […] However, the medical expert may prescribe an anti-anxiety medication or antidepressant to treat the underlying stress and anxiety. […] According to the Mater Centre for Neurosciences learning guide on Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), the use of medications in the treatment of FND is generally minimized, as it may be met with reluctance by many patients due to psychiatric stigma, concerns about addiction and side effects. […] However, certain antidepressants have shown benefits, even for individuals without concurrent mental health issues.

• #55 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy. Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] Speech therapy. If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction or distraction techniques. Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #56 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: […] Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #57 Conversion Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-conversion-disorder

  Stress reduction or distraction techniques: Your symptoms may improve when you don’t focus on them. A counselor or other trained expert can help you find ways to distract yourself, such as texting a friend or tapping a part of your body. […] Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS): For instance, magnetic fields outside your body can activate nerve cells in your brain and help improve depression and anxiety. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy: This type of therapy is often used to treat conversion disorder. It helps you learn to spot and change negative thought patterns that affect what you do. […] Treating other mental health conditions: For instance, about one-third of people with conversion disorder have major depression. Treating the depression could lessen your physical symptoms.

• #58 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy. Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] Speech therapy. If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction or distraction techniques. Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #59 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Your medical team provides treatment of any underlying neurological or other medical disease you may have that might be a trigger for your symptoms. […] Depending on your needs, therapies may include: […] Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #60 Conversion Disorder – Functional Neurologic Disorder

  https://harbormentalhealth.com/2023/12/17/conversion-disorder-functional-neurologic-disorder/

  Depending on your needs, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy. Working with a physical or occupational therapist may improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. For example, regular movement of arms or legs may ward off muscle tightness and weakness if you have paralysis or loss of mobility. Gradual increases in exercise may improve your ability to function. […] Speech therapy. If your symptoms include problems with speech or swallowing, working with a speech therapist (speech-language pathologist) may help. […] Stress reduction or distraction techniques. Stress reduction techniques can include methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, physical activity, and exercise. Distraction techniques can include music, talking to another person, or deliberately changing the way you walk or move.

• #61 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Medications are available to treat pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and headache that may occur with FND. People with functional seizures should not take anti-seizure medications. Anti-seizure medications do not treat as functional symptoms like they do epileptic seizures and might even worsen the symptoms. […] Some studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields generated outside the skull to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, have shown promise, although results have been mixed. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), which uses low-voltage noninvasive electrical current to activate nerves, can be useful for relieving certain pain in people with FND.

• #62 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Another first-line treatment that clinicians should offer in conjunction with CBT is physical therapy. This approach is more useful for functional motor symptoms and helps patients feel as though their clinical team takes their symptoms seriously. […] Pharmacotherapy is most effective when there is a comorbid mental illness, such as anxiety or depression. […] Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) may be beneficial for patients with functional neurologic disorder, though no published control studies have been published. […] One of the most critical aspects of treatment in functional neurologic disorder is frequent follow-up appointments with all involved clinicians. Frequent follow-up prevents the patient from visiting other facilities, such as urgent care or the emergency department.

• #63 Functional Neurological Disorders: Exploring Unmet Needs – UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://physicianresources.utswmed.org/news/functional-neurological-disorders-exploring-unmet-needs

  Upon initial presentation, patients are evaluated by both a psychiatrist and psychotherapist, who then formulate a treatment plan. Subsequently, most patients are referred to the clinics eight-week, evidence-based group therapy program, designed specifically for the treatment of FNDs. […] Only a few centers can provide this particular type of therapeutic intervention, Dr. Lane says. We bring together a collaborative team of neurologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and rehabilitative therapists, each actively participating in the patients care. […] As to optimal treatment strategies, commonalities have begun to emerge, including the benefit of therapy, with evidence increasingly supporting tailored multidisciplinary approaches. Neuromodulation, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation, may hold promise.

• #64 From conversion disorders to functional neurological disorders. Overcoming the rule-out diagnosis? | Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-colombiana-psiquiatria-english-edition–479-articulo-from-conversion-disorders-functional-neurological-S2530312019300281

  Specialist physiotherapy is currently a key point in the multidisciplinary care of patients with functional movement disorders. […] In the last decade, CBT has been studied in the treatment of NES, with positive results. […] Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a tool for the treatment of functional neurological disorders. […] The use of suggestion in hypnosis for the treatment of functional symptoms has increased in recent decades. […] To conclude, functional neurological disorders are made up of a range of diverse symptoms which are disabling for patients and highly prevalent in general and specialised medical consultations. […] Clinicians who treat patients with suspected functional neurological disorders now have the opportunity to adopt new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies which test the clinical ability to explain the diagnosis and educate the patient and their family in the face of these clinical manifestations, which will have a crucial importance in the progression and prognosis of the patients.

