Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Causes Nasal Cancer? | What Causes Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. But we do know some of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. For example, some risk factors, such as workplace exposure to certain chemicals, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the nose and sinuses. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as workplace exposures to certain chemicals and tobacco use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene changes are not believed to cause very many cancers of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Gene changes related to these cancers usually develop during life rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations are often the result of exposure to cancer-causing chemicals like those found in the workplace or in tobacco smoke. Acquired mutations probably cause most nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers, but sometimes they happen for no apparent reason.

• #1 Nasal and paranasal tumors | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/nasal-and-paranasal-tumors?content_id=CON-20198269

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #1 Paranasal Sinus Tumors – Prof. Dr. Murat Topdağ

  https://drmurattopdag.com/en/treatments/paranasal-sinus-tumors/

  Paranasal sinus tumors exhibit diversity in etiological factors. Approximately one-third of these tumors are related to occupational exposure. Work environments with nickel and volatile hydrocarbons are known to increase the risk of certain cancer subtypes. In particular, two substances show a strong correlation with certain tumor types: […] Nickel: Implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinomas. […] Volatile hydrocarbons and wood dust: Increase the risk of adenocarcinoma. […] Additionally, human papillomavirus (HPV) strains are frequently observed in some of these tumors. Two HPV types are found in a certain percentage of cases: […] HPV types 6 and 11: Detected in 24% of inverted papillomas and 4% of squamous cell carcinomas. […] Moreover, a direct relationship between smoking and alcohol use commonly recognized risk factors for head and neck cancers and sinonasal malignancies has not been established. This indicates that the etiology of these tumors is more complex and requires further research.

• #1 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. […] Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. […] A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #1 Risks And Causes Of Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/risks-causes

  Smoking tobacco is one of the biggest causes of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Smoking increases your risk of nasal cavity cancer. If you smoke, you are at a higher than average risk of developing this type of cancer. […] Research shows that some jobs increase your risk of developing nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. This is because they can expose you to certain chemicals. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances in humans. This is also called carcinogens. They say the following substances have enough evidence to say they increase your risk of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer: wood dust (mainly hardwood), leather dust, nickel compounds, isopropyl alcohol production, radium 226 and 228. […] About 30 in every 100 cases (30%) of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are linked to HPV. Of the different types of HPV, type 16 is the most common with nasal and sinus cancers.

• #1 Risks And Causes Of Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/risks-causes

  Previous radiotherapy for hereditary retinoblastoma has been linked with some types of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the following substances as having limited evidence for increasing your risk of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer: chromium (VI) compounds, formaldehyde, cloth fibres.

• #1 Nasal and Paranasal Tumors: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nasal-and-paranasal-tumors

  Nasal and paranasal tumors start in and behind your nasal passage. Theyre relatively rare, but prolonged exposure to smoke and other substances like textile dust may increase your risk. […] Smoking seems to increase your risk of nasal or paranasal cancer, specifically squamous cell carcinoma. Undergoing radiation treatment on the face is another risk factor. […] Breathing in substances found in some workplaces, including the following, may also increase your risk: wood dust from carpentry and wood-related industry, textile dust, leather dust, flour, nickel and chromium, mustard gas, radium, glues, formaldehyde, organic solvents.

• #1 Risk factors for cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses among white men in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8256781/

  A case-control analysis of cancer of the nasal cavity and sinuses was performed using data from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey. […] Cigarette smoking was related to an increased risk of nasal cancer, with a doubling of risk among heavy or long-term smokers and a reduction in risk among long-term quitters. […] After adjustment for smoking, a significant dose-response relation was also noted between alcohol drinking and risk of nasal cancer. […] High consumption of salted/smoked foods was associated with elevated risk, and risk tended to decrease with increasing intake of vegetables. […] The study confirms that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for nasal cancer, and provides further evidence that dietary factors may play a role in the etiology of this malignancy.

• #1 What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that increases your chances of getting a disease like cancer. […] Researchers have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop nasal cavity (nose) and paranasal sinus cancer. Most of these are exposures to inhaled substances in the workplace. Other risk factors are similar to those for other cancers in the head and neck area, such as smoking. […] Smoking increases the risk of nasal cavity cancer, specifically the squamous cell type. […] But infection with certain high-risk types of HPV can cause some forms of cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, anus, vulva, penis, mouth, and throat. HPV has been found in some cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, but because these cancers are rare, more research is needed to show that HPV infection causes them.

