Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  Functional neurologic disorder, formally conversion disorder, is a psychiatric disorder characterized by signs and symptoms affecting sensory or motor function inconsistent with patterns of known neurologic diseases or other medical conditions and significantly impacting the patients ability to function. […] Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder (FND), is a psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms affecting sensory or motor function. These signs and symptoms are inconsistent with patterns of known neurologic diseases or other medical conditions. Although functional neurologic disorder has no organic basis, the symptoms significantly impact a patients ability to function. Moreover, the symptoms cannot be controlled at will and are not considered to be feigned intentionally by the patient.

• #2 Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) in adults: Clinical features, assessment, and comorbidity – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-neurological-symptom-disorder-conversion-disorder-in-adults-clinical-features-assessment-and-comorbidity/print

  Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) is characterized by neurologic symptoms, such as weakness, abnormal movements, or nonepileptic seizures, which involve abnormal nervous system functioning rather than structural disease. […] Nevertheless, the disorder causes distress and/or functional impairment, is common in clinical settings, and often has a poor prognosis.

• #3 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  Conversion disorder is a condition where a mental health issue disrupts how your brain works. This causes real, physical symptoms that a person cant control. Symptoms can include seizures, weakness or paralysis, or reduced input from one or more senses (sight, sound, etc.). This condition is often treatable through various types of therapy. […] Functional neurological symptom disorder better known as conversion disorder is a mental health condition that causes physical symptoms. The symptoms happen because your brain converts the effects of a mental health issue into disruptions of your brain or nervous system. The symptoms are real but dont match up with recognized brain-related conditions. […] Its important to know that conversion disorder is a real mental health condition. Its not faking or attention-seeking. It isn’t just something in a persons head or that theyve imagined. While its a mental health condition, the physical symptoms are still real. A person with conversion disorder cant control the symptoms just by trying or thinking about it.

• #4 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  What is important to know is that FND is a REAL brain-based problem it is not something you are imagining, making up, or bringing on yourself. It is also not the same thing as, or solely caused by, things like stress, anxiety, or depression. Psychological factors can be risk or triggering elements for some individuals, but they are only one part of the overall clinical picture.

• #5 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/mental-health/disorders-conditions/conversion-disorder-functional-neurological-symptom-disorder/

  Conversion disorder, known as functional neurological symptom disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is a psychiatric condition characterized by nervous system symptoms that do not have an identifiable medical origin. It is a mental health condition that causes physical symptoms. Though they arent connected to a medical condition, these symptoms are real, and they can mimic the effects of a neurological disorder. Conversion disorder symptoms may cause paralysis, difficulty speaking (dysphonia), blindness, involuntary movements, or seizures. […] The onset of symptoms may be linked to stressful events, mental health disorders, or physical injury, implying a mind-body interaction. Despite the absence of a clear organic cause, the manifestations of the disorder can significantly impair daily activities and overall quality of life. Individuals with this condition are not intentionally producing these symptoms, and these symptoms are not imaginary.

• #6 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a problem largely impacting the function of the brain. In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to move, feel, speak, walk, and/or think, are disrupted. This promotes symptoms such as paralysis (not being able to move part of the body), episodes that resemble seizures, extra movements such as tremor or jerks, problems with memory, etc. […] FND can look different depending on the person. Below is a list of some common symptoms. This list is not exhaustive, and someone with FND may only have one or two symptoms on this list. Having FND does not mean that you will get all of these symptoms. […] In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to do things such as move, feel, speak, walk, or think, get disrupted. […] FND symptoms are potentially reversible. However there are generally no quick fixes. Treatment focuses on teaching you how to retrain your brain helping you bring your movements, speech, thinking, or other neurological symptoms back to normal function.

• #7 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a problem largely impacting the function of the brain. In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to move, feel, speak, walk, and/or think, are disrupted. This promotes symptoms such as paralysis (not being able to move part of the body), episodes that resemble seizures, extra movements such as tremor or jerks, problems with memory, etc. […] FND can look different depending on the person. Below is a list of some common symptoms. This list is not exhaustive, and someone with FND may only have one or two symptoms on this list. Having FND does not mean that you will get all of these symptoms. […] In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to do things such as move, feel, speak, walk, or think, get disrupted. […] FND symptoms are potentially reversible. However there are generally no quick fixes. Treatment focuses on teaching you how to retrain your brain helping you bring your movements, speech, thinking, or other neurological symptoms back to normal function.

• #8 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly called conversion disorder, is a condition characterized by neurological symptoms that lack an identifiable organic purpose. These signs, which can consist of motor, sensory, or cognitive disturbances, are not deliberately produced and often vary in severity. Its diagnosis is predicated on clinical evaluation and the exclusion of other medical or psychiatric situations. Its treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary technique addressing each of the neurological symptoms and underlying psychological factors via a mixture of medical management, psychotherapy, and supportive interventions. […] FND is estimated to comprise at least 5% to 10% of new neurological consultations, ranking as the second most common reason for visiting a neurologist after headache. Conservatively estimated at 12 cases per 100,000 people per year, FND results in approximately 8000 new diagnoses annually in the UK, with an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 individuals affected in the community.

• #9 Functional Neurologic Disorder | Dallas, DFW, Ft. Worth TX — Mind + Body Medicine

  https://www.dallasmindbody.com/fnd

  Functional Neurologic Disorder (FND), formerly known as conversion disorder, is a neurological condition that can significantly affect the functioning of the nervous system. FND is common and ranks as the second most frequent cause after headaches for adults seeking consultation with a neurologist. Unlike many other neurological disorders, FND does not have an identifiable structural or organic cause. Instead, it is characterized by the brain’s dissociative response to stress or trauma, leading to a wide range of physical symptoms that may be debilitating. […] FND can manifest in various ways, making it a challenging condition to identify. Some common symptoms of FND include: Motor Symptoms: Uncontrolled movements, muscle weakness, paralysis, or tremors. Sensory Symptoms: Numbness, tingling, pain, or altered sensation in various body parts. Non-Epileptic Seizures: Seizure-like episodes that are not associated with abnormal electrical brain activity. Speech and Swallowing Issues: Difficulty speaking or swallowing. Vision Problems: Temporary blindness, double vision, or other visual disturbances. Gait and Balance Problems: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance.

• #10 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly called conversion disorder, is a condition characterized by neurological symptoms that lack an identifiable organic purpose. These signs, which can consist of motor, sensory, or cognitive disturbances, are not deliberately produced and often vary in severity. Its diagnosis is predicated on clinical evaluation and the exclusion of other medical or psychiatric situations. Its treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary technique addressing each of the neurological symptoms and underlying psychological factors via a mixture of medical management, psychotherapy, and supportive interventions. […] FND is estimated to comprise at least 5% to 10% of new neurological consultations, ranking as the second most common reason for visiting a neurologist after headache. Conservatively estimated at 12 cases per 100,000 people per year, FND results in approximately 8000 new diagnoses annually in the UK, with an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 individuals affected in the community.

• #11 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly called conversion disorder, is a condition characterized by neurological symptoms that lack an identifiable organic purpose. These signs, which can consist of motor, sensory, or cognitive disturbances, are not deliberately produced and often vary in severity. Its diagnosis is predicated on clinical evaluation and the exclusion of other medical or psychiatric situations. Its treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary technique addressing each of the neurological symptoms and underlying psychological factors via a mixture of medical management, psychotherapy, and supportive interventions. […] FND is estimated to comprise at least 5% to 10% of new neurological consultations, ranking as the second most common reason for visiting a neurologist after headache. Conservatively estimated at 12 cases per 100,000 people per year, FND results in approximately 8000 new diagnoses annually in the UK, with an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 individuals affected in the community.

• #12 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Conversion symptoms are altered motor or sensory functioning, which may include pseudoseizures, either with or without impaired consciousness. […] Conversion Disorder symptoms cannot be fully explained by neurological or other medical conditions, or by substance use, and are not intentionally produced. […] Symptoms may be inconsistent, often changing during examination and/or with a person’s level of stress. […] Although brief periods of conversion symptoms are common, persistent individual conversion symptoms are very rare in the general population, occurring at approximately 2-5 people per 100,000 per year. […] Non-epileptic seizures are most common in a person’s 30s, and motor symptoms in a person’s 40s. […] Symptoms of illness learned in childhood can begin as a way of coping with an impossible situation.

• #13 Day # 120: Functional Neurologic Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-120-functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder

  Patients with functional neurologic disorder (FND) have at least one real (not feigned) neurological symptom (sensory or motor) that cannot be fully explained by a neurological condition. […] FND is also known as „conversion disorder”. This is based on the psychoanalytic hypothesis that unconscious psychological distress or conflict is „converted” into neurologic symptoms. […] Some examples of neurological symptoms include weakness, paralysis, abnormal movements, blindness, paresthesias, and more. […] Patients often spontaneously recover, however, the prognosis is poor, as symptoms may persist, recur, or worsen in ~40-70% of patients. […] The incidence of individual persistent conversion symptoms is estimated to be 2-5/100,000 per year in the general population. […] Higher female representation (female-to-male ratio about 3:1).

