Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hepatitis A Prevention and Control | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/prevention/index.html

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious virus that spreads through person-to-person contact or consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis A. […] Hepatitis A vaccine is the best way to prevent HAV infection. Practicing good hand hygiene can also prevent the spread of hepatitis A. […] The best way to prevent getting infected is by getting vaccinated. […] If you have been exposed to HAV in the last 2 weeks, talk to your doctor. They can give you a single shot of hepatitis A vaccine within 2 weeks of exposure that can help prevent you from getting sick. […] Practicing good hand hygiene can also prevent the spread of hepatitis A. […] Almost anyone can get the safe and effective hepatitis A vaccine and prevent serious complications. […] While handwashing is important while traveling, the best way to prevent an infection is through vaccination.

• #2 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A. […] Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection. […] The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people: All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn’t receive the childhood vaccine; Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless; Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common; People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A; Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A; Men who have sex with men; People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones; People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C; Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity).

• #2 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hepatitis A vaccination — Available vaccines to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus include VAQTA and HAVRIX. Both are equally effective and protect nearly 100 percent of people who receive the recommended two doses for a lifetime. The initial dose of either vaccine usually provides adequate short-term protection, and the subsequent dose provides long-term protection. Thus, if a person does not have time to receive both doses before traveling, it is worth getting the first dose and then completing the second 6 to 12 months later. […] The most common side effect of the hepatitis A virus vaccine is brief redness or discomfort at the injection site. […] VAQTA is given in two doses, with the second dose given 6 to 18 months after the first. […] HAVRIX is given in two doses, with the second dose given 6 to 12 months after the first.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom; use of safer sex practices including condoms, dental dams and good hygiene practices. […] Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

• #4 Hepatitis A

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an urgent notifiable condition that must be notified immediately to the department by medical practitioners and pathology services. […] Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for use in people 1 year of age and over. […] Education about good hygiene is important, particularly handwashing before handling food and eating, and after using the toilet. […] Provide proper water treatment and distribution systems, and sewage disposal. […] Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for use in people 1 year of age and over. Protection begins within 14-21 days after the first dose. A second dose is required for long-term protection, and seroconversion occurs after 4 weeks. […] Normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) or, more commonly, monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccine can be used to prevent secondary cases in close contacts of hepatitis A cases. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis should be given within 2 weeks of exposure. […] Special attention should be given to toilet hygiene in schools and childcare centres. Ensure that soap and water are available, and are used regularly to wash hands.

• #5 Hepatitis A Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Liver Transplantation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-treatment

  Patients at risk of developing acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection should undergo immunization for the virus. In addition, immunization of those at greater risk for morbidity from acute HAV infection is important. […] Vaccination is highly effective at preventing HAV disease. The efficacy of the hepatitis A vaccine ranges from 80% to 100% after 1-2 doses compared to placebo. Current dosing recommendations are available. […] Immunization is indicated for individuals traveling to areas of high endemicity who have less than 2 weeks before departure. Both the vaccination and intramuscular (IM) immunoglobulin should be administered to provide long-term immunity, particularly in persons who intend to travel to these areas repeatedly. […] Control at the source, with treatment of contacts to prevent further cases of disease is the primary goal. Long-term secondary goals include immunization, which increases herd immunity and reduces the likelihood of further outbreaks in high-risk communities. Education about transmission and prevention of transmission (eg, hand washing, safe food sources) is also important.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom; use of safer sex practices including condoms, dental dams and good hygiene practices. […] Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

• #7 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A. […] Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection. […] The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people: All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn’t receive the childhood vaccine; Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless; Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common; People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A; Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A; Men who have sex with men; People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones; People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C; Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity).

• #8 Hepatitis A virus infection: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is prevalent in many resource-limited countries and is among the most common preventable infections acquired by travelers. Tools for prevention of HAV infection include vaccination, immune globulin, and attention to hygienic practices. […] Since hepatitis A vaccine became available in the United States in 1995, the rate of HAV infection has declined by 95 percent. […] Tools for prevention of HAV infection include vaccination, immune globulin, and attention to hygienic practices. Indications for pre-exposure protection and clinical approach are discussed in the following sections. […] We are in agreement with recommendations issued by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which recommends protection (ideally vaccination) prior to potential hepatitis A exposure for the following individuals: All children aged 12 to 23 months; All children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years who have not previously received hepatitis A vaccine; For infants age 6 to 11 months who are traveling internationally, vaccination should be administered.

• #9 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A. […] Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection. […] The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people: All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn’t receive the childhood vaccine; Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless; Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common; People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A; Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A; Men who have sex with men; People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones; People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C; Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity).

• #10 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  If the second dose is not given within the recommended time frame, it can be given without restarting the series. A vaccination series started with one brand of vaccine may be completed with the same or the other brand of hepatitis A vaccine. […] In the United States, hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children between 12 and 23 months of age. It is also recommended for children ages 2 to 18 who did not previously receive the vaccine. […] The hepatitis A virus vaccine is also recommended for all at-risk individuals, including: […] Travelers to countries where hepatitis A virus is common; the vaccine can be given at any time before traveling. […] Babies 6 to 11 months who are travelling internationally should receive the vaccine; the travel-related dose should not be counted toward the routine two-dose series.

• #11 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  People who use injection or noninjection illegal drugs. […] Men who have sex with men. […] People with chronic liver disease. […] Anyone who is in close personal contact with a person who was adopted from a country in which hepatitis A is common during the first 60 days following arrival in the United States (eg, family members or caregivers). […] People who are in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A. […] People who are homeless. […] People who work in settings that provide services for adults who may be at increased risk, for example, in substance abuse treatment or support centers, group homes, or non-residential care facilities for people with developmental disabilities. […] The hepatitis A vaccine can be given to women during pregnancy, as it has not shown to be associated with an increased risk of problems. Women who are at risk for hepatitis A and are pregnant should talk with their health care provider about whether they should get the vaccine.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hepatitis-A-Prevention.aspx

  The vaccination is recommended to treat the following high risk groups: […] Children living in regions with a high incidence of hepatitis A […] People travelling to regions where hepatitis A is widespread and the levels of sanitation and hygiene are poor […] People with hemophilia who require frequent blood transfusions […] People with long-term liver disease […] Drug abusers who share needles […] People who work with and near sewage […] People living in close quarters such as homeless shelters where hygiene and sanitation tends to be poor […] People working with animals that may carry the infection.

• #13 Hepatitis A Prevention and Control | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/prevention/index.html

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious virus that spreads through person-to-person contact or consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis A. […] Hepatitis A vaccine is the best way to prevent HAV infection. Practicing good hand hygiene can also prevent the spread of hepatitis A. […] The best way to prevent getting infected is by getting vaccinated. […] If you have been exposed to HAV in the last 2 weeks, talk to your doctor. They can give you a single shot of hepatitis A vaccine within 2 weeks of exposure that can help prevent you from getting sick. […] Practicing good hand hygiene can also prevent the spread of hepatitis A. […] Almost anyone can get the safe and effective hepatitis A vaccine and prevent serious complications. […] While handwashing is important while traveling, the best way to prevent an infection is through vaccination.

