Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness. […] Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause mild to severe symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for hepatitis A. Instead, the management of hepatitis A focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms and ensure adequate hydration and nutrition. […] Hospitalization is unnecessary in the absence of severe disease or acute liver failure. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.

• #2 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a very contagious disease. It spreads through close person-to-person contact. You can also get it by eating contaminated food or drink. The infection causes mild symptoms that often go away without treatment. Vaccination is the best way to prevent a hepatitis A infection. […] Hepatitis A is a very contagious liver disease. Its a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The infection causes inflammation in your liver. It usually goes away without treatment. […] Hepatitis A infections are usually short-term illnesses. They cause mild symptoms. But you can spread hepatitis A even before you have symptoms. […] Theres no specific treatment for hepatitis A infection. Your healthcare provider may recommend that you: Stay home: You should stay home from school or work until your fever goes away and you dont have jaundice symptoms. After that, you may return to work or school if its been at least one week since your symptoms started. Stay hydrated: Sip liquids throughout the day. If youre nauseous, try broths or clear soups. And treat yourself to foods that are mostly liquid like popsicles, flavored gelatin or ice cream. Avoid substances that stress your liver: Take a break from alcohol, smoking, drugs and medications if possible. Check with your healthcare provider before taking herbs or supplements. Keep in touch with your provider: Theyll want to check on you periodically to make sure your condition is improving. If you have severe symptoms, they might want to monitor you more closely.

• #3 Treatments for Hepatitis A | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/liver-kidneys-and-urinary-system/hepatitis-a/treatments.html

  Hepatitis A goes away on its own in most cases. Most people get well within a few months. While you have hepatitis: […] If hepatitis A causes more serious illness, you may need to stay in the hospital to prevent problems while your liver heals. […] Be sure to take steps to avoid spreading the virus to others. […] You can only get the hepatitis A virus once. After that, your body builds up a defense against it.

• #4 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Patients with increased likelihood of exposure to hepatitis A during pregnancy can receive immune globulin. […] People who get hepatitis A usually recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage. […] Patients do not need to worry about hepatitis A reinfection. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to HAV, which appear early in the course of infection, provide lifelong protection against the disease.

• #5 Infection control. Nursing management of a patient with hepatitis A and B – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1630469/

  The transmission of hepatitis A is mainly faeco-oral, and the infection control measures those called „Enteric Precautions”, or blood and body fluid precautions. These include the wearing of latex gloves when handling faeces, urine, saliva, and blood. Handwashing is essential. The patient has his own bedpan, urinal, crockery and cutlery. Isolation is continued for the first two weeks of the illness, and one week after the onset of jaundice. The Infection Control management for hepatitis A is slightly different to that of hepatitis B, C, and Non-A Non-B.

• #6 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Hepatitis A: […] How do you get it (transmission)? […] Most common is fecal-oral: a person is most likely to get the virus from consuming contaminated food or water. […] Acute type of infection only: no long term complications likely because the virus is in the body for a short time and killed by the body. […] Signs Symptoms (note: all types of hepatitis have similar symptoms as the ones below) […] asymptomatic (some patient may be without symptoms) […] GI symptoms: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite […] Fever […] Very tired […] Dark urine (bilirubin) […] Clay-colored stool (no bilirubin in stool) […] Arthralgia (joint pain) […] With Hepatitis A, the patient can be contagious 2 weeks BEFORE the signs and symptoms appear and 1-3 weeks from when the symptoms appeared.

• #7 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Hepatitis A: […] How do you get it (transmission)? […] Most common is fecal-oral: a person is most likely to get the virus from consuming contaminated food or water. […] Acute type of infection only: no long term complications likely because the virus is in the body for a short time and killed by the body. […] Signs Symptoms (note: all types of hepatitis have similar symptoms as the ones below) […] asymptomatic (some patient may be without symptoms) […] GI symptoms: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite […] Fever […] Very tired […] Dark urine (bilirubin) […] Clay-colored stool (no bilirubin in stool) […] Arthralgia (joint pain) […] With Hepatitis A, the patient can be contagious 2 weeks BEFORE the signs and symptoms appear and 1-3 weeks from when the symptoms appeared.

• #8 Patient education: Hepatitis A (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-the-basics

  What is hepatitis A? — […] Hepatitis A is an infection that harms the liver. The liver is a big organ in the upper right side of the belly (figure 1). […] Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. When people have hepatitis A, the virus leaves their body in their bowel movements. If infected people do not wash their hands after they use the bathroom, they can have the virus on their hands. Then, they can spread the virus to anything they touch, including food, water, and other people. […] People all over the world can get hepatitis A. […] What are the symptoms of hepatitis A? — […] In children, hepatitis A does not usually cause any symptoms. In adults, hepatitis A causes a flu-like illness that starts suddenly about a month after a person is infected. […] At first, symptoms usually include:

• #9 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Phases of Viral Hepatitis […] Preicteric (prodromal) Phase: body symptomsjoint pain, fatigue, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain change in taste, liver enzymes and bilirubin increasing […] Icteric Phase: DECREASE in body symptoms but will have jaundice and dark urine (from build-up of bilirubin), clay-colored stool (bilirubin not going to stool to give its normal brown color) enlarged liver and pain in this area […] Posticteric (convalescent) Phase: jaundice and dark urine start to subside and stool returns to normal brown color, liver enzymes and bilirubin decrease to normal […] Labs to Know Regarding Hepatitis […] Liver Enzymes (can be obtained from a comprehensive metabolic panel) […] ALT (alanine transaminase): 7 to 56 U/L (will be elevated) […] AST (aspartate transaminase) 10-40 U/L (will be elevated) […] Bilirubin: 1 mg/dL (will be elevated with hepatitiscauses jaundice/dark urine) […] Ammonia level (from separate test): 15-45 mcg/dL (elevated with hepatitis and will see as mental status changes) […] Lactulose administered for high ammonia levelcauses diarrhea but lowers ammonia level

• #10 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Hepatitis A: […] How do you get it (transmission)? […] Most common is fecal-oral: a person is most likely to get the virus from consuming contaminated food or water. […] Acute type of infection only: no long term complications likely because the virus is in the body for a short time and killed by the body. […] Signs Symptoms (note: all types of hepatitis have similar symptoms as the ones below) […] asymptomatic (some patient may be without symptoms) […] GI symptoms: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite […] Fever […] Very tired […] Dark urine (bilirubin) […] Clay-colored stool (no bilirubin in stool) […] Arthralgia (joint pain) […] With Hepatitis A, the patient can be contagious 2 weeks BEFORE the signs and symptoms appear and 1-3 weeks from when the symptoms appeared.

