Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Pseudotumor cerebri (SOO-doe-too-mur SER-uh-bry) occurs when the pressure inside your skull (intracranial pressure) increases for no obvious reason. It’s also called idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The cause of pseudotumor cerebri is unknown. If a cause is determined, the condition is called secondary intracranial hypertension, rather than idiopathic. […] The increased intracranial pressure of pseudotumor cerebri might result from a problem in this absorption process.

• #2 Pseudotumor Cerebri – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536924/

  Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and associated headaches, papilledema, vision changes, or pulsatile tinnitus in the setting of normal imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. It mainly affects overweight women of childbearing age. […] There are multiple hypotheses about the etiology of PTC, including decreased CSF absorption and/or increased CSF production. […] The primary etiology is an accumulation of CSF either through decreased resorption and/or increased production; this leads to elevated intracranial pressure, the source of the associated symptoms and signs. […] There is no proven cause for decreased resorption or increased production (hence the term idiopathic intracranial hypertension); however, descriptions of the proposed mechanisms are under the pathophysiology section.

• #3 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) happens when high pressure around the brain causes symptoms like vision changes and headaches. Idiopathic means the cause isnt known, intracranial means in the skull, and hypertension means high pressure. […] Experts dont know what causes IIH. But there are other types of intracranial hypertension that do have known causes: […] If doctors cant find a reason for the high pressure, its called IIH.

• #4 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  On July 1, 2022, the FDA issued an update that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, drugs that are approved for treating precocious puberty, may be a risk factor for developing pseudotumor cerebri. […] The cause of IIH is not known. The Monro-Kellie rule states that the intracranial pressure is determined by the amount of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood inside the bony cranial vault. Three theories therefore exist as to why the pressure might be raised in IIH: an excess of CSF production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, or obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain. […] The first theory, that of increased production of cerebrospinal fluid, was proposed in early descriptions of the disease. However, there is no experimental data that supports a role for this process in IIH.

• #5

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, known as IIH or pseudotumor cerebri, is a neurological disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure in the absence of a tumor or other disease. […] The cause of IIH is not known. Three theories exist as to why pressure is elevated in IIH: an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain and thereby remove CSF. […] The importance of weight loss as the only effective means of reducing papilledema, and with it the threat of progressive blindness, cannot be overemphasized.

• #6 Pseudotumor Cerebri – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536924/

  Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and associated headaches, papilledema, vision changes, or pulsatile tinnitus in the setting of normal imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. It mainly affects overweight women of childbearing age. […] There are multiple hypotheses about the etiology of PTC, including decreased CSF absorption and/or increased CSF production. […] The primary etiology is an accumulation of CSF either through decreased resorption and/or increased production; this leads to elevated intracranial pressure, the source of the associated symptoms and signs. […] There is no proven cause for decreased resorption or increased production (hence the term idiopathic intracranial hypertension); however, descriptions of the proposed mechanisms are under the pathophysiology section.

• #7 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Pseudotumor cerebri can happen if pressure rises around your brain due to too much cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid surrounds your brain and spinal cord and protects them from injury. […] Sometimes your body makes too much cerebrospinal fluid. Or it doesn’t reabsorb enough fluid. If either of these things happens, the amount of fluid surrounding your brain can rise. This can raise the pressure on your brain and cause swelling of the optic nerve, which sends messages from your eyes to your brain. […] Other conditions that can raise your risk include: Addison’s disease, Anemia, Behcet’s syndrome, Blood vessel or blood clotting problems, Lupus, Lyme disease, Kidney disease, Measles, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Sleep apnea, Underactive parathyroid glands. […] Taking these medicines can also make you more likely to develop pseudotumor cerebri: Certain antibiotics, Birth control pills, Growth hormone, Lithium, Steroids, Vitamin A-based drugs.

• #8 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  On July 1, 2022, the FDA issued an update that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, drugs that are approved for treating precocious puberty, may be a risk factor for developing pseudotumor cerebri. […] The cause of IIH is not known. The Monro-Kellie rule states that the intracranial pressure is determined by the amount of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood inside the bony cranial vault. Three theories therefore exist as to why the pressure might be raised in IIH: an excess of CSF production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, or obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain. […] The first theory, that of increased production of cerebrospinal fluid, was proposed in early descriptions of the disease. However, there is no experimental data that supports a role for this process in IIH.

• #9 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252f%252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] The pathogenesis is poorly understood. Various mechanisms have been proposed, including decreased CSF absorption, increased CSF production, increased intravascular volume, increased intracranial venous pressure, hormonal changes, altered aquaporin-4 channels and abnormality in function of the glymphatic system. […] Venous sinus stenosis is increasingly recognized as an important factor although whether it is the primary inciting abnormality or a potentiating factor remains to be fully established.

• #10 IIH (PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI) SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS.

  https://virtualheadachespecialist.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih-pseudotumor-cerebri-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was previously called pseudotumor cerebri. […] There have been a number of theories and findings as to the causes of IIH. These include: Overproduction of the CSF, Blockage of CSF absorption into the cerebral venous sinuses due to a faulty transport mechanism, Stenosis (narrowing) of the venous sinuses, Blot clot (thrombus) blocking the inside of venous sinuses preventing the outflow of CSF and pressure build up, Compression of the venous sinus from the outside (such as brain tumor, meningioma, etc.), causing narrowing on the inside, Sex hormones such as androgens and adipose tissue may play a potential role, Some medications have been associated with IIH including lithium, retinoids (such as excess vitamin A derivatives), oral contraceptives, and tetracycline antibiotics such as doxycycline and minocycline. Rebound IIH has also been reported from corticosteroid withdrawal.

• #11 IIH (PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI) SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS.

  https://virtualheadachespecialist.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih-pseudotumor-cerebri-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was previously called pseudotumor cerebri. […] There have been a number of theories and findings as to the causes of IIH. These include: Overproduction of the CSF, Blockage of CSF absorption into the cerebral venous sinuses due to a faulty transport mechanism, Stenosis (narrowing) of the venous sinuses, Blot clot (thrombus) blocking the inside of venous sinuses preventing the outflow of CSF and pressure build up, Compression of the venous sinus from the outside (such as brain tumor, meningioma, etc.), causing narrowing on the inside, Sex hormones such as androgens and adipose tissue may play a potential role, Some medications have been associated with IIH including lithium, retinoids (such as excess vitamin A derivatives), oral contraceptives, and tetracycline antibiotics such as doxycycline and minocycline. Rebound IIH has also been reported from corticosteroid withdrawal.