• #65 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Psychiatric treatment options may include: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). A type of psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps you become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking so that you can view situations more clearly and respond to them in a more effective way. can also help you learn how to better manage stressful life situations and symptoms. This may be particularly beneficial if your symptoms include nonepileptic seizures. Other types of psychotherapy may be helpful if you have interpersonal problems or a history of trauma or abuse. […] Treating other mental health conditions. Anxiety, depression or other mental health disorders can worsen symptoms of functional neurologic disorder. Treating mental health conditions along with functional neurologic disorder can help recovery.

• #66 Management of Functional Neurological Disorders (FND): Experience from a Swiss FND Clinic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/6/1/2

  Whenever possible, physiotherapy is organized internally in our institution, especially if symptoms are complex or severe. […] Psychotherapy is an important part of the interdisciplinary treatment. […] Scientific studies prove the beneficial effect of psychotherapeutic interventions in functional movement disorders and functional non-epileptic seizures (PNES). […] In functional non-epileptic seizures, for example, we work together with the patients towards identifying prodromal symptoms and triggers of their seizures at a behavioral, physiological, and cognitive level. […] Psychotherapy is an important treatment of FND: Goldstein and colleagues (2010) showed a significant reduction in seizure frequency and a higher probability of seizure-free time in the following three months in patients who received CBT compared with those receiving standard medical care. […] Improved pathophysiological understanding of FND and development of specialized centers have highlighted the benefit of specific in- and out-patient treatment approaches for patients with FND.

• #67 Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) – A Patient’s Guide to FND

  https://www.neurosymptoms.org/

  Treatment

• #68 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/conversion-disorder-management

  Conversion disorder is, in a way, a treatment on its own for psychological or emotional stresses. A sort of protective mechanism, conversion disorder is thought to be your body’s way of helping you to dissociate or cope with difficult situations or events. […] Dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness, and other therapies that focus on recognizing and accepting the disorder are used most often and most effectively for treating conversion disorder. […] In a 2018 case report, cognitive and behavioral therapy that focused on tolerating stress, regulating emotions, and other coping skills decreased seizures by about 60%. The report also found that these treatments eliminated symptoms completely in about 30% of people who had seizures from conversion disorder. […] There are no specific medications to treat the disorder, but several therapies may help: occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

• #69 Management of Functional Neurological Disorders (FND): Experience from a Swiss FND Clinic

  https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/6/1/2

  Whenever possible, physiotherapy is organized internally in our institution, especially if symptoms are complex or severe. […] Psychotherapy is an important part of the interdisciplinary treatment. […] Scientific studies prove the beneficial effect of psychotherapeutic interventions in functional movement disorders and functional non-epileptic seizures (PNES). […] In functional non-epileptic seizures, for example, we work together with the patients towards identifying prodromal symptoms and triggers of their seizures at a behavioral, physiological, and cognitive level. […] Psychotherapy is an important treatment of FND: Goldstein and colleagues (2010) showed a significant reduction in seizure frequency and a higher probability of seizure-free time in the following three months in patients who received CBT compared with those receiving standard medical care. […] Improved pathophysiological understanding of FND and development of specialized centers have highlighted the benefit of specific in- and out-patient treatment approaches for patients with FND.

• #70 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] Speech interventions for FSD start with imitation of simple sounds or words with gradual increase in complexity to natural reading or conversational speech, similar to the approach for motor reprogramming of the extremities. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP).

• #71 Functional Neurologic Disorder/Functional Movement Disorder | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderfunctional-movement-disorder

  The Functional Neurologic Treatment Program at Michigan Medicine specializes in treating patients whove been diagnosed with one of the most common subtypes of FND: functional movement disorder (FMD). […] Once a correct diagnosis is made, symptoms can be reduced, and in some cases reversed, with an experienced team providing targeted physical and psychological therapy approaches. […] Successful treatment depends not only on an experienced team, but also on the patients ability to understand and accept the FMD diagnosis as well as their commitment to treatment. Understanding that symptoms are real, and improvement is possible are critical to a patients recovery. […] The University of Michigan Health Functional Neurologic Treatment Program is comprised of an experienced, multidisciplinary team of physical therapists, occupational therapists and speech-language pathologists. The team works to develop an individualized treatment plan based on a comprehensive assessment of each individuals current level of function.

• #72 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] Speech interventions for FSD start with imitation of simple sounds or words with gradual increase in complexity to natural reading or conversational speech, similar to the approach for motor reprogramming of the extremities. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP).

• #73 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/movement-disorders/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder/31885/

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] This group of patients may find additional benefit from speech therapy. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP). […] Interdisciplinary clinics have been shown to improve outcomes for other complex movement disorders and this approach lends itself well to functional disorders.