• #14 Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/functional-neurological-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurological symptom disorder, previously known as conversion disorder, consists of neurologic symptoms or deficits that develop unconsciously and nonvolitionally and usually involve motor or sensory function. The disorder tends to develop during late childhood to early adulthood but may occur at any age. It is more common among women. […] Symptoms of this disorder often develop abruptly, and onset can sometimes follow a stressful event. Typically, symptoms involve apparent deficits in voluntary motor or sensory function but sometimes include shaking movements and impaired consciousness (suggesting seizures) and abnormal limb posturing (suggesting another neurologic or general physical disorder). For example, patients may present with impaired coordination or balance, weakness, paralysis of an arm or a leg, loss of sensation in a body part, seizures, unresponsiveness, blindness, double vision, deafness, aphonia, difficulty swallowing, sensation of a lump in the throat, or urinary retention. […] Patients may have a single episode or sporadic repeated ones; symptoms may become chronic. Typically, episodes are brief.

• #15 Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/functional-neurological-symptom-disorder

  In functional neurological symptom disorder, physical symptoms that resemble those of a nervous system (neurologic) disorder develop. The symptoms can follow mental factors such as conflicts or other stresses. […] People may complain that an arm or leg is paralyzed or that they have lost their sense of touch, sight, or hearing. […] Functional neurological symptom disorder sometimes follows stress and interpersonal conflict, which people with this disorder experience as (convert into) physical symptoms. […] Although functional neurological symptom disorder tends to develop during late childhood to early adulthood, it may appear at any age. The disorder appears to be more common in women. […] The symptoms of functional neurological symptom disorder such as paralysis of an arm or leg or loss of sensation in a part of the body suggest nervous system dysfunction. Other symptoms may resemble a seizure or involve problems with thinking, difficulty swallowing, or loss of one of the special senses, such as vision or hearing.

• #16 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  People with conversion disorder are not faking their symptoms, and despite not having a clear physiological origin, the symptoms cause real distress and cannot be controlled at will. The severity of the disability caused by conversion disorder can be similar to that experienced by people with comparable medical diseases. […] The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and can be associated with stress or a traumatic event. Stressful life events are often present in people who develop conversion symptoms, but this is not always the case. […] Conversion disorder can develop at any time throughout the lifespan. The onset of non-epileptic seizures is most common in the third decade of life, and motor symptoms have their peak onset in the fourth decade of life. […] A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present.

• #17 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Conversion symptoms are altered motor or sensory functioning, which may include pseudoseizures, either with or without impaired consciousness. […] Conversion Disorder symptoms cannot be fully explained by neurological or other medical conditions, or by substance use, and are not intentionally produced. […] Symptoms may be inconsistent, often changing during examination and/or with a person’s level of stress. […] Although brief periods of conversion symptoms are common, persistent individual conversion symptoms are very rare in the general population, occurring at approximately 2-5 people per 100,000 per year. […] Non-epileptic seizures are most common in a person’s 30s, and motor symptoms in a person’s 40s. […] Symptoms of illness learned in childhood can begin as a way of coping with an impossible situation.

• #18 Day # 120: Functional Neurologic Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-120-functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder

  Can occur at any age, but more often in adolescence or early adulthood. […] Risk factors include history of trauma, childhood neglect, insecure attachment style, current psychosocial stressors, recent physical injury or head trauma, female sex, preexisting psychiatric disorder, comorbid medically unexplained symptoms, or other neurologic disease. […] Treatment of FNDs is a process that starts with explaining the diagnosis in a way that helps the patient understand and gain confidence in it. […] The primary treatment is education about the illness. It should be emphasized that the patients symptoms are real while emphasizing which medical and neurologic conditions have been considered and rule out. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is first-line psychological treatment. CBT and other psychotherapies designed for FNDs include components such as education, skills in gaining control of symptoms, recognizing triggers, cognitive restructuring of dysfunctional beliefs, modification of maladaptive behaviors associated with symptoms, and widening therapy to other aspects of interpersonal functioning.

• #19 Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/functional-neurological-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurological symptom disorder, previously known as conversion disorder, consists of neurologic symptoms or deficits that develop unconsciously and nonvolitionally and usually involve motor or sensory function. The disorder tends to develop during late childhood to early adulthood but may occur at any age. It is more common among women. […] Symptoms of this disorder often develop abruptly, and onset can sometimes follow a stressful event. Typically, symptoms involve apparent deficits in voluntary motor or sensory function but sometimes include shaking movements and impaired consciousness (suggesting seizures) and abnormal limb posturing (suggesting another neurologic or general physical disorder). For example, patients may present with impaired coordination or balance, weakness, paralysis of an arm or a leg, loss of sensation in a body part, seizures, unresponsiveness, blindness, double vision, deafness, aphonia, difficulty swallowing, sensation of a lump in the throat, or urinary retention. […] Patients may have a single episode or sporadic repeated ones; symptoms may become chronic. Typically, episodes are brief.

• #20 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder a newer and broader term that includes what some people call conversion disorder features nervous system (neurological) symptoms that can’t be explained by a neurological disease or other medical condition. However, the symptoms are real and cause significant distress or problems functioning. […] Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the type of functional neurologic disorder, and may include specific patterns. Typically, this disorder affects your movement or your senses, such as the ability to walk, swallow, see or hear. Symptoms can vary in severity and may come and go or be persistent. However, you can’t intentionally produce or control your symptoms. […] Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses.

• #21 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  FND’s hallmark characteristic is the presence of neurological signs and symptoms that cannot be defined by way of underlying organic pathology, leading to a diagnosis based on exclusion criteria and positive clinical signs. […] In FND, its motor signs and symptoms can appear in diverse forms, such as weakness tremors, abnormal movements, gait disturbances, and paralysis. Weakness is one of the most familial motor symptoms visible in FND and generally manifests as weakness affecting one or more limbs or even the complete body. This weakness is typically inconsistent and variable, fluctuating in severity and distribution over time. […] The sensory symptoms encompass a variety of abnormalities in FND, inclusive of altered sensation, numbness, tingling, and sensory loss. […] FND’s symptom severity can vary from mild to severe, with few individuals experiencing intermittent or mild signs that do not significantly impair daily functioning, while others may have profound and debilitating symptoms that critically effect their quality of life.

• #22 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration. […] Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.

• #23 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #24 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #25 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #26 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #27 Managing Conversion Disorder Symptoms with Chiropractic Care

  https://accidentcarechiropractic.com/chiropractic-care-for-conversion-disorder/

  Symptoms of conversion disorder vary from case to case. Some of the most common symptoms include seizures, sense-related disruptions, including trouble with vision, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, pain, problems with balance, episodes of unresponsiveness, muscle tension, twitches, tremors, or spasms, muscle weakness, paralysis, dysphagia, dizziness, fainting, chronic fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. […] Chiropractic care, especially when it includes physical therapy, is especially helpful for treating conversion disorder. It also reduces the risk of complications from the disorder and prevents secondary symptoms, such as weakness or muscle stiffness. […] Treatment might include movement of the arms and legs to prevent muscle tightness. People with loss of mobility or paralysis benefit from gradual exercises that increase strength and their ability to function. Its especially useful when symptoms manifest in areas commonly treated by chiropractors, including the back and neck. […] A chiropractic adjustment also helps with anxiety, depression, and stress. Working through concurrent mental health issues is especially important when dealing with conversion disorder. These conditions can cause or exacerbate symptoms. A chiropractor helps with the management of these issues.

• #28 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #29 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #30 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #31 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  FND’s hallmark characteristic is the presence of neurological signs and symptoms that cannot be defined by way of underlying organic pathology, leading to a diagnosis based on exclusion criteria and positive clinical signs. […] In FND, its motor signs and symptoms can appear in diverse forms, such as weakness tremors, abnormal movements, gait disturbances, and paralysis. Weakness is one of the most familial motor symptoms visible in FND and generally manifests as weakness affecting one or more limbs or even the complete body. This weakness is typically inconsistent and variable, fluctuating in severity and distribution over time. […] The sensory symptoms encompass a variety of abnormalities in FND, inclusive of altered sensation, numbness, tingling, and sensory loss. […] FND’s symptom severity can vary from mild to severe, with few individuals experiencing intermittent or mild signs that do not significantly impair daily functioning, while others may have profound and debilitating symptoms that critically effect their quality of life.

• #32 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #33 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration. […] Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.