• #12 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pseudotumor_Cerebri_(Idiopathic_Intracranial_Hypertension)

  Some suggested that an increase in intraabdominal pressure, secondary to obesity, causes increased cardiac filling pressure which impedes venous return from the brain and subsequently leads to an elevated intracranial venous pressure and IIH. […] Other studies have suggested a role for vitamin A in IIH pathogenesis based on elevated serum and CSF vitamin A, retinol, and retinol binding protein levels reported in IIH patients. […] It has also been proposed that there may be microthrombosis in the sagittal sinus, of insufficient size to be seen on neuroimaging studies, which is blocking CSF absorption in the arachnoid granulations. […] Few studies have examined the potential role of sex hormones in IIH and the latter remains to be further investigated.

• #13 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/headaches/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is characterized by increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure). What triggers the disorder is unknown. […] What causes pressure within the skull to increase is unknown. However, certain people are more susceptible to idiopathic intracranial hypertension because the large veins (venous sinuses) that help drain blood from their brain are smaller than in most people. […] Exactly how being overweight contributes to increased pressure within the skull is unknown. But excess fat in the abdomen may increase pressure in the chest, and blood may not flow from the head to the chest as it normally does. Thus, pressure within the skull may increase. […] In idiopathic intracranial hypertension, the increased pressure does not result from other identifiable disorders, such as tumors, infections, blood clots, or blockages that prevent the fluid that surrounds the brain (cerebrospinal fluid) from draining as it normally does. […] In most people, the development of idiopathic intracranial hypertension cannot be traced to any particular event.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2021/69002/idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension___challenges.28.aspx

  It is suggested that the mitochondria in the perivascular astrocytes endfeet and neurons of IIH patients are pathological, resulting in an impaired metabolism at the neuro-glio-vascular interface and maybe a facet of IIH. […] Central body fat causes an increase in central venous pressure and increase venous pressure, reducing CSF absorption. […] Women with IIH have been found to have a unique circulating androgen excess signature, with significantly higher active testosterone but lower concentrations of the androgen precursors dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA) and androstenedione. […] IIH is a disease of varied etiologies, which apart from the classical pattern in middle-aged females, is now seen in younger people across the gender.

• #15 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252f%252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] The pathogenesis is poorly understood. Various mechanisms have been proposed, including decreased CSF absorption, increased CSF production, increased intravascular volume, increased intracranial venous pressure, hormonal changes, altered aquaporin-4 channels and abnormality in function of the glymphatic system. […] Venous sinus stenosis is increasingly recognized as an important factor although whether it is the primary inciting abnormality or a potentiating factor remains to be fully established.

• #16 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-1?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252f%252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified. […] The etiological link between being female, overweight and developing idiopathic intracranial hypertension remains to be elucidated. […] Obesity is encountered in the majority of cases, and as the prevalence of obesity is increasing, so too is the incidence of this diagnosis. […] The pathogenesis is poorly understood. Various mechanisms have been proposed, including decreased CSF absorption, increased CSF production, increased intravascular volume, increased intracranial venous pressure, hormonal changes, altered aquaporin-4 channels and abnormality in function of the glymphatic system. […] Venous sinus stenosis is increasingly recognized as an important factor although whether it is the primary inciting abnormality or a potentiating factor remains to be fully established.

• #17 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) occurring most commonly in obese women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of elevated ICP in IIH is not completely understood and a thorough evaluation is required to rule out secondary causes. […] Multiple mechanisms have been postulated for IIH; however, the exact pathophysiology is unknown. Hypersecretion of CSF, outflow obstruction, and increased venous sinus pressures are 3 main mechanisms speculated to contribute to IIH. […] Typically, IIH affects obese women of reproductive age. The relationship between obesity and elevated ICP may relate to increased intrathoracic pressure as a consequence of increased abdominal mass. […] Etiology of headache in IIH is likely multifactorial. The pressure exerted on meninges likely activates the trigeminovascular system, leading to migraine-like symptoms. […] Medications have been implicated in the development of PCS. […] A possible association between PCS and hormonal contraception has long been debated.

• #18 Pseudotumor cerebri | STROKE MANUAL

  https://www.stroke-manual.com/pseudotumor-cerebri/

  pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension IIH) is a clinical condition characterized by an increase in intracranial pressure without evidence of intracranial space-occupying lesion, infection, hydrocephalus, or other demonstrable cause […] the exact cause is unknown (as its name implies), but it is associated with some diseases or the use of certain drugs […] it is necessary to distinguish secondary forms of intracranial hypertension […] proposed mechanisms: reduced CSF absorption (as evidenced by the findings of radioisotope cisternography and other studies) […] reduced venous outflow from the brain due to truncal obesity (due to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure and an increase in cardiac filling pressure) […] stenosis in the venous system is increasingly recognized as an important factor

• #19 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Risk Factors & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Pseudotumor cerebri is a condition in which the pressure around your brain increases, causing headaches and vision problems. […] The exact cause of this condition is unknown, but it may be associated with having too much cerebrospinal fluid in your skull. […] Pseudotumor cerebri may occur when this fluid isn’t fully absorbed, which causes it to build up. […] This condition can affect children, men, and older adults but occurs most often in women who have obesity and are of childbearing age. […] Obesity is one of the leading factors that can increase your risk of developing pseudotumor cerebri. […] Certain medications may make you more susceptible to this condition. […] Health conditions associated with pseudotumor cerebri include kidney disease, sleep apnea, Addison’s disease, and Lyme disease. […] Some conditions can lead to narrowing of the blood vessels in your brain. This may make you more likely to develop pseudotumor cerebri.

