Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Hepatitis A infection is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) Humans are the only known reservoir. HAV infection is usually a self-limited illness that does not become chronic. Fulminant hepatic failure occurs in less than 1 percent of cases. Infection confers lifelong immunity and is preventable via vaccination. […] Acute HAV infection in adults is usually a self-limited illness; fulminant hepatic failure occurs in fewer than 1 percent of cases. The incubation period of hepatitis A infection averages 28 days (range 15 to 50 days). […] Symptoms and signs begin with abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise, and abdominal pain. Within a few days to a week, dark urine (bilirubinuria) appears; pale stools (lacking bilirubin pigment) may also be observed. These are followed by jaundice and pruritus (40 to 70 percent of cases). The early signs and symptoms usually diminish when jaundice appears, and jaundice typically peaks within two weeks.

• #1 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/

  Typical symptoms of acute infection include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, malaise, poor appetite, and fever; management is with supportive care. […] The most prevalent symptoms include jaundice, observed in 40% to 80% of cases, and dark urine, reported by 68% to 94% of patients. Fatigue affects 52% to 91% of individuals, while loss of appetite or anorexia is noted in 42% to 90% of cases during the prodromal phase. Abdominal pain or discomfort is experienced by a third during the various stages. […] The acute illness typically resolves within 2 months, with a median duration of 2 weeks. […] The clinical manifestations and outcomes of HAV infection exhibit significant age-dependent variations. In adults, symptomatic acute hepatitis A occurs in more than 70% of cases, with 3% to 20% experiencing relapsing or prolonged hepatitis. ALF is rare, with less than 1% of adult cases, but when it does occur, approximately 30% may require liver transplantation. In contrast, children demonstrate a markedly different clinical profile, with fewer than 30% exhibiting symptomatic acute hepatitis A.

• #1 Hepatitis A – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/hepatitis/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is caused by an enterically transmitted RNA virus that, in older children and adults, causes typical symptoms of viral hepatitis, including anorexia, malaise, and jaundice. Young children may be asymptomatic. […] In children 6 years old, 70% of hepatitis A infections are asymptomatic, and in children with symptoms, jaundice is rare. In contrast, most older children and adults have typical manifestations of viral hepatitis, including anorexia, malaise, fever, nausea, and vomiting; jaundice occurs in over 70%. […] Manifestations typically resolve after about 2 months, but in some patients, symptoms continue or recur for up to 6 months. Some patients have prolonged cholestasis (cholestatic hepatitis) due to hepatitis A; cholestatic hepatitis is characterized by marked jaundice with pruritus, continued fever, weight loss, diarrhea, and malaise. […] Recovery from acute hepatitis A is usually complete. Fulminant hepatitis rarely occurs. […] Fulminant hepatitis is rare, and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer do not occur.

• #1 Viral Hepatitis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis

  Hepatitis symptoms are caused by liver inflammation, which can lead to jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other symptoms include stomach pain, nausea, and a darker urine color. […] Hepatitis symptoms include: Stomach pain, Jaundice, Pale or grey stool, Dark urine, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Fever, Joint pain, Vomiting. […] The first phase of hepatitis is marked by a feeling of malaise and fatigue, and may be accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. It could also entail joint or muscle pain. […] The icteric phase of viral hepatitis involves jaundice, urine turning dark, or eyes turning yellow. This phase may last several days to a few weeks. […] The convalescence phase of hepatitis involves malaise and fatigue that can last for weeks or months, but symptoms from the icteric or prodromal phases typically go away at this stage.

• #1 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A infections are usually short-term illnesses. They cause mild symptoms. But you can spread hepatitis A even before you have symptoms. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A may include: Diarrhea. Fatigue and weakness. Fever. Pruritus (itchy skin). Joint pain. Light-colored poop and dark-colored pee. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Stomach pain, especially in the upper left part of your stomach. Yellow-colored skin, whites of eyes (sclera) and mucous membranes from jaundice. […] Hepatitis A symptoms typically develop about two to seven weeks after exposure. But the virus doesn’t always cause symptoms. For example, children aged 6 and younger can have the virus without having symptoms. […] Hepatitis A symptoms last as long as it takes for your immune system to defeat the virus. Symptoms typically go away within two months. But some people may have symptoms for six months or more. Sometimes, symptoms go away but come back.

• #1 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A doesn’t require treatment to cure it. It goes away on its own. But it may be weeks or a few months before you feel better. […] Hepatitis A isn’t a life-threatening illness. But its symptoms can last for several weeks or even months. If you have hepatitis A, you may feel sick and tired of being sick (and tired).

