Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu a
Etiologia i przyczyny

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu A (WZW A) jest ostrą, samoograniczającą się chorobą wątroby wywołaną przez wirus HAV, należący do rodzaju Hepatovirus w rodzinie Picornaviridae. HAV to bezosłonkowy wirus ikozaedralny o wielkości 27-32 nm, z genomem jednoniciowego RNA o dodatniej polarności długości 7,5 kb. Zakażenie następuje głównie drogą fekalno-oralną poprzez spożycie skażonej żywności lub wody. Okres inkubacji wynosi 2-6 tygodni, a zakaźność trwa od 2 tygodni przed wystąpieniem objawów do około tygodnia po pojawieniu się żółtaczki. Objawy kliniczne obejmują fazę przedżółtaczkową trwającą 5-7 dni z objawami prodromalnymi, a następnie żółtaczkę. Piorunująca niewydolność wątroby występuje rzadko (<1%), a zakażenie nie przechodzi w formę przewlekłą. Nietypowe postaci, takie jak przetrwała cholestaza (<5%), nawracające zapalenie wątroby, autoimmunologiczne zapalenie wątroby (3%) oraz piorunujące zapalenie wątroby (<1%), stanowią rzadkie powikłania.

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu A – Etiologia, przyczyny i powstawanie choroby

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu A (WZW A) jest wysoce zakaźną chorobą wątroby wywoływaną przez wirus zapalenia wątroby typu A (HAV). Jest to jeden z kilku typów wirusów zapalenia wątroby, które powodują stan zapalny wątroby i wpływają na jej prawidłowe funkcjonowanie. 12 HAV został odkryty w 1973 roku za pomocą immunoelektronowej mikroskopii, co stanowiło przełomowy postęp w zrozumieniu ostrego zakaźnego zapalenia wątroby. 3

Charakterystyka czynnika etiologicznego

Wirus zapalenia wątroby typu A (HAV) początkowo klasyfikowany jako enterowirus typu 72, obecnie należy do rodzaju Hepatovirus w rodzinie Picornaviridae. 45 Jest to bezosłonkowy wirus ikozaedralny o wielkości 27-32 nm. 6 Mimo podobieństwa strukturalnego do wirusów infekujących owady oraz ewolucyjnych powiązań z wirusami nietoperzy, gryzoni i ryjówek, HAV wykazuje charakterystyczne cechy w swoim cyklu życiowym i hepatotropizmie. 7

Genom HAV to jednoniciowy RNA o dodatniej polarności o wielkości 7,5 kb, zawierający wewnętrzne miejsce wiązania rybosomu, zmodyfikowane białka kapsydu i specyficzne elementy replikacyjne. 8 Analiza genomowa wskazuje na istnienie 6 genotypów, z których 3 infekują ludzi, a 3 występują u naczelnych. Rozkład genotypów różni się geograficznie, przy czym infekcje u ludzi dotyczą głównie genotypu 1. 9

Wirus HAV jest wyjątkowo odporny na warunki środowiskowe. Może przetrwać kilka godzin poza organizmem, ale utrzymuje się na rękach i w żywności jeszcze dłużej. Jest odporny zarówno na ogrzewanie, jak i zamrażanie. 10 Wirus może przetrwać przez miesiąc lub dłużej w wodzie morskiej, słodkiej, ściekach i glebie. 11

Drogi transmisji

Wirus zapalenia wątroby typu A przenosi się głównie drogą fekalno-oralną. 1213 Zakażenie następuje poprzez spożycie żywności lub wody zanieczyszczonej kałem zawierającym wirus HAV. 14 Transmisja odbywa się, gdy nieuczulona (i nieszczepiona) osoba spożywa pokarm lub wodę zanieczyszczoną kałem osoby zakażonej. 15

Główne drogi transmisji wirusa HAV obejmują:

  • Spożywanie żywności przygotowanej przez osobę zakażoną, która nie umyła dokładnie rąk po skorzystaniu z toalety 1617
  • Picie zanieczyszczonej wody lub używanie lodu wykonanego z zanieczyszczonej wody 18
  • Spożywanie surowych lub niedogotowanych owoców morza, zwłaszcza małży, pochodzących z wód zanieczyszczonych ściekami 1920
  • Spożywanie nieprzygotowanych lub nieubranych świeżych owoców i warzyw 21
  • Bliski kontakt osobisty z osobą zakażoną 22
  • Kontakt seksualny z osobą zakażoną 2324

W przeciwieństwie do innych infekcji, HAV nie przenosi się poprzez przypadkowy kontakt, kichanie czy kaszel. 2526 Niemowlę nie może zarazić się wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A z mleka matki. 27 Istnieją również rzadkie przypadki przenoszenia HAV poprzez zakażoną krew, chociaż droga krwiopochodna jest bardzo rzadka. 2829

Okresy zakaźności

Osoba zakażona wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A jest zakaźna od 2 tygodni przed wystąpieniem objawów do tygodnia po pojawieniu się żółtaczki (zażółceniu skóry i oczu). 30 Wirus jest wydalany w kale zakażonej osoby 2-3 tygodnie przed wystąpieniem objawów i podczas pierwszego tygodnia choroby. 31 Co istotne, osoba zakażona, która nie wykazuje objawów związanych z wirusem zapalenia wątroby, jest nadal zdolna do jego przenoszenia. 32

Główne czynniki ryzyka zakażenia

Istnieje wiele czynników ryzyka związanych z zakażeniem wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A: 33

  • Podróże do krajów o niskim standardzie sanitarnym i higienicznym, szczególnie w rejonach Azji, Ameryki Południowej i Środkowej, Afryki oraz Bliskiego Wschodu 3435
  • Mieszkanie lub praca w miejscach o nieodpowiednich systemach usuwania ścieków i ograniczonym dostępie do czystej wody 36
  • Bliski kontakt osobisty z osobą zakażoną 37
  • Praca w ośrodkach opieki dziennej, domach opieki lub instytucjach 3839
  • Homoseksualizm u mężczyzn 4041
  • Dożylne używanie narkotyków 4243
  • Bezdomność 44

Ryzyko zakażenia HAV występuje także u pracowników sanitarnych, pracowników obsługi żywnościowej, pracowników służby zdrowia oraz osób mających kontakt z osobami zakażonymi. 45 W krajach o dobrych warunkach sanitarnych i higienicznych wskaźniki zakażeń są niskie. 46

Epidemiologia zakażeń HAV

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu A występuje na całym świecie, przy czym częstość występowania choroby jest związana z warunkami higienicznymi i sanitarnymi. 47 Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), WZW A powoduje około 1,4 miliona zachorowań rocznie, a kolejne 113 milionów osób jest zakażonych, ale nie rozwija objawów. 48 Globalnie szacuje się, że każdego roku dochodzi do około 159 milionów nowych zakażeń HAV, prowadzących do 39 000 zgonów. 49

Częstość występowania HAV jest szczególnie wysoka w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie z nieodpowiednimi warunkami sanitarnymi i praktykami higienicznymi. W tych regionach większość dzieci (90%) zostaje zakażona wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A przed ukończeniem 10 roku życia, najczęściej bez objawów. 50 Według WHO, w obszarach o wysokiej endemiczności większość zakażeń HAV występuje we wczesnym dzieciństwie. 51

W Stanach Zjednoczonych i innych krajach rozwiniętych częstość występowania HAV znacznie spadła od czasu wprowadzenia szczepień. 52 Obecnie w USA HAV odpowiada za około 40% wszystkich przypadków ostrego wirusowego zapalenia wątroby. 53 Każdego roku w USA odnotowuje się około 8 500 przypadków zakażeń wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A, wiele z nich dotyczy dzieci. 54

Patofizjologia zakażenia HAV

Wirus zapalenia wątroby typu A po dostaniu się do organizmu przez nabłonek jamy ustnej lub jelit migruje do wątroby w okresie około 2-6 tygodni. 55 HAV namnaża się głównie w hepatocytach i może powodować ostre uszkodzenie wątroby, prowadząc do objawów takich jak żółtaczka, ból brzucha i zmęczenie. 56