• #20 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21968-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is increased pressure in your skull. The cause is unknown. […] Idiopathic means that the cause is unknown. […] Researchers theorize that there may be a blockage in the path cerebrospinal fluid uses to travel through your brain (CSF pathway) or a narrowing of large veins (venous sinuses) in your brain. This may cause fluid or blood to back up as it tries to exit your brain, which increases pressure. […] IIH can affect anyone. You may be more at risk of developing it if you have a body mass index (BMI) above 30, are female, or are between ages 20 and 45. […] You cant prevent IIH because the cause isnt well understood.

• #21 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found. […] While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition. […] It’s a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear. […] Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include: some hormone conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or Addisons disease, taking certain medicines including some antibiotics, lithium (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems, high levels of vitamin A, a lack of red blood cells (iron deficiency anaemia), lupus a problem with the immune system.

• #22 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://headacheaustralia.org.au/types-of-headaches/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih/

  Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is also called Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome and benign intracranial hypertension. […] It is more common in women (4-8 times more common) and is associated with obesity (over 93% of patients are obese). […] There has also been an association with a number of drugs including anti-acne medications and tetracycline antibiotics.

• #23 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder characterized by an increased pressure within the skull, similar to the pressure caused by a brain tumor. […] The exact cause of IIH remains unknown, but several factors contribute to the condition: […] While the exact triggers are unknown, factors like obesity and hormonal changes are believed to play a role in IIH development. […] IIH primarily affects women aged 20 to 50 years old. […] Some hormonal medications and conditions that affect the hormones (such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) may increase the risk of IIH. […] Anemia has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for IIH, although the exact relationship is not fully understood. […] Some medications are associated with IIH, including cycline antibiotics, isotretinoin and vitamin A derivatives, corticosteroids, growth hormone, and oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.

• #24 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://headacheaustralia.org.au/types-of-headaches/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih/

  Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is also called Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome and benign intracranial hypertension. […] It is more common in women (4-8 times more common) and is associated with obesity (over 93% of patients are obese). […] There has also been an association with a number of drugs including anti-acne medications and tetracycline antibiotics.

• #25 Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354036

  Obesity dramatically increases young women’s risk of pseudotumor cerebri. […] Even in women who aren’t obese, a moderate amount of weight gain can increase the risk. […] Losing extra pounds and maintaining a healthy weight might help reduce your chances of developing this potentially sight-stealing disorder.

• #26 Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354036

  Obesity dramatically increases young women’s risk of pseudotumor cerebri. […] Even in women who aren’t obese, a moderate amount of weight gain can increase the risk. […] Losing extra pounds and maintaining a healthy weight might help reduce your chances of developing this potentially sight-stealing disorder.

• #27 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Prognosis and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-prognosis-and-treatment

  Risk factors—Studies have attempted to identify patients at risk of severe, permanent vision loss. Features that appear to identify such patients include: Severe papilledema – IIH patients with higher-grade papilledema categorized as Frisén grades 3 to 5 are at risk for poor visual outcomes if not treated aggressively. […] Other risk factors more variably identified in studies include male sex, visual acuity loss, systemic arterial hypertension, anemia, younger age or onset in puberty, more severe obesity or recent weight gain, and higher opening pressure on lumbar puncture. […] Fulminant disease—a subset of individuals with IIH have a more malignant or fulminant course with rapid development of vision loss within a few weeks of symptom onset. […] Weight gain may be a risk factor for recurrence of IIH. […] Permanent disabling vision loss is the major morbidity associated with IIH but is uncommon.

• #28 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder that results from an increase in the pressure of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. […] The cause is usually not known. A common explanation for increased pressure is a problem with the reabsorption of this fluid back into the body, which causes the pressure to increase. Sometimes the cause is found and then it is called secondary intracranial hypertension. […] The most common risks in adults are being obese and female. In children, the causes for IIH are still being researched. Causes of secondary intracranial hypertension include certain medications (oral contraceptives, steroids, vitamin A, Isotretinoin, lithium, growth hormone, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, sulfa drugs, minocycline, Tamoxifen, naladixic acid, thyroid replacement, tetracycline, and some chemotherapeutic drugs) and medical conditions (dural venous sinus thrombosis, kidney disease, head injuries, Lyme disease, lupus, acute sinusitis or mastoiditis, measles, blood clotting disorders, anemia, leukemia, periodic fever and meningitis).

• #29 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder characterized by an increased pressure within the skull, similar to the pressure caused by a brain tumor. […] The exact cause of IIH remains unknown, but several factors contribute to the condition: […] While the exact triggers are unknown, factors like obesity and hormonal changes are believed to play a role in IIH development. […] IIH primarily affects women aged 20 to 50 years old. […] Some hormonal medications and conditions that affect the hormones (such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) may increase the risk of IIH. […] Anemia has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for IIH, although the exact relationship is not fully understood. […] Some medications are associated with IIH, including cycline antibiotics, isotretinoin and vitamin A derivatives, corticosteroids, growth hormone, and oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.

• #30 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. […] This condition is idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. Risk factors include being overweight or a recent increase in weight. Tetracycline may also trigger the condition. […] „Idiopathic” means of unknown cause. Therefore, IIH can only be diagnosed if there is no alternative explanation for the symptoms. Intracranial pressure may be increased due to medications such as high-dose vitamin A derivatives (e.g., isotretinoin for acne), long-term tetracycline antibiotics (for a variety of skin conditions). […] There are numerous other diseases, mostly rare conditions, that may lead to intracranial hypertension. If there is an underlying cause, the condition is termed „secondary intracranial hypertension”.

• #31 IIH (PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI) SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS.

  https://virtualheadachespecialist.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih-pseudotumor-cerebri-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was previously called pseudotumor cerebri. […] There have been a number of theories and findings as to the causes of IIH. These include: Overproduction of the CSF, Blockage of CSF absorption into the cerebral venous sinuses due to a faulty transport mechanism, Stenosis (narrowing) of the venous sinuses, Blot clot (thrombus) blocking the inside of venous sinuses preventing the outflow of CSF and pressure build up, Compression of the venous sinus from the outside (such as brain tumor, meningioma, etc.), causing narrowing on the inside, Sex hormones such as androgens and adipose tissue may play a potential role, Some medications have been associated with IIH including lithium, retinoids (such as excess vitamin A derivatives), oral contraceptives, and tetracycline antibiotics such as doxycycline and minocycline. Rebound IIH has also been reported from corticosteroid withdrawal.

