Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  You will not be able to differentiate hepatitis A virus from other types of viral hepatitis using clinical or epidemiological features alone. Clinicians should conduct test(s) to make an accurate diagnosis. […] The following are laboratory markers that, if present, indicate an acute HAV infection: Immunoglobulin M antibodies to HAV (IgM anti-HAV) in serum, or HAV RNA in serum or stool. […] Serologic tests for IgG anti-HAV and total anti-HAV (IgM and IgG anti-HAV combined) are not helpful in diagnosing acute illness. You should only test patients for IgM anti-HAV if they are symptomatic, and you suspect HAV infection. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin tests can aid in diagnosis.

• #2 Hepatitis A | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p368.html

  Hepatitis A is a common viral infection worldwide that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. […] Diagnosis of acute infection requires the use of serologic testing for immunoglobulin M antihepatitis A antibodies. […] The diagnosis of hepatitis A cannot be made solely on clinical grounds. […] Similarly, although epidemiologic factors may suggest hepatitis A, serologic testing is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antihepatitis A antibodies generally become detectable five to 10 days before the onset of symptoms, peak within one month of illness, and can persist for more than six months. […] Testing is recommended only for symptomatic patients with suspected hepatitis A. […] Total antihepatitis A contains measurements of both IgM and IgG, and it can be used to identify unimmunized patients who are immune because of previous hepatitis A. […] Molecular virology methods may be useful in the investigation of common-source outbreaks of hepatitis A but are not necessary for routine clinical diagnosis.

• #3 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  The results of a blood tests will determine if a person is infected with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] Diagnosis and prompt administration of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to potentially exposed contacts can interrupt transmission. […] A blood test can confirm a suspected case of hepatitis A. The types of diagnostic tests used to confirm an HAV infection include serologic testing and, occasionally, PCR-based tests. […] You will not be able to differentiate hepatitis A virus from other types of viral hepatitis using clinical or epidemiological features alone. Clinicians should conduct test(s) to make an accurate diagnosis. […] The following are laboratory markers that, if present, indicate an acute HAV infection: Immunoglobulin M antibodies to HAV (IgM anti-HAV) in serum, or HAV RNA is serum or stool.

• #4 Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1360271/

  Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. […] These new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination. […] Diagnostically, IgM anti-HAV has been used as the primary marker of acute infection; it is comprised mainly of antibodies against capsid proteins. […] The presence of total anti-HAV and the absence of IgM anti-HAV can be used to differentiate between past and current infections. […] The commercially available diagnostic assays are configured in such a manner that although IgM antibodies may be present for long periods of time, the lower concentrations found 4 to 6 months after the onset of infection do not produce a positive test result.

• #5 Hepatitis A Workup: Approach Considerations, Complete Blood Count and Coagulation Study, Liver Function Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-workup

  Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of viremic stages of hepatitis infection. […] One of the most common reasons for the misdiagnosis of hepatitis A infection is misinterpretation of the serology tests. […] Liver biopsy has a minimal role in the diagnosis acute of HAV infection. […] Molecular diagnostic techniques performed on blood and feces for HAV RNA are purely research tools at present. […] After establishing a diagnosis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, tracing contacts and notifying local public health authorities are important steps for preventing further cases. […] The diagnosis of acute HAV infection is based on serologic testing for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to HAV. […] This test is sensitive and specific, and the results remain positive for 3-6 months after the primary infection and for as long as 12 months in 25% of patients.

• #6 Hepatitis A – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/126?locale=th&

  Hepatitis A is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases in the US. […] Immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis A virus serology is the test of choice for diagnosis. […] Common exam findings are hepatomegaly and clinical jaundice with marked elevation of serum aminotransferases (usually 1000 units/L). […] Key diagnostic factors include fever, malaise, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, hepatomegaly, right upper quadrant pain, and clay-colored stools. […] 1st tests to order include serum aminotransferases, serum bilirubin, BUN, serum creatinine, prothrombin time, and IgM anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] Tests to consider include IgG anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis A virus RNA detection.