Uszkodzenie wątroby w przebiegu zakażenia HAV występuje w wyniku odpowiedzi immunologicznej gospodarza na HAV. 57 Wirus infekuje komórki wątrobowe i wywołuje stan zapalny. Stan zapalny może wpływać na funkcjonowanie wątroby i powodować inne objawy zapalenia wątroby typu A. 58

Typowy przebieg kliniczny

Typowy przebieg kliniczny zakażenia wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A rozpoczyna się od fazy przedżółtaczkowej, która trwa 5-7 dni i charakteryzuje się typowymi objawami, takimi jak złe samopoczucie, anoreksja, nudności, wymioty, gorączka, ból brzucha i ból głowy, a czasami atypowymi objawami, takimi jak dreszcze, bóle mięśni, bóle stawów, kaszel, biegunka, zaparcia, świąd i pokrzywka. 59

Ostre zakażenie wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A u dorosłych jest zwykle chorobą samoograniczającą się; piorunująca niewydolność wątroby występuje w mniej niż 1% przypadków. 60 Większość osób zakażonych wraca do zdrowia bez specjalnego leczenia po kilku tygodniach lub miesiącach. 61 W przeciwieństwie do innych typów zapalenia wątroby, HAV nie powoduje długotrwałego uszkodzenia wątroby i nie staje się przewlekłe. 6263

Nietypowe postacie i powikłania

Mimo że większość przypadków zakażeń HAV przebiega bezobjawowo lub łagodnie, niektóre przypadki mogą mieć nietypowy przebieg. Powikłania ostrego zakażenia wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A obejmują zapalenie wątroby z cholestazą, nawracające zapalenie wątroby i autoimmunologiczne zapalenie wątroby. 64

Nietypowy przebieg kliniczny zakażenia HAV występuje w około 7% przypadków, ale częstość poszczególnych manifestacji waha się od mniej niż 1% do 20%. 65 Do nietypowych postaci należą:

  • Przetrwała cholestaza – występuje w mniej niż 5% przypadków zakażeń HAV. Diagnozę stawia się klinicznie i potwierdza epizodem ostrego wirusowego zapalenia wątroby z powodu HAV z pozytywnymi przeciwciałami HAV IgM i objawami żółtaczki lub cholestazy, które utrzymują się dłużej niż 12 tygodni. 66
  • Nawracające zapalenie wątroby – odnosi się do początkowych typowych objawów ostrego zapalenia wątroby z powodu HAV z ustąpieniem objawów i normalizacją parametrów biochemicznych związanych z klirensem surowiczym HAV udokumentowanym za pomocą PCR HAV. Najbardziej akceptowanym mechanizmem patofizjologicznym jest taki, w którym HAV nie zostaje całkowicie wyeliminowany w pierwszej fazie zapalenia wątroby, a tym samym jest zdolny do nowej replikacji i wywołania drugiego epizodu choroby. 67
  • Autoimmunologiczne zapalenie wątroby – występuje w 3% przypadków zakażenia HAV. W rzadkich przypadkach zakażenie HAV może służyć jako wyzwalacz rozwoju autoimmunologicznego zapalenia wątroby u podatnych osób. 6869
  • Piorunujące zapalenie wątroby – rozwija się u mniej niż 1% pacjentów z zapaleniem wątroby typu A. Istotnymi czynnikami ryzyka są wiek >50 lat i podstawowa choroba wątroby (szczególnie przewlekłe zakażenie wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu C). 70 W rzadkich przypadkach zapalenie wątroby typu A może powodować niewydolność wątroby prowadzącą do śmierci. 71

Profilaktyka zakażeń HAV

Najskuteczniejszym sposobem zapobiegania zakażeniom wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A jest szczepienie. 72 Szczepionka przeciwko WZW A jest podawana w 2 dawkach, zwykle w odstępie około 6 miesięcy. 73 Od czasu wprowadzenia szczepionki w 1995 roku częstość występowania zapalenia wątroby typu A zmniejszyła się o ponad 90%. 74

Osoby, które powinny zostać zaszczepione przeciwko HAV, obejmują: 75

  • Wszystkie dzieci w wieku 1 roku
  • Wszystkie dzieci powyżej 1 roku życia mieszkające na obszarach, gdzie HAV jest powszechny
  • Osoby z długotrwałą chorobą wątroby
  • Osoby z zaburzeniami krzepnięcia krwi
  • Osoby, które miały lub oczekują na przeszczep wątroby
  • Osoby używające narkotyków
  • Mężczyźni utrzymujący stosunki seksualne z mężczyznami
  • Podróżni do krajów, gdzie HAV jest powszechny
  • Partnerzy seksualni i członkowie gospodarstwa domowego osób z HAV

Inne środki zapobiegawcze obejmują: 76

  • Odpowiednie zaopatrzenie w bezpieczną wodę pitną
  • Właściwe usuwanie ścieków w społecznościach
  • Praktyki higieny osobistej, takie jak regularne mycie rąk bezpieczną wodą

Rozprzestrzenianie się zapalenia wątroby typu A można ograniczyć poprzez odpowiednie zaopatrzenie w bezpieczną wodę pitną, właściwe usuwanie ścieków w społecznościach oraz praktyki higieny osobistej, takie jak regularne mycie rąk bezpieczną wodą. 77 Szczepienie przeciwko wirusowemu zapaleniu wątroby typu A powinno być częścią kompleksowego planu zapobiegania i zwalczania wirusowego zapalenia wątroby. 78

Brak swoistego leczenia

Nie ma specyficznego leczenia wirusowego zapalenia wątroby typu A. 79 Wirus zapalenia wątroby typu A zostanie usunięty z organizmu samoistnie. 80 W większości przypadków wątroba wyleczy się całkowicie w ciągu miesiąca lub dwóch, bez długotrwałych uszkodzeń. 81

Leczenie jest zwykle ukierunkowane na łagodzenie objawów, takich jak ból, nudności i świąd. 82 Zapalenie wątroby typu A, w przeciwieństwie do innych typów wirusowego zapalenia wątroby, nie powoduje długotrwałych uszkodzeń wątroby ani nie staje się przewlekłe. 83

Odporność poinfekcyjna

Po zakażeniu wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A organizm buduje odporność na chorobę. Zdrowy układ odpornościowy zapobiegnie rozwojowi choroby, jeśli będziesz ponownie narażony na wirus. 84 Przebyte zakażenie uważa się za dające dożywotnią ochronę przed chorobą. 85

Jeśli dziecko zostanie zakażone wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A, po wyzdrowieniu z zakażenia organizm dziecka wytworzy przeciwciała, które zapewnią dożywotnią odporność na wirus zapalenia wątroby typu A. Dlatego dziecko nie może zostać ponownie zakażone wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu A. 86