• #32 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), often referred to as pseudotumor cerebri or benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition of unknown etiology that manifests with chronically elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). […] A female TOAD: female sex, Tetracyclines, Obesity, excessive intake of vitamin A, and Danazol are the major risk factors for pseudotumor cerebri. […] Risk factors include female sex, obesity, and certain medications (drug-induced intracranial hypertension), including growth hormone, tetracyclines, excessive vitamin A or derivatives, and Danazol.

• #33 IIH (PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI) SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS.

  https://virtualheadachespecialist.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih-pseudotumor-cerebri-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was previously called pseudotumor cerebri. […] There have been a number of theories and findings as to the causes of IIH. These include: Overproduction of the CSF, Blockage of CSF absorption into the cerebral venous sinuses due to a faulty transport mechanism, Stenosis (narrowing) of the venous sinuses, Blot clot (thrombus) blocking the inside of venous sinuses preventing the outflow of CSF and pressure build up, Compression of the venous sinus from the outside (such as brain tumor, meningioma, etc.), causing narrowing on the inside, Sex hormones such as androgens and adipose tissue may play a potential role, Some medications have been associated with IIH including lithium, retinoids (such as excess vitamin A derivatives), oral contraceptives, and tetracycline antibiotics such as doxycycline and minocycline. Rebound IIH has also been reported from corticosteroid withdrawal.

• #34 Pseudotumor cerebri | STROKE MANUAL

  https://www.stroke-manual.com/pseudotumor-cerebri/

  most common risk factors: obesity/weight gain […] female gender, pregnancy, menstrual cycle irregularities, and their hormonal treatment or use of oral contraceptives […] termination of corticosteroid therapy […] treatment of acne with tetracycline and its derivatives and/or vitamin A or its analogues […] Conditions associated with higher risk of IIH include obesity, postthrombotic conditions, hematological disorders, systemic diseases, disorders of vitamin A metabolism, empty sella syndrome, pharmacological treatment, discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy, and endocrine conditions.

• #35 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder characterized by an increased pressure within the skull, similar to the pressure caused by a brain tumor. […] The exact cause of IIH remains unknown, but several factors contribute to the condition: […] While the exact triggers are unknown, factors like obesity and hormonal changes are believed to play a role in IIH development. […] IIH primarily affects women aged 20 to 50 years old. […] Some hormonal medications and conditions that affect the hormones (such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) may increase the risk of IIH. […] Anemia has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for IIH, although the exact relationship is not fully understood. […] Some medications are associated with IIH, including cycline antibiotics, isotretinoin and vitamin A derivatives, corticosteroids, growth hormone, and oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.

• #36 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a disorder of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) occurring most commonly in obese women of childbearing age. […] The etiology of elevated ICP in IIH is not completely understood and a thorough evaluation is required to rule out secondary causes. […] Multiple mechanisms have been postulated for IIH; however, the exact pathophysiology is unknown. Hypersecretion of CSF, outflow obstruction, and increased venous sinus pressures are 3 main mechanisms speculated to contribute to IIH. […] Typically, IIH affects obese women of reproductive age. The relationship between obesity and elevated ICP may relate to increased intrathoracic pressure as a consequence of increased abdominal mass. […] Etiology of headache in IIH is likely multifactorial. The pressure exerted on meninges likely activates the trigeminovascular system, leading to migraine-like symptoms. […] Medications have been implicated in the development of PCS. […] A possible association between PCS and hormonal contraception has long been debated.

• #37 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of increased pressure in the brain. When a condition is idiopathic, that means its exact cause is unknown. […] The exact mechanisms of how and why IIH develops are unknown. However, some ideas as to why IIH occurs include: Changes of blood flow within the veins of the brain, Problems with how spinal fluid is draining, Increased pressure within the veins of the head. […] IIH can also occur in males and older people. IIH is a rare diagnosis, but it tends to affect teenagers and young adults. Two of every three IIH cases are among youth under eighteen. […] IIH can be caused by certain medical conditions or treatments. These include: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies or overdoses, Anemia, or low numbers of red blood cells, Medications, such as: Growth hormones, Tetracycline and minocycline antibiotics, High-dose vitamin A, Lithium, Nitrofurantoin. […] Obesity and rapid weight gain are strongly associated with IIH.

• #38 IIH (PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI) SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS.

  https://virtualheadachespecialist.com/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-iih-pseudotumor-cerebri-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was previously called pseudotumor cerebri. […] There have been a number of theories and findings as to the causes of IIH. These include: Overproduction of the CSF, Blockage of CSF absorption into the cerebral venous sinuses due to a faulty transport mechanism, Stenosis (narrowing) of the venous sinuses, Blot clot (thrombus) blocking the inside of venous sinuses preventing the outflow of CSF and pressure build up, Compression of the venous sinus from the outside (such as brain tumor, meningioma, etc.), causing narrowing on the inside, Sex hormones such as androgens and adipose tissue may play a potential role, Some medications have been associated with IIH including lithium, retinoids (such as excess vitamin A derivatives), oral contraceptives, and tetracycline antibiotics such as doxycycline and minocycline. Rebound IIH has also been reported from corticosteroid withdrawal.

• #39 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder that results from an increase in the pressure of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. […] The cause is usually not known. A common explanation for increased pressure is a problem with the reabsorption of this fluid back into the body, which causes the pressure to increase. Sometimes the cause is found and then it is called secondary intracranial hypertension. […] The most common risks in adults are being obese and female. In children, the causes for IIH are still being researched. Causes of secondary intracranial hypertension include certain medications (oral contraceptives, steroids, vitamin A, Isotretinoin, lithium, growth hormone, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, sulfa drugs, minocycline, Tamoxifen, naladixic acid, thyroid replacement, tetracycline, and some chemotherapeutic drugs) and medical conditions (dural venous sinus thrombosis, kidney disease, head injuries, Lyme disease, lupus, acute sinusitis or mastoiditis, measles, blood clotting disorders, anemia, leukemia, periodic fever and meningitis).