• #7 Hepatitis A (Hep A): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-a

  Your doctor will first ask about your symptoms and check for high levels of liver enzymes in your blood. Then, you’ll have blood taken for testing to look for hepatitis antigens and antibodies. […] Antigens are substances in the hepatitis virus. Antibodies are substances your immune system makes to fight off the virus. There are two types: […] IgM (immunoglobulin M) antibodies. Your body makes these when you’re first exposed to hepatitis A. They stay in your blood for about 3-6 months. […] IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies. These show up after the virus has been in your body for a while. You may have them all your life. They protect you against hepatitis A. If you test positive for them but not for IgM antibodies, it means you had a hepatitis A infection in the past or had vaccinations to protect against it.

• #8 Hepatitis A Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/tests/hepatitis-a-test/

  Hepatitis A testing detects evidence of a current or past hepatitis A infection. […] Testing is performed on a sample of a patient’s blood. Hepatitis A testing may be used to diagnose hepatitis A and assess whether a person has immunity to this disease. […] The purpose of hepatitis A testing is to determine if a person has been infected by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). […] A doctor may order hepatitis A testing for several purposes: Diagnose current infection: Doctors use hepatitis tests to diagnose the cause of hepatitis in patients with signs and symptoms of this disease. […] Hepatitis A testing looks for two types of antibodies. […] Although testing the blood for HAV antibodies is the gold standard for identifying a hepatitis A infection, other tests may be ordered that instead look for the genetic material of the hepatitis A virus.

• #9 Hepatitis A | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540260/all/Hepatitis_A

  Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a picornavirus, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. […] A highly contagious virus acquired by fecal-oral route either by person-person contact, sexual contact, or ingestion of contaminated food/water. […] In developed countries with universal HAV immunization, international travel to endemic regions is now the most significant risk factor. […] The incubation period is typically 15-50d, average of 28d. […] Symptoms: illness with usually an abrupt onset of acute hepatitis: dark urine, jaundice, fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, arthralgia, acholic stools. […] Ddx: clinical symptoms of HAV nonspecific, cannot distinguish from other common causes of hepatitis (HBV, HCV, EBV, enteroviruses, HME/HGA, leptospirosis, etc). […] Dx: Serology: HAV IgM antibody diagnostic, may be positive 5-10d prior to the onset of sx.

• #10 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis […] The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of HAV infection in adults are reviewed here. […] The diagnosis of acute HAV infection should be suspected in patients with abrupt onset of prodromal symptoms (nausea, anorexia, fever, malaise, or abdominal pain) and jaundice or elevated serum aminotransferase levels, particularly in the setting of known risk factors for hepatitis A transmission (table 1). […] The diagnosis is established by detection of serum IgM anti-HAV antibodies. Serum IgM antibodies are detectable at the time of symptom onset, peak during the acute or early convalescent phase of the disease, and remain detectable for approximately three to six months (figure 2).

• #11 Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis A – Page 4

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765040_4

  The specificity of detection of IgM anti-HAV antibodies for the diagnosis of hepatitis A is approximately 99-100% sensitivity, with a positive predictive value of 88%. […] A multicenter evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgM and total antibodies against HAV confirmed the good performance of assays, with 99.85 and 99.47% overall agreement in detecting total antibodies and IgM, respectively. […] Until now, only one immunochromatographic assay (ICA; rapid test) has been available to detect HAV antibodies. […] The ICA for the detection of anti-HAV IgM will be a very effective rapid assay when applied to clinical diagnosis and the epidemiological investigation of outbreaks owing to its simplicity, rapidity and specificity. […] The HAV viral antigen can be detected in feces, serum, saliva, cell culture and environmental samples, usually by means of immunoassays or molecular tests.

