Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864361/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome characterized by elevated intracranial pressure that usually occurs in obese women in the childbearing years. […] The annual incidence of IIH in the Western world is about 0.9/100,000 persons and 3.5/100,000 in females 15 to 44 years of age. […] IIH is increasing in incidence in parallel with the current epidemic of obesity. […] Other population studies have confirmed that the vast majority of patients with IIH are obese women of childbearing age. […] The mean age at the time of diagnosis is about 30 years. […] Although less frequent, IIH can also occur in children, men, and the elderly. […] In adulthood, less than 10% of IIH patients are male. […] There is no clear racial predilection for IIH. […] Although there is no difference in the prevalence of IIH between African Americans and Caucasians, African American patients with IIH may have worse visual outcomes compared to Caucasian Americans.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri): From One Medical Student to Another

  http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/IIH-med-student/index.htm

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is an increasingly common cause of visual field damage across the United States. […] Between 1990 and 2001, the overall incidence of IIH in the United States was approximately 1/100,000. (1) However, from 2002 to 2014, its incidence has more than doubled to 2.4/100,000. (1) This increase has been associated with a concurrent rise in the average population body mass index (BMI) and the ongoing obesity epidemic. […] Notably, the vast majority of IIH patients are female. When strict criteria are applied, approximately 97.5% of patients are women. (2) Therefore, the most significant risk factors for the development of IIH are obesity, recent weight gain, and female sex. (3)

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. This description constitutes the modified Dandy criteria for IIH. […] The annual incidence of IIH is 1 to 2 per 100,000 population. There is a higher incidence in females with obesity between the ages of 15 and 44 years (4 to 21 per 100,000). The highest incidence, 28 per 100,000 per year, was reported in Ireland. […] The incidence and prevalence of IIH are rising; in the United States, a 1.35-times increase in the prevalence of IIH occurred between 2015 and 2022, from 7.3 to 9.9 individuals per 100,000. Whether this is related to the obesity epidemic or other reasons is uncertain.

• #1 The expanding burden of idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-018-0238-5

  A total of 23,182 new IIH cases were diagnosed. […] Incidence rose between 2002 and 2016 from 2.3 to 4.7 per 100,000 in the general population. […] IIH incidence is rising (by greater than 100% over the study), highest in areas of social deprivation and mirroring obesity trends. […] The escalating population and financial burden of IIH has wide reaching implications for the health care system. […] It has been widely speculated that the incidence of IIH is increasing in line with the world-wide epidemic of obesity. […] In this study of 23,182 IIH patients incidence is rising (4.69 per 100,000 in 2016) and this in line with increasing body mass index rates. […] IIH is more commonly found in those from areas of social deprivation. […] The hospital economic burden has risen from 9.2 million in 2002 to 49.9 million in 2014.

• #1 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688631/all/Pseudotumor_Cerebri__Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension_?q=Testosterone

  Increased intracranial pressure with no clear pathophysiology. […] 0.9/100,000 in general population. […] 4 to 11.9/100,000 in obese women. […] 19/100,000 in women 20% over ideal body weight and reported 323/100,000 in those seeking bariatric surgery. […] Lower incidence in Scandinavia in adults of 0.65/100,000. […] In children age 7 years, males and females equally affected. […] Children age 7 years, obese girls have doubled incidence of obese boys and more than doubled for age 12 to 15 years. […] Rare in children 3 years or adults 60 years. […] Men potential bimodal distribution, prepubertal and middle-aged. […] Hypothesized increasing incidence due to increased rates of obesity but not studied. […] Prospective studies show 90-98% are women. […] Others show 9% prevalence in males considering all age groups. […] 21-2% of pregnant females. […] Female to male ratio ranges in adults from 4:1 to 6.1:1.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-overview

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is most prevalent among women of reproductive age. Research on American populations shows that the incidence of IIH is approximately 0.9 to 1.0 per 100,000 in the general population. Among females, this incidence rate rises to 3.5 per 100,000. Notably, it increases significantly to between 19 and 20 per 100,000 in females aged 20 to 44 years who are more than 20% above their ideal body weight. […] The incidence of IIH varies from country to country. Because of the diseases relation to body habitus, its occurrence varies according to the incidence of obesity in the respective region. As an example, a far lower incidence has been noted in Asian countries (0.03/100,000), which is interpreted as the result of the markedly lower rate of obesity in these countries as compared to the United States. […] Although IIH may affect individuals of any age, most patients with this disease present in the third decade of life. […] No evidence exists to suggest that IIH has a predilection for any particular racial or ethnic group.