• #14 Hepatitis A | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/hepatitis-a.html

  Administer IG before travel when protection against HAV is recommended. […] An alternative accelerated 4-dose schedule is available for Twinrix; doses can be administered at 0, 7, and 21-30 days, then a dose at 12 months. […] Travelers exposed to HAV who are asymptomatic and who have not received hepatitis A vaccine should receive 1 dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine or IG (0.1 mL/kg) as soon as possible, ideally 2 weeks following exposure. […] Hepatitis A vaccines should be administered as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for all people aged 12 months who have been exposed to HAV within 2 weeks and have not previously completed the hepatitis A vaccine series.

• #15 Controlling Spread of Hepatitis A | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis/controlling

  Persons who have documentation of previous hepatitis A disease or of receiving hepatitis A vaccine at least one month before an HAV exposure do not need post-exposure prophylaxis. […] Control measures are implemented through the administration of hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin (IG) to the people who had contact with the case during their infectious period. HAV vaccine is preferred over IG for PEP for persons aged 1-40 years. […] Post exposure prophylaxis should be administered as soon as possible and within 14 days of last exposure to an infectious case. […] Hepatitis A vaccine or IG should be administered to persons who have had close contact with the index case if an epidemiologic investigation indicates HAV transmission has occurred among students in a school. […] Hepatitis A vaccine or IG should be administered to all previously unvaccinated staff members and attendees of child care or homes if one or more cases of hepatitis A are recognized in children or employees. […] Individuals can avoid exposure to the virus by taking the following measures. […] Consider vaccination of those at high-risk of contracting hepatitis A. […] Travelers to areas where hepatitis A is endemic should receive hepatitis A vaccine before travel.

• #16 Hepatitis A | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1201/p1027.html

  All susceptible persons traveling outside of the United States, with the exceptions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, western Europe, and Japan, should receive at least one dose of hepatitis A vaccine as soon as travel is considered. […] Older adults, persons who are immunocompromised, and persons who have chronic liver disease or other chronic conditions, should receive immunoglobulin and hepatitis A vaccine. […] Hepatitis A vaccine should be routinely offered to patients at high risk for infection. […] Prophylaxis of vulnerable populations and children through active or passive immunization is the most important prevention practice. […] If a healthy individual has recently been exposed to HAV, has not been immunized previously, and is between 12 months and 40 years of age, a single dose of single-antigen vaccine is the preferred prophylaxis according to the CDC, although immunoglobulin can be used.

• #17

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/hepa.aspx

  The available interventions for contacts include normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG, also called gamma globulin) and monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. […] High quality clinically relevant evidence indicates that monovalent hepatitis A vaccine has similar efficacy to NHIG for PEP, at least for people aged between 1 and 40 years. […] A single dose of monovalent hepatitis A vaccine gives protection to most recipients within two weeks. […] A two-dose course six months apart is recommended for long-lasting protection. […] Provision of NHIG is recommended for the immunosuppressed and people with chronic liver disease, due to a delayed or weakened immune response from vaccine alone and the risk of serious disease.

• #18 Prevention and Management of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Adults With HIV – Clinical Guidelines Program

  https://www.hivguidelines.org/guideline/hiv-hav/

  In patients for whom HAV vaccination is also indicated, clinicians should administer the HAV vaccine concurrently with immune serum globulin to protect against future infection. […] Whenever possible, ART should not be interrupted in patients with HIV/HAV coinfection; when interruption of ART is indicated for management of severe or fulminant liver disease, clinicians should consult with a care provider experienced in the treatment of hepatitis and HIV.

• #19 Hepatitis A | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/hepatitis-a.html

  Travelers can prevent HAV infection through vaccination or immune globulin (IG), practicing food and water precautions, and maintaining standards of hygiene and sanitation. […] Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine hepatitis A vaccination for all children and vaccination for adults at increased risk for HAV infection or at increased risk for severe disease from HAV infection (including people traveling to or working in countries with high or intermediate HAV endemicity). […] All susceptible people traveling for any purpose, frequency, or duration to countries with high or intermediate hepatitis A endemicity should be vaccinated or receive IG before departure. […] Vaccination is also recommended for unvaccinated household members and other people (e.g., regular babysitters) who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee from a high- or intermediate-endemicity country 60 days after the child’s arrival in the United States.

• #20 Hepatitis A | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1201/p1027.html

  All susceptible persons traveling outside of the United States, with the exceptions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, western Europe, and Japan, should receive at least one dose of hepatitis A vaccine as soon as travel is considered. […] Older adults, persons who are immunocompromised, and persons who have chronic liver disease or other chronic conditions, should receive immunoglobulin and hepatitis A vaccine. […] Hepatitis A vaccine should be routinely offered to patients at high risk for infection. […] Prophylaxis of vulnerable populations and children through active or passive immunization is the most important prevention practice. […] If a healthy individual has recently been exposed to HAV, has not been immunized previously, and is between 12 months and 40 years of age, a single dose of single-antigen vaccine is the preferred prophylaxis according to the CDC, although immunoglobulin can be used.

• #21 Preventing Hepatitis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hepatitis/prevention

  Vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are the most effective preventive measures against those viruses. These vaccines have been a part of routine healthcare for babies since the 1990s. […] Vaccination provides long-term protection from infection. Even if you have recently been exposed to the hepatitis A or B virus, these vaccines may prevent infection. Ideally, vaccination takes place within 24 hours of a possible exposure. […] If you plan to travel to a country where hepatitis A is common and you were not vaccinated already, which most likely occurred when you were a baby, NYU Langone doctors strongly recommend getting a hepatitis A vaccine before you go. […] If you are not fully vaccinated at the time of travel, talk to your doctor or one of our experts who treat travel-related infections.

• #22 Preventing Hepatitis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hepatitis/prevention

  Hepatitis B vaccination is available to all. The vaccine is recommended for all infants at birth and for children, adolescents, and adults through age 59 who were not vaccinated as babies. […] If you plan to travel to a country where hepatitis B is common, doctors recommend starting the vaccination process at least six months beforehand to ensure full protection. […] Ensuring good hygiene and avoiding contact with contaminated objects or bodily fluids can protect against infection by any of the hepatitis viruses. […] If you travel to a country where hepatitis A is common, doctors recommend avoiding tap water, fresh fruit and vegetables unless they can be peeled, as well as frequently washing your hands. […] To reduce your risk of infection, doctors recommend drinking bottled water when traveling in countries where hepatitis E is common and avoiding tap water when brushing your teeth, making ice, and rinsing fruits and vegetables.

• #23 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Immune globulin — People who are at risk for hepatitis A but who are allergic to components of the hepatitis A vaccine, or who prefer not to receive the vaccine, should consider taking a dose of immune globulin. Immune globulin is an injection that provides temporary protection against hepatitis A and reduces the risk of infection by more than 90 percent. However, the hepatitis A vaccine is preferred to immune globulin in most cases because it provides long-lasting protection and because immune globulin is not always available. […] Immune globulin is given in a single injection shortly before travel. A single dose provides protection for about two months. People who plan to travel for more than two months in areas where hepatitis A is endemic should have an additional dose(s) of immune globulin.