• #1 Nose Cancer and Sinus Cancer – Head and Neck Cancer Australia

  https://www.headandneckcancer.org.au/types-of-head-neck-cancer/nasal-cancer/

  Nasal and paranasal cancers are relatively rare. The most common location of paranasal sinus cancer is the maxillary sinus. […] The main causes of nose and paranasal sinus cancers are: Smoking (cigarettes, cigars or pipes) or using smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). If a person smokes or has smoked in the past, they have a higher risk of getting nasal and paranasal sinus cancer than someone who has never smoked. […] Drinking alcohol. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol over many years, they have a higher risk of getting nasal and paranasal sinus cancer, especially combined with smoking. […] Breathing in certain chemicals or dust that may cause cancer including wood dust (hard and soft wood), leather dust (e.g. shoe making), chromium, nickel, heavy metal exposure, formaldehyde, cloth fibres (e.g. textile manufacturing) and mineral oils (used in metal work and printing). […] Other factors that may increase the risk of nose and paranasal sinus cancer are: Being male; in Australia nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are twice as common in men compared to women. […] Age; most nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are common in people aged 45 years and over.

• #1 Non-cancerous tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/non-cancerous-tumours

  A non-cancerous (benign) tumour of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses is a growth that does not spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Non-cancerous tumours are not usually life-threatening, and they are typically removed with surgery. Non-cancerous tumours located in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses usually come back (recur). […] Most nasal polyps develop when allergies, infection or other conditions make the mucous membrane of the nose or paranasal sinuses inflamed. […] Research suggests that about 30% of cases of inverting papilloma are linked to an infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] In 5% to 15% of cases, inverting papilloma may develop into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is a cancerous tumour. […] Because inverting papilloma can be dangerous and may become cancerous, doctors usually remove these tumours with surgery using an endoscope.

• #1 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Data indicate that various industrial exposures may be related to cancer of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity. The risk of a second primary head and neck tumor is considerably increased. […] A study has shown that a subgroup of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity SCCs are associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and that HPV-positive patients may have a better prognosis than those who are HPV negative.

• #1 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer is cancer originating in the paranasal sinuses, usually occurring in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. […] Doctors are not sure what causes these cancers, but they are more common among people who smoke tobacco or regularly inhale certain types of wood and metal dust. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may sometimes play a role. […] Doctors do not think chronic sinusitis causes these cancers.

• #1 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nasal.htm

  Risk factors for cancer of the nasopharynx include: Salted fish and other preserved foods. The higher rates of cancer of the nasopharynx among people from China and southeast Asia have been linked with eating salted preserved fish, a part of the traditional diet in this region of the world. […] Epstein-Barr virus. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to increased risk for cancer of the nasopharynx. […] The nasal cavity and nasopharynx are located next to each other, so they both might be affected by the same inhaled substances. Some studies of people exposed to high levels of chemicals in the workplace have found one or both of these cancers to be associated with exposures to substances including formaldehyde, chromium or chromium compounds, and cutting oils. […] Additional research is needed to determine the role, if any, these factors may have in the development of cancers of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.

• #1 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Viral infections and their relationship to malignancy is an interesting area that has not received sufficient investigation. […] Preliminary studies show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in elevated levels of expression may be associated with early events in inverting papilloma (IP) carcinogenesis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may also be an early event in a multistep process of malignant transformation of inverting papilloma (IP). […] A study by Oliver et al, using the US National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), suggested that HPV also has a frequent role in the development of sinonasal SCC and that the overall survival rate tends to be better in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC.

• #1 What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 80% (8 out of 10 people) of people diagnosed with cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus are older than 55 years of age. […] Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are much more common among White people than Black people. […] People with the hereditary form of retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer that typically develops in children, have an increased risk of nasal cavity cancer if the retinoblastoma was treated with radiation.

• #1 Nose cancer (paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nose-cancer

  Nose cancer is cancer that develops in cells within your nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses or both. […] Risk factors for nose cancer include smoking, drinking alcohol and breathing in certain dusts or chemicals. […] There are various risk factors that make you more likely to develop nose cancer. These include: smoking, using smokeless tobacco-like snuff or chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol, breathing in certain dusts like wood or leather dusts or certain chemicals. […] Nose cancer is more than twice as common in males than in females. It is also more common in people over the age of 45.

• #1 Nasal and paranasal tumors | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nasal-and-paranasal-tumors

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that may increase the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors include: Smoking tobacco increases the risk. This includes cigarettes, cigars and pipes.

• #1 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. […] Different types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant. […] Being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. […] Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds. […] Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body. […] There is no standard staging system for cancer of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses.

• #1 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  The following are the main types of cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are: Squamous cell cancer – occurs when there is a change in squamous epithelial cells. It is the most common type of cancer in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. […] Adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoeidermoid cancer – are formed when cells in the minor salivary glands begin to grow out of control. […] Undifferentiated carcinoma – type of cancer that can come from the cells of the mucosa. […] Melanoma – the cells that give skin its color are called melanocytes, and melanoma is a type of cancer that starts in these cells. […] Esthesioneuroblastoma – also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a cancer that starts in the olfactory nerve (the nerve for the sense of smell). […] Lymphoma – starts in immune system cells (called lymphocytes) and can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses.