• #74 Functional Neurologic Disorder/Functional Movement Disorder | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderfunctional-movement-disorder

  The initial visit with the Functional Neurologic Treatment Program team focuses on a comprehensive patient evaluation. Specific goals for movement recovery are created with the patient, followed by design of a treatment protocol using a variety of exercises and therapies to improve motor reprogramming. […] Depending on the patient, therapies may include: Physical or occupational therapy: A physical or occupational therapist may work with the patient to improve movement symptoms and prevent complications. […] While functional movement symptoms are not „all in your head,” an individuals emotions and way of thinking can impact symptoms and recovery. […] For the majority of our patients, symptoms of FMD can be overcome. Trust, collaboration, and communication with our experienced team are critical to improving a patients function and quality of life.

• #75 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  The diagnosis of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) encompasses a wide range of problems, many of which can benefit from not only physical/physiotherapy, but other therapies such as occupational therapy and speech therapy as well. […] Pain is very commonly associated with FND and often leads to people taking high quantities of medication. These drugs usually dull the pain to some extent, but they rarely reduce it significantly.

• #76 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Medications are available to treat pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and headache that may occur with FND. People with functional seizures should not take anti-seizure medications. Anti-seizure medications do not treat as functional symptoms like they do epileptic seizures and might even worsen the symptoms. […] Some studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields generated outside the skull to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, have shown promise, although results have been mixed. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), which uses low-voltage noninvasive electrical current to activate nerves, can be useful for relieving certain pain in people with FND.

• #77 Functional neurological symptom disorder: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318534

  Medication: Antianxiety drugs or antidepressants may help treat the stress or anxiety that contributed to the onset of FND. […] Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): This treatment uses magnetic fields to stimulate certain parts of the brain. Some reports suggest TMS is beneficial for people with FND, but there is limited evidence at this stage. […] Lifestyle changes: Engaging in activities that alleviate stress and anxiety, such as yoga, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation, may be helpful for some people with FND. Eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, fostering positive relationships, and maintaining a good quality of life also contribute to stress reduction.

• #78 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Medication can play a role in treating the some of the problems associated with FND, like pain, depression and anxiety. Your healthcare provider can help decide if medication is right for you. There are many types of medication that can make FND worse, including opiates like morphine, dihydrocodeine or codeine. It may be worth discussing your current medications with your healthcare provider.

• #79 Functional Neurological Disorders (FND) Treatment Program

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder

  The Massachusetts General Hospital Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) outpatient clinic is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary short-term treatment program for adults (18+) seeking diagnostic clarity and treatment for FND. […] Our clinical program diagnoses and treats individuals suffering from symptoms such as: […] The Mass General Functional Neurological Disorder Unit particularly specializes in treating people with functional motor symptoms that lie at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Our clinic is interdisciplinary this means that at your first visit your doctor will go over a neurological and psychiatric history and physical examination. Our clinic is also multidisciplinary this means that after your initial visit we recommend components of treatment based on your needs. Personalized, short-term (time-limited) treatments we recommend can include:

• #80 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/movement-disorders/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder/31885/

  The core principle of physical therapy interventions for FMD is motor retraining or reprogramming. […] Patient adherence to recommended therapy is associated with clinical outcome, suggesting that appropriate patient selection and preparation for participation in motor reprogramming should be considered. […] Like physical therapy, the goal of occupational therapy in FMD is retraining normal movement, focusing on improving function with activities of daily life, work, and recreation. […] This group of patients may find additional benefit from speech therapy. […] The 2 types of psychotherapy most studied in FMD are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP). […] Interdisciplinary clinics have been shown to improve outcomes for other complex movement disorders and this approach lends itself well to functional disorders.

• #81 Functional Neurologic Disorders Program | Integrated outpatient treatment | Los Angeles

  https://www.reactivept.com/fnd

  Based on the scientific literature, we create an individualized and integrated physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychology, and yoga therapy treatment program for returning to a full life with a functional neurological disorder. […] Our philosophy of treatment is to understand you as a whole person, including body and brain connections, your environmental influences, and underlying musculoskeletal issues. We focus on restoring your autonomy and independent control so that you are empowered with the tools and resources for self-treatment. […] We work together as a transdisciplinary team of physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychology and wellness professionals to understand your needs and put together a comprehensive and holistic program.

• #82 Functional Neurological Disorders (FND) Treatment Program

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder

  We provide patients with education around the diagnosis and ongoing follow-up for FND-specific care. Patients with more general neurology and/or psychiatry needs will also be encouraged to maintain or establish treatment relationships with providers in those disciplines. […] The members of the Mass General FND Unit clinical team all have expertise in diagnosing and treating patients with functional neurological symptoms that lie at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Our team has two branches: our physician team, comprised of neurologists and psychiatrists, and our allied health team, comprised of psychotherapists and physical, occupational and speech and language therapists.