• #34 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations experienced in the body, often described as tingling, burning, or prickling feelings. Paresthesia is one of the sensory symptoms or disturbances commonly observed in conversion disorder. […] Difficulty or inability to speak is when an individual faces challenges in speech production, struggles in word retrieval, unintentional word mix-ups, or experiences a complete loss of the ability to vocalize. […] Difficulty swallowing, medically known as dysphagia, is a sensation or actual impairment that hinders the normal passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. This can manifest as a feeling of a lump in one’s throat or actual difficulty moving food down the esophagus. […] Conversion disorder commonly occurs during late childhood or early adulthood, reaching its peak onset in individuals in their mid to late 30s. Although it can manifest at any age, it is uncommon among children under 10 years old and the elderly.

• #35 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #36 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #37 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration. […] Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.

• #38 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Balance problems refer to difficulties in maintaining stability or equilibrium, often resulting in unsteadiness or dizziness, affecting tasks involving motor skills, and contributing to difficulties in walking or maintaining a stable posture. […] Vision problems encompass a range of issues affecting sight. Vision symptoms are part of FND and can involve alterations in vision, such as blurred vision, double vision, increased sensitivity to light (photophobia), and partial or complete loss of vision (blindness). […] Hearing problems refer to difficulties or abnormalities related to one’s ability to hear or perceive sound. Conversion deafness, identified as a somatoform disorder, is characterized by a loss of hearing without a detectable physical or pathophysiological cause. […] Numbness and loss of sensation is the absence or reduction of an individual’s ability to perceive sensations, such as touch, temperature, or pressure. People with CD genuinely feel numbness in a particular body part or region, despite no identifiable nerve damage or neurological cause.

• #39 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND) refers to a neurological condition caused by changes in how brain networks work, rather than changes in the structure of the brain itself, as seen in many other neurological disorders. Physical symptoms of FND are genuine but cannot be explained by changes in the brain structure. FND symptoms may include: Seizure-like episodes, Movement problems, Problems with cognitive function, Dizziness, Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with vision or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] Symptoms of FND are not intentionally produced and can involve any part of the body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when the person is distracted.

• #40 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #41 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #42 Functional Neurologic Disorder | Ability Central

  https://abilitycentral.org/article/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND), also called conversion disorder and functional neurologic symptom disorder, refers to a group of common neurological movement disorders caused by an abnormality in how the brain functions. FND causes real symptoms that significantly interfere with how you function and cope with daily life. If you have FND, your unplanned movements and symptoms occur without you consciously starting them and are inconsistent and distinct from symptoms that are intentionally produced. FND can involve any part of your body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when you are distracted. […] FND has two primary categories: psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and functional movement disorder. There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms and disorders. For some people, symptoms are short-lived while for others they may last for years. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) may look like generalized or other forms of epileptic seizures but are caused by brain dysfunction and not by abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. You may have episodes of movement, sensation, and behavior similar to an epileptic seizure and may have a temporary loss of attention or memory lapse.

• #43 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #44 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #45 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #46 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #47 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #48 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #49 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  There are many types of FND, with a diverse mix and range of neurologic symptoms. For some people, symptoms are short-lived. In others, they may last for years. […] The two most common categories of FND are functional or dissociative seizures (also known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and functional movement disorder. […] Functional or dissociative seizures cause seizure-like episodes that are not due to abnormal electrical signaling in the brain. Symptoms that are associated with function/dissociative seizures may include: Eye closure during the episode, Side-to-side head movement, Pelvic thrusting, Prolonged attacks, Hyperventilation, Shaking all over the body (with awareness). […] Functional movement disorder affects how the body moves. Any type of abnormal movement can be seen in functional movement disorder. About half of the time, people with the disorder experience more than one type of abnormal movement. Symptoms may include: Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (dystonia), Problems with walking (gait), posture, or balance, Muscle spasms and stiffness, Tics, Leg and arm weakness or paralysis. […] People with functional or dissociative seizures should try to identify warning signs and learn techniques to avoid harm or injury during and after the seizure. Be aware that relapses and flare-ups often recur, despite treatment.

• #50 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Children and adolescents often fare better than adults. […] Short duration of symptoms and accepting the diagnosis appear to improve outcomes. […] Onset may begin after either physical trauma (e.g, injury) or psychological trauma. […] The tremor was inconsistent, reducing when her concentration was on something else and would stop when she grasped something, e.g., clasping her hands together. […] This combination of treatment reduced her tremor by 80% during her time in hospital, and two weeks after discharge it was gone. […] The commonest varieties of Dissociative Motor Disorder are loss of ability to move the whole or a part of a limb or limbs. […] Dissociative convulsions (pseudoseizures) may mimic epileptic seizures very closely in terms of movements, but tongue-biting, serious bruising due to falling, and incontinence of urine are rare in dissociative convulsion, and loss of consciousness is absent or replaced by a state of stupor or trance.

• #51 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration. […] Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.

• #52 Conversion Disorder Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Conversion%20Disorder/1337

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which there is a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to one or more parts of the body. FND is not caused by a disease or injury. For reasons not understood, the nervous (neurological) system does not work properly. […] FND symptoms may include weakness and paralysis of the limbs, seizures, tremors and jerks, and other nervous system symptoms. […] FND can cause a variety of symptoms that affect body movement, senses, and thinking: Vision problems (double vision or blindness), Speech problems (slurred speech or loss of speech), Numbness or loss of sensation, Hearing problems, Memory problems, Trouble concentrating, Pain, Fatigue, Weakness or paralysis, Tremors, spasms, jerkiness, tics, Involuntary repetitive movements, Difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing, Seizures or episodes of shaking and loss of consciousness (not caused by epilepsy).

• #53 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #54 Conversion Disorder Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Conversion%20Disorder/1337

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which there is a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to one or more parts of the body. FND is not caused by a disease or injury. For reasons not understood, the nervous (neurological) system does not work properly. […] FND symptoms may include weakness and paralysis of the limbs, seizures, tremors and jerks, and other nervous system symptoms. […] FND can cause a variety of symptoms that affect body movement, senses, and thinking: Vision problems (double vision or blindness), Speech problems (slurred speech or loss of speech), Numbness or loss of sensation, Hearing problems, Memory problems, Trouble concentrating, Pain, Fatigue, Weakness or paralysis, Tremors, spasms, jerkiness, tics, Involuntary repetitive movements, Difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing, Seizures or episodes of shaking and loss of consciousness (not caused by epilepsy).

• #55 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND) refers to a neurological condition caused by changes in how brain networks work, rather than changes in the structure of the brain itself, as seen in many other neurological disorders. Physical symptoms of FND are genuine but cannot be explained by changes in the brain structure. FND symptoms may include: Seizure-like episodes, Movement problems, Problems with cognitive function, Dizziness, Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with vision or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] Symptoms of FND are not intentionally produced and can involve any part of the body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when the person is distracted.

• #56 Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) Clinic | Kennedy Krieger Institute

  https://www.kennedykrieger.org/patient-care/centers-and-programs/functional-neurological-disorder-clinic

  Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), formerly known as conversion disorder, is a common condition characterized by neurological symptoms that are not caused by an underlying neurological injury or medical condition but by dysfunctions in the normal functioning of the body. […] Symptoms of FND may appear suddenly, without an obvious trigger, or following a stressful event or emotional or physical trauma. […] Individuals with this disorder experience physical and sensory issues such as paralysis, numbness, or seizures. […] These symptoms can significantly impact important aspects of a child’s life, such as school performance and family life. […] Symptoms We Treat Include: Limb weakness or paralysis, Movement disorders such as gait disorders, tremors, or dystonia, Functional motor and vocal tic-like phenomena, Functional non-epileptic seizures/attacks, Vision and hearing problems, Difficulty speaking or swallowing, Brain fog, memory problems, and other unexplained cognitive symptoms.