• #11 Patient education: Hepatitis A (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-the-basics

  • Feeling tired […] • Nausea or vomiting […] • Having no appetite […] • Fever higher than 100.4°F (38°C) […] • Pain under the ribs on the right side of the belly […] Later, symptoms usually include: […] • Dark-colored urine […] • Light-colored bowel movements […] • Jaundice, which is when the skin or white part of the eyes turn yellow […] • Itchy skin […] Rarely, hepatitis A can cause liver damage that can lead to death. […] How do people get hepatitis A? — […] People can get hepatitis A after they eat food or drink water with the virus in it. People can also get it if they touch something that has the virus on it and then touch their food or put their hands in their mouth. […] Is there a test for hepatitis A? — […] Yes. To check if you have hepatitis A, your doctor or nurse will do an exam and blood tests.

• #12 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Phases of Viral Hepatitis […] Preicteric (prodromal) Phase: body symptomsjoint pain, fatigue, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain change in taste, liver enzymes and bilirubin increasing […] Icteric Phase: DECREASE in body symptoms but will have jaundice and dark urine (from build-up of bilirubin), clay-colored stool (bilirubin not going to stool to give its normal brown color) enlarged liver and pain in this area […] Posticteric (convalescent) Phase: jaundice and dark urine start to subside and stool returns to normal brown color, liver enzymes and bilirubin decrease to normal […] Labs to Know Regarding Hepatitis […] Liver Enzymes (can be obtained from a comprehensive metabolic panel) […] ALT (alanine transaminase): 7 to 56 U/L (will be elevated) […] AST (aspartate transaminase) 10-40 U/L (will be elevated) […] Bilirubin: 1 mg/dL (will be elevated with hepatitiscauses jaundice/dark urine) […] Ammonia level (from separate test): 15-45 mcg/dL (elevated with hepatitis and will see as mental status changes) […] Lactulose administered for high ammonia levelcauses diarrhea but lowers ammonia level

• #13 Patient education: Hepatitis A (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-the-basics

  • Feeling tired […] • Nausea or vomiting […] • Having no appetite […] • Fever higher than 100.4°F (38°C) […] • Pain under the ribs on the right side of the belly […] Later, symptoms usually include: […] • Dark-colored urine […] • Light-colored bowel movements […] • Jaundice, which is when the skin or white part of the eyes turn yellow […] • Itchy skin […] Rarely, hepatitis A can cause liver damage that can lead to death. […] How do people get hepatitis A? — […] People can get hepatitis A after they eat food or drink water with the virus in it. People can also get it if they touch something that has the virus on it and then touch their food or put their hands in their mouth. […] Is there a test for hepatitis A? — […] Yes. To check if you have hepatitis A, your doctor or nurse will do an exam and blood tests.

• #14 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Phases of Viral Hepatitis […] Preicteric (prodromal) Phase: body symptomsjoint pain, fatigue, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain change in taste, liver enzymes and bilirubin increasing […] Icteric Phase: DECREASE in body symptoms but will have jaundice and dark urine (from build-up of bilirubin), clay-colored stool (bilirubin not going to stool to give its normal brown color) enlarged liver and pain in this area […] Posticteric (convalescent) Phase: jaundice and dark urine start to subside and stool returns to normal brown color, liver enzymes and bilirubin decrease to normal […] Labs to Know Regarding Hepatitis […] Liver Enzymes (can be obtained from a comprehensive metabolic panel) […] ALT (alanine transaminase): 7 to 56 U/L (will be elevated) […] AST (aspartate transaminase) 10-40 U/L (will be elevated) […] Bilirubin: 1 mg/dL (will be elevated with hepatitiscauses jaundice/dark urine) […] Ammonia level (from separate test): 15-45 mcg/dL (elevated with hepatitis and will see as mental status changes) […] Lactulose administered for high ammonia levelcauses diarrhea but lowers ammonia level

• #15 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Phases of Viral Hepatitis […] Preicteric (prodromal) Phase: body symptomsjoint pain, fatigue, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain change in taste, liver enzymes and bilirubin increasing […] Icteric Phase: DECREASE in body symptoms but will have jaundice and dark urine (from build-up of bilirubin), clay-colored stool (bilirubin not going to stool to give its normal brown color) enlarged liver and pain in this area […] Posticteric (convalescent) Phase: jaundice and dark urine start to subside and stool returns to normal brown color, liver enzymes and bilirubin decrease to normal […] Labs to Know Regarding Hepatitis […] Liver Enzymes (can be obtained from a comprehensive metabolic panel) […] ALT (alanine transaminase): 7 to 56 U/L (will be elevated) […] AST (aspartate transaminase) 10-40 U/L (will be elevated) […] Bilirubin: 1 mg/dL (will be elevated with hepatitiscauses jaundice/dark urine) […] Ammonia level (from separate test): 15-45 mcg/dL (elevated with hepatitis and will see as mental status changes) […] Lactulose administered for high ammonia levelcauses diarrhea but lowers ammonia level

• #16 Patient education: Hepatitis A (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-the-basics

  How is hepatitis A treated? — […] Most of the time, the infection gets better on its own. But there are things that you can do at home to help your liver heal. You can: […] • Get plenty of rest – Do not return to work or school until your fever is gone, your appetite is back, and your skin and eyes are no longer yellow. […] • Do not drink alcohol. […] • Avoid certain medicines – Your doctor or nurse will tell you which prescription and over-the-counter medicines to avoid. […] In rare cases, people need to be treated in the hospital. […] When will I feel better? — […] It can take a few months to feel better. Most people are completely better within 6 months of getting infected. Hepatitis A does not lead to lifelong liver problems. […] Can hepatitis A be prevented? —

• #17 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Diagnosed: anti-HAV (antibodies of the hepatitis A virus) presence with IgM and IgG in the blood […] anti-HAV igM = active infection (in icteric phase) […] anti-HAV IgG = past infection and recovered and has immunityif received the vaccine it worked. […] Treatment: none at time (clears on its own).rest and supportive treatment […] Prevention: handwashing, vaccine: (2 doses given 6 months apart as part of the pediatric vaccine schedule), want to receive the vaccine if travelling outside US, Hepatitis A immune globin (IG): if came into contact will the virus, needs to receive IG within 2 weeks of exposure.it will provide temporary passive immunity. […] Nursing Education to Provide to Patients with Hepatitis […] H andwashing (strict) […] E at low fat and high carb meals (needs proper nutrition to help with liver regeneration and low fat intake because bile production is alteredremember bile helps digest fats)