• #83 Functional Neurologic Disorders Program | Integrated outpatient treatment | Los Angeles

  https://www.reactivept.com/fnd

  Meet the re+active team. re+active has been working with people with Functional Neurological disorder for 12 years and specializes in an outpatient integrated approach for kids (aged 12 and above) and adults. […] We believe you and believe in you. We will go on the journey with you to help you restore confidence and control symptoms, find hope and support to live a full life. […] Our transdisciplinary program includes: Physical therapy with an emphasis on sensory, motor and autonomic control. […] Occupational therapy with a focus on lifestyle interventions. […] Mental health support therapy for regaining control and improving emotional and cognitive brain health. […] The amount of therapy depends on the person. We have had the most success in an intensive outpatient program 3-5 days per week for a minimum of two weeks.

• #84 Conversion Disorders Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287464-treatment

  Current understanding of the phenomenon of conversion disorder implicates some role of the unconscious in the pathophysiology of this condition. It is therefore less likely to respond to treatment when the manifestations of the conversion are confronted directly as a unitary method of therapy. Many patients who experience a conversion disorder are unable to understand this inner conflict, which is perhaps occurring on an unconscious level. They may achieve resolution of the conflict, as well as their physical symptoms, once they are gently made aware of this connection. Once the patient is aware of this, the psychologic currency of the symptom loses value, and the symptom may be allowed to improve. […] Hospital admission may be considered in some cases. For example, for a patient that seems likely to not return for follow-up after being given a psychiatric diagnosis. A more rapid completion of the diagnostic workup is possible in the hospital setting. In addition, a parallel investigation of physical and psychologic factors can concomitantly be pursued. One caveat to note is that the clinical situation may be worsened by providing the patient with the secondary gain he or she is seeking.

• #85 Treatment of Functional Movement Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/treatment-of-functional-movement-disorder

  Interdisciplinary clinics have been shown to improve outcomes for other complex movement disorders and this approach lends itself well to functional disorders. […] Although most FMD treatment is done on an outpatient basis, when there are severe symptoms or failures of outpatient therapies, inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation may be useful. […] Pharmacotherapy for FMD is typically aimed at treating comorbidities (eg, depression, anxiety, or chronic pain). […] Thus far, no studies have shown any significant benefit of botulinum toxin for people with FMD. […] Hypnosis in the treatment of functional disorders dates to the nineteenth century, although studies have reported variable outcomes. […] Several variables have been identified as possible factors in clinical outcomes in FMD.

• #86 FND Treatment – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/treatment/

  For effective and sympathetic FND treatment, it is critical to acknowledge that FND is a genuine disorder in which symptoms are experienced as out of the persons control. […] Sometimes treatment occurs in the setting of multidisciplinary rehabilitation where people with FND are often admitted to hospital for a period of time (for example 4-6 weeks) to have regular CBT, specialist physiotherapy and occupational therapy. […] Physiotherapy can also be useful, particularly for people with motor symptoms (e.g. weakness, muscle spasms, tremor). The treatment is based on the idea that the movement symptoms are caused by an abnormal learned pattern of movement that the brain has learned and therefore retraining may be able to replace this pattern with normal movement. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the psychological therapy most commonly suggested for people with FND.

• #87 Functional Neurological Disorder Program | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/fnd.html

  A collaboration with Stanford, the FND Day Program is a specialized treatment track within La Selva’s state-of-the-art residential, partial hospitalization (PHP) and intensive outpatient programs (IOP). […] All programs require a diagnosis of FND or conversion disorder by a neurologist with supportive documentation. […] Patients are offered an opportunity to participate in national and international studies investigating FND diagnosis and treatment throughout the process of evaluation and treatment. […] Our team created the two educational videos below. In these videos, we used clinical neuroscience in discussing the diagnosis of FND and treatment options.

• #88 Conversion disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/conversion-disorder/

  Currently, the diagnosis of FNSD is not specifically an indication for any pharmacotherapy. No placebo-controlled randomized trials exist to date. Evidence for antidepressants only comes from a few uncontrolled studies. However, conditions related to FNSD should be treated. For example, if the patient has underlying depression, anxiety, or seizures, then those conditions should be treated. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment in functional neurological disorders to include psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. CBT uses strategies between a therapist and patient to give them techniques relevant to their daily life that they can progressively implement with a goal of becoming more autonomous with these strategies. […] Benefit has been noted for as long as a year after three weeks of inpatient physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT). This was assessed in a randomized control trial with 60 patients with a disabling walking gait who had been experiencing symptoms for 1-48 months. Patients exhibited a statistically significant lasting increase in FIMS score, decreased need for assistive devices, and increased physical quality of life at 12 months.

• #89 Functional Neurological Disorder Program | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/fnd.html

  A collaboration with Stanford, the FND Day Program is a specialized treatment track within La Selva’s state-of-the-art residential, partial hospitalization (PHP) and intensive outpatient programs (IOP). […] All programs require a diagnosis of FND or conversion disorder by a neurologist with supportive documentation. […] Patients are offered an opportunity to participate in national and international studies investigating FND diagnosis and treatment throughout the process of evaluation and treatment. […] Our team created the two educational videos below. In these videos, we used clinical neuroscience in discussing the diagnosis of FND and treatment options.