• #1 Pseudotumor Cerebri – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536924/

  Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and associated headaches, papilledema, vision changes, or pulsatile tinnitus in the setting of normal imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. It mainly affects overweight women of childbearing age. […] The condition most commonly affects women aged 20-44, with an annual incidence of 19.3/100,000 in those who weigh 20% or more than their ideal body weight. The annual incidence in all women aged 15 to 44 is 3.5 per 100,000. The annual incidence of PTC in the general populace is 0.9 per 100,000. […] It disproportionately affects women, and when considering only post-pubertal patients, 90% of all cases occur in females. A positive relationship exists between the female sex, elevated BMI, and risk of PTC.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864361/

  Given the relatively high prevalence of obesity in IIH patients, weight clearly plays a role in the disease process. […] Gender is the other obvious risk factor because over 90% of patients affected with IIH are women. […] Because female gender and obesity are the main risk factors for IIH, endocrine and hormonal changes likely play a role in the disease through an undetermined pathway. […] Another risk factor for intracranial hypertension is vitamin A intoxication. […] The co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea and IIH has been well reported. […] Many entities can cause raised intracranial pressure and mimic the signs and symptoms of IIH. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease of women in the childbearing years, and its prevalence is increasing due to the worldwide obesity epidemic.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. […] About 2 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year. […] The condition most commonly affects women aged 20-50. Women are affected about 20 times more often than men. […] The number of new cases per year of IIH is strongly determined by sex and body weight. […] On average, IIH occurs in about one per 100,000 people, and can occur in children and adults. […] IIH occurs predominantly in women, especially in the ages 20 to 45, who are four to eight times more likely than men to be affected. […] Overweight and obesity strongly predispose a person to IIH: women who are more than ten percent over their ideal body weight are thirteen times more likely to develop IIH, and this figure goes up to nineteen times in women who are more than twenty percent over their ideal body weight. […] Despite several reports of IIH in families, there is no known genetic cause for IIH. […] From national hospital admission databases it appears that the need for neurosurgical intervention for IIH has increased markedly over the period between 1988 and 2002.

• #1 Incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension parallels rising rate of obesity – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/ophthalmology/news/incidence-of-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-parallels-rising-rate-of-obesity/mac-20430150

  Incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension parallels rising rate of obesity […] Obesity is a major risk factor for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a condition of increased intracranial pressure of unknown cause that often produces papilledema and vision loss. IIH occurs most typically in women in their childbearing years who are obese. […] The research team identified 63 new cases of IIH, yielding an overall age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of 1.8 per 100,000 people (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.2) between 1990 and 2014. This was double the incidence found in the original incidence study from 1976 to 1990. […] The increase in incidence of IIH mirrored the increase in obesity during this time period, with a strong correlation between IIH incidence rates and obesity rates in Minnesota (R2 = 0.70, P = 0.008). […] „Our study shows that the incidence rates of IIH and obesity have risen in parallel since 1990,” says Dr. Chen. „There is no sign of obesity rates declining, so recognizing and treating patients with IIH promptly are of increasing importance.”

• #1 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause that predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age. […] Among studies performed in the United States, the incidence of IIH was found to be 0.9 to 1.0 per 100,000 in the general population, increasing to 1.6-3.5 per 100,000 in women and to 7.9-20 per 100,000 in overweight women. The disease incidence is variable throughout the world mainly because its occurrence varies according to the incidence of obesity in the region. IIH may be seen in any gender or age group but has a high predilection for females of childbearing age, especially when coupled with obesity. […] While males are less frequently affected, constituting less than 10% of adult IIH patients, the affected population also tend to be obese and are more likely to sustain worse visual prognosis compared to their female counterparts. […] IIH also has no particular predilection for race, but race may impact visual prognosis in these patients.