• #57 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #58 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #59 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287464-overview

  Common examples of conversion symptoms include blindness, diplopia, paralysis, dystonia, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), anesthesia, aphonia, amnesia, dementia, unresponsiveness, swallowing difficulties, motor tics, hallucinations, pseudocyesis and difficulty walking. […] […] Multiple symptoms suggest a somatization disorder. Conversion disorder is a type of somatoform disorder where physical symptoms or signs are present that cannot be explained by a medical condition. Very importantly, unlike factitious disorders and malingering, the symptoms of somatoform disorders are not intentional or under conscious control of the patient. This can be difficult to ascertain during the initial history and work up of the patient. […] […] Conversion symptoms suggest a physical disorder but are the result of psychological factors. According to the psychodynamic model, the symptoms are a consequence of emotional conflict, with the repression of conflict into the unconscious. […]

• #60 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287464-overview

  Common examples of conversion symptoms include blindness, diplopia, paralysis, dystonia, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), anesthesia, aphonia, amnesia, dementia, unresponsiveness, swallowing difficulties, motor tics, hallucinations, pseudocyesis and difficulty walking. […] […] Multiple symptoms suggest a somatization disorder. Conversion disorder is a type of somatoform disorder where physical symptoms or signs are present that cannot be explained by a medical condition. Very importantly, unlike factitious disorders and malingering, the symptoms of somatoform disorders are not intentional or under conscious control of the patient. This can be difficult to ascertain during the initial history and work up of the patient. […] […] Conversion symptoms suggest a physical disorder but are the result of psychological factors. According to the psychodynamic model, the symptoms are a consequence of emotional conflict, with the repression of conflict into the unconscious. […]

• #61 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/conversion-disorder/

  Conversion disorder is a condition in which people experience symptoms affecting the nervous system that have no physical explanation. This may include symptoms such as: Weakness, Movement problems, such as tremors or twitching, Sensory issues, such as loss of sense of smell or touch, Blackouts. […] Symptoms of conversion disorder may be worrying to experience but they do not pose any long-term threat to health. Although symptoms will generally get better without treatment, they may recur if the underlying cause is not addressed. Treatment of the underlying cause makes recurrence less likely. […] People with conversion disorder may experience symptoms such as: Blindness, Double vision, Weakness or paralysis, Muscular spasms, Seizures, Loss of balance, Trouble coordinating movements (ataxia), Numb skin or tingling limbs, Loss of sensation in limbs, Memory loss, Unresponsiveness, Deafness, Difficulty swallowing, Inability to speak (aphonia), Loss of sense of smell (anosmia), Motor tics, Hallucinations, False pregnancy.

• #62 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND) refers to a neurological condition caused by changes in how brain networks work, rather than changes in the structure of the brain itself, as seen in many other neurological disorders. Physical symptoms of FND are genuine but cannot be explained by changes in the brain structure. FND symptoms may include: Seizure-like episodes, Movement problems, Problems with cognitive function, Dizziness, Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with vision or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] Symptoms of FND are not intentionally produced and can involve any part of the body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when the person is distracted.

• #63 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #64 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations experienced in the body, often described as tingling, burning, or prickling feelings. Paresthesia is one of the sensory symptoms or disturbances commonly observed in conversion disorder. […] Difficulty or inability to speak is when an individual faces challenges in speech production, struggles in word retrieval, unintentional word mix-ups, or experiences a complete loss of the ability to vocalize. […] Difficulty swallowing, medically known as dysphagia, is a sensation or actual impairment that hinders the normal passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. This can manifest as a feeling of a lump in one’s throat or actual difficulty moving food down the esophagus. […] Conversion disorder commonly occurs during late childhood or early adulthood, reaching its peak onset in individuals in their mid to late 30s. Although it can manifest at any age, it is uncommon among children under 10 years old and the elderly.

• #65 Conversion Disorder Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Conversion%20Disorder/1337

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which there is a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to one or more parts of the body. FND is not caused by a disease or injury. For reasons not understood, the nervous (neurological) system does not work properly. […] FND symptoms may include weakness and paralysis of the limbs, seizures, tremors and jerks, and other nervous system symptoms. […] FND can cause a variety of symptoms that affect body movement, senses, and thinking: Vision problems (double vision or blindness), Speech problems (slurred speech or loss of speech), Numbness or loss of sensation, Hearing problems, Memory problems, Trouble concentrating, Pain, Fatigue, Weakness or paralysis, Tremors, spasms, jerkiness, tics, Involuntary repetitive movements, Difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing, Seizures or episodes of shaking and loss of consciousness (not caused by epilepsy).

• #66 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND) refers to a neurological condition caused by changes in how brain networks work, rather than changes in the structure of the brain itself, as seen in many other neurological disorders. Physical symptoms of FND are genuine but cannot be explained by changes in the brain structure. FND symptoms may include: Seizure-like episodes, Movement problems, Problems with cognitive function, Dizziness, Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with vision or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] Symptoms of FND are not intentionally produced and can involve any part of the body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when the person is distracted.

• #67 Conversion Disorder Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Conversion%20Disorder/1337

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which there is a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to one or more parts of the body. FND is not caused by a disease or injury. For reasons not understood, the nervous (neurological) system does not work properly. […] FND symptoms may include weakness and paralysis of the limbs, seizures, tremors and jerks, and other nervous system symptoms. […] FND can cause a variety of symptoms that affect body movement, senses, and thinking: Vision problems (double vision or blindness), Speech problems (slurred speech or loss of speech), Numbness or loss of sensation, Hearing problems, Memory problems, Trouble concentrating, Pain, Fatigue, Weakness or paralysis, Tremors, spasms, jerkiness, tics, Involuntary repetitive movements, Difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing, Seizures or episodes of shaking and loss of consciousness (not caused by epilepsy).

• #68 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND) refers to a neurological condition caused by changes in how brain networks work, rather than changes in the structure of the brain itself, as seen in many other neurological disorders. Physical symptoms of FND are genuine but cannot be explained by changes in the brain structure. FND symptoms may include: Seizure-like episodes, Movement problems, Problems with cognitive function, Dizziness, Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with vision or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] Symptoms of FND are not intentionally produced and can involve any part of the body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when the person is distracted.

• #69 Functional neurological symptom disorder: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318534

  Functional neurological disorder (FND), or conversion disorder, is a complex condition that causes neurological symptoms, like fainting and tremors, without an apparent structural problem in the nervous system. […] Individuals who have FND experience physical symptoms. These symptoms have no underlying structural cause and are often associated with an emotional or psychological crisis. However, many individuals have FND that did not result from an emotional or psychological cause. […] A person with FND has no control over the symptoms they experience and does not consciously or deliberately produce them. […] Typical signs and symptoms of FND include fainting, jerky movements, numbness, tingling, or pain, often on one side of the body, problems walking, or gait disorder, seizures, speech problems, tremors or spasms, vision problems, such as loss of vision or double vision, weakness or paralysis in the limbs.

• #70 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #71 Managing Conversion Disorder Symptoms with Chiropractic Care

  https://accidentcarechiropractic.com/chiropractic-care-for-conversion-disorder/

  Symptoms of conversion disorder vary from case to case. Some of the most common symptoms include seizures, sense-related disruptions, including trouble with vision, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, pain, problems with balance, episodes of unresponsiveness, muscle tension, twitches, tremors, or spasms, muscle weakness, paralysis, dysphagia, dizziness, fainting, chronic fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. […] Chiropractic care, especially when it includes physical therapy, is especially helpful for treating conversion disorder. It also reduces the risk of complications from the disorder and prevents secondary symptoms, such as weakness or muscle stiffness. […] Treatment might include movement of the arms and legs to prevent muscle tightness. People with loss of mobility or paralysis benefit from gradual exercises that increase strength and their ability to function. Its especially useful when symptoms manifest in areas commonly treated by chiropractors, including the back and neck. […] A chiropractic adjustment also helps with anxiety, depression, and stress. Working through concurrent mental health issues is especially important when dealing with conversion disorder. These conditions can cause or exacerbate symptoms. A chiropractor helps with the management of these issues.

• #72 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they’re significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses. […] Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration.

• #73 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration. […] Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.

• #74 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #75 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/functional-neurologic-disorderconversion-disorder

  Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include: Weakness or paralysis, Abnormal movement, such as tremors or difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing or feeling „a lump in the throat”, Seizures or episodes of shaking and apparent loss of consciousness (nonepileptic seizures), Episodes of unresponsiveness. […] Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include: Numbness or loss of the touch sensation, Speech problems, such as the inability to speak or slurred speech, Vision problems, such as double vision or blindness, Hearing problems or deafness, Cognitive difficulties involving memory and concentration. […] Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.

• #76 Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) Clinic | Kennedy Krieger Institute

  https://www.kennedykrieger.org/patient-care/centers-and-programs/functional-neurological-disorder-clinic

  Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), formerly known as conversion disorder, is a common condition characterized by neurological symptoms that are not caused by an underlying neurological injury or medical condition but by dysfunctions in the normal functioning of the body. […] Symptoms of FND may appear suddenly, without an obvious trigger, or following a stressful event or emotional or physical trauma. […] Individuals with this disorder experience physical and sensory issues such as paralysis, numbness, or seizures. […] These symptoms can significantly impact important aspects of a child’s life, such as school performance and family life. […] Symptoms We Treat Include: Limb weakness or paralysis, Movement disorders such as gait disorders, tremors, or dystonia, Functional motor and vocal tic-like phenomena, Functional non-epileptic seizures/attacks, Vision and hearing problems, Difficulty speaking or swallowing, Brain fog, memory problems, and other unexplained cognitive symptoms.