• #11 Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis A – Page 4

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765040_4

  Biochemical tests of liver function can be used as auxiliary diagnosis for viral hepatitis, and include measurement of serum total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), but only ALT is a specific test for hepatitis. […] Clinical and biochemical testing does not allow the differentiation of hepatitis A from other forms of acute hepatitis, so serological tests are needed to identify the etiologic agent. […] The laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis A can be made by specific serological tests for detection of anti-HAV IgM. […] The specific serodiagnosis is accomplished by examining anti-HAV antibodies of the IgM class, which are the main markers of acute infection with HAV. […] Generally, the detection of these antibodies is performed by enzyme immunoassay (sandwich assay), with several commercially available diagnostic kits.

• #12 Hepatitis A | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540260/all/Hepatitis_A

  IgM anti-HAV remains elevated for up to 12 months after the resolution of infection. […] The total anti-HAV test detects both IgM and IgG, so if positive, may reflect prior exposure. […] Molecular: Detection of viral RNA by PCR in blood or stool specimens possible, but uncommonly needed to make a diagnosis of acute HAV infection. […] If fulminant hepatitis develops due to HAV, mortality is up to 80%. […] Most symptoms resolve within 8 weeks, although 10-15% have problems for up to 6 months. […] Chronic HAV does not exist. […] The report builds on earlier case descriptions of likely false positive HAV IgM tests.

• #13 Hepatitis A | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/hepatitis-a

  Detecting IgM anti-HAV in the serum of a patient with the clinical and biochemical features of acute hepatitis usually confirms the diagnosis of acute hepatitis A. […] HAV antigen can be detected in the stool or body fluids, but there is no commercially available assay. Detecting viral RNA is highly specific but expensive and is rarely used to confirm the diagnosis. […] Testing for anti-HAV IgG is not helpful in the diagnosis but is a means of assessing immunity to hepatitis A. When detected in the serum, this IgG remains positive for years.

• #14 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Serologic tests for IgG anti-HAV and total anti-HAV (IgM and IgG anti-HAV combined) are not helpful in diagnosing acute illness. You should only test patients for IgM anti-HAV if they are symptomatic, and you suspect HAV infection. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin tests can aid in diagnosis. […] Clinicians should assess a patient’s history (including potential risk behaviors or exposures for HAV infection), physical exam, and test results in determining whether hepatitis A is the appropriate clinical diagnosis for a patient. […] Clinicians and health care providers should report cases of hepatitis A to health departments as specified by state, territorial, and local regulations.

• #15 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Detection of serum IgM antibodies in the absence of clinical symptoms may reflect prior HAV infection with prolonged persistence of IgM, a false-positive result, or asymptomatic infection (which is more common in children <6 years of age than in older children or adults). [...] Serum IgG antibodies appear early in the convalescent phase of the disease, remain detectable for decades, and are associated with lifelong protective immunity (figure 2). [...] Detection of anti-HAV IgG in the absence of anti-HAV IgM reflects past infection or vaccination rather than acute infection. [...] Imaging studies are generally not indicated for diagnosis of HAV infection. Ultrasonography may sometimes be appropriate to rule out alternative diagnoses (such as biliary obstruction); cholangiography or liver biopsy are usually not indicated.

• #16 Hepatitis A – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/hepatitis/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is caused by an enterically transmitted RNA virus that, in older children and adults, causes typical symptoms of viral hepatitis, including anorexia, malaise, and jaundice. […] Diagnosis is by antibody testing. […] If the IgM anti-HAV test is positive, acute hepatitis A is diagnosed. […] A positive IgG anti-HAV test suggests prior HAV infection or acquired immunity. […] There is no further testing for hepatitis A. […] IgM antibody is a marker of acute infection, whereas IgG anti-HAV indicates only previous exposure to HAV and immunity to recurrent infection. […] No treatments attenuate acute viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A. […] Hepatitis A should be reported to the local or state health department. […] Routine vaccination beginning at age 1 is recommended for all. […] Vaccinate people at risk (eg, travelers to endemic areas, laboratory workers), and provide postexposure prophylaxis in those who are not previously vaccinated.