• #90 Functional Neurological Disorder Program | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/patient_care/fnd.html

  A collaboration with Stanford, the FND Day Program is a specialized treatment track within La Selva’s state-of-the-art residential, partial hospitalization (PHP) and intensive outpatient programs (IOP). […] All programs require a diagnosis of FND or conversion disorder by a neurologist with supportive documentation. […] Patients are offered an opportunity to participate in national and international studies investigating FND diagnosis and treatment throughout the process of evaluation and treatment. […] Our team created the two educational videos below. In these videos, we used clinical neuroscience in discussing the diagnosis of FND and treatment options.

• #91 Conversion Disorder Treatment near San Diego, CA

  https://crownviewpsych.com/what-we-treat/conversion-disorder-treatment/

  A psychiatrist conducts regular meetings with all CPI clients. This professional can prescribe medication when necessary and clinically appropriate. Antidepressants and anxiolytics have proved to be effective for some people who have conversion disorder. […] To prepare our clients for successful independent living after they transition out of our care, we offer instruction in both life skills and work skills. […] We offer a wide range of adjunct services that may augment a client’s treatment for conversion disorder. Our adjunct options include services such as psychological testing, GeneSight testing, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy, and Spravato® (estketamine) treatment. […] Each CPI client is matched with an experienced case manager. Our case managers help coordinate our clients’ care and communicate with their family. They also help our clients with fundamental life skills such as connecting with community-based resources, getting a driver’s license, learning to use the local public transportation system, and applying for benefits.

• #92 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  FND symptoms are potentially reversible. However there are generally no quick fixes. Treatment focuses on teaching you how to retrain your brain helping you bring your movements, speech, thinking, or other neurological symptoms back to normal function. Treatment depends on the FND symptoms you have and is often multidisciplinary. This means that care providers from different specialties, like physical therapy and social work/psychology, can often times be involved in patient care. For a patient who is mainly having problems with movement, we may suggest physical therapy to retrain your movement. For a patient with functional seizures, we may suggest seeing a psychotherapist for cognitive behavioral therapy, to help you learn how to manage and in some cases prevent these events. Because FND is a complex problem, sometimes with complex treatments, you, as the patient, are an important member of the treatment team. We rely on you to practice the skills you learn with our treatment team, keep an open mind, and let us know what works and what doesnt.

• #93 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #94 Functional Neurologic Disorder/Functional Movement Disorder | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderfunctional-movement-disorder

  The Functional Neurologic Treatment Program at Michigan Medicine specializes in treating patients whove been diagnosed with one of the most common subtypes of FND: functional movement disorder (FMD). […] Once a correct diagnosis is made, symptoms can be reduced, and in some cases reversed, with an experienced team providing targeted physical and psychological therapy approaches. […] Successful treatment depends not only on an experienced team, but also on the patients ability to understand and accept the FMD diagnosis as well as their commitment to treatment. Understanding that symptoms are real, and improvement is possible are critical to a patients recovery. […] The University of Michigan Health Functional Neurologic Treatment Program is comprised of an experienced, multidisciplinary team of physical therapists, occupational therapists and speech-language pathologists. The team works to develop an individualized treatment plan based on a comprehensive assessment of each individuals current level of function.

• #95 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  FND symptoms are potentially reversible. However there are generally no quick fixes. Treatment focuses on teaching you how to retrain your brain helping you bring your movements, speech, thinking, or other neurological symptoms back to normal function. Treatment depends on the FND symptoms you have and is often multidisciplinary. This means that care providers from different specialties, like physical therapy and social work/psychology, can often times be involved in patient care. For a patient who is mainly having problems with movement, we may suggest physical therapy to retrain your movement. For a patient with functional seizures, we may suggest seeing a psychotherapist for cognitive behavioral therapy, to help you learn how to manage and in some cases prevent these events. Because FND is a complex problem, sometimes with complex treatments, you, as the patient, are an important member of the treatment team. We rely on you to practice the skills you learn with our treatment team, keep an open mind, and let us know what works and what doesnt.

• #96 Conversion disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/conversion-disorder/

  The first step of management is appropriately addressing this new diagnosis and educating the patient and the family on the findings of the work up. It is in the patients best interest to tactfully educate them on their diagnosis as well as their prognosis. When patients do not believe that their illness is psychological/functional in nature and when they do not believe they are going be able to recover, patients are twice more likely to have poor outcomes at a year after diagnosis. Many authors have given different versions of how to deliver this diagnosis as patients can be sensitive to accepting it. […] It can be helpful to reiterate the test results, state that it is a good thing that no stroke, seizures, or other abnormalities were found on testing. Reassure the patient that the symptoms they are experiencing are real and that they will need to receive follow up for these symptoms from some combination of neurology, psychiatry, psychology, physical therapy, occupational therapy and physiatry since they have what is called a functional neurological disorder or FNSD. The clinician should explain that many patients with FNSD have been found to have a history of trauma or abuse in their past and that it why it will be important to include psychiatry and psychology in on the team to help them fully address the roots of their symptoms. Reassure the patient that even though there was nothing observed on imaging, that does not mean that these symptoms are not real. Therefore, follow up is important.