• #18 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Phases of Viral Hepatitis […] Preicteric (prodromal) Phase: body symptomsjoint pain, fatigue, nausea vomiting, abdominal pain change in taste, liver enzymes and bilirubin increasing […] Icteric Phase: DECREASE in body symptoms but will have jaundice and dark urine (from build-up of bilirubin), clay-colored stool (bilirubin not going to stool to give its normal brown color) enlarged liver and pain in this area […] Posticteric (convalescent) Phase: jaundice and dark urine start to subside and stool returns to normal brown color, liver enzymes and bilirubin decrease to normal […] Labs to Know Regarding Hepatitis […] Liver Enzymes (can be obtained from a comprehensive metabolic panel) […] ALT (alanine transaminase): 7 to 56 U/L (will be elevated) […] AST (aspartate transaminase) 10-40 U/L (will be elevated) […] Bilirubin: 1 mg/dL (will be elevated with hepatitiscauses jaundice/dark urine) […] Ammonia level (from separate test): 15-45 mcg/dL (elevated with hepatitis and will see as mental status changes) […] Lactulose administered for high ammonia levelcauses diarrhea but lowers ammonia level

• #19 Hepatitis A – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367055

  Blood tests are used to look for signs of the hepatitis A virus in your body. A sample of blood is taken, usually from a vein in your arm. It’s sent to a laboratory for testing. […] No specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. Your body will clear the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage. […] Hepatitis A treatment usually focuses on keeping comfortable and controlling symptoms. You may need to: Rest. Many people with hepatitis A feel tired and sick and have less energy. Get adequate food and liquid. Eat a balanced healthy diet. Nausea can make it difficult to eat. Try snacking throughout the day rather than eating full meals. To get enough calories, eat more high-calorie foods. For instance, drink fruit juice or milk rather than water. Drinking plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration, especially if vomiting or diarrhea occurs. Avoid alcohol and use medications with care. Your liver may have difficulty processing medications and alcohol. If you have hepatitis, don’t drink alcohol. It can cause liver damage. Talk to your health care provider about all the medications you take, including medications available without a prescription.

• #20 6 Hepatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hepatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with hepatitis. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals facing hepatitis. This guide equips you with the necessary information to provide effective and specialized care to patients dealing with hepatitis. […] Nursing care planning and management for patients with hepatitis includes: reducing the demands of the liver while promoting physical well-being, preventing complications of hepatitis, enhance self-concept, acceptance of situation, and providing information about the disease process, prognosis, and treatment. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with hepatitis: Manage symptoms and provide supportive care. Prevent further liver damage and promote liver health. Monitor liver function and assess disease progression. Administer antiviral medications, if applicable. Educate patients on lifestyle modifications to minimize liver stress. Prevent transmission of hepatitis to others. Address complications or comorbidities associated with hepatitis.

• #21 11.15 Hepatitis – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/11-15-hepatitis/

  Hepatitis can also be caused by the misuse of alcohol or drugs that can lead to death of liver cells, but the exact mechanism of action is unclear. […] Nursing priorities for clients with hepatitis include managing fatigue, promoting adequate nutrition, reducing the risk for bleeding, and providing health teaching. Common nursing diagnoses for clients with hepatitis are as follows: Fatigue, Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements, Risk for Bleeding, Readiness for Enhanced Knowledge. […] Nursing priorities for clients with hepatitis include managing symptoms, providing supportive care, preventing further liver damage, monitoring liver function and disease progression, and administering antiviral medications as prescribed. Nurses also teach clients about lifestyle modifications to promote liver health, the prevention of hepatitis transmission to others, and to promptly report symptoms of potential complications to the health care provider.

• #22 11.15 Hepatitis – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/11-15-hepatitis/

  Hepatitis can also be caused by the misuse of alcohol or drugs that can lead to death of liver cells, but the exact mechanism of action is unclear. […] Nursing priorities for clients with hepatitis include managing fatigue, promoting adequate nutrition, reducing the risk for bleeding, and providing health teaching. Common nursing diagnoses for clients with hepatitis are as follows: Fatigue, Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements, Risk for Bleeding, Readiness for Enhanced Knowledge. […] Nursing priorities for clients with hepatitis include managing symptoms, providing supportive care, preventing further liver damage, monitoring liver function and disease progression, and administering antiviral medications as prescribed. Nurses also teach clients about lifestyle modifications to promote liver health, the prevention of hepatitis transmission to others, and to promptly report symptoms of potential complications to the health care provider.

• #23 Nursing Care Plan for Hepatitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-hepatitis/

  Laboratory results may show elevated liver enzymes, abnormal liver function tests, or positive serological markers for hepatitis infection. […] Nursing Diagnosis for Hepatitis: Fatigue related to hepatic inflammation and metabolic disturbances. […] Risk for Infection related to compromised immune function. […] Impaired Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements related to anorexia, nausea, and altered metabolism. […] Deficient Knowledge regarding hepatitis, transmission, prevention, and self-care strategies. […] Fatigue related to liver inflammation and altered metabolism as evidenced by the patients report of tiredness, decreased energy levels, or difficulty performing daily activities. […] Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to anorexia, nausea, and altered liver function as evidenced by the patients report of decreased appetite, unintentional weight loss, or abnormal liver function tests.

• #24 Nursing Care Plan & Diagnosis for Hepatitis | Fatigue & Imbalanced Nutrition

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-diagnosis-for-hepatitis-fatigue-imbalanced-nutrition/

  This nursing care plan for Hepatitis includes a diagnosis and care plan for nurses with nursing interventions and outcomes for the following conditions: Fatigue Imbalanced Nutrition. Patients who have hepatitis can experience fatigue due to the fluid overload and toxins built up in the body’s bloodstream. The liver filters toxins and when it does not work properly it can allow these toxins to collect in the blood which can make a patient feel terrible. In addition, patients with hepatitis can experience imbalanced nutrition due to enlargement of the liver that can cause epi-gastric pain. The epi-gastric pain can be caused by the enlarged liver putting pressure on the stomach. […] Nursing Diagnosis: -Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than body requirements related to epigastric pain and nausea/vomiting as evidence by patient reports stomach pain, nausea/vomiting, and 48 hour food diary shows caloric deficient. -Fatigue related to reduced metabolism by liver as evidence by patient has diagnosis of hepatitis.