• #40 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #41 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000351.htm

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis (a disease that causes inflammation of the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin, or other tissues), systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #42 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Pseudotumor cerebri can happen if pressure rises around your brain due to too much cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid surrounds your brain and spinal cord and protects them from injury. […] Sometimes your body makes too much cerebrospinal fluid. Or it doesn’t reabsorb enough fluid. If either of these things happens, the amount of fluid surrounding your brain can rise. This can raise the pressure on your brain and cause swelling of the optic nerve, which sends messages from your eyes to your brain. […] Other conditions that can raise your risk include: Addison’s disease, Anemia, Behcet’s syndrome, Blood vessel or blood clotting problems, Lupus, Lyme disease, Kidney disease, Measles, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Sleep apnea, Underactive parathyroid glands. […] Taking these medicines can also make you more likely to develop pseudotumor cerebri: Certain antibiotics, Birth control pills, Growth hormone, Lithium, Steroids, Vitamin A-based drugs.

• #43 Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome (PTCS) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pseudotumor-cerebri-syndrome-ptcs

  Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) is a condition caused by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid pressure inside the skull, without presence of a brain tumor. […] The cause, however, is an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid pressure inside the skull without a brain tumor. […] When no cause can be found, the condition is labeled primary PTCS also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). […] While the cause is sometimes unknown, in many instances PTCS can be a symptom of an underlying hormone problem or undiagnosed medical condition. […] PTCS has been linked with certain factors, including obesity or recent substantial weight gain, anemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and renal failure. […] In addition, the following medications may play a role in the development of PTCS: growth hormone, tetracycline antibiotics (e.g., minocycline), excess vitamin A, and withdrawal from chronic corticosteroids. […] Our team is also actively engaged in research projects with the goal of improving our understanding of the causes of PTCS and thereby optimizing our management of affected patients.

• #44 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found. […] While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition. […] It’s a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear. […] Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include: some hormone conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or Addisons disease, taking certain medicines including some antibiotics, lithium (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems, high levels of vitamin A, a lack of red blood cells (iron deficiency anaemia), lupus a problem with the immune system.

• #45 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #46 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #47 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #48 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #49 Intracranial hypertension

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/intracranial-hypertension/

  Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found. […] While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition. […] It’s a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear. […] Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include: some hormone conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or Addisons disease, taking certain medicines including some antibiotics, lithium (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems, high levels of vitamin A, a lack of red blood cells (iron deficiency anaemia), lupus a problem with the immune system.

• #50 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder that results from an increase in the pressure of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. […] The cause is usually not known. A common explanation for increased pressure is a problem with the reabsorption of this fluid back into the body, which causes the pressure to increase. Sometimes the cause is found and then it is called secondary intracranial hypertension. […] The most common risks in adults are being obese and female. In children, the causes for IIH are still being researched. Causes of secondary intracranial hypertension include certain medications (oral contraceptives, steroids, vitamin A, Isotretinoin, lithium, growth hormone, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, sulfa drugs, minocycline, Tamoxifen, naladixic acid, thyroid replacement, tetracycline, and some chemotherapeutic drugs) and medical conditions (dural venous sinus thrombosis, kidney disease, head injuries, Lyme disease, lupus, acute sinusitis or mastoiditis, measles, blood clotting disorders, anemia, leukemia, periodic fever and meningitis).

• #51 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Pseudotumor cerebri can happen if pressure rises around your brain due to too much cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid surrounds your brain and spinal cord and protects them from injury. […] Sometimes your body makes too much cerebrospinal fluid. Or it doesn’t reabsorb enough fluid. If either of these things happens, the amount of fluid surrounding your brain can rise. This can raise the pressure on your brain and cause swelling of the optic nerve, which sends messages from your eyes to your brain. […] Other conditions that can raise your risk include: Addison’s disease, Anemia, Behcet’s syndrome, Blood vessel or blood clotting problems, Lupus, Lyme disease, Kidney disease, Measles, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Sleep apnea, Underactive parathyroid glands. […] Taking these medicines can also make you more likely to develop pseudotumor cerebri: Certain antibiotics, Birth control pills, Growth hormone, Lithium, Steroids, Vitamin A-based drugs.

• #52 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #53 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #54 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #55

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Studies over the past decade have provided mounting evidence implicating a role for abnormalities in cerebral venous sinus structure in patients with IIH. […] It has been recognized that a high proportion (90%) of patients with IIH have uni- or bilateral transverse sinus (TS) stenosis. […] However, here is significant debate about whether these sinovenous stenoses play a role in the pathophysiology of this condition or are simply a consequence of raised intracranial pressure. […] A potential association with oral contraceptive formulations remains controversial. […] Obstructive sleep apnea also seems to be associated with IIH, presumably through the mechanism of increased CO2 trapping and subsequent cerebral and venous congestion.

• #56 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #57 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #58 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #59 Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri-idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Pseudotumor cerebri (SOO-doe-too-mur SER-uh-bry) occurs when the pressure inside your skull (intracranial pressure) increases for no obvious reason. It’s also called idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The cause of pseudotumor cerebri is unknown. If a cause is determined, the condition is called secondary intracranial hypertension, rather than idiopathic. […] The increased intracranial pressure of pseudotumor cerebri might result from a problem in this absorption process.

• #60 What are the symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) refers to pressure in the brain that causes people to experience headache episodes and vision problems. […] IIH, also known as primary intracranial hypertension and pseudotumor cerebri, is a condition caused by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) buildup in the brain. […] There is no known cause of IIH, which is why health experts refer to the condition as idiopathic. […] Doctors theorize that some cases of increased ICP could result from increased production or reduced absorption of CSF. […] While IIH can affect anyone, it is almost 20 times more common in females of childbearing age who are more than 20% over the recommended weight for their height, making doctors suspect that hormones play a role in IIH. […] The condition is also known as primary intracranial hypertension, which helps to differentiate it from secondary intracranial hypertension (SIH). IIH occurs without a known cause, while SIH has an identifiable cause, such as a brain tumor, use of certain drugs, or an underlying condition.

• #61 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) happens when high pressure around the brain causes symptoms like vision changes and headaches. Idiopathic means the cause isnt known, intracranial means in the skull, and hypertension means high pressure. […] Experts dont know what causes IIH. But there are other types of intracranial hypertension that do have known causes: […] If doctors cant find a reason for the high pressure, its called IIH.