• #1 Symptoms of Hepatitis A – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/hepatitis-a-symptoms/

  Around 10% to 15% of people who develop hepatitis A symptoms will experience long-term illness, which can last for up to six months. In these cases the symptoms of hepatitis A may come and go as your body fights off the virus, rather than the symptoms always being present. […] Fortunately, hepatitis A is not a chronic (lifelong) infection. This means that the virus will eventually clear from the body as your immune system fights it off, and it will not return after you have beaten it. In fact, after being infected with hepatitis A and successfully fighting the virus off, you will develop a lifelong immunity to future hepatitis A infections. […] Hepatitis A doesn’t normally cause any serious health complications, and most people will make a full recovery without suffering any long-term effects. However, in some rare cases, Hepatitis A can prevent the liver from functioning properly and cause liver failure. This is very rare, and affects less than 1 in 250 people who are infected with hepatitis A.

• #1 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Fulminant hepatic failure refers to the development of severe acute liver injury with encephalopathy and impaired synthetic function. It occurs most commonly in individuals >50 years of age and individuals with other liver diseases such as hepatitis B or C. […] Complications of acute hepatitis A infection include cholestatic hepatitis, relapsing hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. […] Prolonged cholestasis is characterized by a protracted period of jaundice (lasting >3 months); it occurs among fewer than 5 percent of patients with acute hepatitis A infection. […] Up to 10 percent of patients experience a relapse of symptoms during the six months after acute illness. The duration of clinical relapse is generally less than three weeks, although biochemical relapse may last as long as 12 months. […] Rarely, HAV infection may serve as a trigger for development of autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible individuals.

• #1 Hepatitis A | HAV | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitisa.html

  Not everyone with hepatitis A has symptoms. Adults are more likely to have symptoms than children. If you do have symptoms, they usually start 2 to 7 weeks after infection. They can include: […] The symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. […] You are at a higher risk of getting a more severe infection from hepatitis A if you also have HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C. […] In rare cases, hepatitis A may lead to liver failure. This is more common in adults over age 50 and in people who have another liver disease.

• #1 Symptoms of Hepatitis A – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/hepatitis-a-symptoms/

  Signs of liver failure include: random bleeding, such as nosebleeds and bleeding gums, bruising easily, confusion and irritability, struggling to remember or concentrate on things, extreme tiredness, yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice) gets worse, severe vomiting. […] Currently there is no cure for the hepatitis A virus, so treatment for hepatitis A is focused on supporting the body and treating the symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection. […] Living with hepatitis A can cause discomfort, but there are some things that you can do to help relieve the symptoms of hepatitis A. […] Get plenty of bed rest – hepatitis A can leave you feeling tired and rundown with flu-like symptoms as your body fights off the virus. […] Stay hydrated – hepatitis A can lead to dehydration if you are sweating, vomiting, and have diarrhoea, so it is important to replenish those lost fluids and drink enough water.

• #1 Hepatitis A In Children | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/hepatitis-a/

  Symptoms can occur 15 to 50 days after someone is exposed to the virus. Younger children frequently have only mild flu-like symptoms, while older children and adults usually become sicker. […] Common symptoms of hepatitis A include: Nausea, Fatigue, Stomach pain, Diarrhea, Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). […] Most patients completely recover from hepatitis A within four to six weeks without any long-term complications. There is no medicine that directly treats hepatitis A, but in a minority of children, the infection can be very severe and result in major damage to the liver. Therefore, a liver specialist at Children’s Colorado may need to admit a child with severe hepatitis A to the hospital in order to provide supportive care for the liver. In addition, the liver specialist will see the patient in clinic to ensure that the liver heals.

• #1 Hepatitis A (Hep A): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-a

  If you have this infection, the virus is causing inflammation in your liver. Some people, especially many children, dont have symptoms. Others might have: […] These problems tend to go away after about 2 months but might keep coming back for up to 6 months. […] You can spread the hepatitis A virus even if you feel fine. You can also spread it about 2 weeks before your symptoms appear and during the first week after they show up.

• #1 Hepatitis A – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis+a+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Symptoms include: abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea (and sometimes vomiting), fever and chills, mild headache, tiredness, yellow skin and/or eyes (jaundice – see image), dark urine and pale faeces. […] Adults and older children are more likely to have symptoms lasting 1 to 2 weeks, or in severe cases, up to several months. […] Young children may have few or no symptoms. […] Most people recover fully and subsequently will have life-long immunity. Death from hepatitis A is rare. […] Generally 28 days, with a range of 15 to 50 days. […] A person is considered infectious from: 2 weeks prior to the onset of illness to 2 weeks after the onset of illness, or, 1 week after the onset of jaundice if it occurs.

• #1 Hepatitis A Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver from the hepatitis A virus. […] Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults. […] Symptoms include: Dark urine, Fatigue, Itching, Loss of appetite, Low-grade fever, Nausea and vomiting, Pale or clay-colored stools, Yellow skin (jaundice). […] Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you’ve recovered. Also, you can’t get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease.

• #1 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/

  Despite these age-related differences, the overall prognosis remains favorable for both groups with appropriate supportive care. Most patients recover without significant medical intervention, although severe outcomes such as ALF and the need for liver transplantation are slightly more prevalent in adults. […] These age-dependent clinical patterns highlight the generally milder course of HAV infection in pediatric populations and emphasize the importance of age as a factor in predicting disease progression and outcomes.