• #97 Functional Neurologic Disorder/Functional Movement Disorder | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderfunctional-movement-disorder

  The Functional Neurologic Treatment Program at Michigan Medicine specializes in treating patients whove been diagnosed with one of the most common subtypes of FND: functional movement disorder (FMD). […] Once a correct diagnosis is made, symptoms can be reduced, and in some cases reversed, with an experienced team providing targeted physical and psychological therapy approaches. […] Successful treatment depends not only on an experienced team, but also on the patients ability to understand and accept the FMD diagnosis as well as their commitment to treatment. Understanding that symptoms are real, and improvement is possible are critical to a patients recovery. […] The University of Michigan Health Functional Neurologic Treatment Program is comprised of an experienced, multidisciplinary team of physical therapists, occupational therapists and speech-language pathologists. The team works to develop an individualized treatment plan based on a comprehensive assessment of each individuals current level of function.

• #98 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #99 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  Conversion disorder is often treatable through various types of therapy. […] Treating the mental health component with some form of psychotherapy (mental health therapy) is usually the first approach. Its also usually the most successful approach. The most common types of psychotherapy include: […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is the most common type of therapy recommended. Experts also consider it the most likely to work. […] Hypnotherapy. This is usually a second option for types of therapy. It may be especially helpful when the symptoms of conversion disorder affect your ability to speak or any of your senses. […] Group or family therapy. Shared therapy experiences can help people with conversion disorder. Group therapy can help people with this condition connect with others who have similar struggles. Family therapy can help loved ones understand the condition and offer support.

• #100 Conversion disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/conversion-disorder/

  Effective treatment of CD/FNSD is best undertaken with a multidisciplinary team in the context of an integrative relational model implementing a collaborative program, recognizing that comprehensive treatment requires interdisciplinary collaboration providing holistic patient-centered care. […] Transparent treatment includes education of the patient and caregivers regarding the nature of the problem and its management. This includes constructive explanations of physical symptoms linked to strategies for reducing their functional impact. It is important to ensure that caregivers are aware of how they can assist the patient by reinforcing progress toward independence rather than rewarding symptom manifestation.

• #101 Conversion Disorder: Understanding Symptoms and Causes.

  https://serincenter.com/conditions-we-treat-at-serin-center/conversion-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOora3nSwQ0GpSniSrlrw4mjR0AwjDe83T6udms1S8hFcKAWmBrF5

  Creating a supportive environment, both at home and in therapy sessions, is crucial for individuals with conversion disorder. Support from family, friends, and healthcare providers plays a significant role in the overall treatment plan. […] Providing psychoeducation about the nature of conversion disorder helps individuals understand and manage their symptoms. Teaching effective coping strategies and stress management techniques is integral to long-term symptom control. […] Regular follow-up with healthcare providers ensures ongoing monitoring of symptoms and progress. Adjustments to the treatment plan can be made as needed based on the individual’s response. […] These treatment modalities are often combined to create a comprehensive and individualized approach to address the diverse aspects of conversion disorder.

• #102 Conversion Disorder Treatment near San Diego, CA

  https://crownviewpsych.com/what-we-treat/conversion-disorder-treatment/

  A psychiatrist conducts regular meetings with all CPI clients. This professional can prescribe medication when necessary and clinically appropriate. Antidepressants and anxiolytics have proved to be effective for some people who have conversion disorder. […] To prepare our clients for successful independent living after they transition out of our care, we offer instruction in both life skills and work skills. […] We offer a wide range of adjunct services that may augment a client’s treatment for conversion disorder. Our adjunct options include services such as psychological testing, GeneSight testing, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy, and Spravato® (estketamine) treatment. […] Each CPI client is matched with an experienced case manager. Our case managers help coordinate our clients’ care and communicate with their family. They also help our clients with fundamental life skills such as connecting with community-based resources, getting a driver’s license, learning to use the local public transportation system, and applying for benefits.

• #103 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Medications are not effective for functional neurologic disorder, and no drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically as a treatment. However, medications such as antidepressants may be helpful if you also have depression or other mood disorders, or you’re having pain or insomnia. […] Regular follow-up with your medical team is important to monitor your recovery and make changes to your treatment plan as needed.

• #104 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Another first-line treatment that clinicians should offer in conjunction with CBT is physical therapy. This approach is more useful for functional motor symptoms and helps patients feel as though their clinical team takes their symptoms seriously. […] Pharmacotherapy is most effective when there is a comorbid mental illness, such as anxiety or depression. […] Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) may be beneficial for patients with functional neurologic disorder, though no published control studies have been published. […] One of the most critical aspects of treatment in functional neurologic disorder is frequent follow-up appointments with all involved clinicians. Frequent follow-up prevents the patient from visiting other facilities, such as urgent care or the emergency department.