• #25 11.15 Hepatitis – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/11-15-hepatitis/

  Nurses monitor vital signs, 24-hour input and output, daily weight trends, and for signs of edema. They monitor for ascites by measuring abdominal girth. They assess peripheral pulses, capillary refill, skin turgor, and mucous membranes, as well as for signs of bleeding such as hematuria, melena, ecchymosis, and oozing from gums and IV sites. They monitor laboratory values such as serial liver enzymes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, and clotting times. […] Nursing interventions include the following actions: Optimize nutrition: Anorexia is a common symptom. A dietician is consulted to plan a diet according to the clients current nutritional needs. Medications are administered related to nutritional intake as prescribed such as antiemetics, antiulcer medications, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, and other nutritional supplements. Oral care is encouraged before meals to promote appetite.

• #26 6 Hepatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hepatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Monitor IO, and compare with periodic weight. Note enteric losses: vomiting and diarrhea. Provides information about replacement needs and effects of therapy. Diarrhea may be due to the transient flu-like response to viral infection or may represent a more serious problem of obstructed portal blood flow with vascular congestion in the GI tract, or it may be the intended result of medication use (neomycin, lactulose) to decrease serum ammonia levels in the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. […] Observe skin for areas of redness, and breakdown. Early detection of problem areas allows for additional intervention to prevent complications/promote healing. […] Assess effect of illness on economic factors of patient and SO. Financial problems may exist because of loss of patients role functioning in the family and prolonged recovery.

• #27 6 Hepatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hepatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will maintain adequate hydration, as evidenced by stable vital signs, good skin turgor, capillary refill, strong peripheral pulses, and individually appropriate urinary output. The client will report an improved sense of energy. The client will perform ADLs and participate in desired activities at the level of ability. The client will verbalize understanding of the disease process, prognosis, and potential complications. The client will identify the relationship between signs/symptoms of the disease and correlate symptoms with causative factors. The client will verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs. The client will initiate necessary lifestyle changes and participate in treatment regimen. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with hepatitis may include: Encourage mouth care before meals. Enhances appetite by eliminating unpleasant tastes. Recommend eating in an upright position. Reduces the sensation of abdominal fullness and may enhance intake. Encourage the intake of fruit juices, carbonated beverages, and hard candy throughout the day. These supply extra calories and may be more easily digested or tolerated than other foods. Consult with the dietitian, and nutritional support team to provide a diet according to the patients needs, with fat and protein intake as tolerated.

• #28 11.15 Hepatitis – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/11-15-hepatitis/

  Nurses monitor vital signs, 24-hour input and output, daily weight trends, and for signs of edema. They monitor for ascites by measuring abdominal girth. They assess peripheral pulses, capillary refill, skin turgor, and mucous membranes, as well as for signs of bleeding such as hematuria, melena, ecchymosis, and oozing from gums and IV sites. They monitor laboratory values such as serial liver enzymes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, and clotting times. […] Nursing interventions include the following actions: Optimize nutrition: Anorexia is a common symptom. A dietician is consulted to plan a diet according to the clients current nutritional needs. Medications are administered related to nutritional intake as prescribed such as antiemetics, antiulcer medications, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, and other nutritional supplements. Oral care is encouraged before meals to promote appetite.

• #29 Hepatitis A, B, and C its management and treatment | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hepatitis-a-b-and-c-its-management-and-treatment-presentation/915716

  Self-Care at Home Take it easy; curtail your normal activities and spend time resting at home. Drink plenty of clear fluids to prevent dehydration. Avoid medicines and substances that can cause harm to the liver such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and preparations that contain acetaminophen. […] Dietary Management Recommend small, frequent meals. Provide intake of 2,000 to 3,000 kcal/day during acute illness. Although early studies indicate that a high-protein, high-calorie, diet may be beneficial, advise patient not to force food and to restrict fat intake. Carefully monitor fluid balance. […] Dietary Management If anorexia, nausea and vomiting persist, enteral feedings may be necessary. Instruct patient to abstain from alcohol during the acute illness and for 6 months after recovery. Advise patient to avoid substances (medication, herbs, illicit drugs and toxins) that may affect liver function.

• #30 6 Hepatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hepatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will maintain adequate hydration, as evidenced by stable vital signs, good skin turgor, capillary refill, strong peripheral pulses, and individually appropriate urinary output. The client will report an improved sense of energy. The client will perform ADLs and participate in desired activities at the level of ability. The client will verbalize understanding of the disease process, prognosis, and potential complications. The client will identify the relationship between signs/symptoms of the disease and correlate symptoms with causative factors. The client will verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs. The client will initiate necessary lifestyle changes and participate in treatment regimen. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with hepatitis may include: Encourage mouth care before meals. Enhances appetite by eliminating unpleasant tastes. Recommend eating in an upright position. Reduces the sensation of abdominal fullness and may enhance intake. Encourage the intake of fruit juices, carbonated beverages, and hard candy throughout the day. These supply extra calories and may be more easily digested or tolerated than other foods. Consult with the dietitian, and nutritional support team to provide a diet according to the patients needs, with fat and protein intake as tolerated.

• #31 Nursing Care Plan & Diagnosis for Hepatitis | Fatigue & Imbalanced Nutrition

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-diagnosis-for-hepatitis-fatigue-imbalanced-nutrition/

  Nursing Outcomes: -The patient will participate in activities that stimulate and balance physical and cognitive areas of the body within 48 hours of hospitalization. -The patient will rate his energy level greater than 5 on 1-10 scale with 10 being very energetic before discharge. -The patient’s caloric intake will equal his recommended daily caloric intake within 48 hours. […] Nursing Interventions: -The nurse will encourage and assist the patient to the bedside chair three times a day with each meal. -The nurse will encourage and assist the patient with performing bedside exercises and provide him with reading material to stimulate cognitive function daily. -The nurse will assess the patient’s energy level before and after each nursing shift. -The nurse will collaborate with the nutritionist about patient’s current caloric intake and recommended daily caloric intake on day 1 of patient’s hospitalization. -The nurse will follow out the nutritionist’s plan of care regarding patient caloric intake daily for each meal and snacks. -The nurse will administer Zofran 4mg IV every 8 hours for nausea and vomiting. -The nurse will teach the patient 2 non-pharmacological ways to decrease nausea within 24 hours of admission.

• #32 6 Hepatitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hepatitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Monitor IO, and compare with periodic weight. Note enteric losses: vomiting and diarrhea. Provides information about replacement needs and effects of therapy. Diarrhea may be due to the transient flu-like response to viral infection or may represent a more serious problem of obstructed portal blood flow with vascular congestion in the GI tract, or it may be the intended result of medication use (neomycin, lactulose) to decrease serum ammonia levels in the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. […] Observe skin for areas of redness, and breakdown. Early detection of problem areas allows for additional intervention to prevent complications/promote healing. […] Assess effect of illness on economic factors of patient and SO. Financial problems may exist because of loss of patients role functioning in the family and prolonged recovery.