• #1 Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri): Diagnosis & Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, sometimes called pseudotumor cerebri, is a condition in which the cerebro-spinal fluid is not able to drain normally. […] The recognition of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children has increased dramatically. We are leading the response to this trend with the development of a multidisciplinary clinic for the specialized diagnosis, treatment and ongoing care of these unique children.

• #1 Pseudotumor Cerebri – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536924/

  Children of both genders are affected equally before puberty (defined as an age of under 12 years old). Obesity less commonly correlates with the pre-pubertal patient. […] Males aged 12 to 15 years have an annual incidence of 0.8 per 100,000; females aged 12 to 16 years have an annual incidence of 2.2 per 100,000.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%252527%25255b0%25255dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] By far the most commonly affected demographic is middle-aged obese females, affected approximately ten times more frequently than other patient groups. The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] Less commonly IIH can also be encountered in males, usually older and less likely to be obese. It is rare in the pediatric population, being more common in the 12-17 year age group than in the 2-12 year age group.

• #1

  https://hkjo.hk/index.php/hkjo/article/view/248

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as benign intracranial hypertension or pseudotumor cerebri, is characterized by increased intracranial pressure secondary to unknown causes. […] This study reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of IIH in adults and pediatric patients. […] The incidence and prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Sheffield, UK. […] Pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). […] Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri: descriptive epidemiology. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children: case report and estimation of local incidence. […] The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: clinical profile at baseline. […] Epidemiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a prospective and case-control study. […] The incidence of blindness due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the UK. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: relation between obesity and visual outcomes. […] Childhood overweight or obesity increases the risk of IIH recurrence fivefold.

• #1 Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/87/9/982

  There are a number of indicators that incidence and prevalence of IIH are rising, likely related to increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide; WHO indicates a twofold increase in the UK between 1997 and 2002 and a threefold increase in the USA between 1990 and 2006. […] IIH is an expensive condition for society and the individual: in the USA, total economic costs are estimated at greater than US$444 million per annum, and 57% of patients report significant lost earnings with 31% changing occupation.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/neurology/120306/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Epidemiology […] Risk factors […] female gender in childbearing age […] obesity […] oral contraceptive pills […] vitamin A (isotretinoin) […] […] […] Pathogenesis […] Believed to be due to reduced cerebrospinal fluid absorption […] […] […] Treatment […] Medical […] carbonic anhydrase inhibitors […] indication […] first-line treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension […] medication […] acetazolamide […] a loop diuretic can also be added as adjunctive therapy […] mechanism […] decreases the rate of CSF production

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-018-3772-9

  The prevalence of IIH steadily increased with age; from 0.22% in the 18-30 age group to 0.33% in the 70 years age group. This increase was statistically significant (p=0.018). […] The mean BMI of the IIH patients was 38.2 ± 5.10 kg/m2, and there was a steady and statistically significant (p=0.001) decrease in the prevalence of IIH as BMI increased. […] This study found an independent association between IIH and anemia in patients with obesity. […] Anemia was the only clinical factor to be independently associated to IIH; and NSAID use the only treatment factor.

• #1 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. The condition occurs more often in women than men, especially in young obese women 20 to 40 years old. […] The cause is unknown. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome. […] Treatment is aimed at the cause of IIH. The main goal of treatments is to preserve vision and reduce the severity of headaches.

• #1 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  People will need to have their vision closely monitored. There can be vision loss, which is sometimes permanent. […] The condition sometimes disappears on its own within 6 months. Symptoms can return in some people. A small number of people have symptoms that slowly get worse and lead to blindness. […] Vision loss is a serious complication of this condition.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri): From One Medical Student to Another

  http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/IIH-med-student/index.htm

  Long-term follow-up studies have shown that treatment leads to visual field improvement in most patients (60%) and bilateral blindness is a less common complication (10%). (12) IIH is a chronic condition that requires long-term monitoring and follow-up with weight surveillance, VF testing, and comprehensive ophthalmic exams.

• #1 Fulminant Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Fulminant_Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension

  Like patients who present with non-fulminant IIH, the majority of patients with FIH are overweight or obese women of childbearing age, but FIH has also been reported in atypical populations including children and men. […] It is believed that FIH occurs in 2-3% of patients with IIH. […] Rapid diagnosis and management of FIH is necessary to prevent permanent vision loss. Studies have shown that surgical interventions may need to be performed within days of diagnosis as the chance of meaningful visual recovery decreases quickly over time.