• #24 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Older adults and people with a weakened immune system, chronic liver disease, or other underlying medical problem who plan to travel within two weeks should get a dose of hepatitis A vaccine in addition to a dose of immune globulin. The second dose of the hepatitis A vaccine should be given 6 to 12 months later. Immune globulin is not required for healthy travelers who are immunized with the hepatitis A vaccine.

• #25 Hepatitis A Prevention and Control | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/prevention/index.html

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious virus that spreads through person-to-person contact or consuming contaminated food or drink. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis A. […] Hepatitis A vaccine is the best way to prevent HAV infection. Practicing good hand hygiene can also prevent the spread of hepatitis A. […] The best way to prevent getting infected is by getting vaccinated. […] If you have been exposed to HAV in the last 2 weeks, talk to your doctor. They can give you a single shot of hepatitis A vaccine within 2 weeks of exposure that can help prevent you from getting sick. […] Practicing good hand hygiene can also prevent the spread of hepatitis A. […] Almost anyone can get the safe and effective hepatitis A vaccine and prevent serious complications. […] While handwashing is important while traveling, the best way to prevent an infection is through vaccination.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom; use of safer sex practices including condoms, dental dams and good hygiene practices. […] Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

• #27 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hepatitis A PREVENTION […] There are several strategies to prevent the spread of hepatitis A virus, discussed below. Hand washing is one of the most effective strategies for reducing transmission since the virus can live on a person’s fingers for up to four hours. […] Hand hygiene — Hand washing is an essential and effective way to prevent the spread of infection. Hands should ideally be wet with water and plain or antimicrobial soap and rubbed together for 15 to 30 seconds. Special attention should be paid to the fingernails, between the fingers, and the wrists. Hands should be rinsed thoroughly and dried with a single-use towel. […] It is not clear if alcohol-based hand rubs are effective against hepatitis A virus. For this reason, food handlers, daycare providers, travelers, and anyone else who is at risk of transmitting or becoming infected with hepatitis A is advised to wash their hands with soap and water when possible. Alcohol-based hand rubs are a reasonable alternative if a sink is not available.

• #28 Hepatitis A: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308421

  Prevention depends on immunization and good hygiene practices. […] The CDC recommends routine HAV immunization of: all children at 1 year of age, adults who are at risk of exposure or who have chronic liver disorder. […] Two doses of the vaccine are given as an injection, 6 to 12 months apart. Most people will have protective levels of antibodies within 1 month after a single dose. The second dose acts as a booster. […] HAV can survive for up to 4 hours on the fingertips, so handwashing and safe food practices can help prevent transmission. […] Handwashing should be done after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. […] Travelers should avoid raw shellfish, uncooked food, and food that may have been washed in contaminated water. […] Drinking water should be commercially bottled or boiled to at least 185 Fahrenheit (F) or 85 Celsius (C) for at least 1 minute. Adding iodine to the water or treating it with chlorine will also kill the virus.

• #29 Preventing hepatitis A: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000422.htm

  Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. You can take several steps to prevent catching or spreading the virus. […] To reduce your risk of spreading or catching the hepatitis A virus: Always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person’s blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. […] You should take the following precautions: Avoid raw shellfish. […] If you were recently exposed to hepatitis A and have not had hepatitis A before, or have not received the hepatitis A vaccine series, ask your health care provider about receiving a hepatitis A immune globulin shot. […] Vaccines are available to protect against hepatitis A infection. Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for all children older than age 1. […] People who work or travel in areas where hepatitis A is common should be vaccinated.

• #30 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  If you’re concerned about your risk of hepatitis A, ask your health care provider if you should be vaccinated. […] If you’re traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A outbreaks occur, take these steps to prevent infection: Wash all fresh fruits and vegetables in bottled water and peel them yourself. Avoid pre-cut fruit and vegetables. Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat and fish. Drink bottled water and use it when brushing your teeth. Avoid all beverages of unknown purity. The same goes for ice. If bottled water isn’t available, boil tap water before drinking it or using it to make ice. […] Thoroughly wash your hands often, especially after using the toilet or changing a diaper and before preparing food or eating.

• #31 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hepatitis A PREVENTION […] There are several strategies to prevent the spread of hepatitis A virus, discussed below. Hand washing is one of the most effective strategies for reducing transmission since the virus can live on a person’s fingers for up to four hours. […] Hand hygiene — Hand washing is an essential and effective way to prevent the spread of infection. Hands should ideally be wet with water and plain or antimicrobial soap and rubbed together for 15 to 30 seconds. Special attention should be paid to the fingernails, between the fingers, and the wrists. Hands should be rinsed thoroughly and dried with a single-use towel. […] It is not clear if alcohol-based hand rubs are effective against hepatitis A virus. For this reason, food handlers, daycare providers, travelers, and anyone else who is at risk of transmitting or becoming infected with hepatitis A is advised to wash their hands with soap and water when possible. Alcohol-based hand rubs are a reasonable alternative if a sink is not available.

• #32 Hepatitis A Information for Food Establishments | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/food/food-worker-and-industry/hepatitis

  Hepatitis A can be prevented in restaurants, grocery stores, and other food establishments by following routine food safety procedures including: […] Only work symptom-free. Food workers that have vomiting, diarrhea, or jaundice MUST stay out of the restaurant until their symptoms have been gone for at least 24 hours. Food service managers that have workers with jaundice must contact the health department. […] Make employees aware of the symptoms of hepatitis A. Employees should be encouraged to notify managers about suspected or confirmed illness. Make sure workers are not embarrassed to talk with managers about symptoms of illness. […] Wash hands. Hands must be washed with warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds often throughout the day, especially when entering the kitchen and after going to the restroom.

• #33 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  If you’re concerned about your risk of hepatitis A, ask your health care provider if you should be vaccinated. […] If you’re traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A outbreaks occur, take these steps to prevent infection: Wash all fresh fruits and vegetables in bottled water and peel them yourself. Avoid pre-cut fruit and vegetables. Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat and fish. Drink bottled water and use it when brushing your teeth. Avoid all beverages of unknown purity. The same goes for ice. If bottled water isn’t available, boil tap water before drinking it or using it to make ice. […] Thoroughly wash your hands often, especially after using the toilet or changing a diaper and before preparing food or eating.

• #34 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hands should be cleaned after changing a diaper or touching any soiled item. They should also be washed before and after preparing food and eating, after going to the bathroom, and after handling garbage or dirty laundry. […] Safe food preparation — Taking precautions when preparing foods can reduce the risk of becoming ill. The following precautions have been recommended by the Food Safety and Inspection Services and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Do not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or foods that contain unpasteurized milk. […] Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating. […] Keep the refrigerator temperature at 40°F (4.4°C) or lower; the freezer at 0°F (-17.8°C) or lower. […] Use precooked, perishable, or ready-to-eat food as soon as possible.

• #35 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hands should be cleaned after changing a diaper or touching any soiled item. They should also be washed before and after preparing food and eating, after going to the bathroom, and after handling garbage or dirty laundry. […] Safe food preparation — Taking precautions when preparing foods can reduce the risk of becoming ill. The following precautions have been recommended by the Food Safety and Inspection Services and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Do not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or foods that contain unpasteurized milk. […] Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating. […] Keep the refrigerator temperature at 40°F (4.4°C) or lower; the freezer at 0°F (-17.8°C) or lower. […] Use precooked, perishable, or ready-to-eat food as soon as possible.