• #2 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/

  Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a globally significant public health issue, particularly prevalent in developing countries where sanitation practices may be inadequate. The virus primarily spreads through the oral-fecal route, causing acute hepatitis that can range from mild to severe, though it does not lead to chronic liver disease. Clinical manifestations of HAV vary widely, from asymptomatic cases to more severe presentations such as jaundice, cholestatic hepatitis, and, in rare cases, fulminant hepatitis. The incubation period is typically around 28 days, after which symptoms like jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue may appear. Most infections are self-limiting, but severe cases can result in acute liver failure, especially in older adults or those with preexisting liver conditions.

• #2 Hepatitis A Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.mn.gov/diseases/hepatitis/a/hcp/hepaclin.html

  The clinical course of hepatitis A varies greatly. Symptoms (listed below) typically have an abrupt onset. The likelihood of having symptoms with hepatitis A infection is related to a person’s age. In children less than 6 years of age, most (70 percent) hepatitis A infections are asymptomatic. Among older children and adults, infection is usually symptomatic, with jaundice occurring in more than 70 percent of cases. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A include acute onset of any of the following: fatigue, anorexia, nausea with or without vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, headache, diarrhea, or jaundice. […] The incubation period for hepatitis A is usually 4 to 6 weeks (28 to 42 days) after exposure but can range from 2 to 7 weeks (15 to 50 days). […] Persons exposed more than 2 weeks ago may develop symptoms within the next few weeks, regardless of whether they received treatment for a more recent exposure. The incubation period for hepatitis A is generally about one month but may be 2 to 7 weeks.

• #2 Hepatitis A | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p368.html

  Hepatitis A is a common viral infection worldwide that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Classic symptoms include fever, malaise, dark urine, and jaundice and are more common in older children and adults. People are most infectious 14 days before and seven days after the development of jaundice. An incubation phase of approximately 30 days (range = 15 to 50) is followed by the development of infectious symptoms in most adults and children six years and older. Approximately 70% of children younger than six years remain asymptomatic. Patients often initially experience nonspecific flulike symptoms of fever, malaise, nausea with vomiting, and abdominal pain that may progress to the classic findings of dark urine and jaundice in 70% of adults and older children. Hepatomegaly and jaundice are the most common examination findings, occurring in 78% and 40% to 80% of patients, respectively. Patients with hepatitis A are most likely to spread the disease in the 14 days before jaundice develops, corresponding with the highest level of the virus in the stool. Most cases of acute hepatitis A are self-limited. However, approximately 10% to 15% of patients may take up to six months to fully recover or may have recurrent symptoms during this time frame. Occurring in less than 1% of patients, acute liver failure is more likely in patients who are older than 40 years at the time of infection and in those with underlying liver disease. Rare but serious extrahepatic manifestations have been reported, including acute renal failure, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barr syndrome, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, reactive arthritis, anemia, and pleural or pericardial effusion. Pregnant patients who develop hepatitis A are at increased risk of complications such as preterm contractions, placental separation, and premature rupture of membranes, increasing the likelihood of preterm labor and delivery.

• #2 Hepatitis A : Symptoms, Causes, Stages & Treatment – Homage Malaysia

  https://www.homage.com.my/health/hepatitis-a/

  For hepatitis A, there are three stages (this consists of a breakdown of common symptoms by phases). Stage 1: Prodromal Phase. Otherwise known as the early stage in the disease progression, symptoms may range from fever, joint pain or arthritis, rashes or oedema (swelling). Stage 2: Preicteric Phase. In the next stage, the following symptoms may manifest: Fatigue, Myalgia (muscle pain), Anorexia, The sensation of nausea and/or vomiting, Fever, Cough, Pain in the abdomen and/or diarrhoea, Dark urine and light stool colour. Stage 3: Icteric Phase. In this stage, jaundice develops. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting may worsen in severity. Skin itchiness may develop, while other symptoms may subside, however. […] After the three stages, the individual would enter the convalescent phase (the stage of recovery).

• #2 Hepatitis A | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a cause of acute liver inflammation or hepatitis. It can cause relapsing signs and symptoms but not a chronic infection. The clinical manifestations of HAV infection are widely variable, depending on the host response. They range from silent infection and spontaneous resolution to fulminant hepatic failure. The incubation period of HAV ranges from 15-49 days (mean, 25 days). The prodromal phase is characterized by nonspecific symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and, less commonly, fever. Jaundice begins within 1-2 weeks from the onset of the prodrome. It occurs in 70% of adults infected with HAV, with or without pruritus, and in a far smaller proportion of children. The course of hepatitis A infection is benign in most of those infected. It is occasionally severe, or fulminant, in adults, particularly in those with chronic liver disease. Jaundice usually resolves in less than 2 weeks, and full recovery usually occurs in 2 months. The illness occasionally persists for several weeks or months, but it never leads to a chronic infection, chronic hepatitis, or cirrhosis. A chronic relapsing hepatitis has been noted to last for as long as 1 year. Hepatitis A can cause a cholestatic hepatitis that usually responds to a short course of prednisolone, 30 mg daily. […] In rare cases, infection is complicated by fulminant disease, and fatalities occur.