• #1 Pseudotumor cerebri | STROKE MANUAL

  https://www.stroke-manual.com/pseudotumor-cerebri/

  the approximate incidence of this disease in the general population is 0.5 1.7/100,000 per year […] the disease is probably more common than statistics indicate, as many patients are oligosymptomatic and resolve without treatment […] affects patients of all ages but most commonly occurs in young, obese women […] pseudotumor cerebri is rare in the pediatric population (usually in the 12-17 year age group)

• #1

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), often present to the ophthalmologist because of complaint of blurred vision or headache. […] The major risk factors for developing IIH remain obesity and female gender; although no new major epidemiological studies have been reported in the past decade, clinical experience supports their conclusions. The incidence of IIH has increased dramatically despite the current „epidemic of obesity,” and clearly, all obese patients do not develop the condition. Overall the incidence is about 0.7/100,000; however in atrisk populations (e.g., overweight females 1544 years old) the incidence has been documented to be as high as 19.3/100,000. IIH is virtually nonexistent in countries where obesity is uncommon. […] Studies over the past decade have provided mounting evidence implicating a role for abnormalities in cerebral venous sinus structure in patients with IIH. It has been recognized that a high proportion (90%) of patients with IIH have uni- or bilateral transverse sinus (TS) stenosis.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864361/

  There are many risk factors that have been associated with IIH, many of which appear to be chance associations. […] Future results from the recently completed multicenter Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT) will likely shed more light on the risk factors and pathogenesis of the disease.

• #1 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri): From One Medical Student to Another

  http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/IIH-med-student/index.htm

  The classic patient with IIH is a female between the ages of 20-50 who are overweight or have had a recent increase in weight. IIH rarely affects men, and alternative diagnoses or secondary causes of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) should be strongly considered and worked up in men with possible papilledema. […] IIH is characterized by an increase in intracranial pressure secondary to increased CSF pressure (also often referred to as increased ICP). […] The treatment of IIH is largely based on the results of the IIHTT, the only successful major clinical trial for the treatment of IIH to date. […] First-line treatment of IIH includes weight loss including bariatric surgery if indicated and acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor in the maximally tolerated dosage of up to 4 grams per day.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: consensus guidelines on management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/89/10/1088

  The aim was to capture interdisciplinary expertise from a large group of clinicians, reflecting practice from across the UK and further, to inform subsequent development of a national consensus guidance for optimal management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). […] The overall age-adjusted and gender-adjusted annual incidence is increasing and was reported to be 2.4 per 100000 within the last decade (20022014). […] The increasing economic burden of IIH has been highlighted by a number of groups. Clear guidance will help educate the attending doctors to manage these patients appropriately. This will help reduce the repeat unsolicited emergency hospital attendances and reduce IIH-related disability. […] This is a consensus document to provide practical information for best practice in uniform investigation and treatment strategies based on current literature and opinion from a specialist interest group (SIG) for adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). This should increase awareness of IIH among clinicians and improve outcomes for patients.

• #1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  Surgical treatments include optic nerve sheath decompression and fenestration. In this procedure, a slit is made in the sheath of the optic nerve, which can alleviate swelling and slow or halt loss of vision.[11] […] Studies have shown that shunting procedures are becoming more common as the rate of severe obesity rises.[13]

• #2 Pseudotumor Cerebri – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536924/

  Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and associated headaches, papilledema, vision changes, or pulsatile tinnitus in the setting of normal imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. It mainly affects overweight women of childbearing age. […] The condition most commonly affects women aged 20-44, with an annual incidence of 19.3/100,000 in those who weigh 20% or more than their ideal body weight. The annual incidence in all women aged 15 to 44 is 3.5 per 100,000. The annual incidence of PTC in the general populace is 0.9 per 100,000. […] It disproportionately affects women, and when considering only post-pubertal patients, 90% of all cases occur in females. A positive relationship exists between the female sex, elevated BMI, and risk of PTC.