• #36 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Keep raw meat, fish, and poultry separate from other food. […] Wash hands, knives, and cutting boards after handling uncooked food, including produce and raw meat, fish, or poultry. […] Thoroughly cook raw food from animal sources to a safe internal temperature: ground beef 160°F (71°C); chicken 170°F (77°C); turkey 180°F (82°C); pork 160°F (71°C). […] Cook chicken eggs thoroughly, until the yolk is firm. […] Refrigerate foods promptly. Never leave cooked foods at room temperature for more than two hours (one hour if the room temperature is above 90°F/32°C). […] People who are preparing to travel to areas where hepatitis A is common should take precautions when eating and drinking to avoid becoming ill. If you are planning international travel, you can visit a travel medicine clinic to better understand your risk as well as what precautions you can take. Travel advice is discussed in more detail separately.

• #37 Preventing hepatitis A – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/care-sheets/preventing-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. You can take several steps to prevent catching or spreading the virus. […] To reduce your risk of spreading or catching the hepatitis A virus: Always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person’s blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. […] The virus may spread quickly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. To prevent outbreaks, wash hands well before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the restroom. […] You should take the following precautions: Avoid raw shellfish. Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in contaminated water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves. Do not buy food from street vendors. Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking in areas where the water may be unsafe. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.) If no water is available, boiling water is the best method for eliminating hepatitis A. Bringing the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute generally makes it safe to drink. Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away.

• #38 Hepatitis A Information for Food Establishments | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/food/food-worker-and-industry/hepatitis

  Hepatitis A can be prevented in restaurants, grocery stores, and other food establishments by following routine food safety procedures including: […] Only work symptom-free. Food workers that have vomiting, diarrhea, or jaundice MUST stay out of the restaurant until their symptoms have been gone for at least 24 hours. Food service managers that have workers with jaundice must contact the health department. […] Make employees aware of the symptoms of hepatitis A. Employees should be encouraged to notify managers about suspected or confirmed illness. Make sure workers are not embarrassed to talk with managers about symptoms of illness. […] Wash hands. Hands must be washed with warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds often throughout the day, especially when entering the kitchen and after going to the restroom.

• #39 Hepatitis A Information for Food Establishments | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/food/food-worker-and-industry/hepatitis

  Prevent bare hand contact with food. Even people that feel okay and wash often can still have germs on their hands. Use a utensil, such as tongs, scoops, spoons, or disposable gloves to handle people’s food to reduce the risk of spreading germs from bare hands. […] Use sanitizers that are effective against hepatitis A. Review cleaning and sanitizing procedures to make sure viruses are not spread throughout the kitchen, restrooms, or dining areas. Have a plan to clean up vomit or diarrhea to keep germs out of the kitchen and make sure staff know proper cleanup procedures. […] Ask questions. Your local health department is eager to help all of us serve safe food with healthy and trained food workers.

• #40 Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8540458/

  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. No specific treatment is currently available for hepatitis A, only supportive care. Hence, prevention is extremely important. The prevention of all faecal-oral-related diseases is based on improving sanitary and hygienic conditions so as to limit the circulation of the virus and its transmission throughout the community. Safe, effective vaccines have been available since the early 1990s in Europe and the USA, making vaccination the key component of any prevention strategy. Inactivated vaccines are effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and are gradually replacing immunoglobulin-based passive prophylaxis. Post-exposure prophylaxis requires giving inactivated vaccine to all people who are unvaccinated (12 months) within 2 weeks of exposure. The WHO recommends universal vaccination for countries where the infection rate is intermediate. Vaccination appears to be the best way to prevent hepatitis A spreading among this population that lacks access to sanitary conditions. […] Vaccination has been recommended for MSM and people who use substances for several decades, and people who face homelessness have recently been added to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) list.

• #41 Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/tools-action/browse-evidence-based-resources/prevention-hepatitis-virus-infection-united-states-recommendations-advisory-committee-immunization-practices-2020

  The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for: […] The recommendations also offer guidance for these circumstances: […] Vaccination before travel […] Prevention of disease after exposure to hepatitis A […] Prevention of hepatitis A in settings where services are provided to adults […] Steps to take during outbreaks of hepatitis A.

• #42 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A. […] Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection. […] The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people: All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn’t receive the childhood vaccine; Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless; Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common; People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A; Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A; Men who have sex with men; People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones; People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C; Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity).

• #43 Hepatitis A | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children living in hepatitis A–endemic areas in a 2-dose schedule at 18 months and 4 years of age. […] Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for all other risk groups (medical, occupational, travel, lifestyle) in a 2-dose schedule, with a minimum interval of 6 months between doses. […] People with chronic liver disease of any aetiology are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People with developmental disabilities are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People who live or work in rural and remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People who regularly provide care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine.

• #44 Hepatitis A Policy

  https://liverfoundation.org/about-alf/policies/medical-policies/hepatitis-a-policy/

  Routine vaccination is recommended for persons with evidence of chronic liver disease who are at increased risk for acquiring hepatitis A and for; […] In communities with high rates of hepatitis A, vaccination efforts among preschool and school-age children should be intensified during an outbreak to achieve at least a 70% vaccination coverage level. […] In addition to the CDC guidelines for the prevention and eradication of hepatitis A in the U.S., ALF recommends: Administration of hepatitis A vaccine to food handlers. Food handlers have a critical role in common-source food-borne HAV transmission. This group should be vaccinated to reduce the frequency of medical evaluations of food handlers with hepatitis A and to eliminate the need for post-exposure prophylaxis for patrons.

• #45

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/hepa.aspx

  The available interventions for contacts include normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG, also called gamma globulin) and monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. […] High quality clinically relevant evidence indicates that monovalent hepatitis A vaccine has similar efficacy to NHIG for PEP, at least for people aged between 1 and 40 years. […] A single dose of monovalent hepatitis A vaccine gives protection to most recipients within two weeks. […] A two-dose course six months apart is recommended for long-lasting protection. […] Provision of NHIG is recommended for the immunosuppressed and people with chronic liver disease, due to a delayed or weakened immune response from vaccine alone and the risk of serious disease.

• #46 Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8540458/

  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. No specific treatment is currently available for hepatitis A, only supportive care. Hence, prevention is extremely important. The prevention of all faecal-oral-related diseases is based on improving sanitary and hygienic conditions so as to limit the circulation of the virus and its transmission throughout the community. Safe, effective vaccines have been available since the early 1990s in Europe and the USA, making vaccination the key component of any prevention strategy. Inactivated vaccines are effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and are gradually replacing immunoglobulin-based passive prophylaxis. Post-exposure prophylaxis requires giving inactivated vaccine to all people who are unvaccinated (12 months) within 2 weeks of exposure. The WHO recommends universal vaccination for countries where the infection rate is intermediate. Vaccination appears to be the best way to prevent hepatitis A spreading among this population that lacks access to sanitary conditions. […] Vaccination has been recommended for MSM and people who use substances for several decades, and people who face homelessness have recently been added to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) list.