• #2 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, What It Is, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21198-hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A infections are usually short-term illnesses. They cause mild symptoms. But you can spread hepatitis A even before you have symptoms. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A may include: Diarrhea. Fatigue and weakness. Fever. Pruritus (itchy skin). Joint pain. Light-colored poop and dark-colored pee. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Stomach pain, especially in the upper left part of your stomach. Yellow-colored skin, whites of eyes (sclera) and mucous membranes from jaundice. […] Hepatitis A symptoms typically develop about two to seven weeks after exposure. But the virus doesn’t always cause symptoms. For example, children aged 6 and younger can have the virus without having symptoms. […] Hepatitis A symptoms last as long as it takes for your immune system to defeat the virus. Symptoms typically go away within two months. But some people may have symptoms for six months or more. Sometimes, symptoms go away but come back.

• #2 Viral Hepatitis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis

  Hepatitis symptoms are caused by liver inflammation, which can lead to jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other symptoms include stomach pain, nausea, and a darker urine color. […] Hepatitis symptoms include: Stomach pain, Jaundice, Pale or grey stool, Dark urine, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Fever, Joint pain, Vomiting. […] The first phase of hepatitis is marked by a feeling of malaise and fatigue, and may be accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. It could also entail joint or muscle pain. […] The icteric phase of viral hepatitis involves jaundice, urine turning dark, or eyes turning yellow. This phase may last several days to a few weeks. […] The convalescence phase of hepatitis involves malaise and fatigue that can last for weeks or months, but symptoms from the icteric or prodromal phases typically go away at this stage.

• #2 Hepatitis A Symptoms: Plus Pictures, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hep-a-symptoms

  Hepatitis A symptoms usually begin 24 weeks after you contract the virus. Symptoms may be mild or severe and can include fever, diarrhea, and jaundice. […] One of the most common symptoms is jaundice, a yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes. Jaundice happens as a result of buildup of a substance called bilirubin. […] According to the World Health Organization, hepatitis A symptoms usually develop 24 weeks after you contract the virus. In rare cases, symptoms might not develop for up to 50 days. […] Early symptoms of hepatitis A can include: upper right abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, malaise, weight loss, muscle pain, fatigue, fever. […] Within 1 week of the start of those symptoms, you may also develop: dark urine, pale stools, jaundice, itchy skin, elevated blood levels of: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

• #2 Hepatitis A – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A causes typical symptoms of viral hepatitis (including loss of appetite, a general feeling of illness, and jaundice) in older children and adults but may cause no symptoms in young children. […] Most older children and adults with hepatitis A have typical symptoms of acute hepatitis. These symptoms include Loss of appetite, A general feeling of illness (malaise), Vomiting, Pain in the upper right part of the abdomen (where the liver is located), Dark-colored urine, Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes) in about 70%, Pruritis. […] About 70% of children under 6 years old have no symptoms, and those that have symptoms rarely have jaundice. […] Symptoms usually disappear after about 2 months but may continue or recur for up to 6 months. […] Hepatitis A does not cause severe scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Hepatitis A rarely becomes severe (fulminant). Such cases are rarer than with hepatitis B. […] Recovery from the acute hepatitis A is usually complete.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Most people who get hepatitis A have a mild, short-term illness. […] Adults are more likely than children to have symptoms. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A can be different for different people. If you do have symptoms, they can appear anytime between 27 weeks after exposure. While some people can feel sick for as long as 6 months, most symptoms are gone within 2 months. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A can include: Dark urine or clay-colored stools, Diarrhea, Feeling tired, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). […] However, adults with hepatitis A are more likely than children to have symptoms.

• #2 Hepatitis A | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hepatitis-a.html

  Hepatitis A symptoms can look like flu symptoms. Each person’s symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: Fever, Chills, Joint pain, Extreme tiredness (fatigue), Overall feeling of weakness, Loss of appetite, Upset stomach or nausea, Vomiting, Belly (abdominal) pain, Dark urine, Clay-colored stools, Yellowish skin and eyes (jaundice), Diarrhea, Rash. […] Some adults have no symptoms. Most children have no symptoms, especially children younger than 6 years old. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to a few months. Follow your healthcare provider’s advice on how to treat and manage hepatitis A.

• #2 Hepatitis A Basics | Hepatitis A | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html

  Not everyone with hepatitis A has symptoms. Adults are more likely to have symptoms than children. If symptoms develop, they usually appear 2-7 weeks after exposure. Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can feel sick for as long as 6 months. […] Symptoms can include: Dark urine or clay-colored stools, Diarrhea, Feeling tired, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). […] People who get hepatitis A may feel sick for a few weeks or several months but usually recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage.