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  1. 12.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007
    Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver’s ability to function. […] Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other symptoms of hepatitis A. […] The virus spreads when infected stool, even just tiny amounts, enters the mouth of another person (fecal-oral transmission). You may get hepatitis A when you eat or drink something contaminated with infected stool. You may also get the infection through close contact with a person who has hepatitis A. The virus can live on surfaces for a few months. The virus does not spread through casual contact or by sneezing or coughing.
  • #2 Hepatitis A Basics | Hepatitis A | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html
    Hepatitis A is a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] The hepatitis A virus is highly contagious. […] Hepatitis A is spread when someone ingests the virus, even in very small amounts. This usually occurs through person-to-person contact or by eating or drinking contaminated food or drink. […] People who get hepatitis A may feel sick for a few weeks or several months but usually recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage.
  • #3 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
    Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a globally significant public health issue, particularly prevalent in developing countries where sanitation practices may be inadequate. The virus primarily spreads through the oral-fecal route, causing acute hepatitis that can range from mild to severe, though it does not lead to chronic liver disease. […] The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common infectious etiology of acute hepatitis worldwide. HAV is most commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route via exposure to contaminated food, water, or close physical contact with an infectious person. […] HAV is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis infection worldwide. The discovery of a virus-like antigen in 1973 via immune electron microscopy marked a pivotal advancement in comprehending acute infectious hepatitis, culminating in identifying HAV.
  • #4 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
    Initially categorized as enterovirus type 72, HAV is now classified as the sole member of the Hepatovirus genus within Picornaviridae. […] Despite sharing structural similarities with insect-infecting picornaviruses and having evolutionary roots in bats, rodents, and shrews, HAV exhibits distinctive features in its life cycle and hepatotropism. […] This nonenveloped, icosahedral virus, measuring 27 to 32 nm, is transmitted fecal-orally and displays notable differences in its physical form when excreted versus circulating in the blood. […] Genomic analysis reveals 6 genotypes, 3 infecting humans and 3 found in primates. Genotype distribution varies geographically, with human infections predominantly involving genotype 1. […] The HAV genome, a 7.5 kb positive-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid, contains an internal ribosome entry site, modified capsid proteins, and specific replication elements.
  • #5 Hepatitis A
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A causes acute viral hepatitis and does not lead to chronic hepatitis. […] Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a hepatovirus from the Picornaviridae family, is the causative agent, primarily through the faecal-oral route. […] Hepatitis A occurs worldwide. The incidence of disease is related to hygiene and sanitation conditions. […] Worldwide, most infection results from exposure to contaminated food or water. […] Transmission is from person to person, predominantly via the faecal-oral route.
  • #6 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
    Initially categorized as enterovirus type 72, HAV is now classified as the sole member of the Hepatovirus genus within Picornaviridae. […] Despite sharing structural similarities with insect-infecting picornaviruses and having evolutionary roots in bats, rodents, and shrews, HAV exhibits distinctive features in its life cycle and hepatotropism. […] This nonenveloped, icosahedral virus, measuring 27 to 32 nm, is transmitted fecal-orally and displays notable differences in its physical form when excreted versus circulating in the blood. […] Genomic analysis reveals 6 genotypes, 3 infecting humans and 3 found in primates. Genotype distribution varies geographically, with human infections predominantly involving genotype 1. […] The HAV genome, a 7.5 kb positive-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid, contains an internal ribosome entry site, modified capsid proteins, and specific replication elements.
  • #7 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
    Initially categorized as enterovirus type 72, HAV is now classified as the sole member of the Hepatovirus genus within Picornaviridae. […] Despite sharing structural similarities with insect-infecting picornaviruses and having evolutionary roots in bats, rodents, and shrews, HAV exhibits distinctive features in its life cycle and hepatotropism. […] This nonenveloped, icosahedral virus, measuring 27 to 32 nm, is transmitted fecal-orally and displays notable differences in its physical form when excreted versus circulating in the blood. […] Genomic analysis reveals 6 genotypes, 3 infecting humans and 3 found in primates. Genotype distribution varies geographically, with human infections predominantly involving genotype 1. […] The HAV genome, a 7.5 kb positive-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid, contains an internal ribosome entry site, modified capsid proteins, and specific replication elements.
  • #8 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
    Initially categorized as enterovirus type 72, HAV is now classified as the sole member of the Hepatovirus genus within Picornaviridae. […] Despite sharing structural similarities with insect-infecting picornaviruses and having evolutionary roots in bats, rodents, and shrews, HAV exhibits distinctive features in its life cycle and hepatotropism. […] This nonenveloped, icosahedral virus, measuring 27 to 32 nm, is transmitted fecal-orally and displays notable differences in its physical form when excreted versus circulating in the blood. […] Genomic analysis reveals 6 genotypes, 3 infecting humans and 3 found in primates. Genotype distribution varies geographically, with human infections predominantly involving genotype 1. […] The HAV genome, a 7.5 kb positive-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid, contains an internal ribosome entry site, modified capsid proteins, and specific replication elements.
  • #9 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
    Initially categorized as enterovirus type 72, HAV is now classified as the sole member of the Hepatovirus genus within Picornaviridae. […] Despite sharing structural similarities with insect-infecting picornaviruses and having evolutionary roots in bats, rodents, and shrews, HAV exhibits distinctive features in its life cycle and hepatotropism. […] This nonenveloped, icosahedral virus, measuring 27 to 32 nm, is transmitted fecal-orally and displays notable differences in its physical form when excreted versus circulating in the blood. […] Genomic analysis reveals 6 genotypes, 3 infecting humans and 3 found in primates. Genotype distribution varies geographically, with human infections predominantly involving genotype 1. […] The HAV genome, a 7.5 kb positive-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid, contains an internal ribosome entry site, modified capsid proteins, and specific replication elements.
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    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. The virus can survive for several hours outside the body but persists on the hands and in food for even longer. It is resistant to heating and freezing. […] The virus is spread when it enters the mouth, which can happen when hands, foods or other items are contaminated with the faeces of a person with hepatitis A. The disease can also be spread sexually by oral or anal contact. […] A person with hepatitis A is infectious from 2 weeks before they show symptoms to one week after they become jaundiced (have yellow skin and eyes).
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    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308421
    Hepatitis A is a virus that causes infection and inflammation of the liver. It spreads through contaminated food and water or close person-to-person contact. […] The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is more common in areas of low socioeconomic status with a lack of adequate sanitation. […] A person with HAV will excrete the virus in the stool, or feces. It can be passed on when an uninfected person consumes food or water that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected person. […] The virus can survive for a month or more in seawater, fresh water, wastewater, and soil. […] Most infections are passed on through close personal contact with an infected household member or sex partner, not through casual contact. […] Foodborne HAV outbreaks sometimes occur in the U.S., for example, through food handlers who have the virus.
  • #12
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] The hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route; that is when an uninfected person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] Infection is common in low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices, and most children (90%) have been infected with the hepatitis A virus before the age of 10 years, most often without symptoms. […] The risk of hepatitis A infection is associated with a lack of safe water and poor sanitation and hygiene (such as contaminated and dirty hands).
  • #13 Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by HAV. It spreads when someone unknowingly ingests the virus through close personal contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. This can happen through: Close person-to-person contact with a person who is infected. Sexual contact with a person who is infected. Ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Hepatitis A is a highly contagious infection that spreads primarily through fecal-oral transmission.
  • #14 Hepatitis A – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a viral infection that causes short-term liver inflammation and damage. […] The hepatitis A virus typically spreads through consuming food or water that has been contaminated by stool from a person infected with hepatitis A. […] This type of hepatitis is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which spreads through contact with an infected persons stool. Contact can occur by eating food made by an infected person who didnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You cant get hepatitis A from being coughed or sneezed on by an infected person. […] A baby cant get hepatitis A from breast milk.
  • #15
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] The hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route; that is when an uninfected person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] Infection is common in low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices, and most children (90%) have been infected with the hepatitis A virus before the age of 10 years, most often without symptoms. […] The risk of hepatitis A infection is associated with a lack of safe water and poor sanitation and hygiene (such as contaminated and dirty hands).