• #33 NURSING CARE PLAN – Hepatitis A | PDF | Hepatitis | Bleeding

  https://fr.scribd.com/document/12587823/Nursingcrib-com-NURSING-CARE-PLAN-Hepatitis-A

  NURSING CARE PLAN – Hepatitis A The patient has been experiencing vomiting and diarrhea for 24 hours and is at risk for dehydration due to fluid losses from Hepatitis A infection, so the nursing care plan is to monitor the patient’s intake and output, assess vital signs and urine output, and administer IV fluids and vitamin K as needed over the next 8 hours to maintain adequate hydration.

• #34 Infection control. Nursing management of a patient with hepatitis A and B – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1630469/

  The transmission of hepatitis A is mainly faeco-oral, and the infection control measures those called „Enteric Precautions”, or blood and body fluid precautions. These include the wearing of latex gloves when handling faeces, urine, saliva, and blood. Handwashing is essential. The patient has his own bedpan, urinal, crockery and cutlery. Isolation is continued for the first two weeks of the illness, and one week after the onset of jaundice. The Infection Control management for hepatitis A is slightly different to that of hepatitis B, C, and Non-A Non-B.

• #35 Hepatitis Practice Questions with Answers & NCLEX Reviewplay-sharp-fill

  https://simplenursing.com/hepatitis-nclex-practice-questions-review/

  Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by liver inflammation, resulting from various causes, including heavy alcohol use, autoimmune disorders, drugs, or exposure to toxins. However, the most common cause of hepatitis is a viral infection, referred to as viral hepatitis. […] The most frequently encountered types of viral hepatitis are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. […] Nursing Interventions for Hepatitis include: Practice proper hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) can help prevent the spread of hepatitis to others. […] Educate the patient on infection control measures, medication management, nutritional support, and signs and symptoms of complications – including protected sex, avoiding sharing razors and toothbrushes, and avoiding alcohol.

• #36 11.15 Hepatitis – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/11-15-hepatitis/

  Nurses provide health teaching about several topics to clients with hepatitis: The clients understanding of the disease process, prognosis, and treatment regimen is assessed, and additional information is provided as indicated. Information about preventing the transmission of hepatitis is provided. Close contacts may require administration of gamma-globulin to prevent disease. When liver enzymes are elevated, strict handwashing should be performed by the client and their household members, personal items should not be shared, and intimate contact such as kissing and sex should be avoided. Clothes, dishes, and toilet facilities should be sanitized.

• #37 Nursing Care Plan for Hepatitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-hepatitis/

  Risk for Infection related to compromised immune response and potential exposure to pathogens during treatment as evidenced by altered liver function and invasive procedures. […] Educate the patient about the importance of rest and pacing activities to conserve energy and manage fatigue. […] Educate the patient and family members about the modes of hepatitis transmission and preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, safe sex practices, and vaccination for hepatitis A and B. […] Educate the patient about the importance of maintaining good nutrition and hydration during hepatitis treatment and recovery. […] Assess the patients understanding of hepatitis, including its etiology, transmission, and preventive measures. […] Provide education on the specific type of hepatitis and its management, including medication adherence and the importance of follow-up appointments. […] Increased knowledge and understanding of hepatitis, transmission, prevention, and self-care strategies.

• #38 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  Diagnosed: anti-HAV (antibodies of the hepatitis A virus) presence with IgM and IgG in the blood […] anti-HAV igM = active infection (in icteric phase) […] anti-HAV IgG = past infection and recovered and has immunityif received the vaccine it worked. […] Treatment: none at time (clears on its own).rest and supportive treatment […] Prevention: handwashing, vaccine: (2 doses given 6 months apart as part of the pediatric vaccine schedule), want to receive the vaccine if travelling outside US, Hepatitis A immune globin (IG): if came into contact will the virus, needs to receive IG within 2 weeks of exposure.it will provide temporary passive immunity. […] Nursing Education to Provide to Patients with Hepatitis […] H andwashing (strict) […] E at low fat and high carb meals (needs proper nutrition to help with liver regeneration and low fat intake because bile production is alteredremember bile helps digest fats)

• #39 Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E Nursing NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/hepatitis-a-b-c-d-e-nursing-nclex-review/

  P ersonal hygiene products NOT to be shared (inform about the types of products: toothbrushes, razors, drinking cups, utensils, towels etc.) […] A ctivity conservationpatient needs to REST to help the liver heal […] T oxic substances AVOIDEDespecially over-the-counter products that are liver toxic: alcohol, sedative, aspirin, acetaminophen etc. […] I ndividual bathroomsdont share bathroom with family members […] T est results: […] Hepatitis A: anti-HAV IgM (active) and anti-HAV IgG (recovered/immune) […] Hepatitis B: HBsAG (infectious) and anti-HBV (recovered/immune) […] I nterferon (Peginterferon alfa-2a given subq) and Immune globulin for Hepatitis A (within 2 weeks of exposure) and Hepatitis B Immune globulin (within 24 hours of exposure) […] S mall but frequent mealsthis may help with the nausea and patient should NOT cook for others until not infectious.

• #40 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  HEPATITIS A TREATMENT […] There is no cure for hepatitis A virus; most people recover with supportive treatments at home, including rest. The amount of time it takes to feel better can vary from person to person; in general, a person with hepatitis A should not return to work or school until the fever and jaundice have resolved and the appetite has returned. […] During the recovery period, it is important to avoid drinking alcohol and taking certain prescription and over-the-counter medications (including acetaminophen [sample brand name: Tylenol]) that can injure the liver. […] Less commonly, people infected with hepatitis A virus require treatment in a hospital so doctors can monitor their liver function, manage any complications, and provide adequate nutrition. […] HEPATITIS A PREVENTION

• #41 Hepatitis A: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.hepatitis-a-care-instructions.uf8025

  Hepatitis A is a virus that can infect the liver. Most people who get it get better within 3 months and don’t have liver problems later. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You are dizzy or lightheaded, or you feel like you may faint. You have signs of needing more fluids. You have sunken eyes, a dry mouth, and pass only a little urine. You have nausea and vomiting that does not go away. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #42 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  There are no specific treatments for hepatitis A. Rest, a balanced diet with healthy food and plenty of fluids are typically enough to treat symptoms. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. […] Clinicians should offer vaccination to all children between 12-23 months old, catch-up vaccination for children and adolescents 2-18 years old who have not previously been vaccinated, and adults at risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection or severe disease from HAV infection. […] Clinicians should vaccinate or offer immune globulin to susceptible people traveling to countries that have high or intermediate HAV endemicity. […] Clinicians should administer single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine, immune globulin, or both to patients who have been exposed to HAV within the last 2 weeks and who have not been vaccinated previously as soon as possible within 2 weeks of exposure.