• #77 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #78 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #79 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #80 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Conversion symptoms are altered motor or sensory functioning, which may include pseudoseizures, either with or without impaired consciousness. […] Conversion Disorder symptoms cannot be fully explained by neurological or other medical conditions, or by substance use, and are not intentionally produced. […] Symptoms may be inconsistent, often changing during examination and/or with a person’s level of stress. […] Although brief periods of conversion symptoms are common, persistent individual conversion symptoms are very rare in the general population, occurring at approximately 2-5 people per 100,000 per year. […] Non-epileptic seizures are most common in a person’s 30s, and motor symptoms in a person’s 40s. […] Symptoms of illness learned in childhood can begin as a way of coping with an impossible situation.

• #81 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #82 Functional Neurologic Disorder | Ability Central

  https://abilitycentral.org/article/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional movement disorder (motor FND, affecting movement of the body) symptoms are common and may include: Leg and arm weakness or paralysis, Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (called myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (called dystonia), Problems with walking motion (gait), posture, or balance, Spasms and contractures (where the tendons become fixed in awkward or uncomfortable positions), Muscle stiffness, Tics. […] Symptoms that affect other brain functions may include: Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with seeing or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] FND symptoms can strengthen with attention being pointed at your unwanted movement. Redirecting attention from the abnormal movement, such as having a conversation while the movement is taking place or tapping by an unaffected arm or leg, can lessen your movement or other symptom.

• #83 Functional Neurologic Disorder | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional neurologic disorder (FND) refers to a neurological condition caused by changes in how brain networks work, rather than changes in the structure of the brain itself, as seen in many other neurological disorders. Physical symptoms of FND are genuine but cannot be explained by changes in the brain structure. FND symptoms may include: Seizure-like episodes, Movement problems, Problems with cognitive function, Dizziness, Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with vision or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] Symptoms of FND are not intentionally produced and can involve any part of the body. Symptoms may appear suddenly, increase with attention to them, and decrease when the person is distracted.

• #84 Functional Neurologic Disorder | Ability Central

  https://abilitycentral.org/article/functional-neurologic-disorder

  Functional movement disorder (motor FND, affecting movement of the body) symptoms are common and may include: Leg and arm weakness or paralysis, Tremor, Sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (called myoclonus), Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures (called dystonia), Problems with walking motion (gait), posture, or balance, Spasms and contractures (where the tendons become fixed in awkward or uncomfortable positions), Muscle stiffness, Tics. […] Symptoms that affect other brain functions may include: Speech difficulties, such as sudden onset of stuttering or trouble speaking, Problems with seeing or hearing, Pain (including chronic migraine), Extreme slowness and fatigue, Numbness or inability to sense touch. […] FND symptoms can strengthen with attention being pointed at your unwanted movement. Redirecting attention from the abnormal movement, such as having a conversation while the movement is taking place or tapping by an unaffected arm or leg, can lessen your movement or other symptom.

• #85 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Conversion symptoms are altered motor or sensory functioning, which may include pseudoseizures, either with or without impaired consciousness. […] Conversion Disorder symptoms cannot be fully explained by neurological or other medical conditions, or by substance use, and are not intentionally produced. […] Symptoms may be inconsistent, often changing during examination and/or with a person’s level of stress. […] Although brief periods of conversion symptoms are common, persistent individual conversion symptoms are very rare in the general population, occurring at approximately 2-5 people per 100,000 per year. […] Non-epileptic seizures are most common in a person’s 30s, and motor symptoms in a person’s 40s. […] Symptoms of illness learned in childhood can begin as a way of coping with an impossible situation.

• #86 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Children and adolescents often fare better than adults. […] Short duration of symptoms and accepting the diagnosis appear to improve outcomes. […] Onset may begin after either physical trauma (e.g, injury) or psychological trauma. […] The tremor was inconsistent, reducing when her concentration was on something else and would stop when she grasped something, e.g., clasping her hands together. […] This combination of treatment reduced her tremor by 80% during her time in hospital, and two weeks after discharge it was gone. […] The commonest varieties of Dissociative Motor Disorder are loss of ability to move the whole or a part of a limb or limbs. […] Dissociative convulsions (pseudoseizures) may mimic epileptic seizures very closely in terms of movements, but tongue-biting, serious bruising due to falling, and incontinence of urine are rare in dissociative convulsion, and loss of consciousness is absent or replaced by a state of stupor or trance.

• #87 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #88 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  Conversion disorder creates disruptions in your brain that cause physical symptoms. […] The symptoms of conversion disorder can vary widely depending on the part of the brain involved. Some of the most common symptoms include psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), sense-related disruptions, pain, unusual muscle tension, spasms, twitches and tremors, muscle weakness or paralysis, trouble swallowing, dizziness, fainting or passing out, and chronic fatigue or lack of energy. […] People with conversion disorder often seem like theyre not worried about their symptoms. This phenomenon, la belle indifference, happens most commonly with conversion disorder. However, it isnt necessarily a symptom, and it doesnt happen with every case of conversion disorder. […] Conversion disorder can last different lengths of time, depending on several factors. Those factors include when it happens in your life, how severe it is and whether or not you receive care for the condition. An acute case is one where youve had symptoms for under six months. A persistent case is one where symptoms last for more than six months.

• #89 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #90 Functional neurological symptom disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_neurological_symptom_disorder

  Patients with functional movement disorders and limb weakness may experience symptom onset triggered by an episode of acute pain, a physical injury or physical trauma. They may also experience symptoms when faced with a psychological stressor, but this isn’t the case for most patients. […] The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurological symptom disorder for less than six months, while a persistent episode includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. FNSD can also have the specifier of with or without the psychological stressor.

• #91 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  For other people, conversion disorder can be a problem that lasts for years or the rest of their life. This is most likely when a person has severe symptoms, doesnt seek care or doesnt follow through with treatment. […] Conversion disorder isnt a life-threatening or outright dangerous condition. However, it can greatly affect your overall mental health and well-being. People with conversion disorder often have severe problems that keep them from working or participating in enjoyable activities.

• #92 Functional neurological disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000954.htm

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which there is a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to one or more parts of the body. FND symptoms may include weakness and paralysis of the limbs, seizures, tremors and jerks, and other nervous system symptoms. […] FND can cause a variety of symptoms that affect body movement, senses, and thinking: Vision problems (double vision or blindness), Speech problems (slurred speech or loss of speech), Numbness or loss of sensation, Hearing problems, Memory problems, Trouble concentrating, Pain, Fatigue, Weakness or paralysis, Tremors, spasms, jerkiness, tics, Involuntary repetitive movements, Difficulty walking, Loss of balance, Difficulty swallowing, Seizures or episodes of shaking and loss of consciousness (not caused by epilepsy). […] Symptoms usually last for days to weeks and may suddenly go away while others may last for years. The symptoms are usually not life threatening, but complications can be debilitating.

• #93 What Is FND – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/

  Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a problem with the functioning of the nervous system and how the brain and body send and receive signals. […] The symptoms are real and can cause impairment in quality of life that is similar to and in some aspects worse than other neurological conditions. […] Functional Neurological Disorder symptoms are often described as appearing suddenly and progressing rapidly. Symptoms typically wax and wane, including complete remissions and sudden recurrences. […] It is common for other illness or physical injury to trigger functional symptoms or for patients to develop functional overlay with concurrent illnesses. […] An impairment of self-agency or the sense that one is not in control of voluntary movement is a defining characteristic of FND. […] The resting-state fMRIs lend itself to support an organic abnormality of functional connectivity in the brains of FND patients. […] Patients do not have to be stressed, depressed or anxious to develop functional symptoms, nor had they had to have had an adverse childhood experience.

• #94 Conversion Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/mental-health/disorders-conditions/conversion-disorder-functional-neurological-symptom-disorder/

  Symptoms of functional neurological disorder manifest similarly to symptoms of neurological conditions and can include motor dysfunction like paralysis or abnormal movements, sensory symptoms such as blindness or deafness, loss of one or more bodily functions, neurologic symptoms such as weakness, and nonepileptic seizures, varying widely in presentation and severity. […] Individuals living with conversion disorder often present with one or more of these symptoms similar to those of neurologic disorders, which can significantly interfere with daily activities. The symptoms of conversion disorders are not intentionally produced and are not linked to any recognized medical or neurological condition. […] Notably, the symptoms can vary in severity and may come and go. Distractions can also influence them and may cause symptom improvement when the client is reassured that no serious neurological condition is present. Despite the lack of a clear medical explanation for these symptoms, they can cause distress and functional impairment to the individual, warranting the necessity of treatment. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, an episode of conversion disorder is acute if symptoms last for fewer than six months and persistent if they last six months or more.

• #95 Conversion disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/conversion-disorder/

  As noted, onset is frequently correlated with acute psychologic stress or a personal social crisis associated with discordant home life. […] Between 50% and 90% of CD/FNSD patients exhibit rapid resolution of symptoms after reassurance, although as many as 25% then relapse or develop new conversion/neurologic symptoms over time. Longer duration of symptoms, expectation of nonrecovery, untreated psychiatric comorbidity, tremor and/or nonepileptic seizures at the time of initial consultation are associated with worse prognosis.