  • #16 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention | Apollo Hospitals
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/hepatitis-a-symptoms-causes-prevention
    Hepatitis A is a highly transmissible liver infection caused by the virus Hepatitis A. […] Contaminated water or food, or close contact with an infected object or an infected person are the potential causes for the spread of hepatitis A infection. […] It is an infection of liver cells and liver inflammation caused by contracting the hepatitis A virus (HAV). While hepatitis A does not spread by coughing or sneezing, you may get the disease by eating foods or drinking water that a person had contaminated with the virus. Some specific ways hepatitis A virus can spread include: […] Drinking contaminated water […] Consuming fruits and vegetables or other foods items prepared or handled by a person who has the virus and does not wash/her hands thoroughly after using the toilet […] Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage […] Touching your mouth after touching a contaminated object […] Having sex with the person who has the virus […] Being in close contact with someone infected even if that individual has no signs or symptoms.
  • #17 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The infection causes inflammation in your liver. […] Food poisoning is a common cause of hepatitis A. You can get food poisoning and exposure to hepatitis A by: Eating raw or undercooked shellfish or fresh, unpeeled or uncooked produce. Drinking contaminated water or using ice made with contaminated water. Eating food that contains contaminated poop. The virus can get into food if someone who prepares food doesnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You can also get hepatitis A by having close personal contact with someone who has the virus. That can happen if you: Live or work in places that dont have adequate sanitary sewage disposal systems and easy access to clean water. Provide care to someone who has the virus. This can happen if you have come into contact with poop or pee from someone with the virus. […] Hepatitis A usually doesnt cause complications like cirrhosis. […] Yes, it can. Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A is the easiest way to prevent it. […] Hepatitis A doesnt require treatment to cure it. It goes away on its own.
  • #18 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The infection causes inflammation in your liver. […] Food poisoning is a common cause of hepatitis A. You can get food poisoning and exposure to hepatitis A by: Eating raw or undercooked shellfish or fresh, unpeeled or uncooked produce. Drinking contaminated water or using ice made with contaminated water. Eating food that contains contaminated poop. The virus can get into food if someone who prepares food doesnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You can also get hepatitis A by having close personal contact with someone who has the virus. That can happen if you: Live or work in places that dont have adequate sanitary sewage disposal systems and easy access to clean water. Provide care to someone who has the virus. This can happen if you have come into contact with poop or pee from someone with the virus. […] Hepatitis A usually doesnt cause complications like cirrhosis. […] Yes, it can. Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A is the easiest way to prevent it. […] Hepatitis A doesnt require treatment to cure it. It goes away on its own.
  • #19 Causes of Hepatitis A | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/liver-kidneys-and-urinary-system/hepatitis-a/causes.html
    This type of hepatitis is usually spread by fecal-oral contact or fecal-infected food and water, and may also be spread by blood-borne infection (which is rare). […] The following is a list of modes of transmission for hepatitis A: […] Consuming food made by someone who touched infected feces […] Drinking water that is contaminated by infected feces (a problem in developing countries with poor sewage removal) […] Touching an infected person’s feces, which may occur with poor handwashing […] Outbreaks may occur in large childcare centers, especially when there are children in diapers […] Residents of american indian reservations or native alaskan villages where hepatitis a may be more common […] Sexual contact with an infected person.
  • #20
    https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/hepatitis/symptoms-causes
    Hepatitis A infection is due to consuming contaminated food or fluid, causing acute inflammation and swelling of the liver. This is a self-limiting disease with symptoms lasting for several weeks. Most infected individuals recover completely and gain lifelong immunity against hepatitis A. […] Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is usually foodborne and transmitted through: […] Consuming shellfish from water contaminated with sewage […] Direct contact with food, drinks or objects contaminated with the virus from an infected individual […] The faecal-oral route in areas of poor hygiene and sanitation […] Blood contact, drug use or sexual contact with an infected person.
  • #21 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The infection causes inflammation in your liver. […] Food poisoning is a common cause of hepatitis A. You can get food poisoning and exposure to hepatitis A by: Eating raw or undercooked shellfish or fresh, unpeeled or uncooked produce. Drinking contaminated water or using ice made with contaminated water. Eating food that contains contaminated poop. The virus can get into food if someone who prepares food doesnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You can also get hepatitis A by having close personal contact with someone who has the virus. That can happen if you: Live or work in places that dont have adequate sanitary sewage disposal systems and easy access to clean water. Provide care to someone who has the virus. This can happen if you have come into contact with poop or pee from someone with the virus. […] Hepatitis A usually doesnt cause complications like cirrhosis. […] Yes, it can. Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A is the easiest way to prevent it. […] Hepatitis A doesnt require treatment to cure it. It goes away on its own.
  • #22 Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by HAV. It spreads when someone unknowingly ingests the virus through close personal contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. This can happen through: Close person-to-person contact with a person who is infected. Sexual contact with a person who is infected. Ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Hepatitis A is a highly contagious infection that spreads primarily through fecal-oral transmission.
  • #23 Causes of Hepatitis A | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/liver-kidneys-and-urinary-system/hepatitis-a/causes.html
    This type of hepatitis is usually spread by fecal-oral contact or fecal-infected food and water, and may also be spread by blood-borne infection (which is rare). […] The following is a list of modes of transmission for hepatitis A: […] Consuming food made by someone who touched infected feces […] Drinking water that is contaminated by infected feces (a problem in developing countries with poor sewage removal) […] Touching an infected person’s feces, which may occur with poor handwashing […] Outbreaks may occur in large childcare centers, especially when there are children in diapers […] Residents of american indian reservations or native alaskan villages where hepatitis a may be more common […] Sexual contact with an infected person.
  • #24 Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by HAV. It spreads when someone unknowingly ingests the virus through close personal contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. This can happen through: Close person-to-person contact with a person who is infected. Sexual contact with a person who is infected. Ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Hepatitis A is a highly contagious infection that spreads primarily through fecal-oral transmission.
  • #25 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007
    Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver’s ability to function. […] Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other symptoms of hepatitis A. […] The virus spreads when infected stool, even just tiny amounts, enters the mouth of another person (fecal-oral transmission). You may get hepatitis A when you eat or drink something contaminated with infected stool. You may also get the infection through close contact with a person who has hepatitis A. The virus can live on surfaces for a few months. The virus does not spread through casual contact or by sneezing or coughing.
  • #26 Hepatitis A – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a viral infection that causes short-term liver inflammation and damage. […] The hepatitis A virus typically spreads through consuming food or water that has been contaminated by stool from a person infected with hepatitis A. […] This type of hepatitis is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which spreads through contact with an infected persons stool. Contact can occur by eating food made by an infected person who didnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You cant get hepatitis A from being coughed or sneezed on by an infected person. […] A baby cant get hepatitis A from breast milk.
  • #27 Hepatitis A – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a viral infection that causes short-term liver inflammation and damage. […] The hepatitis A virus typically spreads through consuming food or water that has been contaminated by stool from a person infected with hepatitis A. […] This type of hepatitis is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which spreads through contact with an infected persons stool. Contact can occur by eating food made by an infected person who didnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You cant get hepatitis A from being coughed or sneezed on by an infected person. […] A baby cant get hepatitis A from breast milk.
  • #28 Hepatitis A – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A
    Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. […] It is usually spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. […] The virus primarily spreads by the fecal-oral route, and infections often occur in conditions of poor sanitation and overcrowding. Hepatitis A can be transmitted by the parenteral route, but very rarely by blood and blood products. […] About 40% of all acute viral hepatitis is caused by HAV.
  • #29 Hepatitis A | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hepatitis-a.html
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease that is easily spread from person to person (highly contagious). It’s caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Hepatitis A is often spread when the virus is taken in by mouth. This happens when you have contact with objects, food, or drinks that are contaminated by the stool of an infected person. […] In rare cases, the virus may also be spread by contamination from blood and other body fluids (blood-borne infection). […] It’s often spread when you have contact with objects, food, or drinks that are contaminated by the stool of an infected person.