• #43 Hepatitis A – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367055

  Blood tests are used to look for signs of the hepatitis A virus in your body. A sample of blood is taken, usually from a vein in your arm. It’s sent to a laboratory for testing. […] No specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. Your body will clear the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage. […] Hepatitis A treatment usually focuses on keeping comfortable and controlling symptoms. You may need to: Rest. Many people with hepatitis A feel tired and sick and have less energy. Get adequate food and liquid. Eat a balanced healthy diet. Nausea can make it difficult to eat. Try snacking throughout the day rather than eating full meals. To get enough calories, eat more high-calorie foods. For instance, drink fruit juice or milk rather than water. Drinking plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration, especially if vomiting or diarrhea occurs. Avoid alcohol and use medications with care. Your liver may have difficulty processing medications and alcohol. If you have hepatitis, don’t drink alcohol. It can cause liver damage. Talk to your health care provider about all the medications you take, including medications available without a prescription.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness. […] Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause mild to severe symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for hepatitis A. Instead, the management of hepatitis A focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms and ensure adequate hydration and nutrition. […] Hospitalization is unnecessary in the absence of severe disease or acute liver failure. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.

• #45 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  HEPATITIS A TREATMENT […] There is no cure for hepatitis A virus; most people recover with supportive treatments at home, including rest. The amount of time it takes to feel better can vary from person to person; in general, a person with hepatitis A should not return to work or school until the fever and jaundice have resolved and the appetite has returned. […] During the recovery period, it is important to avoid drinking alcohol and taking certain prescription and over-the-counter medications (including acetaminophen [sample brand name: Tylenol]) that can injure the liver. […] Less commonly, people infected with hepatitis A virus require treatment in a hospital so doctors can monitor their liver function, manage any complications, and provide adequate nutrition. […] HEPATITIS A PREVENTION

• #46

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8025

  Hepatitis A is a virus that can infect the liver. Most people who get it get better within 3 months and don’t have liver problems later. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Avoid alcohol for 2 to 3 months. It can make liver problems worse. […] Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), for example, can make liver problems worse. Don’t take new medicines unless your doctor says it’s okay. […] If you have nausea or vomiting, eat smaller meals and eat more often. […] Drink plenty of fluids. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you do not get better as expected.

• #47 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most cases can be managed with rest, proper nutrition, and hydration. People with severe cases may be hospitalized. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. […] CDC recommends that all children between 12-23 months old, children and adolescents 2-18 years old who have not previously been vaccinated, and adults at risk for HAV infection or severe disease from HAV infection be vaccinated against hepatitis A with a complete vaccine series. […] A dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should be administered as soon as possible, within 2 weeks of exposure, to all unvaccinated people ages 12 months and older who have recently been exposed to HAV. […] Immune globulin can provide short-term protection against HAV, both preexposure and postexposure. […] Immune globulin must be given within 2 weeks after exposure for maximum protection.

• #48 Viral Hepatitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Acute Hepatitis A, Acute Hepatitis B

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775507-treatment

  No specific emergency department (ED) treatment is indicated for viral hepatitis, other than supportive care that includes intravenous (IV) rehydration. A liver abscess calls for IV antibiotic therapy directed toward the most likely pathogens and consultation for possible surgical or percutaneous drainage. […] Admit patients with hepatitis if they are showing any signs or symptoms suggestive of severe complications. Admit and evaluate for hepatic encephalopathy any patients with altered mental status, agitation, behavior or personality changes, or changes in their sleep-wake cycle. Other admission criteria that are suggestive of severe disease include a prothrombin time (PT) longer than 3 seconds, a bilirubin level greater than 30 mg/dL, and hypoglycemia. […] Certain patients may benefit from pharmacologic therapy. For chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in particular, the goals of therapy are to reduce liver inflammation and fibrosis and to prevent progression to cirrhosis and its complications.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom.

• #50 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  There are no specific treatments for hepatitis A. Rest, a balanced diet with healthy food and plenty of fluids are typically enough to treat symptoms. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. […] Clinicians should offer vaccination to all children between 12-23 months old, catch-up vaccination for children and adolescents 2-18 years old who have not previously been vaccinated, and adults at risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection or severe disease from HAV infection. […] Clinicians should vaccinate or offer immune globulin to susceptible people traveling to countries that have high or intermediate HAV endemicity. […] Clinicians should administer single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine, immune globulin, or both to patients who have been exposed to HAV within the last 2 weeks and who have not been vaccinated previously as soon as possible within 2 weeks of exposure.

• #51 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hepatitis A vaccination — Available vaccines to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus include VAQTA and HAVRIX. Both are equally effective and protect nearly 100 percent of people who receive the recommended two doses for a lifetime. The initial dose of either vaccine usually provides adequate short-term protection, and the subsequent dose provides long-term protection. Thus, if a person does not have time to receive both doses before traveling, it is worth getting the first dose and then completing the second 6 to 12 months later. […] Immune globulin — People who are at risk for hepatitis A but who are allergic to components of the hepatitis A vaccine, or who prefer not to receive the vaccine, should consider taking a dose of immune globulin. Immune globulin is an injection that provides temporary protection against hepatitis A and reduces the risk of infection by more than 90 percent. However, the hepatitis A vaccine is preferred to immune globulin in most cases because it provides long-lasting protection and because immune globulin is not always available.

• #52 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most cases can be managed with rest, proper nutrition, and hydration. People with severe cases may be hospitalized. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. […] CDC recommends that all children between 12-23 months old, children and adolescents 2-18 years old who have not previously been vaccinated, and adults at risk for HAV infection or severe disease from HAV infection be vaccinated against hepatitis A with a complete vaccine series. […] A dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should be administered as soon as possible, within 2 weeks of exposure, to all unvaccinated people ages 12 months and older who have recently been exposed to HAV. […] Immune globulin can provide short-term protection against HAV, both preexposure and postexposure. […] Immune globulin must be given within 2 weeks after exposure for maximum protection.

• #53 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  People who are unvaccinated or have never been infected with hepatitis A are at an increased risk of contracting the disease and should use caution when visiting places with high or intermediate HAV rates. […] People who are unvaccinated and at least 12 months old should receive a vaccine dose as soon as travel is considered and at least 2 weeks before their trip. […] For all unvaccinated people ages 12 months and older who have recently been exposed to HAV, a dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should be administered as soon as possible within 2 weeks of exposure. […] People who are immunocompromised or have chronic liver disease and who have been exposed to HAV within the past 2 weeks and not previously completed the hepatitis A vaccination series should receive both immune globulin and hepatitis A vaccine simultaneously.