• #17 Hepatitis A Workup: Approach Considerations, Complete Blood Count and Coagulation Study, Liver Function Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-workup

  The presence of anti-HAV IgG in the absence of IgM indicates past infection or vaccination rather than acute infection. […] Imaging studies are usually not indicated in HAV infection. […] Histopathology reveals pronounced portal inflammation early in the illness, which is consistent with viral hepatitis.

• #18 Hepatitis A Virus Total Antibodies, Serum – Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Pediatric Catalog

  https://pediatric.testcatalog.org/show/HAVTA

  This assay detects the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-specific total antibodies (both anti-HAV IgG and anti-HAV IgM combined). A positive result indicates that the patient had hepatitis A either recently or in the past or immunity to hepatitis A from vaccination. A reactive (positive) result by the Elecsys Anti-HAV II assay does not differentiate between acute or past HAV infection or immunity from vaccination, and it does not necessarily rule out other hepatitis infections. […] If clinically indicated, specific testing for anti-HAV IgM is necessary to confirm the presence of acute or recent hepatitis A. A positive result for anti-HAV total with a negative anti-HAV IgM result indicates immunity to hepatitis A from either past HAV infection or vaccination against HAV. […] A negative result indicates the absence of recent or past hepatitis A or a lack of immunity to HAV infection. A non-reactive (negative) test result does not exclude the possibility of early acute infection with HAV. […] For diagnostic purposes, the results should always be assessed in conjunction with the patient’s medical history, clinical examination, and other findings. […] Regardless of exposure history, testing for anti-HAV total antibodies alone is insufficient to confirm a diagnosis of acute hepatitis A.

• #19 Hepatitis A, AB total reactive: What does it mean?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hepatitis-a-ab-total-reactive

  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody (AB) total test identifies both types of antibodies that the body produces in response to HAV infection. A reactive result means the test has detected HAV antibodies. […] A total reactive result means the HAV antibody test result is positive. This means the test has detected HAV antibodies in the blood. A reactive or positive test result means a person has had one of the following: a current HAV infection, a previous HAV infection, an HAV vaccination that is effective. […] If a hepatitis A antibody test is reactive or positive, it means people have developed HAV antibodies in response to a HAV infection or vaccination. […] A hepatitis A (HAV) antibody (AB) total reactive result means that people have tested positive for both antibodies, which indicates a current or previous HAV infection or effective HAV vaccination.

• #20 Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Infection | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-diagnosis

  Hepatitis A infection is typically diagnosed through blood tests. […] Therefore, neither the individual nor the healthcare provider can tell by symptoms or signs if a given individual is suffering from hepatitis A unless laboratory tests are performed. […] Fortunately, blood tests are widely available to accurately diagnose hepatitis A, including tests for antibodies, or the affected persons immune response to hepatitis A proteins. This immune response is conclusively demonstrated by the presence of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, indicating acute disease, and immunoglobulin G (IgG), indicating a past infection or vaccination. […] For a positive hepatitis A diagnosis, HAV RNA is present in blood and feces soon after infection (while an individual is asymptomatic), until 1 to 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] IgM positive / IgG negative: This result indicates acute hepatitis A. […] IgM positive / IgG positive: This result indicates that acute hepatitis A occurred within the last six months. […] IgM negative / IgG positive: Persons with this result are immune to hepatitis A.

• #21 Hepatitis A Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/hepatitis-a

  With the onset of symptoms, roughly four weeks after exposure, liver enzymes such as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) rise more than aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Levels normally return to normal within a few weeks, although they can stay high for months. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels also rise in conjunction with ALT and AST.