  • #30 Hepatitis A | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. The virus can survive for several hours outside the body but persists on the hands and in food for even longer. It is resistant to heating and freezing. […] The virus is spread when it enters the mouth, which can happen when hands, foods or other items are contaminated with the faeces of a person with hepatitis A. The disease can also be spread sexually by oral or anal contact. […] A person with hepatitis A is infectious from 2 weeks before they show symptoms to one week after they become jaundiced (have yellow skin and eyes).
  • #31 Hepatitis A – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/hepatitis-a.htm
    Hepatitis A occurs sporadically, however over the decades it regularly has appeared as an epidemic worldwide. […] The Hepatitis A virus is most often contracted by eating contaminated food, usually shellfish. […] Poor hygiene and contaminated water make hepatitis A virus as one of the most frequent causes of food-borne infection worldwide. […] The Hepatitis A virus is passed out through the stool of an infected person 2 to 3 weeks before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness. […] The disease is predominately transmitted by contaminated food (shellfish) or water. […] The virus does not remain in the body after the infection has resolved. Hence this disease has no carrier state.
  • #32 What Causes Hepatitis A? | Austin Gastroenterology
    https://www.austingastro.com/2019/12/06/what-causes-hepatitis-a/
    There are several types of hepatitis viruses. All of them create inflammation and negatively affect liver function. Hepatitis A is very contagious and can be passed through food and water contamination. The virus also spreads from person to person when contact is made with someone who is infected. […] In addition to the aforementioned causes, the hepatitis virus is most often spread through food and drinks, but specifically when the ingested food is contaminated with fecal matter. […] An infected person who isn’t exhibiting symptoms associated with the hepatitis virus is still capable of passing it on. […] The virus isn’t transmitted in the same way that a cold is spread, through sneezing and coughing, for instance. The disease can spread through sex with someone who has the virus or even from consuming seafood that was stored in contaminated ice or water. […] Illicit drug use is also a known factor. Sharing a needle with an infected person presents a great risk.
  • #33 Hepatitis A: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-overview
    Most patients have no defined risk factors for hepatitis A. Risk factors for the acquisition of hepatitis A include the following: Personal contacts […] Institutionalization […] Occupation (eg, daycare) […] Foreign travel […] Male homosexuality […] Illicit parenteral drug use.
  • #34 Hepatitis A Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver from the hepatitis A virus. […] The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stool and blood of an infected person. The virus is present about 15 to 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness. […] You can catch hepatitis A if: You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus. Unpeeled and uncooked fruits and vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the disease. […] Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection. Therefore, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported. […] Risk factors include: Overseas travel, especially to Asia, South or Central America, Africa and the Middle East; Injection drug use; Living in a nursing home; Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry; Eating raw shellfish such as oysters and clams.
  • #35 A Visual Guide to Hepatitis A, B, C
    https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/ss/slideshow-hepatitis-overview
    Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It may be caused by drugs, alcohol use, or certain medical conditions. But in most cases, it’s caused by a virus. This is known as viral hepatitis, and the most common forms are hepatitis A, B, and C. […] Hepatitis A is highly contagious and can spread from person to person in many different settings. It typically causes only a mild illness, and many people who are infected may never realize they’re sick at all. The virus almost always goes away on its own and does not cause long-term liver damage. […] It usually spreads through food or water. Food can be tainted when it’s touched by a person with hepatitis who did not wash their hands after using the bathroom. This transfers tiny amounts of infected stool to the food. Raw shellfish, fruits, vegetables, and undercooked foods are common culprits in hepatitis A outbreaks.
  • #36 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a viral infection that happens after exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The infection causes inflammation in your liver. […] Food poisoning is a common cause of hepatitis A. You can get food poisoning and exposure to hepatitis A by: Eating raw or undercooked shellfish or fresh, unpeeled or uncooked produce. Drinking contaminated water or using ice made with contaminated water. Eating food that contains contaminated poop. The virus can get into food if someone who prepares food doesnt wash their hands after using the bathroom. […] You can also get hepatitis A by having close personal contact with someone who has the virus. That can happen if you: Live or work in places that dont have adequate sanitary sewage disposal systems and easy access to clean water. Provide care to someone who has the virus. This can happen if you have come into contact with poop or pee from someone with the virus. […] Hepatitis A usually doesnt cause complications like cirrhosis. […] Yes, it can. Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A is the easiest way to prevent it. […] Hepatitis A doesnt require treatment to cure it. It goes away on its own.
  • #37 Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by HAV. It spreads when someone unknowingly ingests the virus through close personal contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. This can happen through: Close person-to-person contact with a person who is infected. Sexual contact with a person who is infected. Ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Hepatitis A is a highly contagious infection that spreads primarily through fecal-oral transmission.
  • #38 Hepatitis A: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-overview
    Most patients have no defined risk factors for hepatitis A. Risk factors for the acquisition of hepatitis A include the following: Personal contacts […] Institutionalization […] Occupation (eg, daycare) […] Foreign travel […] Male homosexuality […] Illicit parenteral drug use.
  • #39
    https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is an acute inflammation of the liver caused by infection with hepatitis A virus. It is spread through the „faecal-oral” route i.e. through by ingestion of food contaminated by faeculent material. The period between ingestion and manifestation of illness (incubation period) is 28 days. […] Hepatitis A is prevalent in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions. Most infections are spread by food or drinks contaminated by faeculent materials, either through poor personal hygiene or by sewage eg. contaminated raw shell fish. Rarely hepatitis A can be transmitted by intravenous drug usage, blood products and amongst practising homosexual men. […] Hepatitis A vaccination could be useful also for: Sewerage workers, Food service workers, Healthcare workers, Day-care attendees, Hepatitis A Travellers.
  • #40 Hepatitis A: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-overview
    Most patients have no defined risk factors for hepatitis A. Risk factors for the acquisition of hepatitis A include the following: Personal contacts […] Institutionalization […] Occupation (eg, daycare) […] Foreign travel […] Male homosexuality […] Illicit parenteral drug use.
  • #41
    https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is an acute inflammation of the liver caused by infection with hepatitis A virus. It is spread through the „faecal-oral” route i.e. through by ingestion of food contaminated by faeculent material. The period between ingestion and manifestation of illness (incubation period) is 28 days. […] Hepatitis A is prevalent in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions. Most infections are spread by food or drinks contaminated by faeculent materials, either through poor personal hygiene or by sewage eg. contaminated raw shell fish. Rarely hepatitis A can be transmitted by intravenous drug usage, blood products and amongst practising homosexual men. […] Hepatitis A vaccination could be useful also for: Sewerage workers, Food service workers, Healthcare workers, Day-care attendees, Hepatitis A Travellers.
  • #42 Hepatitis A: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-overview
    Most patients have no defined risk factors for hepatitis A. Risk factors for the acquisition of hepatitis A include the following: Personal contacts […] Institutionalization […] Occupation (eg, daycare) […] Foreign travel […] Male homosexuality […] Illicit parenteral drug use.
  • #43 What Causes Hepatitis A? | Austin Gastroenterology
    https://www.austingastro.com/2019/12/06/what-causes-hepatitis-a/
    There are several types of hepatitis viruses. All of them create inflammation and negatively affect liver function. Hepatitis A is very contagious and can be passed through food and water contamination. The virus also spreads from person to person when contact is made with someone who is infected. […] In addition to the aforementioned causes, the hepatitis virus is most often spread through food and drinks, but specifically when the ingested food is contaminated with fecal matter. […] An infected person who isn’t exhibiting symptoms associated with the hepatitis virus is still capable of passing it on. […] The virus isn’t transmitted in the same way that a cold is spread, through sneezing and coughing, for instance. The disease can spread through sex with someone who has the virus or even from consuming seafood that was stored in contaminated ice or water. […] Illicit drug use is also a known factor. Sharing a needle with an infected person presents a great risk.
  • #44 Hepatitis A – Symptoms, causes, types, prevention and treatment
    https://www.afdil.com/health-conditions/hepatitis-a/
    Hepatitis A can be spread through the following reasons – Direct contact with an HAV-infected person, Direct contact with an infected individuals feces (poop), HAV-infected water and food, Poor sanitary practices, Sexual intercourse with an infected person, Through individuals who use illegal drugs, Homeless people, Sex between men, Travelers to and from countries where HAV infection is common. […] At present, there is no treatment for Hepatitis A infection and the symptoms may take months to subside. In certain cases, the chances of HAV infection relapsing are recorded that causes the infected person weaker. In older age group, the risk of liver failure is high.
  • #45