• #54 Hepatitis A (Hep A): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-a

  Try to keep food down. The nausea that sometimes comes with hepatitis A can make it tough to eat. It may be easier to snack during the day than to eat full meals. To make sure you get enough nutrients, go for more high-calorie foods and drink fruit juice or milk instead of water. Fluids will also help keep you hydrated if you’re throwing up. […] Avoid alcohol. It’s harder for your liver to handle medications and alcohol when you have the virus. Plus, drinking can lead to more liver damage. Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the-counter drugs, as these might also hurt your liver. […] The vaccine to prevent it is about 95% effective in healthy adults and can work for more than 20 years. In children, it’s about 85% effective and can last 15-20 years. […] Experts recommend that certain people get vaccinated: Travelers to countries with more hepatitis A infections, Children aged 13-23 months, Children and adolescents aged 2-18 who did not previously receive a vaccine, Families adopting children from countries where the virus is common, Men who have sex with men, People who have a blood clotting problem, Those experiencing homelessness, People who have direct contact with a person with the virus, People who use recreational drugs, People who have long-term liver disease, Anyone else who wants to be protected against the virus.

• #55 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  TREATMENT AFTER EXPOSURE TO HEPATITIS A […] If a person has a known exposure to hepatitis A and has not previously received the hepatitis A vaccine, „postexposure protection” with either the vaccine or immune globulin should be given as soon as possible, within two weeks of exposure. […] In general, for healthy people over the age of one year, the vaccination is preferred over immune globulin since it is more effective, easier to administer, and more readily available than immune globulin. However, in some situations, immune globulin is appropriate (either instead of or in addition to the vaccine). Your health care provider can talk to you about which approach is best for you. […] Certain people are candidates for postexposure protection after a potential exposure to hepatitis A. They include:

• #56 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  There are no specific treatments for hepatitis A. Rest, a balanced diet with healthy food and plenty of fluids are typically enough to treat symptoms. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. […] Clinicians should offer vaccination to all children between 12-23 months old, catch-up vaccination for children and adolescents 2-18 years old who have not previously been vaccinated, and adults at risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection or severe disease from HAV infection. […] Clinicians should vaccinate or offer immune globulin to susceptible people traveling to countries that have high or intermediate HAV endemicity. […] Clinicians should administer single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine, immune globulin, or both to patients who have been exposed to HAV within the last 2 weeks and who have not been vaccinated previously as soon as possible within 2 weeks of exposure.

• #57 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  People who are unvaccinated or have never been infected with hepatitis A are at an increased risk of contracting the disease and should use caution when visiting places with high or intermediate HAV rates. […] People who are unvaccinated and at least 12 months old should receive a vaccine dose as soon as travel is considered and at least 2 weeks before their trip. […] For all unvaccinated people ages 12 months and older who have recently been exposed to HAV, a dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should be administered as soon as possible within 2 weeks of exposure. […] People who are immunocompromised or have chronic liver disease and who have been exposed to HAV within the past 2 weeks and not previously completed the hepatitis A vaccination series should receive both immune globulin and hepatitis A vaccine simultaneously.

• #58 Clinical Care of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most cases can be managed with rest, proper nutrition, and hydration. People with severe cases may be hospitalized. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. […] CDC recommends that all children between 12-23 months old, children and adolescents 2-18 years old who have not previously been vaccinated, and adults at risk for HAV infection or severe disease from HAV infection be vaccinated against hepatitis A with a complete vaccine series. […] A dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should be administered as soon as possible, within 2 weeks of exposure, to all unvaccinated people ages 12 months and older who have recently been exposed to HAV. […] Immune globulin can provide short-term protection against HAV, both preexposure and postexposure. […] Immune globulin must be given within 2 weeks after exposure for maximum protection.

• #59 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  There are several strategies to prevent the spread of hepatitis A virus, discussed below. Hand washing is one of the most effective strategies for reducing transmission since the virus can live on a person’s fingers for up to four hours. […] Hand hygiene — Hand washing is an essential and effective way to prevent the spread of infection. Hands should ideally be wet with water and plain or antimicrobial soap and rubbed together for 15 to 30 seconds. Special attention should be paid to the fingernails, between the fingers, and the wrists. Hands should be rinsed thoroughly and dried with a single-use towel. […] Safe food preparation — Taking precautions when preparing foods can reduce the risk of becoming ill. The following precautions have been recommended by the Food Safety and Inspection Services and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #60 Patient education: Hepatitis A (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-the-basics

  Yes. To help prevent getting or spreading hepatitis A, you should: […] • Wash your hands after going to the bathroom, changing diapers, and touching garbage or dirty clothes. Also, wash your hands before preparing food and eating. […] • Get the hepatitis A vaccine – Vaccines can prevent certain serious or deadly infections. Doctors recommend that adults get the hepatitis A vaccine if they have a higher-than-normal chance of getting the infection. This includes adults who plan to travel to certain countries or have certain medical conditions. […] • Make sure that your child gets the hepatitis A vaccine – Doctors recommend that all babies get the hepatitis A vaccine as one of their routine childhood vaccines. […] • Pay attention to food safety (table 1): […] • Don’t drink unpasteurized milk or foods made with it.

• #61 Patient education: Hepatitis A (The Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-the-basics

  • Wash fruits and vegetables well before eating them. […] • Keep the refrigerator colder than 40°F (4.4°C) and the freezer colder than 0°F (-17.8°C). […] • Cook meat and seafood until well done. […] • Cook eggs until the yolk is firm. […] • Wash hands, knives, and cutting boards after they touch raw food. […] What if I live with or was with someone who has hepatitis A? — […] If you live with or were with someone who has hepatitis A, let your doctor or nurse know as soon as possible. If you never got the hepatitis A vaccine, you might need to get it. […] You can catch hepatitis A from someone who is infected and is not yet having symptoms. You can also catch it from someone who has symptoms until the week after they develop jaundice (which is when the skin or white part of the eyes turn yellow).

• #62 Dealing with hepatitis A | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cancer/dealing-with-hepatitis-a-04-06-2002/

  Hepatitis A vaccination (active immunisation) and/or immunoglobulin (passive immunisation) is recommended as pre-exposure prophylaxis for the following people: […] Education and training for all health care workers in the application of universal precautions and basic infection control procedures is an important element in the prevention and control of hepatitis A infection. […] High-risk groups should be offered vaccination as a preventative measure. Vaccination and/or HNIG should also be used in the prevention of secondary infections in contacts of cases and in outbreak situations. The offer of HAV vaccine to prevent infection in travellers to countries of high risk for HAV should be encouraged. However, good personal hygiene remains the most important element in the prevention of HAV infection and spread. Health and social care workers and carers in domestic settings should be aware of good hygiene practice and have access to infection control advice. This can usually be obtained from the local CCDC, community infection control nurse and local authority environmental health department.