• #96 Conversion disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder

  Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of a lump in the throat. […] Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or convulsions. […] Conversion symptoms typically do not conform to known anatomical pathways and physiological mechanisms. […] The onset of conversion disorder often correlates to a traumatic or stressful event. […] There are certain populations that are considered at risk for conversion disorder, including people with a medical illness or condition, people with personality disorders or dissociative disorders. […] Empirical studies have found that the prognosis for conversion disorder varies widely, with some cases resolving in weeks, and others enduring for years or decades. […] Although patients may go into remission, they can relapse at any point.

• #97 Functional neurological symptom disorder: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318534

  Symptoms may come and go, or they may persist. They can vary in severity and location. […] In some cases, symptoms resolve within a short period. However, in some people, they may continue for months or years and can hinder a person’s ability to work and carry out everyday activities. […] According to FND Hope, a non-profit patient advocacy organization for people with FND, the symptoms of FND can be as debilitating as those of multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease. […] The duration and severity of symptoms vary from person to person. Typically, the symptoms are not life threatening, but complications that arise may be debilitating or decrease a person’s quality of life. […] However, some people may experience ongoing symptoms, recurring symptoms, or the development of new symptoms at a later stage, particularly if they delay treatment, symptoms develop slowly, symptoms do not improve quickly, symptoms are not stress-related, symptoms include tremors or seizures, or there are co-occurring psychological conditions.

• #98 Day # 120: Functional Neurologic Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-120-functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder

  Patients with functional neurologic disorder (FND) have at least one real (not feigned) neurological symptom (sensory or motor) that cannot be fully explained by a neurological condition. […] FND is also known as „conversion disorder”. This is based on the psychoanalytic hypothesis that unconscious psychological distress or conflict is „converted” into neurologic symptoms. […] Some examples of neurological symptoms include weakness, paralysis, abnormal movements, blindness, paresthesias, and more. […] Patients often spontaneously recover, however, the prognosis is poor, as symptoms may persist, recur, or worsen in ~40-70% of patients. […] The incidence of individual persistent conversion symptoms is estimated to be 2-5/100,000 per year in the general population. […] Higher female representation (female-to-male ratio about 3:1).

• #99 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #100 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  People with conversion disorder are not faking their symptoms, and despite not having a clear physiological origin, the symptoms cause real distress and cannot be controlled at will. The severity of the disability caused by conversion disorder can be similar to that experienced by people with comparable medical diseases. […] The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and can be associated with stress or a traumatic event. Stressful life events are often present in people who develop conversion symptoms, but this is not always the case. […] Conversion disorder can develop at any time throughout the lifespan. The onset of non-epileptic seizures is most common in the third decade of life, and motor symptoms have their peak onset in the fourth decade of life. […] A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present.

• #101 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #102 Caring for Patients with Functional Neurological Disorders in the ED: Updates, Pearls, and Pitfalls – EMOttawa Blog

  https://emottawablog.com/2018/10/functional-neurological-disorders/

  Functional Neurological Disorder is not a diagnosis of exclusion. It is a diagnosis based on positive clinical features. […] Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a term for a constellation of functional symptoms that are neurologic in nature. […] Prognosis for psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) is worse than epilepsy. […] Time from symptom onset to receiving diagnosis was a prognostic factor for recovery. […] Emotional suppression of sensory-integration stimuli in FND. […] Impaired sensory attenuation in patients with FND. […] Impaired attention in FND. […] Pathophysiological basis of FND likely includes the following: hypoactivation of basal ganglia, emotional suppression by paralimbic structures, loss of sensory attenuation, alterations of attention and perception. […] The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment. […] Patients with FND are typically over investigated. […] High degree of organic disease in patients with FND. […] FND is a red flag for underlying neurologic disease.

• #103 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  People with conversion disorder are not faking their symptoms, and despite not having a clear physiological origin, the symptoms cause real distress and cannot be controlled at will. The severity of the disability caused by conversion disorder can be similar to that experienced by people with comparable medical diseases. […] The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and can be associated with stress or a traumatic event. Stressful life events are often present in people who develop conversion symptoms, but this is not always the case. […] Conversion disorder can develop at any time throughout the lifespan. The onset of non-epileptic seizures is most common in the third decade of life, and motor symptoms have their peak onset in the fourth decade of life. […] A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present.

• #104 Conversion Disorder: Understanding Symptoms and Causes.

  https://serincenter.com/conditions-we-treat-at-serin-center/conversion-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOopYPQWK2a7IhVj9Pd0yVo-GZE6sUBuIEUb0n2mVZkYzEyvGsP_4

  Regular follow-up with healthcare providers ensures ongoing monitoring of symptoms and progress. […] The prognosis of conversion disorder varies widely among individuals and is influenced by several factors. One key aspect is the promptness of diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment. Early intervention often leads to better outcomes, as it may prevent symptom escalation and chronicity. […] Individuals diagnosed with conversion disorder can experience spontaneous remission of symptoms, especially with therapeutic interventions. […] However, the prognosis may be influenced by the presence of comorbid conditions, such as other mental health disorders or chronic medical conditions. […] It is essential to recognize that conversion disorder is treatable, and many individuals experience significant improvement in their symptoms with appropriate care.

• #105 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #106 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  People with conversion disorder are not faking their symptoms, and despite not having a clear physiological origin, the symptoms cause real distress and cannot be controlled at will. The severity of the disability caused by conversion disorder can be similar to that experienced by people with comparable medical diseases. […] The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and can be associated with stress or a traumatic event. Stressful life events are often present in people who develop conversion symptoms, but this is not always the case. […] Conversion disorder can develop at any time throughout the lifespan. The onset of non-epileptic seizures is most common in the third decade of life, and motor symptoms have their peak onset in the fourth decade of life. […] A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present.

• #107 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #108 Conversion disorder: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/conversion-disorder-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  The overall outlook for this condition is not quite promising, but several factors influence the prognosis. Positive indicators for a better prognosis encompass a sudden symptom onset, early diagnosis, brief symptom duration, absence of accompanying psychiatric disorders, identifiable stress factors, and a favorable patient-clinician relationship.

• #109 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #110 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Children and adolescents often fare better than adults. […] Short duration of symptoms and accepting the diagnosis appear to improve outcomes. […] Onset may begin after either physical trauma (e.g, injury) or psychological trauma. […] The tremor was inconsistent, reducing when her concentration was on something else and would stop when she grasped something, e.g., clasping her hands together. […] This combination of treatment reduced her tremor by 80% during her time in hospital, and two weeks after discharge it was gone. […] The commonest varieties of Dissociative Motor Disorder are loss of ability to move the whole or a part of a limb or limbs. […] Dissociative convulsions (pseudoseizures) may mimic epileptic seizures very closely in terms of movements, but tongue-biting, serious bruising due to falling, and incontinence of urine are rare in dissociative convulsion, and loss of consciousness is absent or replaced by a state of stupor or trance.

• #111 Conversion Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/conversion-disorder

  People with conversion disorder are not faking their symptoms, and despite not having a clear physiological origin, the symptoms cause real distress and cannot be controlled at will. The severity of the disability caused by conversion disorder can be similar to that experienced by people with comparable medical diseases. […] The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and can be associated with stress or a traumatic event. Stressful life events are often present in people who develop conversion symptoms, but this is not always the case. […] Conversion disorder can develop at any time throughout the lifespan. The onset of non-epileptic seizures is most common in the third decade of life, and motor symptoms have their peak onset in the fourth decade of life. […] A positive prognosis can be expected when conversion symptoms have a sudden onset, are present for a short period of time, the individual is accepting of their diagnosis, and there are no additional psychiatric disorders present.

• #112 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #113 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #114 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #115 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #116 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/conversion

  About 37% of individuals with conversion disorder have had a physical injury preceding symptom onset. […] Negative prognostic factors include: inability to notice variability in symptoms or positive signs of FND when shown, low personal agency or help-seeking/rejecting style, multi-systemic symptoms as opposed to single symptom presentation, chronicity of symptoms and poor coping (i.e., patient is destabilized by a new illness model), active litigation is strong perpetuating factor for symptoms.

• #117 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #118 Conversion disorder | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/conversion-disorder/

  As noted, onset is frequently correlated with acute psychologic stress or a personal social crisis associated with discordant home life. […] Between 50% and 90% of CD/FNSD patients exhibit rapid resolution of symptoms after reassurance, although as many as 25% then relapse or develop new conversion/neurologic symptoms over time. Longer duration of symptoms, expectation of nonrecovery, untreated psychiatric comorbidity, tremor and/or nonepileptic seizures at the time of initial consultation are associated with worse prognosis.