    https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is an acute inflammation of the liver caused by infection with hepatitis A virus. It is spread through the „faecal-oral” route i.e. through by ingestion of food contaminated by faeculent material. The period between ingestion and manifestation of illness (incubation period) is 28 days. […] Hepatitis A is prevalent in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions. Most infections are spread by food or drinks contaminated by faeculent materials, either through poor personal hygiene or by sewage eg. contaminated raw shell fish. Rarely hepatitis A can be transmitted by intravenous drug usage, blood products and amongst practising homosexual men. […] Hepatitis A vaccination could be useful also for: Sewerage workers, Food service workers, Healthcare workers, Day-care attendees, Hepatitis A Travellers.
  • #46 Hepatitis A (Human) | PreventionWeb
    https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0038
    Hepatitis A is an acute vaccine-preventable viral liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is primarily spread when an uninfected and unvaccinated person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. It is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne infection. […] Hepatitis A is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene and oral-anal sex. […] The disease is most common in low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices. In high-income countries with good sanitary and hygienic conditions, infection rates are low. […] A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Safe water supply, food safety, improved sanitation, hand washing, and the hepatitis A vaccine are the most effective ways to combat the disease.
  • #47 Hepatitis A
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A causes acute viral hepatitis and does not lead to chronic hepatitis. […] Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a hepatovirus from the Picornaviridae family, is the causative agent, primarily through the faecal-oral route. […] Hepatitis A occurs worldwide. The incidence of disease is related to hygiene and sanitation conditions. […] Worldwide, most infection results from exposure to contaminated food or water. […] Transmission is from person to person, predominantly via the faecal-oral route.
  • #48 WHO EMRO | Hepatitis A and E | Hepatitis | Health topics
    https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/hepatitis/introduction.html
    Viral hepatitis is a group of viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, the rarer type D, and E) that can cause both acute and chronic infection and inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Hepatitis A causes mild to severe illness in an estimated 1.4 million people per year, with a further 113 million people being infected but not developing symptoms. […] Although the actual burden of hepatitis A in the Eastern Mediterranean Region remains unknown but outbreaks have repeatedly occurred in displaced population and refugee settings of countries affected by crisis or humanitarian emergencies. […] The virus is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne infection. […] Infection happens mainly through contaminated drinking water, and is usually self-limiting, which means it resolves within 26 weeks.
  • #49 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Hepatitis A infection is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) Humans are the only known reservoir. HAV infection is usually a self-limited illness that does not become chronic. […] HAV is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route (either via person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated food or water). […] Fulminant hepatic failure develops in fewer than 1 percent of patients with hepatitis A; important risk factors include age >50 years and underlying liver disease (particularly chronic hepatitis C virus infection). […] HAV infection occurs worldwide. Globally, an estimated 159 million new HAV infections leading to 39,000 fatalities occur each year. […] The incidence of HAV has declined substantially since implementation of vaccination. […] Hepatic injury occurs as a result of the host immune response to HAV.
  • #50
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] The hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route; that is when an uninfected person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] Infection is common in low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices, and most children (90%) have been infected with the hepatitis A virus before the age of 10 years, most often without symptoms. […] The risk of hepatitis A infection is associated with a lack of safe water and poor sanitation and hygiene (such as contaminated and dirty hands).
  • #51 Hepatitis A Fact sheet | Africa Health Organisation
    https://aho.org/fact-sheets/hepatitis-a-fact-sheet/
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infectious person. […] The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. […] Hepatitis A viruses persist in the environment and can withstand food-production processes routinely used to inactivate and/or control bacterial pathogens. […] The hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route; that is when an uninfected person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. […] In areas where the virus is widespread (high endemicity), most hepatitis A infections occur during early childhood.
  • #52 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Hepatitis A infection is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) Humans are the only known reservoir. HAV infection is usually a self-limited illness that does not become chronic. […] HAV is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route (either via person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated food or water). […] Fulminant hepatic failure develops in fewer than 1 percent of patients with hepatitis A; important risk factors include age >50 years and underlying liver disease (particularly chronic hepatitis C virus infection). […] HAV infection occurs worldwide. Globally, an estimated 159 million new HAV infections leading to 39,000 fatalities occur each year. […] The incidence of HAV has declined substantially since implementation of vaccination. […] Hepatic injury occurs as a result of the host immune response to HAV.
  • #53 Hepatitis A – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A
    Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. […] It is usually spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. […] The virus primarily spreads by the fecal-oral route, and infections often occur in conditions of poor sanitation and overcrowding. Hepatitis A can be transmitted by the parenteral route, but very rarely by blood and blood products. […] About 40% of all acute viral hepatitis is caused by HAV.
  • #54 Hepatitis A | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hepatitis
    Hepatitis A is a virus that infects the liver. The virus causes inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). Each year in the United States about 8,500 people become infected with hepatitis A virus, many of whom are children. Anyone can become infected with hepatitis A virus infection. […] Typically, the virus is spread in households from person to person (horizontal transmission), and from contaminated food and water. Infected people excrete the virus in their stools (poop). When people come in contact with infected stool and do not wash their hands properly with soap and water, they can become infected. […] The virus is easily spread in areas that have poor sanitation or poor personal hygiene. In the U.S., hepatitis A virus is relatively uncommon because the water and sewage treatment facilities in this country are effective in killing most hepatitis A virus that may enter the water supply. However, many countries in the world do not have effective facilities to kill the virus. As a result, many people contract the infection.
  • #55 What Is Hepatitis A (Hep A)? Vaccine, Symptoms, & Treatment
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hepatitis_a/article_em.htm
    Hepatitis A refers to liver inflammation caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] The cause of hepatitis A is hepatitis A virus (HAV) that is transmitted person to person by contaminated foods, water or other drinks (including ice), blood, stool, and direct contact. […] Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of several viruses that can cause hepatitis, and is one of the three most common hepatitis viruses in the United States. […] The virus enters through the epithelium in the mouth or gut and migrates to the liver over a period of about 2-6 weeks. […] The majority of people infected recover with no lasting damage to the liver.
  • #56 Hepatitis A: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention
    https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/liver/hepatitis-a-182
    Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It spreads through contaminated food or water and can cause symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and fatigue. […] Hepatitis A is a common infectious disease that affects the liver, caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is primarily transmitted through the faecal-oral route, either by ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infectious person. […] Hepatitis A, also known as infectious hepatitis or yellow jaundice, is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is caused by HAV, a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Picornaviridae. […] The virus replicates primarily within hepatocytes and can cause acute liver damage, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
  • #57 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Hepatitis A infection is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) Humans are the only known reservoir. HAV infection is usually a self-limited illness that does not become chronic. […] HAV is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route (either via person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated food or water). […] Fulminant hepatic failure develops in fewer than 1 percent of patients with hepatitis A; important risk factors include age >50 years and underlying liver disease (particularly chronic hepatitis C virus infection). […] HAV infection occurs worldwide. Globally, an estimated 159 million new HAV infections leading to 39,000 fatalities occur each year. […] The incidence of HAV has declined substantially since implementation of vaccination. […] Hepatic injury occurs as a result of the host immune response to HAV.
  • #58 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007
    Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver’s ability to function. […] Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other symptoms of hepatitis A. […] The virus spreads when infected stool, even just tiny amounts, enters the mouth of another person (fecal-oral transmission). You may get hepatitis A when you eat or drink something contaminated with infected stool. You may also get the infection through close contact with a person who has hepatitis A. The virus can live on surfaces for a few months. The virus does not spread through casual contact or by sneezing or coughing.
  • #59 Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection | Revista de Gastroenterología de México
    https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-atypical-manifestations-hepatitis-a-virus-articulo-S2255534X1830063X