• #2 Hepatitis A – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A

  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine, jaundice, fever, abdominal pain. […] When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain. […] Around 10-15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six months after the initial infection. […] Acute liver failure may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly. […] Early symptoms of hepatitis A infection can be mistaken for influenza, but some people, especially children, exhibit no symptoms at all. […] Symptoms typically appear two to six weeks (the incubation period) after the initial infection. […] The risk for symptomatic infection is directly related to age, with more than 80% of adults having symptoms compatible with acute viral hepatitis and the majority of children having either asymptomatic or unrecognized infections. […] Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. […] Young children who are infected with hepatitis A typically have a milder form of the disease, usually lasting 1-3 weeks, whereas adults tend to experience a much more severe form of the disease.

• #2 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/

  Despite these age-related differences, the overall prognosis remains favorable for both groups with appropriate supportive care. Most patients recover without significant medical intervention, although severe outcomes such as ALF and the need for liver transplantation are slightly more prevalent in adults. […] These age-dependent clinical patterns highlight the generally milder course of HAV infection in pediatric populations and emphasize the importance of age as a factor in predicting disease progression and outcomes.

• #2 Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Fulminant hepatic failure refers to the development of severe acute liver injury with encephalopathy and impaired synthetic function. It occurs most commonly in individuals >50 years of age and individuals with other liver diseases such as hepatitis B or C. […] Complications of acute hepatitis A infection include cholestatic hepatitis, relapsing hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. […] Prolonged cholestasis is characterized by a protracted period of jaundice (lasting >3 months); it occurs among fewer than 5 percent of patients with acute hepatitis A infection. […] Up to 10 percent of patients experience a relapse of symptoms during the six months after acute illness. The duration of clinical relapse is generally less than three weeks, although biochemical relapse may last as long as 12 months. […] Rarely, HAV infection may serve as a trigger for development of autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible individuals.

• #2 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-a

  There’s no formal cure for hepatitis A. Because it’s a short-term viral infection that goes away on its own, treatment is typically focused on reducing your symptoms. After a few weeks of rest, the symptoms of hepatitis A usually begin to improve. With rest, your body will most likely recover completely from hepatitis A in a matter of weeks or a few months. Usually, there are no negative long-term consequences of having the virus. […] In extremely rare cases, hepatitis A can lead to acute liver failure. This complication is most common in older adults and people who already have chronic liver disease. If this occurs, you’ll be hospitalized. Even in cases of liver failure, a full recovery is likely. Very rarely is a liver transplant required. After contracting hepatitis A, your body builds immunity to the disease. A healthy immune system will prevent the disease from developing if you’re exposed to the virus again.

• #2 Hepatitis A – Devon Sexual Health

  https://www.devonsexualhealth.nhs.uk/stis/hepatitis-a/

  Hepatitis A symptoms vary a lot, from feeling nothing to being very unwell. Some people will experience symptoms around 4 weeks after infection such as: High temperature, Flu-like symptoms, Tiredness, Loss of appetite, Tummy (abdominal) pains, Sickness (nausea), Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), Dark urine and pale faeces (poo), Itchy skin. […] Symptoms of Hepatitis A can come and go for up to a year in around 15% of people. Less than 1% of people (less than 1 in 100) are admitted to hospital with severe liver disease – however this can be fatal. […] Signs of severe disease are: Sudden and severe vomiting, Bruising and bleeding easily, Problems with memory and concentration, Drowsiness and confusion.

• #2 What Is Hepatitis A (Hep A)? Vaccine, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hepatitis_a/article_em.htm

  Hepatitis A symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own; most patients fully recover in 3-6 months. Rarely will patients develop complications such as relapsing hepatitis or liver failure. Death from hepatitis A is rare. The elderly, the very young, and people with advanced chronic liver diseases such as from hepatitis C are at greatest risk for complications such as liver failure or fulminant hepatitis (rapid developing and life-threatening liver failure) from hepatitis A.

• #2 Hepatitis A | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/h/hepatitis-a

  Symptoms include flu-like symptoms and yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice). Some people have no symptoms at all and serious problems are very rare. […] Hepatitis A can cause temporary swelling of your liver, but it rarely causes lasting damage. It usually gets better on its own after several weeks. Infants and children usually get no symptoms at all. The older you are, the more severe the symptoms of hepatitis A tend to be, and the illness can be more serious in people with chronic liver disease or with weakened immune systems (also called immuno-compromised). […] Symptoms can appear from 2 to 7 weeks after you’ve come into contact with the hepatitis A virus and usually only last 1 to 2 weeks. Sometimes, in more severe cases, it can last weeks to months. In very rare cases, it can be life threatening. […] You are infectious (can pass infection on to someone else) for 2 weeks before you show any symptoms and for 1 week after you develop jaundice (yellowing of your skin and eyes).