• #47 Hepatitis A Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-a-prevented

  The best way to prevent hepatitis A is to be vaccinated. Two HAV vaccines are available: Havrix and Vaqta. Both of these vaccines require two injections, usually administered six months apart. A combination vaccine for HAV and hepatitis B virus (Twinrix) is also available. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends routine hepatitis A vaccination for: All 1 year-old children. Those who may be at risk for hepatitis A-related complications. People who are at risk for infection or who want protection against hep A. […] Hepatitis A vaccination is specifically recommended for: Anyone who has come in to direct contact with someone who has hepatitis A. Adults and children traveling to or working in countries with high or intermediate prevalence of hepatitis A, such as those in Central or South America, Mexico, Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. Children and adolescents up to age 18 who live in states or communities where routine vaccination has been implemented because of high disease rates. Men who have sex with men. People using street drugs. Anyone with an occupational risk for hepatitis A. Persons with chronic liver disease, such as fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and hepatitis B or C. People who are treated with clotting factor drugs.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom; use of safer sex practices including condoms, dental dams and good hygiene practices. […] Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

• #49 Hepatitis A – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A

  Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene, and sanitation. […] The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention. […] Other preventive measures include hand washing and properly cooking food. […] The vaccine protects against HAV in more than 95% of cases for longer than 25 years. […] In countries where widespread vaccination has been practised, the incidence of hepatitis A has decreased dramatically. […] The CDC recommends vaccination against infection for men who have sex with men.

• #50 Hepatitis A Prevention – Real Health

  https://www.realhealthmag.com/basics/health-basics/hepatitis-a-prevention

  Men who have sex with men […] People using street drugs […] People with chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C […] People who are treated with clotting factor drugs. […] The HAV vaccine is very effective. More than 99 percent of people who are vaccinated develop immunity against the virus and will never get HAV even if they are exposed to it. […] Even if you haven’t been vaccinated against hepatitis A, you can take steps to prevent HAV infection: Avoid water that could be contaminated with fecal matter. […] Avoid undercooked or raw shellfish. […] Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom or changing a diaper and before preparing and eating food. […] Use a latex barrier such as a dental dam for oral-anal sex (rimming).

• #51 Hepatitis A Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-a-prevented

  The hepatitis A vaccine is very effective. More than 99 percent of people who are vaccinated develop immunity against the virus and will never get hep A even if they are exposed to it. […] Even if you haven’t been vaccinated against hepatitis A, you can take steps to prevent HAV infection: Avoid water that could be contaminated with fecal matter. Avoid undercooked or raw shellfish. Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom or changing a diaper and before preparing and eating food. Use a latex barrier such as a dental dam for oral-anal sex (rimming). […] Anyone who was exposed recently to HAV and hasn’t been vaccinated should be administered one dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin (IG) as soon as possible, within 2 weeks after exposure.

• #52 Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8540458/

  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. No specific treatment is currently available for hepatitis A, only supportive care. Hence, prevention is extremely important. The prevention of all faecal-oral-related diseases is based on improving sanitary and hygienic conditions so as to limit the circulation of the virus and its transmission throughout the community. Safe, effective vaccines have been available since the early 1990s in Europe and the USA, making vaccination the key component of any prevention strategy. Inactivated vaccines are effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and are gradually replacing immunoglobulin-based passive prophylaxis. Post-exposure prophylaxis requires giving inactivated vaccine to all people who are unvaccinated (12 months) within 2 weeks of exposure. The WHO recommends universal vaccination for countries where the infection rate is intermediate. Vaccination appears to be the best way to prevent hepatitis A spreading among this population that lacks access to sanitary conditions. […] Vaccination has been recommended for MSM and people who use substances for several decades, and people who face homelessness have recently been added to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) list.

• #53 Hepatitis A – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A. […] Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection. […] The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people: All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn’t receive the childhood vaccine; Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless; Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common; People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A; Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A; Men who have sex with men; People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common; People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones; People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C; Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity).

• #54 Hepatitis A – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis+a+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] The infection is spread when faeces (poo) containing the hepatitis A virus contaminate hands, objects, water or food and the virus enters the mouth. Hepatitis A virus can survive in the environment for a long time. […] Exclude people with hepatitis A from childcare, preschool, school and work for 7 days after the onset of jaundice (if present) or 2 weeks from the onset of illness if there is no jaundice. […] Follow good personal hygiene practices, especially thorough hand washing. […] Good food handling procedures should always be followed. […] A single dose of hepatitis A vaccine provides protection within 2 weeks of having the vaccine. A second dose 6 months later gives long lasting protection. […] Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection if given within 2 weeks of contact with an infectious person in a contact of a person who has hepatitis A if it is given no later than 14 days after the onset of symptoms in the person with hepatitis A infection. […] Contacts (including those given vaccine or immunoglobulin) may remain infectious to others even if they do not develop symptoms themselves and should therefore continue to follow good personal hygiene practices.

• #55 Controlling Spread of Hepatitis A | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis/controlling

  Persons who have documentation of previous hepatitis A disease or of receiving hepatitis A vaccine at least one month before an HAV exposure do not need post-exposure prophylaxis. […] Control measures are implemented through the administration of hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin (IG) to the people who had contact with the case during their infectious period. HAV vaccine is preferred over IG for PEP for persons aged 1-40 years. […] Post exposure prophylaxis should be administered as soon as possible and within 14 days of last exposure to an infectious case. […] Hepatitis A vaccine or IG should be administered to persons who have had close contact with the index case if an epidemiologic investigation indicates HAV transmission has occurred among students in a school. […] Hepatitis A vaccine or IG should be administered to all previously unvaccinated staff members and attendees of child care or homes if one or more cases of hepatitis A are recognized in children or employees. […] Individuals can avoid exposure to the virus by taking the following measures. […] Consider vaccination of those at high-risk of contracting hepatitis A. […] Travelers to areas where hepatitis A is endemic should receive hepatitis A vaccine before travel.

• #56 Preventing hepatitis A – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/care-sheets/preventing-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. You can take several steps to prevent catching or spreading the virus. […] To reduce your risk of spreading or catching the hepatitis A virus: Always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person’s blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. Avoid unclean food and water. […] The virus may spread quickly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. To prevent outbreaks, wash hands well before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the restroom. […] You should take the following precautions: Avoid raw shellfish. Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in contaminated water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves. Do not buy food from street vendors. Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking in areas where the water may be unsafe. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.) If no water is available, boiling water is the best method for eliminating hepatitis A. Bringing the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute generally makes it safe to drink. Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away.

• #57 Hepatitis A

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an urgent notifiable condition that must be notified immediately to the department by medical practitioners and pathology services. […] Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for use in people 1 year of age and over. […] Education about good hygiene is important, particularly handwashing before handling food and eating, and after using the toilet. […] Provide proper water treatment and distribution systems, and sewage disposal. […] Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for use in people 1 year of age and over. Protection begins within 14-21 days after the first dose. A second dose is required for long-term protection, and seroconversion occurs after 4 weeks. […] Normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) or, more commonly, monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccine can be used to prevent secondary cases in close contacts of hepatitis A cases. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis should be given within 2 weeks of exposure. […] Special attention should be given to toilet hygiene in schools and childcare centres. Ensure that soap and water are available, and are used regularly to wash hands.