• #62 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Neurosurgery Inselspital Bern

  https://neurochirurgie.insel.ch/en/diseases-specialities/liquor-disorders/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), formerly also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a rare and often unrecognized disorder. […] As the name suggests, the causes of IIH are largely unknown. In theory, the condition is attributed to mechanical obstruction of the venous return flow from the head. Triggering factors could be overweight (obesity in 1190% of those affected) or an overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid. […] Epidemiological studies have investigated various factors that could be associated with the occurrence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The influences listed at the top of the list below are considered to be very probable and then decrease in probability downwards: overweight, chemical substances (ketones, lindane), vitamin A overdose, discontinuation of steroids, thyroxine administration in children, hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s crisis, uremia, iron deficiency anemia, medication (tetracyclines, danazol, lithium, tamoxifen, amiodarone, phenytoin, ciprofloxacin, etc.), menstrual irregularities, oral contraceptives, Cushing syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, mild traumatic brain injury, Behet disease, hyperthyroidism, steroid use, vaccinations, pregnancy, menarche, systemic lupus erythematosus, otitis media with skull base involvement, radical tumor operations in the neck area. […] Sinus or cerebral venous thrombosis are also frequently associated with the disease. To what extent it is a cause or consequence of the increased intracranial pressure is not yet clear.

• #63 Pseudotumor cerebri Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the pressure inside the skull is increased. […] The cause is unknown. […] Certain medicines can increase the risk of developing this condition. […] The following factors are also related to this condition: Down syndrome, Behcet disease, chronic kidney failure, endocrine (hormone) disorders such as Addison disease, Cushing disease, hypoparathyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, following treatment (embolization) of an arteriovenous malformation, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, following chickenpox in children, iron deficiency anemia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, pregnancy, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Turner syndrome.

• #64 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is also called pseudotumor cerebri. It is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (eg, headache, papilledema, vision loss), elevated intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. IIH primarily affects females of childbearing age who are overweight. […] While once called „benign intracranial hypertension” to distinguish it from secondary intracranial hypertension produced by a malignancy, it is not a benign disorder. Many patients suffer from intractable, disabling headaches, and there is a risk of severe, permanent vision loss. Even patients with mild vision loss have an associated reduction in quality of life.

• #65 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Prognosis and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-prognosis-and-treatment

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was formerly called pseudotumor cerebri. It is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, double vision, transient visual obscurations, and vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. […] While once called „benign” intracranial hypertension to distinguish it from secondary intracranial hypertension produced by a neoplasm, it is not a benign disorder. Many patients suffer from intractable, disabling headaches, and there is a risk of severe, permanent vision loss in approximately 5 to 15 percent of patients.

• #66 Pseudotumor Cerebri Patient Guide – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurology/neuro-ophthalmology/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Pseudotumor can cause permanent visual loss. […] A number of risk factors are associated with developing Pseudotumor Cerebri. Recent weight gain is strongly linked with this condition. […] There are several medications associated with the development of Pseudotumor Cerebri. These include certain antibiotics (in the tetracycline family) and medicines derived from vitamin A (including treatments for acne). […] In patients with Pseudotumor Cerebri, this balance is disrupted, and they develop elevated pressure within the skull. Increased pressure within the skull causes headaches and swelling of the optic nerves (which are the cables that connect the eyes to the brain). […] In patients with Pseudotumor Cerebri, the pressure is elevated but the cerebrospinal fluid itself is normal. […] The goal in treating Pseudotumor Cerebri is to use appropriate measures to reduce pressure within the skull and prevent further visual loss.

• #67 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Prognosis and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-prognosis-and-treatment

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was formerly called pseudotumor cerebri. It is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, double vision, transient visual obscurations, and vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. […] While once called „benign” intracranial hypertension to distinguish it from secondary intracranial hypertension produced by a neoplasm, it is not a benign disorder. Many patients suffer from intractable, disabling headaches, and there is a risk of severe, permanent vision loss in approximately 5 to 15 percent of patients.

• #68 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Prognosis and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-prognosis-and-treatment

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was formerly called pseudotumor cerebri. It is a disorder defined by clinical criteria that include symptoms and signs isolated to those produced by increased intracranial pressure (ICP; eg, headache, papilledema, double vision, transient visual obscurations, and vision loss), elevated ICP with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and no other cause of intracranial hypertension evident on neuroimaging or other evaluations. […] While once called „benign” intracranial hypertension to distinguish it from secondary intracranial hypertension produced by a neoplasm, it is not a benign disorder. Many patients suffer from intractable, disabling headaches, and there is a risk of severe, permanent vision loss in approximately 5 to 15 percent of patients.

• #69 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=4129

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a condition in which there is high pressure in the fluid surrounding your brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. […] Although the cause, or causes, of the condition is not known, we know much about the condition itself. […] We do not know what causes IIH. However, there is a clear association to being overweight. Not all overweight or obese people develop this condition. This likely means that there are unique features that predispose some people to develop IIH that we have yet to discover. Medical studies have shown that recent weight gain can cause IIH, and that weight loss alone can achieve remission in some cases. There is ongoing research into the cause/causes of IIH. […] IIH may go away over months to years or it may be a lifelong medical problem. IIH can return, and is linked to regaining weight.

• #70 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Prognosis and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-prognosis-and-treatment

  Risk factors—Studies have attempted to identify patients at risk of severe, permanent vision loss. Features that appear to identify such patients include: Severe papilledema – IIH patients with higher-grade papilledema categorized as Frisén grades 3 to 5 are at risk for poor visual outcomes if not treated aggressively. […] Other risk factors more variably identified in studies include male sex, visual acuity loss, systemic arterial hypertension, anemia, younger age or onset in puberty, more severe obesity or recent weight gain, and higher opening pressure on lumbar puncture. […] Fulminant disease—a subset of individuals with IIH have a more malignant or fulminant course with rapid development of vision loss within a few weeks of symptom onset. […] Weight gain may be a risk factor for recurrence of IIH. […] Permanent disabling vision loss is the major morbidity associated with IIH but is uncommon.