• #2 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause that predominantly affects obese women of childbearing age. […] Among studies performed in the United States, the incidence of IIH was found to be 0.9 to 1.0 per 100,000 in the general population, increasing to 1.6-3.5 per 100,000 in women and to 7.9-20 per 100,000 in overweight women. The disease incidence is variable throughout the world mainly because its occurrence varies according to the incidence of obesity in the region. IIH may be seen in any gender or age group but has a high predilection for females of childbearing age, especially when coupled with obesity. […] While males are less frequently affected, constituting less than 10% of adult IIH patients, the affected population also tend to be obese and are more likely to sustain worse visual prognosis compared to their female counterparts. […] IIH also has no particular predilection for race, but race may impact visual prognosis in these patients.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: consensus guidelines on management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/89/10/1088

  The aim was to capture interdisciplinary expertise from a large group of clinicians, reflecting practice from across the UK and further, to inform subsequent development of a national consensus guidance for optimal management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). […] The overall age-adjusted and gender-adjusted annual incidence is increasing and was reported to be 2.4 per 100000 within the last decade (20022014). […] The increasing economic burden of IIH has been highlighted by a number of groups. Clear guidance will help educate the attending doctors to manage these patients appropriately. This will help reduce the repeat unsolicited emergency hospital attendances and reduce IIH-related disability. […] This is a consensus document to provide practical information for best practice in uniform investigation and treatment strategies based on current literature and opinion from a specialist interest group (SIG) for adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). This should increase awareness of IIH among clinicians and improve outcomes for patients.

• #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864361/

  Given the relatively high prevalence of obesity in IIH patients, weight clearly plays a role in the disease process. […] Gender is the other obvious risk factor because over 90% of patients affected with IIH are women. […] Because female gender and obesity are the main risk factors for IIH, endocrine and hormonal changes likely play a role in the disease through an undetermined pathway. […] Another risk factor for intracranial hypertension is vitamin A intoxication. […] The co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea and IIH has been well reported. […] Many entities can cause raised intracranial pressure and mimic the signs and symptoms of IIH. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease of women in the childbearing years, and its prevalence is increasing due to the worldwide obesity epidemic.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. […] About 2 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year. […] The condition most commonly affects women aged 20-50. Women are affected about 20 times more often than men. […] The number of new cases per year of IIH is strongly determined by sex and body weight. […] On average, IIH occurs in about one per 100,000 people, and can occur in children and adults. […] IIH occurs predominantly in women, especially in the ages 20 to 45, who are four to eight times more likely than men to be affected. […] Overweight and obesity strongly predispose a person to IIH: women who are more than ten percent over their ideal body weight are thirteen times more likely to develop IIH, and this figure goes up to nineteen times in women who are more than twenty percent over their ideal body weight. […] Despite several reports of IIH in families, there is no known genetic cause for IIH. […] From national hospital admission databases it appears that the need for neurosurgical intervention for IIH has increased markedly over the period between 1988 and 2002.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is also called pseudotumor cerebri. […] IIH primarily affects females of childbearing age who are overweight. […] The epidemiology and pathogenesis, as well as the prognosis and treatment of this disorder, are discussed separately. […] A typical presentation of IIH is that of an overweight female of childbearing age who complains of headaches and is found to have papilledema on funduscopic examination. […] Other potential high-risk groups are discussed separately.

• #2 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214410-overview

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is most prevalent among women of reproductive age. Research on American populations shows that the incidence of IIH is approximately 0.9 to 1.0 per 100,000 in the general population. Among females, this incidence rate rises to 3.5 per 100,000. Notably, it increases significantly to between 19 and 20 per 100,000 in females aged 20 to 44 years who are more than 20% above their ideal body weight. […] The incidence of IIH varies from country to country. Because of the diseases relation to body habitus, its occurrence varies according to the incidence of obesity in the respective region. As an example, a far lower incidence has been noted in Asian countries (0.03/100,000), which is interpreted as the result of the markedly lower rate of obesity in these countries as compared to the United States. […] Although IIH may affect individuals of any age, most patients with this disease present in the third decade of life. […] No evidence exists to suggest that IIH has a predilection for any particular racial or ethnic group.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%252527%25255b0%25255dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] By far the most commonly affected demographic is middle-aged obese females, affected approximately ten times more frequently than other patient groups. The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] Less commonly IIH can also be encountered in males, usually older and less likely to be obese. It is rare in the pediatric population, being more common in the 12-17 year age group than in the 2-12 year age group.