    Acute hepatitis due to the hepatitis A virus usually has a short, benign and self-limited course, without causing chronic hepatitis. However, some cases have an atypical presentation, such as relapsing hepatitis, prolonged or persistent cholestasis, fulminant hepatic failure, or liver failure associated with autoimmune hepatitis. […] The typical clinical course of acute hepatitis A virus infection is spontaneous remission in 90% of the cases, but atypical cases have a prevalence that varies from less than 1 to 20%, depending on the manifestation (overall prevalence 7%). […] Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is generally self-limited and induces permanent active immunity. […] The usual clinical course of hepatitis A virus infection begins with a pre-jaundice phase that lasts 5-7 days and is characterized by typical symptoms, such as general malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and headache and sometimes with atypical symptoms, such as chills, myalgias, arthralgias, cough, diarrhea, constipation, pruritus, and urticaria.
  • #60 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Acute HAV infection in adults is usually a self-limited illness; fulminant hepatic failure occurs in fewer than 1 percent of cases. […] Complications of acute hepatitis A infection include cholestatic hepatitis, relapsing hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. […] Rarely, HAV infection may serve as a trigger for development of autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible individuals.
  • #61 Hepatitis A Basics | Hepatitis A | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html
    Hepatitis A is a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] The hepatitis A virus is highly contagious. […] Hepatitis A is spread when someone ingests the virus, even in very small amounts. This usually occurs through person-to-person contact or by eating or drinking contaminated food or drink. […] People who get hepatitis A may feel sick for a few weeks or several months but usually recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage.
  • #62 Hepatitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis
    Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus hepatovirus A, B, C, D, and E. […] Other common causes of hepatitis include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). […] Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. […] Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood. […] Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. […] Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.
  • #63 Hepatitis A – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/hepatitis-a
    Acute hepatitis A is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Hepatitis A is usually spread when people ingest something that has been contaminated by the stool of an infected person. […] Hepatitis A is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. […] Hepatitis A does not become chronic. That is, the infection does not last longer than 6 months. […] Hepatitis A is usually spread when people ingest the virus after touching an object or consuming food or drinks that are contaminated by the stool of an infected person (called the fecal-oral route). […] Hepatitis A does not become a chronic infection. After acute hepatitis resolves, people can no longer transmit the virus to others. […] Hepatitis A rarely becomes severe (fulminant). Such cases are rarer than with hepatitis B. […] There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. […] People with chronic liver disorders (including chronic hepatitis C) should be vaccinated against hepatitis A because they may have an increased risk of developing fulminant hepatitis and liver failure due to the hepatitis A virus.
  • #64 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Acute HAV infection in adults is usually a self-limited illness; fulminant hepatic failure occurs in fewer than 1 percent of cases. […] Complications of acute hepatitis A infection include cholestatic hepatitis, relapsing hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. […] Rarely, HAV infection may serve as a trigger for development of autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible individuals.
  • #65 Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection | Revista de Gastroenterología de México
    https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-atypical-manifestations-hepatitis-a-virus-articulo-S2255534X1830063X
    Acute hepatitis due to the hepatitis A virus usually has a short, benign and self-limited course, without causing chronic hepatitis. However, some cases have an atypical presentation, such as relapsing hepatitis, prolonged or persistent cholestasis, fulminant hepatic failure, or liver failure associated with autoimmune hepatitis. […] The typical clinical course of acute hepatitis A virus infection is spontaneous remission in 90% of the cases, but atypical cases have a prevalence that varies from less than 1 to 20%, depending on the manifestation (overall prevalence 7%). […] Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is generally self-limited and induces permanent active immunity. […] The usual clinical course of hepatitis A virus infection begins with a pre-jaundice phase that lasts 5-7 days and is characterized by typical symptoms, such as general malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and headache and sometimes with atypical symptoms, such as chills, myalgias, arthralgias, cough, diarrhea, constipation, pruritus, and urticaria.
  • #66 Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection | Revista de Gastroenterología de México
    https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-atypical-manifestations-hepatitis-a-virus-articulo-S2255534X1830063X
    The disease course is spontaneous remission in the large majority of cases, but 10-20% of symptomatic patients have an atypical disease course that manifests as relapsing hepatitis, persistent cholestasis, the development of autoimmune hepatitis, or fulminant liver failure. […] There is little information on the atypical clinical course of HAV infection. […] Persistent cholestasis occurs in less than 5% of cases of HAV infection. […] The mechanisms by which cholestasis persists in such cases is not clear. […] Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by an episode of acute viral hepatitis infection due to HAV with positive HAV IgM antibodies and symptoms of jaundice or cholestasis that persist for more than 12 weeks. […] Relapsing hepatitis due to HAV infection is the name given to initial typical symptoms of acute hepatitis due to HAV with symptomatology resolution and biochemical parameter normalization associated with serum clearance of HAV documented through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of HAV.
  • #67 Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection | Revista de Gastroenterología de México
    https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-atypical-manifestations-hepatitis-a-virus-articulo-S2255534X1830063X
    The disease course is spontaneous remission in the large majority of cases, but 10-20% of symptomatic patients have an atypical disease course that manifests as relapsing hepatitis, persistent cholestasis, the development of autoimmune hepatitis, or fulminant liver failure. […] There is little information on the atypical clinical course of HAV infection. […] Persistent cholestasis occurs in less than 5% of cases of HAV infection. […] The mechanisms by which cholestasis persists in such cases is not clear. […] Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by an episode of acute viral hepatitis infection due to HAV with positive HAV IgM antibodies and symptoms of jaundice or cholestasis that persist for more than 12 weeks. […] Relapsing hepatitis due to HAV infection is the name given to initial typical symptoms of acute hepatitis due to HAV with symptomatology resolution and biochemical parameter normalization associated with serum clearance of HAV documented through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of HAV.
  • #68 Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection | Revista de Gastroenterología de México
    https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-atypical-manifestations-hepatitis-a-virus-articulo-S2255534X1830063X
    Current epidemiologic data are derived from case reports or small case series in which diagnosis is not supported by evidence of PCR viral replication. […] The most widely accepted pathophysiologic mechanism through which recurrence develops is that in which the HAV is not completely eliminated in the first phase of the hepatitis and thus is capable of having a new replication and causing a second disease episode. […] In patients that, at the time of acute HAV infection diagnosis, have the concomitant or later diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), there is no criterion that defines the time within which AIH can be associated with HAV infection. […] Autoimmune hepatitis occurs in 3% of the cases of HAV infection. […] Atypical courses of hepatitis A virus infection have an overall prevalence of 7% that varies depending on disease manifestation.
  • #69 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Acute HAV infection in adults is usually a self-limited illness; fulminant hepatic failure occurs in fewer than 1 percent of cases. […] Complications of acute hepatitis A infection include cholestatic hepatitis, relapsing hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. […] Rarely, HAV infection may serve as a trigger for development of autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible individuals.
  • #70 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
    Hepatitis A infection is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) Humans are the only known reservoir. HAV infection is usually a self-limited illness that does not become chronic. […] HAV is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route (either via person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated food or water). […] Fulminant hepatic failure develops in fewer than 1 percent of patients with hepatitis A; important risk factors include age >50 years and underlying liver disease (particularly chronic hepatitis C virus infection). […] HAV infection occurs worldwide. Globally, an estimated 159 million new HAV infections leading to 39,000 fatalities occur each year. […] The incidence of HAV has declined substantially since implementation of vaccination. […] Hepatic injury occurs as a result of the host immune response to HAV.
  • #71 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00375
    Hepatitis A is a liver disease that is easily spread from person to person (highly contagious). It’s caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Hepatitis A is a cause of hepatitis. […] Hepatitis A is spread when the virus is taken in by mouth. This happens when you have contact with objects, food, or drinks that are contaminated by the stool of an infected person. […] In rare cases, the virus may also be spread by contamination from blood and other body fluids (blood-borne infection). […] Hepatitis A is sometimes called a traveler’s disease. It’s a very common disease for travelers. […] In some cases, people in the U.S. have gotten the virus without having any risk factors. […] In rare cases, hepatitis A may cause liver failure, leading to death. […] It’s often spread when you have contact with objects, foods, or drinks that are contaminated by the stool of an infected person. […] Other high-risk factors include using illegal drugs, having unsafe sex, traveling to places where the virus is common, and working in a day care center or nursing home.