• #58 Hepatitis A – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis+a+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] The infection is spread when faeces (poo) containing the hepatitis A virus contaminate hands, objects, water or food and the virus enters the mouth. Hepatitis A virus can survive in the environment for a long time. […] Exclude people with hepatitis A from childcare, preschool, school and work for 7 days after the onset of jaundice (if present) or 2 weeks from the onset of illness if there is no jaundice. […] Follow good personal hygiene practices, especially thorough hand washing. […] Good food handling procedures should always be followed. […] A single dose of hepatitis A vaccine provides protection within 2 weeks of having the vaccine. A second dose 6 months later gives long lasting protection. […] Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection if given within 2 weeks of contact with an infectious person in a contact of a person who has hepatitis A if it is given no later than 14 days after the onset of symptoms in the person with hepatitis A infection. […] Contacts (including those given vaccine or immunoglobulin) may remain infectious to others even if they do not develop symptoms themselves and should therefore continue to follow good personal hygiene practices.

• #59 Hepatitis A

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is an urgent notifiable condition that must be notified immediately to the department by medical practitioners and pathology services. […] Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for use in people 1 year of age and over. […] Education about good hygiene is important, particularly handwashing before handling food and eating, and after using the toilet. […] Provide proper water treatment and distribution systems, and sewage disposal. […] Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available for use in people 1 year of age and over. Protection begins within 14-21 days after the first dose. A second dose is required for long-term protection, and seroconversion occurs after 4 weeks. […] Normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) or, more commonly, monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccine can be used to prevent secondary cases in close contacts of hepatitis A cases. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis should be given within 2 weeks of exposure. […] Special attention should be given to toilet hygiene in schools and childcare centres. Ensure that soap and water are available, and are used regularly to wash hands.

• #60 Hepatitis A | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/hepatitis-a

  Early childhood educators and carers are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] Carers of people with developmental disabilities are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] Plumbers and sewage workers are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People aged ≥1 year who travel to moderately to highly endemic areas for hepatitis A are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People who have anal intercourse (including men who have sex with men, and sex industry workers) are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People who inject drugs are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] People who are inmates of correctional facilities are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine. […] Serological testing for immunity to hepatitis A is not recommended before receiving hepatitis A vaccine. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis using hepatitis A vaccine or normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) can prevent secondary cases in close contacts of hepatitis A cases.

• #61 Hepatitis A | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/hepatitis-a.html

  Travelers can prevent HAV infection through vaccination or immune globulin (IG), practicing food and water precautions, and maintaining standards of hygiene and sanitation. […] Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine hepatitis A vaccination for all children and vaccination for adults at increased risk for HAV infection or at increased risk for severe disease from HAV infection (including people traveling to or working in countries with high or intermediate HAV endemicity). […] All susceptible people traveling for any purpose, frequency, or duration to countries with high or intermediate hepatitis A endemicity should be vaccinated or receive IG before departure. […] Vaccination is also recommended for unvaccinated household members and other people (e.g., regular babysitters) who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee from a high- or intermediate-endemicity country 60 days after the child’s arrival in the United States.

• #62 Preventing hepatitis A – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/care-sheets/preventing-hepatitis-a

  If you were recently exposed to hepatitis A and have not had hepatitis A before, or have not received the hepatitis A vaccine series, ask your health care provider about receiving a hepatitis A immune globulin shot. […] You will likely get the hepatitis A vaccine at the same time you receive the immune globulin shot. […] Vaccines are available to protect against hepatitis A infection. Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for all children older than age 1. […] People who are at higher risk for hepatitis A and should receive the vaccine include: People who use recreational, injectable drugs, Health care and laboratory workers who may come in contact with the virus, People who have chronic liver disease, People who receive clotting factor concentrate to treat hemophilia or other clotting disorders, Military personnel, Men who have sex with other men, Caretakers in day care centers, long-term nursing homes, and other facilities, Dialysis patients and workers in dialysis centers.

• #63 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hepatitis-A-Prevention.aspx

  The vaccination is recommended to treat the following high risk groups: […] Children living in regions with a high incidence of hepatitis A […] People travelling to regions where hepatitis A is widespread and the levels of sanitation and hygiene are poor […] People with hemophilia who require frequent blood transfusions […] People with long-term liver disease […] Drug abusers who share needles […] People who work with and near sewage […] People living in close quarters such as homeless shelters where hygiene and sanitation tends to be poor […] People working with animals that may carry the infection.

• #64 Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/tools-action/browse-evidence-based-resources/prevention-hepatitis-virus-infection-united-states-recommendations-advisory-committee-immunization-practices-2020

  The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for: […] The recommendations also offer guidance for these circumstances: […] Vaccination before travel […] Prevention of disease after exposure to hepatitis A […] Prevention of hepatitis A in settings where services are provided to adults […] Steps to take during outbreaks of hepatitis A.

• #65 LISTING OF DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH PRESS RELEASES

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phcommon/public/media/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=5025

  Vaccination and good hygiene are the best ways to prevent hepatitis A. […] The hepatitis A vaccine is safe, effective, and offers long-term protection. Getting vaccinated is simple, and its one of the most important things you can do for your own health and the health of our entire community. […] Public Health strongly encourages vaccination for: Any LA County resident who did not previously receive a hepatitis A vaccination and is seeking protection, People experiencing homelessness, People who use drugs (including non-injection). […] Full protection requires two doses of hepatitis A vaccine administered at least 6 months apart. Additionally, previously unvaccinated people can receive hepatitis A vaccine soon after exposure to protect against developing the infection. […] In addition to vaccination, Public Health recommends residents follow good hygiene practices including washing their hands with soap and water before eating and preparing food and after using the bathroom. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent disease. Infection can be prevented by vaccination after a known exposure to a person with infectious hepatitis A.

• #66 Hepatitis A Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Liver Transplantation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-treatment

  Patients at risk of developing acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection should undergo immunization for the virus. In addition, immunization of those at greater risk for morbidity from acute HAV infection is important. […] Vaccination is highly effective at preventing HAV disease. The efficacy of the hepatitis A vaccine ranges from 80% to 100% after 1-2 doses compared to placebo. Current dosing recommendations are available. […] Immunization is indicated for individuals traveling to areas of high endemicity who have less than 2 weeks before departure. Both the vaccination and intramuscular (IM) immunoglobulin should be administered to provide long-term immunity, particularly in persons who intend to travel to these areas repeatedly. […] Control at the source, with treatment of contacts to prevent further cases of disease is the primary goal. Long-term secondary goals include immunization, which increases herd immunity and reduces the likelihood of further outbreaks in high-risk communities. Education about transmission and prevention of transmission (eg, hand washing, safe food sources) is also important.

• #67 Controlling Spread of Hepatitis A | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis/controlling

  Persons who have documentation of previous hepatitis A disease or of receiving hepatitis A vaccine at least one month before an HAV exposure do not need post-exposure prophylaxis. […] Control measures are implemented through the administration of hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin (IG) to the people who had contact with the case during their infectious period. HAV vaccine is preferred over IG for PEP for persons aged 1-40 years. […] Post exposure prophylaxis should be administered as soon as possible and within 14 days of last exposure to an infectious case. […] Hepatitis A vaccine or IG should be administered to persons who have had close contact with the index case if an epidemiologic investigation indicates HAV transmission has occurred among students in a school. […] Hepatitis A vaccine or IG should be administered to all previously unvaccinated staff members and attendees of child care or homes if one or more cases of hepatitis A are recognized in children or employees. […] Individuals can avoid exposure to the virus by taking the following measures. […] Consider vaccination of those at high-risk of contracting hepatitis A. […] Travelers to areas where hepatitis A is endemic should receive hepatitis A vaccine before travel.