• #2 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Brief Review of Clinical Syndrome and Imaging Findings | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  http://www.ajnr.org/content/32/11/1986

  PTC is a rare condition, occurring in the general population with an incidence of 0.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2 epidemiologic studies in the United States. PTC demonstrates a strong female predominance, with a female/male ratio of 8:1. […] Reported risk factors for the development of PTC, including those discussed here, mostly originated from case reports, whereas very few controlled studies of PTC risk factors exist in the literature. […] Classically, PTC is more commonly observed in overweight women of reproductive age. The incidence of PTC in women who are between 20 and 44 years of age and 20% above ideal body weight increases to 19.3 cases per 100,000 population; the odds ratio of PTC increases from 6.5 for a BMI of 25-29 to 26.0 for a BMI of 35. Obesity has long been associated with the development of PTC.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (idiopathic pseudotumor cerebri) | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-idiopathic-pseudotumor-cerebri/

  IIH is a disease that most frequently affects obese women of child-bearing age. […] The incidence of IIH in the general population is 1:100 000; however, the incidence rises to 19.3:100 000 in women aged 20-44 who are at least 20% over ideal body weight. […] The incidence of IIH appears to be rising dramatically, and the Centers for Disease Control recently released statistics indicating that the rate of obesity in the USA has doubled in the past decade.

• #2

  https://step2.medbullets.com/neurology/120306/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Epidemiology […] Risk factors […] female gender in childbearing age […] obesity […] oral contraceptive pills […] vitamin A (isotretinoin) […] […] […] Pathogenesis […] Believed to be due to reduced cerebrospinal fluid absorption […] […] […] Treatment […] Medical […] carbonic anhydrase inhibitors […] indication […] first-line treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension […] medication […] acetazolamide […] a loop diuretic can also be added as adjunctive therapy […] mechanism […] decreases the rate of CSF production

• #2 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. The condition occurs more often in women than men, especially in young obese women 20 to 40 years old. […] The cause is unknown. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome. […] Treatment is aimed at the cause of IIH. The main goal of treatments is to preserve vision and reduce the severity of headaches.

• #2 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: consensus guidelines on management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/89/10/1088

  Clinical uncertainty exists, and IIH can be misdiagnosed. […] The 2015 Cochrane review has concluded that there is lack of evidence to guide pharmacological treatment in IIH. […] In collaboration with many different specialists, professions and patient representatives, we have developed guidance statements for the investigation and management of adult IIH. […] These statements are not mandatory recommendations but are intended to be used as a guide for doctors who investigate and treat IIH. Despite the limitations of consensus-based methods, these statements reflect an up-to-date consensus to guide the clinician and serve our patients. Quality prospective research is required for all areas of uncertainties highlighted in this document to improve clinical outcomes for our patients with IIH.

• #3 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%252527%25255b0%25255dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] By far the most commonly affected demographic is middle-aged obese females, affected approximately ten times more frequently than other patient groups. The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] Less commonly IIH can also be encountered in males, usually older and less likely to be obese. It is rare in the pediatric population, being more common in the 12-17 year age group than in the 2-12 year age group.

• #3 Pseudotumor Cerebri

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/CSF/PsdtmrCrbr.htm

  Pseudotumor occurs in children and must be kept in differential in refractory new Headache. […] Incidence in the General Population is 0.9 per 100,000. […] Women aged 15 to 44 years have an incidence of 3.5 per 100,000. […] Obese women aged 20 to 44 years have an incidence of 19.3 per 100,000. […] Pseudotumor Cerebri is rare, with a similar incidence as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Guillain Barre Syndrome, and Muscular Dystrophy.

• #3 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a clinical disorder that presents with symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure […] Highest incidence in middle-aged, obese women […] 20 more frequent in women than in men […] Annual incidence: Approximately 19 per 100,000 in women 15-44 years of age 20% of their ideal body weight […] Approximately 3.5 per 100,000 in all women 15 to 44 years of age […] Approximately 1 per 100,000 in women and men of all ages.

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