• #119 Dissociative Disorders of Movement and Sensation & PNES – Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativemovement

  Children and adolescents often fare better than adults. […] Short duration of symptoms and accepting the diagnosis appear to improve outcomes. […] Onset may begin after either physical trauma (e.g, injury) or psychological trauma. […] The tremor was inconsistent, reducing when her concentration was on something else and would stop when she grasped something, e.g., clasping her hands together. […] This combination of treatment reduced her tremor by 80% during her time in hospital, and two weeks after discharge it was gone. […] The commonest varieties of Dissociative Motor Disorder are loss of ability to move the whole or a part of a limb or limbs. […] Dissociative convulsions (pseudoseizures) may mimic epileptic seizures very closely in terms of movements, but tongue-biting, serious bruising due to falling, and incontinence of urine are rare in dissociative convulsion, and loss of consciousness is absent or replaced by a state of stupor or trance.

• #120 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #121 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #122 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] FND, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and functional movement disorder (FMD), such as tremor or weakness, manifests as neurologic symptoms without an identifiable underlying neurologic disease. […] Individuals with FND have extremely elevated rates of health care utilization, long hospitalizations, and frequent referrals to multiple specialists. […] Patients with FND also have high levels of distress, social isolation, and disability, matching that of organic neurologic disorders, and many people with FND rely on disease-related disability benefits.

• #123 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] FND, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and functional movement disorder (FMD), such as tremor or weakness, manifests as neurologic symptoms without an identifiable underlying neurologic disease. […] Individuals with FND have extremely elevated rates of health care utilization, long hospitalizations, and frequent referrals to multiple specialists. […] Patients with FND also have high levels of distress, social isolation, and disability, matching that of organic neurologic disorders, and many people with FND rely on disease-related disability benefits.

• #124 Conversion Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17975-conversion-disorder

  For other people, conversion disorder can be a problem that lasts for years or the rest of their life. This is most likely when a person has severe symptoms, doesnt seek care or doesnt follow through with treatment. […] Conversion disorder isnt a life-threatening or outright dangerous condition. However, it can greatly affect your overall mental health and well-being. People with conversion disorder often have severe problems that keep them from working or participating in enjoyable activities.

• #125 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] FND, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and functional movement disorder (FMD), such as tremor or weakness, manifests as neurologic symptoms without an identifiable underlying neurologic disease. […] Individuals with FND have extremely elevated rates of health care utilization, long hospitalizations, and frequent referrals to multiple specialists. […] Patients with FND also have high levels of distress, social isolation, and disability, matching that of organic neurologic disorders, and many people with FND rely on disease-related disability benefits.

• #126 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] FND, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and functional movement disorder (FMD), such as tremor or weakness, manifests as neurologic symptoms without an identifiable underlying neurologic disease. […] Individuals with FND have extremely elevated rates of health care utilization, long hospitalizations, and frequent referrals to multiple specialists. […] Patients with FND also have high levels of distress, social isolation, and disability, matching that of organic neurologic disorders, and many people with FND rely on disease-related disability benefits.

• #127 Functional neurological symptom disorder: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318534

  Symptoms may come and go, or they may persist. They can vary in severity and location. […] In some cases, symptoms resolve within a short period. However, in some people, they may continue for months or years and can hinder a person’s ability to work and carry out everyday activities. […] According to FND Hope, a non-profit patient advocacy organization for people with FND, the symptoms of FND can be as debilitating as those of multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease. […] The duration and severity of symptoms vary from person to person. Typically, the symptoms are not life threatening, but complications that arise may be debilitating or decrease a person’s quality of life. […] However, some people may experience ongoing symptoms, recurring symptoms, or the development of new symptoms at a later stage, particularly if they delay treatment, symptoms develop slowly, symptoms do not improve quickly, symptoms are not stress-related, symptoms include tremors or seizures, or there are co-occurring psychological conditions.

• #128 What Is FND – FND Hope International

  https://fndhope.org/fnd-guide/

  Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a problem with the functioning of the nervous system and how the brain and body send and receive signals. […] The symptoms are real and can cause impairment in quality of life that is similar to and in some aspects worse than other neurological conditions. […] Functional Neurological Disorder symptoms are often described as appearing suddenly and progressing rapidly. Symptoms typically wax and wane, including complete remissions and sudden recurrences. […] It is common for other illness or physical injury to trigger functional symptoms or for patients to develop functional overlay with concurrent illnesses. […] An impairment of self-agency or the sense that one is not in control of voluntary movement is a defining characteristic of FND. […] The resting-state fMRIs lend itself to support an organic abnormality of functional connectivity in the brains of FND patients. […] Patients do not have to be stressed, depressed or anxious to develop functional symptoms, nor had they had to have had an adverse childhood experience.

• #129 Functional neurological symptom disorder: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318534

  Symptoms may come and go, or they may persist. They can vary in severity and location. […] In some cases, symptoms resolve within a short period. However, in some people, they may continue for months or years and can hinder a person’s ability to work and carry out everyday activities. […] According to FND Hope, a non-profit patient advocacy organization for people with FND, the symptoms of FND can be as debilitating as those of multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease. […] The duration and severity of symptoms vary from person to person. Typically, the symptoms are not life threatening, but complications that arise may be debilitating or decrease a person’s quality of life. […] However, some people may experience ongoing symptoms, recurring symptoms, or the development of new symptoms at a later stage, particularly if they delay treatment, symptoms develop slowly, symptoms do not improve quickly, symptoms are not stress-related, symptoms include tremors or seizures, or there are co-occurring psychological conditions.

• #130 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] FND, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and functional movement disorder (FMD), such as tremor or weakness, manifests as neurologic symptoms without an identifiable underlying neurologic disease. […] Individuals with FND have extremely elevated rates of health care utilization, long hospitalizations, and frequent referrals to multiple specialists. […] Patients with FND also have high levels of distress, social isolation, and disability, matching that of organic neurologic disorders, and many people with FND rely on disease-related disability benefits.

• #131 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Functional neurologic symptom disorder (FND) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in the outpatient neurology setting and is difficult to treat, with poor prognoses and significant disability and morbidity. […] FND, including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and functional movement disorder (FMD), such as tremor or weakness, manifests as neurologic symptoms without an identifiable underlying neurologic disease. […] Individuals with FND have extremely elevated rates of health care utilization, long hospitalizations, and frequent referrals to multiple specialists. […] Patients with FND also have high levels of distress, social isolation, and disability, matching that of organic neurologic disorders, and many people with FND rely on disease-related disability benefits.

• #132 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #133 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #134 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #135 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Psychiatric comorbidities in FND are common and associated with poorer outcomes, including lower quality of life (QOL) and decreased survival for most medical disorders. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] The most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in adults with PNES is depression, with large studies reporting a prevalence of 30% to 48%. […] In the case of FMD, anxiety disorders including GAD, panic disorder, and specific phobias are together the most commonly reported group of psychiatric comorbidities with a prevalence of 38% to 75%. […] Children with FND have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their peers without FND, but a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders than adults with FND.

• #136 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #137 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Psychiatric comorbidities in FND are common and associated with poorer outcomes, including lower quality of life (QOL) and decreased survival for most medical disorders. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] The most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in adults with PNES is depression, with large studies reporting a prevalence of 30% to 48%. […] In the case of FMD, anxiety disorders including GAD, panic disorder, and specific phobias are together the most commonly reported group of psychiatric comorbidities with a prevalence of 38% to 75%. […] Children with FND have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their peers without FND, but a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders than adults with FND.

• #138 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #139 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #140 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can’t always be identified. […] Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease. […] Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with: Pain, Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, Depression, Insomnia, Fatigue. […] Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.

• #141 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #142 Functional neurological disorder (FND) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/functional-neurological-disorder/

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) describes a problem with how the brain receives and sends information to the rest of the body. It includes symptoms like arm and leg weakness and seizures. Other symptoms like fatigue or pain are not directly caused by FND, but are often found alongside it. FND can have many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some people may have few symptoms, and some people may have many. Functional limb weakness is when a leg or an arm doesn’t work properly. In FND, this happens because of a problem with how the nervous system is functioning. It can cause a range of symptoms, including problems walking, heaviness down one side, dropping things, and feeling like a limb isn’t part of you. A functional seizure (also called a dissociative seizure) is an episode where someone loses either their awareness of, or their ability to interact with, their surroundings. A functional seizure can appear as uncontrolled shaking, suddenly going motionless and unresponsive, or staring without responding to surroundings. Functional tremor can come and go throughout the day, and change in speed and strength. Functional dystonia is a type of muscle spasm. It causes a part of the body to become stuck in an unusual position. Functional gait disorder describes the problems walking that you may experience as part of FND. You may find you have a dragging leg, that you feel unsteady when walking, or that you make excessive movements when walking. A symptom of FND can be jerks or twitches, which is when someone makes sudden movements. In FND, however, these uncontrolled jerks and twitches can become much more frequent. Functional drop attacks are when someone falls to the ground suddenly, without losing consciousness. A symptom of FND can be numbness, pins and needles, or a feeling that a limb isn’t part of your body. Problems with your memory or concentration can be a symptom of FND. The cognitive symptoms of FND can sometimes be mistaken for dementia. Functional speech and swallowing difficulties can be a symptom of FND. PPPD (sometimes called functional dizziness, triple PD or 3PD) can be a symptom of FND. The dizziness in PPPD is typically experienced constantly, and gets worse while walking or in crowded environments. Visual symptoms can be a part of FND. You may experience changes to your vision, like blurred vision, double vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), or reduced vision. Dissociative symptoms are common in FND, although there are many other causes. These experiences are called dissociation, and can link into other FND symptoms. There are other symptoms or conditions that are commonly associated with FND, including chronic pain, persistent fatigue, sleep problems, migraines, anxiety, depression, and chronic urinary retention despite all tests being normal. FND is a really variable condition. Some people have quite short-lived symptoms. Others can have them for many years.