• #2

  https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A – Symptoms […] Some infected patients may not suffer any illness, especially children. Symptoms and signs of Hepatitis A include: […] Fever […] Loss of appetite and vomiting […] Abdominal discomfort […] Dark urine, yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice) […] Tiredness […] Most people recover in under 2 months, but in a few, the illness may persist up to 6 months. Some patients may experience a symptomatic relapse 2 – 3 months after the initial illness. […] Hepatitis A is a self-limiting disease. However, in less than 1% of patients, largely in the elderly, the disease may progress to acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis) and death. Unlike Hepatitis B and C, long term complications do not occur with the hepatitis A.

• #3 Hepatitis A Clinical Information – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.mn.gov/diseases/hepatitis/a/hcp/hepaclin.html

  The clinical course of hepatitis A varies greatly. Symptoms (listed below) typically have an abrupt onset. The likelihood of having symptoms with hepatitis A infection is related to a person’s age. In children less than 6 years of age, most (70 percent) hepatitis A infections are asymptomatic. Among older children and adults, infection is usually symptomatic, with jaundice occurring in more than 70 percent of cases. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A include acute onset of any of the following: fatigue, anorexia, nausea with or without vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, headache, diarrhea, or jaundice. […] The incubation period for hepatitis A is usually 4 to 6 weeks (28 to 42 days) after exposure but can range from 2 to 7 weeks (15 to 50 days). […] Persons exposed more than 2 weeks ago may develop symptoms within the next few weeks, regardless of whether they received treatment for a more recent exposure. The incubation period for hepatitis A is generally about one month but may be 2 to 7 weeks.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a

  Symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes and skin). Not everyone who is infected will have all the symptoms. […] Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of disease and fatal outcomes are higher in older age groups. Infected children under 6 years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Hepatitis A sometimes relapses, meaning the person who just recovered falls sick again with another acute episode. This is normally followed by recovery. […] The incubation period of hepatitis A is usually 14-28 days. […] Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause mild to severe symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal.

• #3 Hepatitis A – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A

  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine, jaundice, fever, abdominal pain. […] When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain. […] Around 10-15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six months after the initial infection. […] Acute liver failure may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly. […] Early symptoms of hepatitis A infection can be mistaken for influenza, but some people, especially children, exhibit no symptoms at all. […] Symptoms typically appear two to six weeks (the incubation period) after the initial infection. […] The risk for symptomatic infection is directly related to age, with more than 80% of adults having symptoms compatible with acute viral hepatitis and the majority of children having either asymptomatic or unrecognized infections. […] Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months. […] Young children who are infected with hepatitis A typically have a milder form of the disease, usually lasting 1-3 weeks, whereas adults tend to experience a much more severe form of the disease.

• #3 Hepatitis A – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hepatitis-a/

  HAV infection can cause acute viral hepatitis, which initially manifests with prodromal symptoms (fever and malaise), followed by jaundice. […] While prodromal symptoms typically resolve within a few weeks, jaundice may persist for 13 months. […] HAV infection in children is typically asymptomatic. The risk of symptomatic disease increases with age and coinfection (e.g., with hepatitis B). […] Prodromal phase: 12 weeks […] Fever, malaise […] Icteric phase: 2 weeks […] Jaundice […] The mortality rate is 0.10.3% because few patients progress to acute liver failure. […] Individuals affected with hepatitis A (unlike with hepatitis B and hepatitis C) do not become carriers nor do they develop chronic hepatitis.

• #3 Viral Hepatitis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis

  Hepatitis symptoms are caused by liver inflammation, which can lead to jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other symptoms include stomach pain, nausea, and a darker urine color. […] Hepatitis symptoms include: Stomach pain, Jaundice, Pale or grey stool, Dark urine, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Fever, Joint pain, Vomiting. […] The first phase of hepatitis is marked by a feeling of malaise and fatigue, and may be accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. It could also entail joint or muscle pain. […] The icteric phase of viral hepatitis involves jaundice, urine turning dark, or eyes turning yellow. This phase may last several days to a few weeks. […] The convalescence phase of hepatitis involves malaise and fatigue that can last for weeks or months, but symptoms from the icteric or prodromal phases typically go away at this stage.

• #3 Hepatitis A : Symptoms, Causes, Stages & Treatment – Homage Malaysia

  https://www.homage.com.my/health/hepatitis-a/

  For hepatitis A, there are three stages (this consists of a breakdown of common symptoms by phases). Stage 1: Prodromal Phase. Otherwise known as the early stage in the disease progression, symptoms may range from fever, joint pain or arthritis, rashes or oedema (swelling). Stage 2: Preicteric Phase. In the next stage, the following symptoms may manifest: Fatigue, Myalgia (muscle pain), Anorexia, The sensation of nausea and/or vomiting, Fever, Cough, Pain in the abdomen and/or diarrhoea, Dark urine and light stool colour. Stage 3: Icteric Phase. In this stage, jaundice develops. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting may worsen in severity. Skin itchiness may develop, while other symptoms may subside, however. […] After the three stages, the individual would enter the convalescent phase (the stage of recovery).