• #22 Hepatitis A | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-a-pro

  Diagnosing hepatitis A (investigations) […] Specific antibody tests […] IgM antibody to HAV is positive with onset of symptoms (usually about 3-4 weeks after exposure but up to six weeks). The test is sensitive and specific. It remains positive for between 3-6 months (up to 12 months). It remains positive in relapsing hepatitis. […] […] IgG antibody to HAV appears soon after IgM and persists for many years. In the absence of IgM it indicates past infection or vaccination rather than acute infection. IgG remains detectable for life. […] Liver enzymes […] Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) rises more than aspartate aminotransferase (AST) again with onset of symptoms, about four weeks after exposure. Levels usually return to reference ranges over several weeks but can remain elevated for months.

• #23 Hepatitis A | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-a-pro

  Alkaline phosphatase rises with ALT and AST. […] Other test results […] Bilirubin rises soon after rises in ALT and AST levels. Levels may be very high and remain elevated for several months. Older patients have higher bilirubin levels. […] Modest falls in serum albumin level may occur. […] Prothrombin time (PT) usually remains normal and estimation is necessary only in unusual cases or with complications. PT prolongation by more than five times is a sign of severe infection. […] Indices of low-grade haemolysis may be detected. […] Mild lymphocytosis is common. […] Pure red cell aplasia and pancytopenia may very rarely occur. […] Imaging Ultrasound may, rarely, be needed to exclude other diseases.

• #24 Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1360271/

  Nucleic acid detection techniques are more sensitive than immunoassays for viral antigen to detect HAV in samples of different origins (e.g., clinical specimens, environmental samples, or food). […] Amplification of viral RNA by RT-PCR is currently the most sensitive and widely used method for detection of HAV RNA. […] Molecular epidemiology has played an important role in improving the understanding of HAV infection by identifying sources of infection and the dynamics of virus evolution. […] Molecular epidemiologic investigations have to be planned and conducted with equal attention being paid to the methodological requirements of both disciplines: epidemiology and molecular biology.

• #25 Tests and diagnosis for hepatitis A – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/hepatitis-a/diagnosis/

  Hepatitis A can be diagnosed using blood tests. […] You might have blood tests to check for viral hepatitis if your doctor thinks you have a liver problem but doesnt know what is causing it yet. This is a routine test to check for all possible causes. […] Blood tests for hepatitis A look for antibodies against the virus (antibody test). And for small amounts of the genetic instructions from the virus (PCR test). […] This test will look for antibodies against hepatitis A in your blood. […] A PCR test can look for tiny amounts of the viruss RNA. This is the genetic instructions that the virus uses to make copies of itself.

• #26 Hepatitis A Virus: Spread, Factors and Diagnosis | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/hepatitis-a-virus-spread-factors-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosing acute Hepatitis A typically involves blood tests to detect specific antibodies produced by the body in response to the virus. The key diagnostic marker for acute infection is the presence of IgM (immunoglobulin M) antibodies against HAV. These antibodies appear early in the infection. […] IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies against HAV develop shortly after the IgM antibodies and persist for life, indicating past infection and immunity. […] A serological test that detects these HAV-specific IgM antibodies in the blood is the standard diagnostic procedure for acute Hepatitis. […] Routine blood tests may also reveal mild lymphocytosis (an increase in white blood cells called lymphocytes) and a normal prothrombin time (a measure of blood clotting ability). An increased prothrombin time should raise suspicion for more severe liver damage and the potential risk of encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver failure). Hepatitis A is associated with elevated levels of the liver enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which usually returns to normal within 4 to 6 months. Bilirubin levels, a marker of jaundice, are also typically elevated and, if they remain high, may suggest cholestatic liver disease. […] Ultrasonography (imaging of the liver using sound waves) is generally not required for diagnosing typical cases of HAV.