• #1 Nose and paranasal sinus tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4873911/

  Sinonasal IP is the most common pathology and much of the literature on management of benign nasal tumours concerns itself with IP. It is a locally aggressive tumour, which usually arises in the nasal cavity. Inverted papilloma is associated with a risk of malignant transformation (about 2 per cent) and it is known to carry a high risk of post-treatment recurrence and/or residual disease if a subperiosteal resection is not undertaken. […] Juvenile angiofibroma is a slow growing highly vascular tumour which arises predominantly from the sphenopalatine region in adolescent and young adult males. The tumour is locally invasive and can cause life-threatening epistaxis. As with inverted papilloma this lesion can extend to involve the sinuses, orbits and intracranial space. The basisphenoid is the commonest site of residual disease usually due to invasion via the vidian canal.

• #1 Benign Sinonasal Tumor Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | Pacific Eye & Ear Center

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/eye-ent/nose-sinus/conditions/benign-sinonasal-tumors/

  Benign sinonasal tumors are relatively uncommon, the most common being inverted papilloma, hemangioma and osteoma. […] Sinonasal hemangiomas are relatively rare and are benign vascular tumors that arise in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Their clinical, radiologic, and histologic signatures distinguish them from other types of benign growths. […] Osteomas are benign bone growths that are found mainly on the bones of the skull. These tumors are slow growing and usually cause no symptoms. When they develop from the bone they are called homoplastic osteomas while they are called heteroplastic osteomas when the arise from the soft tissues.

• #1 Paranasal Sinus Tumors – Prof. Dr. Murat Topdağ

  https://drmurattopdag.com/en/treatments/paranasal-sinus-tumors/

  In summary, paranasal sinus tumors have a multifactorial origin. Understanding risk factors is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. […] Paranasal sinus tumors are associated with various factors. Exposure to industrial chemicals can lead to DNA changes. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is another factor that can trigger tumor formation. Certain workplace dust exposures can also increase risk: […] Wood dust […] Leather dust […] Flour dust […] Textile dust […] Nickel dust […] Chromium dust. […] Radiation exposure can cause mutations in DNA, contributing to tumor development. Smoking similarly causes harmful changes in paranasal sinus cells. These tumors occur in the nasal cavity or the sinuses surrounding it. Changes in the DNA of these cells lead to uncontrolled growth. As tumor cells grow excessively, they can damage healthy tissue and even spread to other parts of the body. Metastatic cancer describes this process of spread.

• #1 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Sarcoma – is a cancer of muscles, bones, cartilage and fibrous cells that can start anywhere in the body, including the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Nasal polyps – are abnormal growths inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. […] Papillomas – are warts that can grow inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and destroy healthy tissue. […] Inverted papilloma – type of papilloma classified as a benign tumor, but tends to act more like a cancer. […] The symptoms of cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are quite nonspecific, and the suspicion is always made in cases of symptoms that do not improve over a period of at least three weeks. […] Tumors of the nasal cavity and sinuses are diagnosed based on the symptoms they cause – diagnosis in a person who does not have symptoms is very rare.

• #2 Nose and paranasal sinus tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4873911/

  Tumours in the sinonasal region are rare, affecting less than 1 in 100 000 people per year. They are histologically a diverse group of tumours and potentially pose significant management problems due to their close proximity to the orbit and intracranial cavity. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant tumour, but tumours of every histological type can occur. The commoner epithelial tumours include adenocarcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, malignant melanoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Sarcomas, e.g. chondrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma and haemoproliferative tumours, e.g. lymphoma may also occur. […] Benign tumours include inverted papilloma (IP), osteoma, juvenile angiofibroma (JA), haemangiopericytoma, haemangioma, schwannoma, pleomorphic adenoma and meningioma. All areas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses can be affected, but the lateral wall, ethmoids and maxillary sinus are the most common primary sites. The frontal and sphenoid sinuses are rare primary sites for reasons that are unknown.

• #2 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  After paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body. […] Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer.

• #2 Risks And Causes Of Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/risks-causes

  Smoking tobacco is one of the biggest causes of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Smoking increases your risk of nasal cavity cancer. If you smoke, you are at a higher than average risk of developing this type of cancer. […] Research shows that some jobs increase your risk of developing nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. This is because they can expose you to certain chemicals. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists all cancer causing substances in humans. This is also called carcinogens. They say the following substances have enough evidence to say they increase your risk of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer: wood dust (mainly hardwood), leather dust, nickel compounds, isopropyl alcohol production, radium 226 and 228. […] About 30 in every 100 cases (30%) of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are linked to HPV. Of the different types of HPV, type 16 is the most common with nasal and sinus cancers.