  • #72 Hepatitis A Fact Sheet
    https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_a/fact_sheet.htm
    Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease that results from infection with the hepatitis A virus. […] Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. […] Past infection is thought to give lifelong protection against the disease. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis A infection is by getting vaccinated. […] Hepatitis A vaccination would be strongly recommended for food service workers in a county or region where a community-wide outbreak has been recognized.
  • #73 Hepatitis A: Symptoms & Treatments
    https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-a/
    Hepatitis A vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis A. The hepatitis A vaccine is given in 2 doses, usually about 6 months apart. […] Those who should get vaccinated against HAV include: All children at age 1, All children above age 1 who live in areas where HAV is common, People with long-term liver disease, People with blood-clotting disorders, People who have had or are waiting for a liver transplant, People who use drugs, Men who have sex with men, Travelers to countries where HAV is common, Sexual partners and household members of people with HAV.
  • #74 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments
    https://www.orlandohealth.com/content-hub/hepatitis-a-symptoms-causes-and-treatments/
    Hepatitis A is a virus, with about 4,000 new cases in the U.S. each year. It is spread by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated by the feces of an infected person. Hepatitis A is common in countries without modern sanitation, and when outbreaks occur in the U.S., it has been traced to imported food. Outbreaks of hepatitis A also occur among those who use drugs or are homeless and men who have sex with other men. […] Hepatitis A is diagnosed through a blood test that will indicate elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin. Hepatitis A antibodies will be present even before a person has any symptoms. […] Hepatitis A can be prevented with the hepatitis A vaccine. Since the introduction of the vaccine in 1995, the incidence of hepatitis A has decreased by more than 90 percent.
  • #75 Hepatitis A: Symptoms & Treatments
    https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-a/
    Hepatitis A vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis A. The hepatitis A vaccine is given in 2 doses, usually about 6 months apart. […] Those who should get vaccinated against HAV include: All children at age 1, All children above age 1 who live in areas where HAV is common, People with long-term liver disease, People with blood-clotting disorders, People who have had or are waiting for a liver transplant, People who use drugs, Men who have sex with men, Travelers to countries where HAV is common, Sexual partners and household members of people with HAV.
  • #76 Hepatitis A Fact sheet | Africa Health Organisation
    https://aho.org/fact-sheets/hepatitis-a-fact-sheet/
    Risk factors in intermediate and high endemicity areas include poor sanitation, lack of safe water, use of recreational drugs, living in a household with an infected person, being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection, and travelling to areas of high endemicity without being immunized. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by adequate supplies of safe drinking water, proper disposal of sewage within communities, and personal hygiene practices such as regular hand-washing with safe water. […] Vaccination against hepatitis A should be part of a comprehensive plan for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis.
  • #77 Hepatitis A Fact sheet | Africa Health Organisation
    https://aho.org/fact-sheets/hepatitis-a-fact-sheet/
    Risk factors in intermediate and high endemicity areas include poor sanitation, lack of safe water, use of recreational drugs, living in a household with an infected person, being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection, and travelling to areas of high endemicity without being immunized. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by adequate supplies of safe drinking water, proper disposal of sewage within communities, and personal hygiene practices such as regular hand-washing with safe water. […] Vaccination against hepatitis A should be part of a comprehensive plan for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis.
  • #78 Hepatitis A Fact sheet | Africa Health Organisation
    https://aho.org/fact-sheets/hepatitis-a-fact-sheet/
    Risk factors in intermediate and high endemicity areas include poor sanitation, lack of safe water, use of recreational drugs, living in a household with an infected person, being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection, and travelling to areas of high endemicity without being immunized. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by adequate supplies of safe drinking water, proper disposal of sewage within communities, and personal hygiene practices such as regular hand-washing with safe water. […] Vaccination against hepatitis A should be part of a comprehensive plan for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis.
  • #79 Hepatitis A | Mass.gov
    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/hepatitis-a
    Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is highly contagious and can be spread easily from one person to another. […] Hepatitis has many causes, including viruses (a type of germ), drugs, chemicals, and alcohol. […] The hepatitis A virus is spread through stool (by the fecal-oral route). This means the disease is spread by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of an infected person. […] Hepatitis A can be spread by eating contaminated food (such as raw or undercooked shellfish) or by drinking contaminated water. […] There is a vaccine to prevent hepatitis A infection.
  • #80 Hepatitis A Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U
    https://cura4u.com/conditions/hepatitis-a
    The hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes a highly contagious short-term liver infection called hepatitis A. […] The virus (HAV) that causes hepatitis A infects and inflames liver cells. The inflammation can affect how your liver functions. The virus spreads most usually when you eat or drink something that has been contaminated with feces, even in small amounts. […] The hepatitis A virus can spread in a variety of ways, including: Consuming food that has been handled by a virus-infected person who has not thoroughly cleansed their hands after using the toilet. […] Hepatitis A does not have a specific treatment. The hepatitis A virus will be cleared by your body on its own. […] Hepatitis A, unlike other types of viral hepatitis, does not cause long-term liver damage or become chronic.
  • #81 Hepatitis A | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hepatitis
    If your child becomes infected with hepatitis A virus after recovering from the infection, your child’s body will produce antibodies which provide lifelong immunity to hepatitis A virus. Therefore your child cannot become re-infected with the hepatitis A virus. […] There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Your child’s body will clear up the infection on its own. In most cases, your child’s liver will heal completely within a month or two, with no long-term damage. […] A vaccine is available that provides long-term protection against hepatitis A virus infection. The vaccine is administered in two shots, or three shots if administered with the hepatitis B vaccine.
  • #82 Hepatitis
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/hepatitis/
    Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus. You can get hepatitis A if you eat or drink something contaminated with the poo of an infected person. It’s most common in countries where sanitation is poor. […] Hepatitis A usually passes within a few months. But it can sometimes be severe and even life threatening. […] There’s no specific treatment for it, other than to relieve symptoms like pain, nausea and itching.
  • #83 Hepatitis A Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U
    https://cura4u.com/conditions/hepatitis-a
    The hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes a highly contagious short-term liver infection called hepatitis A. […] The virus (HAV) that causes hepatitis A infects and inflames liver cells. The inflammation can affect how your liver functions. The virus spreads most usually when you eat or drink something that has been contaminated with feces, even in small amounts. […] The hepatitis A virus can spread in a variety of ways, including: Consuming food that has been handled by a virus-infected person who has not thoroughly cleansed their hands after using the toilet. […] Hepatitis A does not have a specific treatment. The hepatitis A virus will be cleared by your body on its own. […] Hepatitis A, unlike other types of viral hepatitis, does not cause long-term liver damage or become chronic.
  • #84 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-a
    You can contract hepatitis A by eating food prepared by someone with the hepatitis A virus. […] Hepatitis A is usually spread from person to person, making it highly contagious. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that more than 90 percent of children living in countries with low sanitation standards will have had a hepatitis A infection by age 10. […] Theres no formal cure for hepatitis A. Because its a short-term viral infection that goes away on its own, treatment is typically focused on reducing your symptoms. […] After contracting hepatitis A, your body builds immunity to the disease. A healthy immune system will prevent the disease from developing if youre exposed to the virus again.
  • #85 Hepatitis A Fact Sheet
    https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_a/fact_sheet.htm
    Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease that results from infection with the hepatitis A virus. […] Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. […] Past infection is thought to give lifelong protection against the disease. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis A infection is by getting vaccinated. […] Hepatitis A vaccination would be strongly recommended for food service workers in a county or region where a community-wide outbreak has been recognized.
  • #86 Hepatitis A | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hepatitis
    If your child becomes infected with hepatitis A virus after recovering from the infection, your child’s body will produce antibodies which provide lifelong immunity to hepatitis A virus. Therefore your child cannot become re-infected with the hepatitis A virus. […] There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Your child’s body will clear up the infection on its own. In most cases, your child’s liver will heal completely within a month or two, with no long-term damage. […] A vaccine is available that provides long-term protection against hepatitis A virus infection. The vaccine is administered in two shots, or three shots if administered with the hepatitis B vaccine.