• #143 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) DSM-5 300.11 (ICD-10-CM Multiple Codes)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/conversion-disorder-(functional-neurological-symptom-disorder)-dsm–5-300.11-(icd–10–cm-multiple-codes)

  The DSM-5 is clear that although they are not required for diagnosis, patients often experience dissociative symptoms that begin around the onset of the episode. […] Most attacks occur during a period of stress or after a stressful life event, although this is not always the case. […] Symptoms and prevalence depend greatly on the cultural background of the patient. Therefore, cultural sensitivity is an important component of diagnosis and treatment.

• #144 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Psychiatric comorbidities in FND are common and associated with poorer outcomes, including lower quality of life (QOL) and decreased survival for most medical disorders. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] The most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in adults with PNES is depression, with large studies reporting a prevalence of 30% to 48%. […] In the case of FMD, anxiety disorders including GAD, panic disorder, and specific phobias are together the most commonly reported group of psychiatric comorbidities with a prevalence of 38% to 75%. […] Children with FND have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their peers without FND, but a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders than adults with FND.

• #145 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Psychiatric comorbidities in FND are common and associated with poorer outcomes, including lower quality of life (QOL) and decreased survival for most medical disorders. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] The most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in adults with PNES is depression, with large studies reporting a prevalence of 30% to 48%. […] In the case of FMD, anxiety disorders including GAD, panic disorder, and specific phobias are together the most commonly reported group of psychiatric comorbidities with a prevalence of 38% to 75%. […] Children with FND have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their peers without FND, but a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders than adults with FND.

• #146 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Veterans with PNES have a 94% prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions, with depression being the most prevalent at 77%. […] Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and FND can be conceptualized as the consequence of insecure attachment, a state of general vulnerability to mental illness driven by maladaptive coping.

• #147 Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-mar-apr/psychiatric-comorbidities-in-functional-neurologic-symptom-disorder

  Psychiatric comorbidities in FND are common and associated with poorer outcomes, including lower quality of life (QOL) and decreased survival for most medical disorders. […] An estimated 55% to 95% of people with FND have at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder. […] Studies of adults with FND have reported a prevalence of psychiatric disorder in 51% to 95%. […] The most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in adults with PNES is depression, with large studies reporting a prevalence of 30% to 48%. […] In the case of FMD, anxiety disorders including GAD, panic disorder, and specific phobias are together the most commonly reported group of psychiatric comorbidities with a prevalence of 38% to 75%. […] Children with FND have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their peers without FND, but a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders than adults with FND.

• #148 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  FND’s symptom progression is highly variable and may follow unpredictable patterns over time. Some individuals may experience a gradual improvement in or the resolution of signs and symptoms with time, while others may have also a chronic or relapsing-remitting course characterized by recurrent episodes of symptom exacerbation.

• #149 Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4470

  FND’s symptom progression is highly variable and may follow unpredictable patterns over time. Some individuals may experience a gradual improvement in or the resolution of signs and symptoms with time, while others may have also a chronic or relapsing-remitting course characterized by recurrent episodes of symptom exacerbation.

• #150 Functional Neurologic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551567/

  The presence of symptoms defines an acute episode of functional neurologic disorder for less than six months, and persistent functional neurologic disorder includes the presence of symptoms for greater than six months. […] The general prognosis for functional neurologic disorder is generally poor; however, this is dependent on multiple factors. Factors that promote a good prognosis include sudden onset, early diagnosis, short duration of symptoms, lack of comorbid psychiatric disorders (especially personality disorders), identifiable stressors, and a positive patient-clinician relationship. Patients with a greater number of physical symptoms of poor physical functioning before diagnosis have an increased chance of a poor outcome. […] The complications of functional neurologic disorder include permanent disability and impaired quality of life. Some patients become lost to follow-up, and other patients do not complete treatment as advised.

• #151 Conversion Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287464-overview

  Studies on the natural history of conversion disorder indicate that many patients subsequently develop or are found to have preexisting neurologic disease. In fact, conversion disorders may be more frequently observed in patients with a past history of a central nervous system injury. The simultaneous occurrence of organic brain disease with conversion symptoms is also observed, most notably in observation of high rates of organic seizure syndromes associated with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). […] […] Prognosis is generally poor, although presentation at a young age and early diagnosis in the course of the conversion symptoms are reasons for significant optimism. […] […] Individual conversion symptoms are generally self-limiting and do not lead to physical changes or disabilities. In the case of PNES, patients may have driving privileges removed by medical practitioners and may self-limit other activities due to concern over having a paroxysmal event. The symptoms related to the conversion disorder may lead to decreases in quality of life if they are perceived as egodystonic. […] […] Patients with chronic conversion symptoms rarely may develop atrophy, frozen joints, and contractures from disuse. […]

• #152 Conversion Disorder: Understanding Symptoms and Causes.

  https://serincenter.com/conditions-we-treat-at-serin-center/conversion-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOopYPQWK2a7IhVj9Pd0yVo-GZE6sUBuIEUb0n2mVZkYzEyvGsP_4

  Regular follow-up with healthcare providers ensures ongoing monitoring of symptoms and progress. […] The prognosis of conversion disorder varies widely among individuals and is influenced by several factors. One key aspect is the promptness of diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment. Early intervention often leads to better outcomes, as it may prevent symptom escalation and chronicity. […] Individuals diagnosed with conversion disorder can experience spontaneous remission of symptoms, especially with therapeutic interventions. […] However, the prognosis may be influenced by the presence of comorbid conditions, such as other mental health disorders or chronic medical conditions. […] It is essential to recognize that conversion disorder is treatable, and many individuals experience significant improvement in their symptoms with appropriate care.

• #153 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a problem largely impacting the function of the brain. In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to move, feel, speak, walk, and/or think, are disrupted. This promotes symptoms such as paralysis (not being able to move part of the body), episodes that resemble seizures, extra movements such as tremor or jerks, problems with memory, etc. […] FND can look different depending on the person. Below is a list of some common symptoms. This list is not exhaustive, and someone with FND may only have one or two symptoms on this list. Having FND does not mean that you will get all of these symptoms. […] In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to do things such as move, feel, speak, walk, or think, get disrupted. […] FND symptoms are potentially reversible. However there are generally no quick fixes. Treatment focuses on teaching you how to retrain your brain helping you bring your movements, speech, thinking, or other neurological symptoms back to normal function.

• #154 Basics of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/treatments-and-services/functional-neurological-disorder-basics

  Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a problem largely impacting the function of the brain. In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to move, feel, speak, walk, and/or think, are disrupted. This promotes symptoms such as paralysis (not being able to move part of the body), episodes that resemble seizures, extra movements such as tremor or jerks, problems with memory, etc. […] FND can look different depending on the person. Below is a list of some common symptoms. This list is not exhaustive, and someone with FND may only have one or two symptoms on this list. Having FND does not mean that you will get all of these symptoms. […] In FND, the normal pathways your brain uses to do things such as move, feel, speak, walk, or think, get disrupted. […] FND symptoms are potentially reversible. However there are generally no quick fixes. Treatment focuses on teaching you how to retrain your brain helping you bring your movements, speech, thinking, or other neurological symptoms back to normal function.

• #155 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/functional-neurologic-disorder-conversion-disorder?content_id=CON-20228115

  Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. For others, additional treatments may be beneficial. Involving loved ones can be helpful so that they can understand and support you.

• #156 Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202

  Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. […] Understanding what functional neurologic disorder is, that the symptoms are real, and that improvement is possible can help you with treatment choices and recovery. Symptoms may get better after an explanation of the condition and reassurance from your health care provider that symptoms are not caused by a serious underlying neurological or other medical disorder. […] For some people, education and reassurance that they don’t have a serious medical problem is the most effective treatment. […] Regular follow-up with your medical team is important to monitor your recovery and make changes to your treatment plan as needed.

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