• #105 Conversion Disorder – Functional Neurologic Disorder

  https://harbormentalhealth.com/2023/12/17/conversion-disorder-functional-neurologic-disorder/

  Medications are not effective for functional neurologic disorder, and no drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically as a treatment. However, medications such as antidepressants may be helpful if you also have depression or other mood disorders, or youre having pain or insomnia. […] Regular follow-up with your medical team is important to monitor your recovery and make changes to your treatment plan as needed.

• #106 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Even though functional neurological symptoms are not „all in your head,” emotions and the way you think about things can have an impact on your symptoms and your recovery. Psychiatric treatment options may include: […] A type of psychotherapy, helps you become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking so that you can view situations more clearly and respond to them in a more effective way. can also help you learn how to better manage stressful life situations and symptoms. This may be particularly beneficial if your symptoms include nonepileptic seizures. Other types of psychotherapy may be helpful if you have interpersonal problems or a history of trauma or abuse. […] Medications are not effective for functional neurologic disorder, and no drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically as a treatment. However, medications such as antidepressants may be helpful if you also have depression or other mood disorders, or you’re having pain or insomnia. […] Regular follow-up with your medical team is important to monitor your recovery and make changes to your treatment plan as needed.

• #107 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Another first-line treatment that clinicians should offer in conjunction with CBT is physical therapy. This approach is more useful for functional motor symptoms and helps patients feel as though their clinical team takes their symptoms seriously. […] Pharmacotherapy is most effective when there is a comorbid mental illness, such as anxiety or depression. […] Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) may be beneficial for patients with functional neurologic disorder, though no published control studies have been published. […] One of the most critical aspects of treatment in functional neurologic disorder is frequent follow-up appointments with all involved clinicians. Frequent follow-up prevents the patient from visiting other facilities, such as urgent care or the emergency department.

• #108 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present. […] Confronting and overcoming functional neurological disorders can be difficult for patients, because physicians may make dismissive, condescending, or inaccurate statements such as that their symptoms aren’t real. Patients may also struggle to identify one particular stressor or conflict when asked. These challenges can lead patients to feelings of guilt and shame. But acknowledging the patients symptoms and identifying triggers for those symptoms can set clinicians and patients on the right path toward healing.

• #109 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years. […] There are treatments available that can manage and improve FND. These treatments are all forms of rehabilitation therapy, which aims to improve your ability to carry out every day activities. Many of these treatments are designed to retrain the brain. Some people with FND benefit a lot from treatment and may go into remission. Other people continue to have FND symptoms despite treatment. […] Specialised physiotherapy can be useful in treating FND. It helps to remind the body how it should move. It can also help you build up strength and stamina you may have lost. […] Occupational therapy can be helpful in treating FND. An occupational therapist will work with you to plan your treatment goals, and gradually build your confidence and ability to reach them.

• #110 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present. […] Confronting and overcoming functional neurological disorders can be difficult for patients, because physicians may make dismissive, condescending, or inaccurate statements such as that their symptoms aren’t real. Patients may also struggle to identify one particular stressor or conflict when asked. These challenges can lead patients to feelings of guilt and shame. But acknowledging the patients symptoms and identifying triggers for those symptoms can set clinicians and patients on the right path toward healing.

• #111 Conversion Disorder Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/conversion-disorder

  Medications: There are no medications specifically recommended for conversion disorder, but antidepressants are sometimes prescribed to help patients deal with related conditions, such as depression. […] The outlook for persons with conversion disorder is generally positive. Understanding and treatment are often beneficial in addressing symptoms, which sometimes disappear as suddenly as they first appeared. Reoccurrence has been documented in about one case out of four.

• #112 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years. […] There are treatments available that can manage and improve FND. These treatments are all forms of rehabilitation therapy, which aims to improve your ability to carry out every day activities. Many of these treatments are designed to retrain the brain. Some people with FND benefit a lot from treatment and may go into remission. Other people continue to have FND symptoms despite treatment. […] Specialised physiotherapy can be useful in treating FND. It helps to remind the body how it should move. It can also help you build up strength and stamina you may have lost. […] Occupational therapy can be helpful in treating FND. An occupational therapist will work with you to plan your treatment goals, and gradually build your confidence and ability to reach them.

• #113 Functional Neurologic Disorder | Dallas, DFW, Ft. Worth TX — Mind + Body Medicine

  https://www.dallasmindbody.com/fnd

  FND is considered a neurological disorder with a strong connection to psychological factors. Addressing both aspects is essential for effective treatment. […] Yes, stress and trauma are common triggers for FND symptoms. Learning stress management techniques can help manage the condition. […] The duration of treatment varies from person to person, but it often involves ongoing care to manage and improve symptoms. […] Understanding FND can be challenging for both patients and their family members, however, early diagnosis and prompt treatment can play a crucial role in symptom management and the path to recovery.