• #71 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Prognosis and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pseudotumor-cerebri-prognosis-and-treatment

  Risk factors—Studies have attempted to identify patients at risk of severe, permanent vision loss. Features that appear to identify such patients include: Severe papilledema – IIH patients with higher-grade papilledema categorized as Frisén grades 3 to 5 are at risk for poor visual outcomes if not treated aggressively. […] Other risk factors more variably identified in studies include male sex, visual acuity loss, systemic arterial hypertension, anemia, younger age or onset in puberty, more severe obesity or recent weight gain, and higher opening pressure on lumbar puncture. […] Fulminant disease—a subset of individuals with IIH have a more malignant or fulminant course with rapid development of vision loss within a few weeks of symptom onset. […] Weight gain may be a risk factor for recurrence of IIH. […] Permanent disabling vision loss is the major morbidity associated with IIH but is uncommon.

• #72 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/31655/

  Medications have been implicated in the development of PCS. […] A possible association between PCS and hormonal contraception has long been debated. […] Treatment of secondary PCS should start with removing any precipitating medication or treating primary medical comorbidities causing ICP. […] The management of IIH is multimodal and includes lifestyle measures (ie, diet and weight loss), medical therapy, and surgical procedures if medical treatment does not improve IIH.

• #73 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: pseudotumor cerebri

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/article/iih/pc-medical-tx.htm

  Treatment of raised intracranial pressure is both medical and surgical. […] While there is no evidence based treatment to guide medical therapy there is currently an ongoing National Eye Institute sponsored trial, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. […] The second aim is to investigate the cause of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is likely multifactorial. […] It has been found to reduce CSF production in humans by 6-50%. […] Furosemide has also been used to treat IIH. […] It appears to work by both diuresis and reducing sodium transport into the brain. […] Acetazolamide and furosemide in combination was significantly more effective in achieving normal ICP than antituberculous drugs alone. […] Oral glycerol is a form of cerebral dehydration first recommended in 1963 to reduce intracranial pressure. […] What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

• #74

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, known as IIH or pseudotumor cerebri, is a neurological disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure in the absence of a tumor or other disease. […] The cause of IIH is not known. Three theories exist as to why pressure is elevated in IIH: an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, obstruction of the veins that drain blood from the brain and thereby remove CSF. […] The importance of weight loss as the only effective means of reducing papilledema, and with it the threat of progressive blindness, cannot be overemphasized.

• #75 Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354036

  Obesity dramatically increases young women’s risk of pseudotumor cerebri. […] Even in women who aren’t obese, a moderate amount of weight gain can increase the risk. […] Losing extra pounds and maintaining a healthy weight might help reduce your chances of developing this potentially sight-stealing disorder.

• #76 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/31655/

  Medications have been implicated in the development of PCS. […] A possible association between PCS and hormonal contraception has long been debated. […] Treatment of secondary PCS should start with removing any precipitating medication or treating primary medical comorbidities causing ICP. […] The management of IIH is multimodal and includes lifestyle measures (ie, diet and weight loss), medical therapy, and surgical procedures if medical treatment does not improve IIH.

• #77 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension/31655/

  Medications have been implicated in the development of PCS. […] A possible association between PCS and hormonal contraception has long been debated. […] Treatment of secondary PCS should start with removing any precipitating medication or treating primary medical comorbidities causing ICP. […] The management of IIH is multimodal and includes lifestyle measures (ie, diet and weight loss), medical therapy, and surgical procedures if medical treatment does not improve IIH.

• #78 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: pseudotumor cerebri

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/article/iih/pc-medical-tx.htm

  Treatment of raised intracranial pressure is both medical and surgical. […] While there is no evidence based treatment to guide medical therapy there is currently an ongoing National Eye Institute sponsored trial, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. […] The second aim is to investigate the cause of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is likely multifactorial. […] It has been found to reduce CSF production in humans by 6-50%. […] Furosemide has also been used to treat IIH. […] It appears to work by both diuresis and reducing sodium transport into the brain. […] Acetazolamide and furosemide in combination was significantly more effective in achieving normal ICP than antituberculous drugs alone. […] Oral glycerol is a form of cerebral dehydration first recommended in 1963 to reduce intracranial pressure. […] What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

• #79 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: pseudotumor cerebri

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/article/iih/pc-medical-tx.htm

  Treatment of raised intracranial pressure is both medical and surgical. […] While there is no evidence based treatment to guide medical therapy there is currently an ongoing National Eye Institute sponsored trial, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. […] The second aim is to investigate the cause of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is likely multifactorial. […] It has been found to reduce CSF production in humans by 6-50%. […] Furosemide has also been used to treat IIH. […] It appears to work by both diuresis and reducing sodium transport into the brain. […] Acetazolamide and furosemide in combination was significantly more effective in achieving normal ICP than antituberculous drugs alone. […] Oral glycerol is a form of cerebral dehydration first recommended in 1963 to reduce intracranial pressure. […] What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

• #80 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: pseudotumor cerebri

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/article/iih/pc-medical-tx.htm

  Treatment of raised intracranial pressure is both medical and surgical. […] While there is no evidence based treatment to guide medical therapy there is currently an ongoing National Eye Institute sponsored trial, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. […] The second aim is to investigate the cause of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is likely multifactorial. […] It has been found to reduce CSF production in humans by 6-50%. […] Furosemide has also been used to treat IIH. […] It appears to work by both diuresis and reducing sodium transport into the brain. […] Acetazolamide and furosemide in combination was significantly more effective in achieving normal ICP than antituberculous drugs alone. […] Oral glycerol is a form of cerebral dehydration first recommended in 1963 to reduce intracranial pressure. […] What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

• #81 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: pseudotumor cerebri

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/article/iih/pc-medical-tx.htm

  Treatment of raised intracranial pressure is both medical and surgical. […] While there is no evidence based treatment to guide medical therapy there is currently an ongoing National Eye Institute sponsored trial, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. […] The second aim is to investigate the cause of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is likely multifactorial. […] It has been found to reduce CSF production in humans by 6-50%. […] Furosemide has also been used to treat IIH. […] It appears to work by both diuresis and reducing sodium transport into the brain. […] Acetazolamide and furosemide in combination was significantly more effective in achieving normal ICP than antituberculous drugs alone. […] Oral glycerol is a form of cerebral dehydration first recommended in 1963 to reduce intracranial pressure. […] What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

• #82 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Medicine and surgery are the main treatments for pseudotumor cerebri. They reduce the pressure in your skull. […] If your symptoms are severe or they don’t get better with medicine, you might need surgery to reduce pressure in your brain or behind your eyes. These procedures are used to treat pseudotumor cerebri: Shunting. The surgeon inserts a long, thin tube called a shunt into your brain or spine to drain extra fluid. Optic nerve sheath fenestration. The surgeon makes a cut in the tissue around the optic nerve to allow fluid to drain.