• #27 Hepatitis A laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hepatitis_A_laboratory_findings

  Hepatitis A cannot be differentiated from other types of viral hepatitis on the basis of clinical or epidemiologic features alone. Laboratory tests are required for its diagnosis. Serologic tests in hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection reveal elevated IgM anti-HAV in the acute phase (gold standard) in addition to an elevated IgG anti-HAV that remains elevated for the person’s lifetime. Additional laboratory findings include the detection and sequencing of HAV RNA, an elevated direct bilirubin, and elevated liver enzymes. Liver biopsy has a minimal role in the diagnosis of HAV infection and it is only used when the diagnosis is unclear or when relapse is suspected. […] Serologic testing to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to the capsid proteins of HAV (IgM anti-HAV) is required to confirm the diagnosis of acute HAV infection. […] Immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-HAV is the gold standard for the detection of acute illness. […] The role of a liver biopsy is minimal in the diagnosis of hepatitis A. It may be used in cases involving chronic relapsing hepatitis A or when the diagnosis is unclear.

• #28 Hepatitis A – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367055

  Blood tests are used to look for signs of the hepatitis A virus in your body. A sample of blood is taken, usually from a vein in your arm. It’s sent to a laboratory for testing. […] If you have symptoms of hepatitis A, make an appointment with your health care provider. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: Have you recently traveled or been exposed to someone with hepatitis A?

• #29 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its a very contagious disease. It spreads through close person-to-person contact. […] A healthcare provider will do a physical examination. Theyll look for signs like an enlarged liver, an enlarged spleen or symptoms of jaundice. They may order liver function tests. These tests check your blood for specific antibodies. […] Theres no specific treatment for hepatitis A infection. Your healthcare provider may recommend that you: Stay home: You should stay home from school or work until your fever goes away and you dont have jaundice symptoms. […] Yes, it can. Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A is the easiest way to prevent it. Healthcare providers recommend hepatitis A vaccinations for people over 12 months of age who: Are exposed to the virus at their jobs. […] Hepatitis A doesnt require treatment to cure it. It goes away on its own. But it may be weeks or a few months before you feel better.

• #30 Hepatitis A differential diagnosis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hepatitis_A_differential_diagnosis

  Hepatitis A must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hepatomegaly, icteric sclera, elevated ALT, AST, and PCR such as other viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. […] Serologic testing will help differentiate these two conditions. […] Serologic testing will help differentiate these two conditions. […] Serologic testing will help differentiate these two conditions. […] Serologic testing will help differentiate these two conditions. […] Serologic testing will help differentiate these two conditions. […] Specific viral antibody for each type. […] Serologic testing will help differentiate these two conditions.

• #31 Hepatitis A Virus IgM Antibody, Serum – Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Microbiology and Infectious Disease Catalog

  https://microbiology.testcatalog.org/show/HAIGM

  This assay detects the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-specific IgM antibody in serum. Negative results indicate either inadequate or delayed anti-HAV IgM response after known exposure to HAV or absence of acute or recent hepatitis A. Equivocal results may be seen in early acute hepatitis A associated with rising anti-HAV IgM levels or recent hepatitis A infection associated with declining anti-HAV IgM levels. Retesting for both anti-HAV IgM (HAIGM / Hepatitis A Virus IgM Antibody, Serum) and anti-HAV Total (HAVTA / Hepatitis A Virus Total Antibodies, Serum) in 2 to 4 weeks is recommended to determine the definitive HAV infection status. […] Positive results indicate acute or recent (<6 months) hepatitis A infection. As required by laws in almost all states, positive anti-HAV IgM test results must be urgently reported to state health departments for epidemiologic investigations of possible outbreak transmission.