• #114 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Physical therapy or physiotherapy (PT) is a healthcare discipline focused on helping individuals regain or improve their physical abilities and movements. […] As per the article titled Physical therapies (physiotherapy occupational therapy) by FND Hope, physiotherapy is beneficial for individuals experiencing symptoms that impact voluntary movement, such as weakness, tremors, dystonia, and issues related to walking and balance. […] Certain studies have indicated that physical rehabilitation, tailored to understanding FND, has led to symptom improvement in approximately 60 to 70 percent of individuals. […] Hypnosis is the induction of a trance-like state to enhance focus, concentration, and suggestibility in an individual. […] Hypnosis is especially beneficial in treating individuals with speech or sensory loss.

• #115 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/conversion-disorder-management

  Conversion disorder is, in a way, a treatment on its own for psychological or emotional stresses. A sort of protective mechanism, conversion disorder is thought to be your body’s way of helping you to dissociate or cope with difficult situations or events. […] Dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness, and other therapies that focus on recognizing and accepting the disorder are used most often and most effectively for treating conversion disorder. […] In a 2018 case report, cognitive and behavioral therapy that focused on tolerating stress, regulating emotions, and other coping skills decreased seizures by about 60%. The report also found that these treatments eliminated symptoms completely in about 30% of people who had seizures from conversion disorder. […] There are no specific medications to treat the disorder, but several therapies may help: occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

• #116 Functional Neurological Disorders: Exploring Unmet Needs – UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://physicianresources.utswmed.org/news/functional-neurological-disorders-exploring-unmet-needs

  Importantly, prompt diagnosis allows for more rapid implementation of appropriate evidence-based interventions. The mainstay of treatment, Dr. Lane notes, is psychotherapy and rehabilitative therapies, including physical, occupational, and speech therapies. Medications can have a role in the management of co-occurring conditions, including depression, trauma-related disorders, and anxiety. […] Multidisciplinary treatment teams are fundamental to the successful care of patients with an FND, Dr. Lane says. As is often noted in the literature, treatment begins with diagnosis. Assuring patients that their symptoms are real and brain-based, providing a helpful metaphor such as FND being a software rather than a hardware problem, and delivering the diagnosis with compassion, empathy, and confidence are all critical to setting a patient on the right treatment trajectory.

• #117 Functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/989

  Functional neurological disorder can be diagnosed on the basis of positive 'rule in’ features on neurological examination – it is no longer considered a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Good therapeutic alliance, validation of the patient’s suffering, and shared clinician-patient understanding of the condition are essential for effective management. […] Treatment includes cognitive behavioural therapy, physiotherapy, and avoiding unnecessary medicines, tests, and procedures. Diagnosis and treatment of associated comorbid psychiatric conditions can benefit overall functioning and recovery.

• #118 Treatment of functional neurological disorder: current state, future directions, and a research agenda | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/treatment-of-functional-neurological-disorder-current-state-future-directions-and-a-research-agenda/AE70B78E9F28BB0411FCA7609A3AF6B1

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) encompasses a complex and heterogeneous group of neuropsychiatric syndromes commonly encountered in clinical practice. […] This paper outlines FND treatment approaches, emphasizing the importance of respectful communication and comprehensive explanation of the diagnosis to patients, as critical first step to enhance engagement, adherence, self-agency, and treatment outcomes. […] We then focus on a brief review of evidence-based treatments for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures and functional movement disorder, a guide for designing future treatment trials for FND, and a proposal for a treatment research agenda, in order to aid in advancing the field to develop and implement treatments for patients with FND.

• #119 Functional Neurological Disorders: Exploring Unmet Needs – UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://physicianresources.utswmed.org/news/functional-neurological-disorders-exploring-unmet-needs

  Importantly, there is hope, and people can experience improved functionality, quality of life, and possibly symptom control, Dr. Lane says. […] He adds that further research is needed to determine the optimal dose and duration of various approaches and to assess the value of combination strategies, stressing that therapeutic success hinges on a diagnostic approach that validates the patients symptoms and disability, allowing for full understanding and acceptance by the patient. […] Recovery is possible, he concludes.

• #120 Functional Neurological Disorders: Exploring Unmet Needs – UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://physicianresources.utswmed.org/news/functional-neurological-disorders-exploring-unmet-needs

  Importantly, there is hope, and people can experience improved functionality, quality of life, and possibly symptom control, Dr. Lane says. […] He adds that further research is needed to determine the optimal dose and duration of various approaches and to assess the value of combination strategies, stressing that therapeutic success hinges on a diagnostic approach that validates the patients symptoms and disability, allowing for full understanding and acceptance by the patient. […] Recovery is possible, he concludes.

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