• #68 Hepatitis A virus infection: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  Individuals who warrant postexposure protection (ie, hepatitis A vaccine and/or immune globulin) after exposure to HAV include close personal contacts of an individual with laboratory-confirmed HAV infection. […] For individuals with recent HAV exposure who have not previously received HAV vaccine, postexposure prophylaxis should be administered with either a single dose of single-antigen HAV vaccine or immune globulin as soon as possible, within two weeks of exposure. […] Hygienic practices for prevention of HAV infection include handwashing, avoiding tap water and raw foods in areas with poor sanitation, and heating foods appropriately.

• #69 Hepatitis A Policy

  https://liverfoundation.org/about-alf/policies/medical-policies/hepatitis-a-policy/

  Routine vaccination is recommended for persons with evidence of chronic liver disease who are at increased risk for acquiring hepatitis A and for; […] In communities with high rates of hepatitis A, vaccination efforts among preschool and school-age children should be intensified during an outbreak to achieve at least a 70% vaccination coverage level. […] In addition to the CDC guidelines for the prevention and eradication of hepatitis A in the U.S., ALF recommends: Administration of hepatitis A vaccine to food handlers. Food handlers have a critical role in common-source food-borne HAV transmission. This group should be vaccinated to reduce the frequency of medical evaluations of food handlers with hepatitis A and to eliminate the need for post-exposure prophylaxis for patrons.

• #70

  https://abc7.com/post/hepatitis-outbreak-declared-los-angeles-county-officials-urge-vaccination/16333515/

  Hepatitis A outbreak declared in LA County. Here’s what to know Public health officials are raising the alarm as cases of Hepatitis A continue to climb in Los Angeles County. […] Officials say most cases have been locally-acquired in L.A. County. For this reason, health officials are asking all residents to get vaccinated. […] „We’re currently recommending that anyone who wants to be protected against Hepatitis A should go ahead and get vaccinated. Full protection requires two doses of Hepatitis A administered at least six months apart,” she said. […] You can get the vaccine through your healthcare provider or at a pharmacy. The shots were introduced into the childhood vaccination schedule in 1999, but it’s not required for school. […] But if you’re unsure of your vaccine status, Balter said it’s safe to get the shots again and protection should last for life.

• #71 LISTING OF DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH PRESS RELEASES

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phcommon/public/media/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=5025

  Vaccination and good hygiene are the best ways to prevent hepatitis A. […] The hepatitis A vaccine is safe, effective, and offers long-term protection. Getting vaccinated is simple, and its one of the most important things you can do for your own health and the health of our entire community. […] Public Health strongly encourages vaccination for: Any LA County resident who did not previously receive a hepatitis A vaccination and is seeking protection, People experiencing homelessness, People who use drugs (including non-injection). […] Full protection requires two doses of hepatitis A vaccine administered at least 6 months apart. Additionally, previously unvaccinated people can receive hepatitis A vaccine soon after exposure to protect against developing the infection. […] In addition to vaccination, Public Health recommends residents follow good hygiene practices including washing their hands with soap and water before eating and preparing food and after using the bathroom. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent disease. Infection can be prevented by vaccination after a known exposure to a person with infectious hepatitis A.

• #72

  https://abc7.com/post/hepatitis-outbreak-declared-los-angeles-county-officials-urge-vaccination/16333515/

  Hepatitis A outbreak declared in LA County. Here’s what to know Public health officials are raising the alarm as cases of Hepatitis A continue to climb in Los Angeles County. […] Officials say most cases have been locally-acquired in L.A. County. For this reason, health officials are asking all residents to get vaccinated. […] „We’re currently recommending that anyone who wants to be protected against Hepatitis A should go ahead and get vaccinated. Full protection requires two doses of Hepatitis A administered at least six months apart,” she said. […] You can get the vaccine through your healthcare provider or at a pharmacy. The shots were introduced into the childhood vaccination schedule in 1999, but it’s not required for school. […] But if you’re unsure of your vaccine status, Balter said it’s safe to get the shots again and protection should last for life.

• #73 Disease prevention

  https://gskpro.com/en-xg/products/havrix-mt/disease-prevention/

  There are several steps that can be taken to help reduce the burden of hepatitis A: […] Introduce universal vaccination programmes that will help to achieve herd immunity and reduce the burden of disease16 […] WHO recommends vaccination, in addition to improved sanitation and food safety, as one of the most effective ways of combatting hepatitis A1 […] WHO recommends targeted vaccination of high-risk groups against hepatitis A7 […] Introduction of a universal vaccination (UV) programme helps achieve herd immunity and reduce the burden of disease16 […] Routine childhood vaccination may help:5 […] Vaccination programmes are effective and decrease hepatitis A infection rates4,6,1012.

• #74 Hepatitis A: prevention, vaccine : Guidelines, reviews, epidemiology

  https://www.gfmer.ch/Guidelines/Hepatitis/Hepatitis_A_prevention.htm

  Hepatitis A: prevention, vaccine […] Update on the Recommended use of Hepatitis A Vaccine [2016] […] Hepatitis A Post-exposure Prophylaxis [2013] […] Progress Towards Hepatitis A Control and Prevention Through 2019: the National Immunization Program of China [2020] […] Considerations on the Current Universal Vaccination Policy against Hepatitis A in Greece after Recent Outbreaks [2015] […] Expert consensus and recommendations on the live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine and immunization practices in India [2025] […] Need for hepatitis A prevention in patients with chronic liver disease in the changing epidemiological setting of India [2021] […] Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects a review of the evidence [2021] […] Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020 [2020]

• #75 Hepatitis A Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-a-prevented

  The hepatitis A vaccine is very effective. More than 99 percent of people who are vaccinated develop immunity against the virus and will never get hep A even if they are exposed to it. […] Even if you haven’t been vaccinated against hepatitis A, you can take steps to prevent HAV infection: Avoid water that could be contaminated with fecal matter. Avoid undercooked or raw shellfish. Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom or changing a diaper and before preparing and eating food. Use a latex barrier such as a dental dam for oral-anal sex (rimming). […] Anyone who was exposed recently to HAV and hasn’t been vaccinated should be administered one dose of single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin (IG) as soon as possible, within 2 weeks after exposure.

• #76 Hepatitis A virus infection: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that whether or not to include the vaccine in routine childhood immunizations depends on the local context. […] The primary tool for protection against hepatitis A prior to exposure is vaccination, which is superior to immune globulin with respect to achievable antibody concentrations and durability of immune response. […] For individuals at risk for hepatitis A exposure who are allergic to the hepatitis A vaccine or are <12 months of age, passive immunization via immune globulin may be given. [...] Vaccination is superior to immune globulin with respect to achievable antibody concentrations and durability of immune response. [...] The most common adverse events are fever, injection-site reaction, rash, and headache. [...] Immune globulin can decrease the incidence of HAV infection by more than 90 percent.