• #3 Hepatitis A – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/

  Typical symptoms of acute infection include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, malaise, poor appetite, and fever; management is with supportive care. […] The most prevalent symptoms include jaundice, observed in 40% to 80% of cases, and dark urine, reported by 68% to 94% of patients. Fatigue affects 52% to 91% of individuals, while loss of appetite or anorexia is noted in 42% to 90% of cases during the prodromal phase. Abdominal pain or discomfort is experienced by a third during the various stages. […] The acute illness typically resolves within 2 months, with a median duration of 2 weeks. […] The clinical manifestations and outcomes of HAV infection exhibit significant age-dependent variations. In adults, symptomatic acute hepatitis A occurs in more than 70% of cases, with 3% to 20% experiencing relapsing or prolonged hepatitis. ALF is rare, with less than 1% of adult cases, but when it does occur, approximately 30% may require liver transplantation. In contrast, children demonstrate a markedly different clinical profile, with fewer than 30% exhibiting symptomatic acute hepatitis A.

• #3 Hepatitis A: Learn to Spot Hep A Symptoms

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/hep-a-symptoms/

  Dark urine, jaundice, and fever are telltale signs and symptoms of hepatitis A. […] Symptoms usually get better within two months for most people but can persist as long as six months for some. […] Symptoms usually appear between two and seven weeks after you’re exposed to the virus. […] Hepatitis A symptoms most often arise from liver inflammation, but sometimes there are symptoms in other organs, too. […] If your liver is fighting off hepatitis A, it can’t effectively do its regular job in the body, which includes producing bile to process waste, distributing fats through the body, and clearing toxins from your bloodstream. […] As a result, hepatitis A can lead to the following symptoms: Dark Urine The liver produces a chemical called bilirubin. If the liver is damaged, bilirubin can leak into the bloodstream; it is then excreted into urine. As a result, your urine may appear dark orange or even brown.

• #3 Hepatitis A Symptoms – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/symptoms-hepatitis-a

  Not everyone who contracts hepatitis A virus (HAV) will experience noticeable symptoms. For example, many babies and young children with HAV do not experience any symptoms of infection. Symptoms are much more likely to occur in older children, adolescents and adults. […] Symptoms of hepatitis A (and acute hepatitis in general) can include: Yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes and under the fingernails (jaundice) […] Feeling tired and rundown (fatigue) […] Pain in the upper-right abdomen […] Loss of appetite […] Weight loss […] Fever […] Nausea […] Diarrhea […] Vomiting […] Dark urine and/or pale stool […] Joint pain. […] If symptoms occur, they usually do so within two to four weeks after being infected. The symptoms of hepatitis A can last anywhere from a week to more than a month. About 15 percent of people with hepatitis A experience symptoms that last between six to nine months. About one out of 100 people infected with HAV may experience a quick and severe (fulminant) infection that, very rarely, can lead to liver failure and death.

• #3 Hepatitis A Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver from the hepatitis A virus. […] Symptoms most often show up 2 to 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are most often mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults. […] Symptoms include: Dark urine, Fatigue, Itching, Loss of appetite, Low-grade fever, Nausea and vomiting, Pale or clay-colored stools, Yellow skin (jaundice). […] Most people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all people get better within 6 months. There is no lasting damage once you’ve recovered. Also, you can’t get the disease again. There is a low risk for death. The risk is higher among older adults and people with chronic liver disease.

• #3 Hepatitis A | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p368.html

  Hepatitis A is a common viral infection worldwide that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Classic symptoms include fever, malaise, dark urine, and jaundice and are more common in older children and adults. People are most infectious 14 days before and seven days after the development of jaundice. An incubation phase of approximately 30 days (range = 15 to 50) is followed by the development of infectious symptoms in most adults and children six years and older. Approximately 70% of children younger than six years remain asymptomatic. Patients often initially experience nonspecific flulike symptoms of fever, malaise, nausea with vomiting, and abdominal pain that may progress to the classic findings of dark urine and jaundice in 70% of adults and older children. Hepatomegaly and jaundice are the most common examination findings, occurring in 78% and 40% to 80% of patients, respectively. Patients with hepatitis A are most likely to spread the disease in the 14 days before jaundice develops, corresponding with the highest level of the virus in the stool. Most cases of acute hepatitis A are self-limited. However, approximately 10% to 15% of patients may take up to six months to fully recover or may have recurrent symptoms during this time frame. Occurring in less than 1% of patients, acute liver failure is more likely in patients who are older than 40 years at the time of infection and in those with underlying liver disease. Rare but serious extrahepatic manifestations have been reported, including acute renal failure, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barr syndrome, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, reactive arthritis, anemia, and pleural or pericardial effusion. Pregnant patients who develop hepatitis A are at increased risk of complications such as preterm contractions, placental separation, and premature rupture of membranes, increasing the likelihood of preterm labor and delivery.