• #83 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, Pseudotumor cerebri – EyeRounds.org – Ophthalmology – The University of Iowa

  http://eyerounds.org/cases/99-Pseudotumor-Cerebri.htm

  Although no associated conditions besides recent weight gain are usually found, many conditions have been linked to high intracranial pressure. Any disorder that blocks the flow of spinal fluid between the brain and the jugular venous system can cause raised pressure. […] The primary surgical options are optic nerve sheath fenestration or a CSF diversion procedure (shunt).

• #84 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Medicine and surgery are the main treatments for pseudotumor cerebri. They reduce the pressure in your skull. […] If your symptoms are severe or they don’t get better with medicine, you might need surgery to reduce pressure in your brain or behind your eyes. These procedures are used to treat pseudotumor cerebri: Shunting. The surgeon inserts a long, thin tube called a shunt into your brain or spine to drain extra fluid. Optic nerve sheath fenestration. The surgeon makes a cut in the tissue around the optic nerve to allow fluid to drain.

• #85 Pseudotumor Cerebri: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Medicine and surgery are the main treatments for pseudotumor cerebri. They reduce the pressure in your skull. […] If your symptoms are severe or they don’t get better with medicine, you might need surgery to reduce pressure in your brain or behind your eyes. These procedures are used to treat pseudotumor cerebri: Shunting. The surgeon inserts a long, thin tube called a shunt into your brain or spine to drain extra fluid. Optic nerve sheath fenestration. The surgeon makes a cut in the tissue around the optic nerve to allow fluid to drain.

• #86 Diagnosing and Treating Pseudotumor Cerebri | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/pseudotumor-cerebri/diagnosing-and-treating-pseudotumor-cerebri

  Pseudotumor cerebri is largely a diagnosis of exclusion if a patient has high intracranial pressure and testing does not reveal any cause, the diagnosis will be idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri. […] If the spinal tap reveals increased intracranial pressure, and tests have not determined any cause for that pressure, the patient will be diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or pseudotumor cerebri. […] The illustration at left shows bilateral venous sinus narrowing (red circles), which compromises blood flow from the brain to the neck, contributing to intracranial hypertension. […] Relieving the stenosis (narrowing) may relieve the increased pressure and alleviate symptoms.

• #87 Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/87/9/982

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterised by raised intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause, when all other causes of raised ICP have been excluded. […] The aetiology and pathology are not fully established, and the disorder has become the subject of increasing scientific scrutiny over the last decade. […] With no single cause implicated, uncertainties surround the best therapeutics which have led to differing management strategies. […] The underlying pathogenesis of IIH is uncertain. Raised ICP is a uniform characteristic, but the mechanism by which ICP is elevated in IIH is not clear. […] It is also questionable whether a single unifying mechanism elevates ICP in these individuals. […] Obesity is a consistent risk factor for the development of IIH. […] Despite the association between IIH and an obese phenotype, the pathological mechanisms tying the two together are unclear, and IIH is a rare disorder, while obesity is common.

• #88 Evolving evidence in adult idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathophysiology and management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/87/9/982

  The burden on the health service is significant and costly due to high healthcare utilisation by patients. […] For clinicians managing patients with IIH, questions remain about the optimal evidence-based approach for management. […] The conundrum of how obesity and female gender contribute to the underlying aetiology remains.

• #89 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension | Kahle Lab

  https://www.kahlelab.com/pseudotumor-cerebri

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as „Pseudotumor Cerebri” is characterized by increased intracranial pressure without a known cause but is associated with females, obesity and certain medications. […] The cause of IIH is unknown and the optimal treatment for this disorder remains unclear. […] There is some evidence to suggest that the development of IIH may be in part genetic, however, the genes that cause IIH are currently unknown.

• #90 All About IIH | IIH UK – (Idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

  https://www.iih.org.uk/section/9/1/all_about_iih_also_known_as_benign_intracranial_hypertension

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as benign intracranial hypertension or Pseudotumor cerebri, is a rare condition with an unknown cause or causes. […] We do not know what the cause or causes of IIH are. There is a striking association to being overweight. This is a sensitive issue. Medical studies have shown that recent weight gain can cause IIH, and found that weight loss can put IIH into remission. […] The cause or causes of IIH are not known. Although genes play an important role in lots of conditions, it is not yet known whether they play a role in IIH.

• #91 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: pseudotumor cerebri

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/article/iih/pc-medical-tx.htm

  Treatment of raised intracranial pressure is both medical and surgical. […] While there is no evidence based treatment to guide medical therapy there is currently an ongoing National Eye Institute sponsored trial, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. […] The second aim is to investigate the cause of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. […] The mechanism of action of acetazolamide is likely multifactorial. […] It has been found to reduce CSF production in humans by 6-50%. […] Furosemide has also been used to treat IIH. […] It appears to work by both diuresis and reducing sodium transport into the brain. […] Acetazolamide and furosemide in combination was significantly more effective in achieving normal ICP than antituberculous drugs alone. […] Oral glycerol is a form of cerebral dehydration first recommended in 1963 to reduce intracranial pressure. […] What causes idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

• #92 Welcome to the Intracranial Hypertension Research Foundation | Formerly called Benign Intracranial Hypertension and Pseudotumor Cerebri

  https://ihrfoundation.org/

  Chronic IH (including IIH) can be a lifelong disorder and is considered a rare disease. […] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) occurs without an identifiable, underlying cause. […] Being overweight and a woman of childbearing age are associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, but not with secondary IH. […] Our mission is to discover why intracranial hypertension happens, along with new, effective treatments.

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