• #32 Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus and Other Biodefense Agents | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/science-research-biologics/pathogenesis-and-diagnosis-hepatitis-virus-and-other-biodefense-agents

  Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes acute hepatitis in humans, and as a potential agent of bioterrorism (BT) it poses a threat to the safety of the blood supply. […] Tests to screen blood donations and diagnose viral infection for hepatitis viruses are widely used. […] The major obstacle to the development and preclinical assessment of reagents and tests to diagnose hepatitis virus infections is the inability of most hepatitis viruses to grow in cell cultures. […] We are also developing sensitive and cost-effective methods to detect hepatitis viruses and bioterrorism agents such as Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus in blood. […] We are currently developing rapid colorimetric tests that could be used at point-of-care and tests that will simultaneously detect multiple pathogens. […] HAVCR1 (CD365) and its mouse ortholog are functional hepatitis A virus (HAV) cellular receptors that mediate HAV infection.

• #33 Hepatitis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/hepatitis-testing/

  The purpose of hepatitis tests is to screen for and diagnose hepatitis, evaluate the liver, and to determine the underlying cause of hepatitis: […] Hepatitis testing is typically ordered by a doctor in order to screen patients for hepatitis, to evaluate liver damage, or when there are signs or symptoms consistent with hepatitis. […] Hepatitis testing often begins with preliminary tests to evaluate the liver and detect evidence of hepatitis. Depending on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and the results of a physical exam, a patient’s doctor may order individual tests or broad test panels such as a comprehensive metabolic panel and a liver panel. These tests may be used to evaluate the liver, detect evidence of hepatitis, and begin to narrow down the underlying cause of a patient’s condition.

• #34 Viral Hepatitis Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/viral_hepatitis/article.htm

  Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, most often is caused by hepatitis A, B, and C viruses. […] The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. […] How is viral hepatitis diagnosed? […] Diagnosis of viral hepatitis is based on symptoms and physical findings as well as blood tests for liver enzymes, viral antibodies, and viral genetic materials. […] Diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis often is easy, but the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis can be difficult. […] There are three types of blood tests for evaluating patients with hepatitis: liver enzymes, antibodies to the hepatitis viruses, and viral proteins or genetic material (viral DNA or RNA). […] Among the most sensitive and widely used blood tests for evaluating patients with hepatitis are liver enzymes, called aminotransferases.

• #35 Hepatitis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/hepatitis-testing/

  Tests used to diagnose, evaluate, and guide treatment for viral hepatitis may be performed individually when a person has a known or suspected exposure to a specific type of viral hepatitis. In patients without a known or expected exposure, tests may be performed together as part of an acute viral hepatitis panel. An acute viral hepatitis panel detects evidence of the three most common types of hepatitis in the United States: hepatitis A, B, and C. […] Hepatitis testing may also be recommended for patients who have symptoms of liver damage or abnormal liver function tests. Many patients experience few or no symptoms of acute hepatitis. When symptoms do occur, they may include: […] There are many tests used to screen for, diagnose, and evaluate hepatitis. Multiple tests are often necessary to understand a patient’s condition.

• #36 Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/4/382

  Autoimmune hepatitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition of the liver of undetermined cause that affects both sexes, all ages, races, and ethnicities. The diagnosis is based on histological abnormalities (interface hepatitis), characteristic clinical and laboratory findings (increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and serum IgG concentration), and the presence of one or more characteristic autoantibodies. […] An adequate and timely diagnosis allows an early start of immunosuppression, thus preventing the progression of liver injury. […] The diagnosis of AIH remains to this day a challenging task, considering the heterogenous clinical manifestation and broad age of presentation. […] The diagnosis of AIH can be established when characteristic histologic abnormalities (interface hepatitis), clinical and laboratory findings (elevated AST, ALT, and serum IgG) are present, along with one or more circulating antibodies.

• #37 Hepatitis Testing – Testing.com

  https://www.testing.com/hepatitis-testing/

  If a non-infectious cause of hepatitis is suspected, a doctor may recommend other tests. Tests related to non-infectious hepatitis include: […] Additional tests involved in diagnosing hepatitis and evaluating liver damage include a liver biopsy and imaging tests. A liver biopsy involves using a needle to remove a small amount of liver tissue to examine under a microscope for evidence of liver damage or disease. Imaging tests that may be used include ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, or x-rays.

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