• #3 Hepatitis A Symptoms: Plus Pictures, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hep-a-symptoms

  Symptoms can vary significantly in severity. They tend to be worse in older adults and people with underlying health conditions, particularly chronic liver disease. The severity of symptoms is strongly related to increasing age. […] Symptoms usually go away after less than 2 months, but in some people they can last up to 6 months. Symptom severity usually peaks 710 days after the start of jaundice. […] Fulminant hepatitis is a severe liver condition that can be life threatening. It develops in less than 1% of adults with hepatitis A. […] Hepatitis A symptoms can range from mild to severe. Adults are more likely than children to develop symptoms, which can include jaundice, itchy skin, and flu-like symptoms. […] The symptoms will fully resolve for most people, but a small percentage of people develop severe disease that can be life threatening.

• #3

  https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/hepatitis-a

  Hepatitis A – Symptoms […] Some infected patients may not suffer any illness, especially children. Symptoms and signs of Hepatitis A include: […] Fever […] Loss of appetite and vomiting […] Abdominal discomfort […] Dark urine, yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice) […] Tiredness […] Most people recover in under 2 months, but in a few, the illness may persist up to 6 months. Some patients may experience a symptomatic relapse 2 – 3 months after the initial illness. […] Hepatitis A is a self-limiting disease. However, in less than 1% of patients, largely in the elderly, the disease may progress to acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis) and death. Unlike Hepatitis B and C, long term complications do not occur with the hepatitis A.

• #3 Hepatitis A Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_a/fact_sheet.htm

  Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease that results from infection with the hepatitis A virus. It can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe illness lasting several months. Sometimes hepatitis A can cause liver failure and death, although this is rare and occurs more commonly in people older than 50 and people who have other liver diseases. […] Not everyone infected with the virus has symptoms. If symptoms develop, they usually appear two (2) to six (6) weeks after exposure to the virus and can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea (a feeling of sickness in the stomach), vomiting, stomach pain, grey colored feces (stool), dark urine, joint pain, or jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes). Symptoms are more likely to occur in adults than in children. They usually last less than two (2) months, although some people can be ill for as long as six (6) months. Most people who get hepatitis A recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage. […] The contagious period begins one to two weeks before symptoms appear, and is minimal about one week after the onset of jaundice.

• #3 Hepatitis A | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/h/hepatitis-a

  Symptoms include flu-like symptoms and yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice). Some people have no symptoms at all and serious problems are very rare. […] Hepatitis A can cause temporary swelling of your liver, but it rarely causes lasting damage. It usually gets better on its own after several weeks. Infants and children usually get no symptoms at all. The older you are, the more severe the symptoms of hepatitis A tend to be, and the illness can be more serious in people with chronic liver disease or with weakened immune systems (also called immuno-compromised). […] Symptoms can appear from 2 to 7 weeks after you’ve come into contact with the hepatitis A virus and usually only last 1 to 2 weeks. Sometimes, in more severe cases, it can last weeks to months. In very rare cases, it can be life threatening. […] You are infectious (can pass infection on to someone else) for 2 weeks before you show any symptoms and for 1 week after you develop jaundice (yellowing of your skin and eyes).

• #3 Hepatitis A Symptoms | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/infectious-disease/hepatitis-a/symptoms

  Symptoms usually develop two to six weeks after you are exposed to the hepatitis A virus. Symptoms can last a few weeks up to six months in people with weakened immune systems. […] Symptoms can include: Dark urine, Stools that are gray or lighter in color than usual, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Fever, Joint pain, Abdominal pain, Itchy skin, Jaundice (yellowish eyes and skin). […] Some people, especially children under six years of age, may have no symptoms when they have hepatitis A. […] You are most contagious in the two weeks before your symptoms appear.

• #3 Hepatitis A: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-a

  There’s no formal cure for hepatitis A. Because it’s a short-term viral infection that goes away on its own, treatment is typically focused on reducing your symptoms. After a few weeks of rest, the symptoms of hepatitis A usually begin to improve. With rest, your body will most likely recover completely from hepatitis A in a matter of weeks or a few months. Usually, there are no negative long-term consequences of having the virus. […] In extremely rare cases, hepatitis A can lead to acute liver failure. This complication is most common in older adults and people who already have chronic liver disease. If this occurs, you’ll be hospitalized. Even in cases of liver failure, a full recovery is likely. Very rarely is a liver transplant required. After contracting hepatitis A, your body builds immunity to the disease. A healthy immune system will prevent the disease from developing if you’re exposed to the virus again.

• #3 Hepatitis A – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis+a+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. […] Symptoms include: abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea (and sometimes vomiting), fever and chills, mild headache, tiredness, yellow skin and/or eyes (jaundice – see image), dark urine and pale faeces. […] Adults and older children are more likely to have symptoms lasting 1 to 2 weeks, or in severe cases, up to several months. […] Young children may have few or no symptoms. […] Most people recover fully and subsequently will have life-long immunity. Death from hepatitis A is rare. […] Generally 28 days, with a range of 15 to 50 days. […] A person is considered infectious from: 2 weeks prior to the onset of illness to 2 weeks after the onset of illness, or, 1 week after the onset of jaundice if it occurs.

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