• #77 Hepatitis A – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A

  Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene, and sanitation. […] The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention. […] Other preventive measures include hand washing and properly cooking food. […] The vaccine protects against HAV in more than 95% of cases for longer than 25 years. […] In countries where widespread vaccination has been practised, the incidence of hepatitis A has decreased dramatically. […] The CDC recommends vaccination against infection for men who have sex with men.

• #78 Disease prevention

  https://gskpro.com/en-xg/products/havrix-mt/disease-prevention/

  There are several steps that can be taken to help reduce the burden of hepatitis A: […] Introduce universal vaccination programmes that will help to achieve herd immunity and reduce the burden of disease16 […] WHO recommends vaccination, in addition to improved sanitation and food safety, as one of the most effective ways of combatting hepatitis A1 […] WHO recommends targeted vaccination of high-risk groups against hepatitis A7 […] Introduction of a universal vaccination (UV) programme helps achieve herd immunity and reduce the burden of disease16 […] Routine childhood vaccination may help:5 […] Vaccination programmes are effective and decrease hepatitis A infection rates4,6,1012.

• #79 Hepatitis A virus infection: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that whether or not to include the vaccine in routine childhood immunizations depends on the local context. […] The primary tool for protection against hepatitis A prior to exposure is vaccination, which is superior to immune globulin with respect to achievable antibody concentrations and durability of immune response. […] For individuals at risk for hepatitis A exposure who are allergic to the hepatitis A vaccine or are <12 months of age, passive immunization via immune globulin may be given. [...] Vaccination is superior to immune globulin with respect to achievable antibody concentrations and durability of immune response. [...] The most common adverse events are fever, injection-site reaction, rash, and headache. [...] Immune globulin can decrease the incidence of HAV infection by more than 90 percent.

• #80 Patient education: Hepatitis A (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-beyond-the-basics

  Hepatitis A vaccination — Available vaccines to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus include VAQTA and HAVRIX. Both are equally effective and protect nearly 100 percent of people who receive the recommended two doses for a lifetime. The initial dose of either vaccine usually provides adequate short-term protection, and the subsequent dose provides long-term protection. Thus, if a person does not have time to receive both doses before traveling, it is worth getting the first dose and then completing the second 6 to 12 months later. […] The most common side effect of the hepatitis A virus vaccine is brief redness or discomfort at the injection site. […] VAQTA is given in two doses, with the second dose given 6 to 18 months after the first. […] HAVRIX is given in two doses, with the second dose given 6 to 12 months after the first.

• #81 Disease prevention

  https://gskpro.com/en-xg/products/havrix-mt/disease-prevention/

  There are several steps that can be taken to help reduce the burden of hepatitis A: […] Introduce universal vaccination programmes that will help to achieve herd immunity and reduce the burden of disease16 […] WHO recommends vaccination, in addition to improved sanitation and food safety, as one of the most effective ways of combatting hepatitis A1 […] WHO recommends targeted vaccination of high-risk groups against hepatitis A7 […] Introduction of a universal vaccination (UV) programme helps achieve herd immunity and reduce the burden of disease16 […] Routine childhood vaccination may help:5 […] Vaccination programmes are effective and decrease hepatitis A infection rates4,6,1012.

• #82 Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8540458/

  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. No specific treatment is currently available for hepatitis A, only supportive care. Hence, prevention is extremely important. The prevention of all faecal-oral-related diseases is based on improving sanitary and hygienic conditions so as to limit the circulation of the virus and its transmission throughout the community. Safe, effective vaccines have been available since the early 1990s in Europe and the USA, making vaccination the key component of any prevention strategy. Inactivated vaccines are effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and are gradually replacing immunoglobulin-based passive prophylaxis. Post-exposure prophylaxis requires giving inactivated vaccine to all people who are unvaccinated (12 months) within 2 weeks of exposure. The WHO recommends universal vaccination for countries where the infection rate is intermediate. Vaccination appears to be the best way to prevent hepatitis A spreading among this population that lacks access to sanitary conditions. […] Vaccination has been recommended for MSM and people who use substances for several decades, and people who face homelessness have recently been added to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) list.

• #83

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom; use of safer sex practices including condoms, dental dams and good hygiene practices. […] Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

• #84 What is Hepatitis A training – video | ProBloodBorne

  https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/what-is-hepatitis-a

  The most effective ways to combat hepatitis A are through improved sanitation, food safety, and immunizations. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by adequate supplies of safe drinking water, proper disposal of sewage within communities, and personal hygiene practices, such as regular hand washing with safe water. […] The most effective ways to prevent Hepatitis A include: Improved sanitation Proper community sewage disposal, Following food safety recommendations, Immunization, Adequate supplies of safe water, Personal hygiene practices Regular handwashing with safe water.

• #85 What is Hepatitis A training – video | ProBloodBorne

  https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/what-is-hepatitis-a

  The most effective ways to combat hepatitis A are through improved sanitation, food safety, and immunizations. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by adequate supplies of safe drinking water, proper disposal of sewage within communities, and personal hygiene practices, such as regular hand washing with safe water. […] The most effective ways to prevent Hepatitis A include: Improved sanitation Proper community sewage disposal, Following food safety recommendations, Immunization, Adequate supplies of safe water, Personal hygiene practices Regular handwashing with safe water.

• #86 Hepatitis A Basics | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/hepatitis/learn-about-viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-a-basics/index.html

  Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] There is a safe and effective vaccine that prevents hepatitis A; all children aged 12–23 months, as well as all children and adolescents 2–18 years of age who have not previously received hepatitis A vaccine (known as “catch up” vaccination) should be vaccinated. […] Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease. The hepatitis A vaccine is safe and effective and is usually given in two shots, six months apart. The following people should be vaccinated against hepatitis A: […] Because not all people are vaccinated for hepatitis A, it is important to know that it can also be prevented by maintaining good hygiene and food preparation practices. Hand washing after using the bathroom and before preparing any food along with proper cleaning of surfaces before and after food preparation can help prevent the spread of hepatitis A and other food-borne infections.

• #87

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A. […] Improved sanitation, food safety, safer sex practices (notably for oral-anal sex) and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A. […] The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: adequate supplies of safe drinking water; proper disposal of sewage within communities; and personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom; use of safer sex practices including condoms, dental dams and good hygiene practices. […] Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

• #88 Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8540458/

  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. No specific treatment is currently available for hepatitis A, only supportive care. Hence, prevention is extremely important. The prevention of all faecal-oral-related diseases is based on improving sanitary and hygienic conditions so as to limit the circulation of the virus and its transmission throughout the community. Safe, effective vaccines have been available since the early 1990s in Europe and the USA, making vaccination the key component of any prevention strategy. Inactivated vaccines are effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and are gradually replacing immunoglobulin-based passive prophylaxis. Post-exposure prophylaxis requires giving inactivated vaccine to all people who are unvaccinated (12 months) within 2 weeks of exposure. The WHO recommends universal vaccination for countries where the infection rate is intermediate. Vaccination appears to be the best way to prevent hepatitis A spreading among this population that lacks access to sanitary conditions. […] Vaccination has been recommended for MSM and people who use substances for several decades, and people who face homelessness have recently been added to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) list.

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