• #63 Hepatitis A & B: The nurse’s role

  https://journals.rcni.com/nursing-standard/hepatitis-a-b-the-nurses-role-ns.7.26.3.s66

  Nurses must possess a sound knowledge and understanding of the aetiology, transmission and prevention of hepatitis A and B in order to care adequately for patients while maintaining a safe working environment […] The aim of this learning unit is to develop your knowledge of hepatitis A and B so that you can more effectively fulfil your professional role in this area of clinical practice.

• #64 Hepatitis A B C Explained: A Closer Look At Each Type

  https://nursingcecentral.com/hepatitis-a-b-c/

  The best way to prevent a Hepatitis A or B infection is with the hepatitis vaccine. There is no Hepatitis C, D, or E vaccine. […] As nurses, we are exposed to several types of infections in our work. It is important to make sure you are up-to-date with your vaccines and also able to educate your patients on vaccines as appropriate. […] However, discussing vaccines is a sensitive topic for many patients. It is essential to recognize and understand the nursing role to inform, educate, and support vaccine efforts. […] It is also crucial for nurses to recognize that there are several reasons why someone would not want a vaccine. There are people who have had negative experiences with the health care system, people with cultural differences, or people who have certain beliefs.

• #65 Hepatitis A infection: symptoms and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hepatitis-a-infection-symptoms-and-management

  Pharmacists must understand how hepatitis A is spread and how it affects patients in order to ensure prompt, effective treatment and reduce the spread of the infection. […] This article describes the main preventative strategies for hepatitis A, as well as how pharmacists can support symptomatic patients. […] Since acute HAV infection is usually a self-limiting illness, primary management is supportive care. The following advice can be offered to symptomatic patients: Rest when necessary; Avoid alcohol during the acute phase of the illness (while liver function tests [LFTs] are raised and they are feeling unwell) to prevent further damage to the liver; Take time off work/school until the infectious period has passed (minimum of seven days after the onset of symptoms); If the patient is experiencing pruritus, simple measures, such as wearing loose clothing, may help.

• #66 Hepatitis A infection: symptoms and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hepatitis-a-infection-symptoms-and-management

  Community pharmacists should provide advice on both non-pharmacological management and pharmacological treatment of symptoms described above. Pharmacists should also advise patients to seek medical attention if symptoms are worsening if they describe any symptoms indicating significant liver impairment. […] It is essential that hospital pharmacists ensure appropriate medicines and doses are used for patients with significant liver impairment, and counselling is given on how to use medicines for symptom control as well as their potential side effects. […] Specialist pharmacists in hepatology who run clinics and see patient with liver disease should be aware of the risk factors of developing hepatitis A and how to diagnose, manage and treat these patients, if this is within their scope of practice.

• #67 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a very contagious disease. It spreads through close person-to-person contact. You can also get it by eating contaminated food or drink. The infection causes mild symptoms that often go away without treatment. Vaccination is the best way to prevent a hepatitis A infection. […] Hepatitis A is a very contagious liver disease. Its a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The infection causes inflammation in your liver. It usually goes away without treatment. […] Hepatitis A infections are usually short-term illnesses. They cause mild symptoms. But you can spread hepatitis A even before you have symptoms. […] Theres no specific treatment for hepatitis A infection. Your healthcare provider may recommend that you: Stay home: You should stay home from school or work until your fever goes away and you dont have jaundice symptoms. After that, you may return to work or school if its been at least one week since your symptoms started. Stay hydrated: Sip liquids throughout the day. If youre nauseous, try broths or clear soups. And treat yourself to foods that are mostly liquid like popsicles, flavored gelatin or ice cream. Avoid substances that stress your liver: Take a break from alcohol, smoking, drugs and medications if possible. Check with your healthcare provider before taking herbs or supplements. Keep in touch with your provider: Theyll want to check on you periodically to make sure your condition is improving. If you have severe symptoms, they might want to monitor you more closely.

• #68 Hepatitis A | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hepatitis

  Hepatitis A is a virus that infects the liver. The virus causes inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). Each year in the United States about 8,500 people become infected with hepatitis A virus, many of whom are children. Anyone can become infected with hepatitis A virus infection. […] If your child becomes infected with hepatitis A, he or she will experience an acute (short-term) infection. Unlike hepatitis B or C, hepatitis A virus does not cause long-term (chronic) infection and liver damage, like cirrhosis or liver cancer. […] There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Your child’s body will clear up the infection on its own. In most cases, your child’s liver will heal completely within a month or two, with no long-term damage. […] It is important to encourage your child to always wash her hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, before preparing food and before eating food. You should also wash your hands after changing a diaper. Good personal hygiene and proper sanitation help prevent the spread of the virus. […] A vaccine is available that provides long-term protection against hepatitis A virus infection. The vaccine is administered in two shots, or three shots if administered with the hepatitis B vaccine.

• #69 Hepatitis A | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/hepatitis-a

  Yes. Massachusetts law requires doctors to report cases of hepatitis A to the local board of health. Workers in any food-related business who have hepatitis A cannot work until their fever is completely gone and a week has passed since the symptoms started. Food-related businesses include restaurants, sandwich shops, hospital kitchens, and dairy or food-processing plants. This requirement also includes workers in schools, residential programs, daycare, and health care facilities who feed, give mouth care, or dispense medicines.

• #70 Viral Hepatitis NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/viral-hepatitis/

  Hepatitis A is a form of acute hepatitis that primarily occurs when someone ingests the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This can occur from ingesting contaminated food or water as well as through the fecal-oral route. For example, if someone with hepatitis A doesn’t wash their hands thoroughly after going to the bathroom and then shakes your hand, you could contract hepatitis A if your hand (or something it touches) enters your mouth. Hepatitis A can also be spread through close, personal contact (including sexual activity) and when sharing needles with an infected individual. Hepatitis A is highly contagious and accounts for 20 to 25 percent of hepatitis cases in developed countries. The good news is, hepatitis A can be prevented with a vaccine. Additionally, most cases resolve in about two months without causing long-term illness. […] Patients with hepatitis A or E should wash their hands after any exposure to stool that contains the virus (i.e. after using the bathroom or changing a diaper) and before preparing food.

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