• #2 Nasal & Paranasal Tumors: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24927-nasal-tumors

  Nose tumors occur when the genes that control cell growth become damaged or abnormal. Experts still aren’t sure exactly why these gene changes occur. […] There are, however, certain risk factors that can increase your risk for developing nose tumors, including exposure to: Tobacco smoke (both primary and secondary). Wood or leather dust. Vapors from certain chemicals and substances, including glue, radium, solvents and formaldehyde.

• #2 Paranasal Sinus Tumors – Prof. Dr. Murat Topdağ

  https://drmurattopdag.com/en/treatments/paranasal-sinus-tumors/

  Paranasal sinus tumors exhibit diversity in etiological factors. Approximately one-third of these tumors are related to occupational exposure. Work environments with nickel and volatile hydrocarbons are known to increase the risk of certain cancer subtypes. In particular, two substances show a strong correlation with certain tumor types: […] Nickel: Implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinomas. […] Volatile hydrocarbons and wood dust: Increase the risk of adenocarcinoma. […] Additionally, human papillomavirus (HPV) strains are frequently observed in some of these tumors. Two HPV types are found in a certain percentage of cases: […] HPV types 6 and 11: Detected in 24% of inverted papillomas and 4% of squamous cell carcinomas. […] Moreover, a direct relationship between smoking and alcohol use commonly recognized risk factors for head and neck cancers and sinonasal malignancies has not been established. This indicates that the etiology of these tumors is more complex and requires further research.

• #2 Risks And Causes Of Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/risks-causes

  Previous radiotherapy for hereditary retinoblastoma has been linked with some types of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the following substances as having limited evidence for increasing your risk of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer: chromium (VI) compounds, formaldehyde, cloth fibres.

• #2 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. […] Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. […] A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #2 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Viral infections and their relationship to malignancy is an interesting area that has not received sufficient investigation. […] Preliminary studies show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in elevated levels of expression may be associated with early events in inverting papilloma (IP) carcinogenesis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may also be an early event in a multistep process of malignant transformation of inverting papilloma (IP). […] A study by Oliver et al, using the US National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), suggested that HPV also has a frequent role in the development of sinonasal SCC and that the overall survival rate tends to be better in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC.

• #2 Nose Cancer and Sinus Cancer – Head and Neck Cancer Australia

  https://www.headandneckcancer.org.au/types-of-head-neck-cancer/nasal-cancer/

  Nasal and paranasal cancers are relatively rare. The most common location of paranasal sinus cancer is the maxillary sinus. […] The main causes of nose and paranasal sinus cancers are: Smoking (cigarettes, cigars or pipes) or using smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco). If a person smokes or has smoked in the past, they have a higher risk of getting nasal and paranasal sinus cancer than someone who has never smoked. […] Drinking alcohol. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol over many years, they have a higher risk of getting nasal and paranasal sinus cancer, especially combined with smoking. […] Breathing in certain chemicals or dust that may cause cancer including wood dust (hard and soft wood), leather dust (e.g. shoe making), chromium, nickel, heavy metal exposure, formaldehyde, cloth fibres (e.g. textile manufacturing) and mineral oils (used in metal work and printing). […] Other factors that may increase the risk of nose and paranasal sinus cancer are: Being male; in Australia nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are twice as common in men compared to women. […] Age; most nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are common in people aged 45 years and over.

• #2 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Cancer | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/cancer/cancer-conditions/nasal-cavity-paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer occurs when cancer cells form in the nose, including in the hollow spaces around the bones. […] Smoking is the top cause of all cancers in the head and neck, including paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Other risk factors include: […] Exposure to air pollution […] Workplace exposure to certain substances, including flour dust, glue fumes, asbestos, nickel dust or solvent fumes.

• #2 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nasal.htm

  Risk factors for cancer of the nasopharynx include: Salted fish and other preserved foods. The higher rates of cancer of the nasopharynx among people from China and southeast Asia have been linked with eating salted preserved fish, a part of the traditional diet in this region of the world. […] Epstein-Barr virus. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to increased risk for cancer of the nasopharynx. […] The nasal cavity and nasopharynx are located next to each other, so they both might be affected by the same inhaled substances. Some studies of people exposed to high levels of chemicals in the workplace have found one or both of these cancers to be associated with exposures to substances including formaldehyde, chromium or chromium compounds, and cutting oils. […] Additional research is needed to determine the role, if any, these factors may have in the development of cancers of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.

• #2 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is a tumor that affects the region from the roof of the mouth to the passage that joins the mouth to the throat, and also the cavities around or near the nose. […] To understand these cancers, it is important to have some knowledge about the nasal cavity, the sinuses and the type of cells present in these areas – which can develop cancer. […] The nasal cavity and sinuses are lined with a layer of mucus-producing tissue (mucosa). The mucosa has many types of cells, including squamous epithelial, glandular, nerve, infection-fighting cells, blood vessel cells, and other supporting cells. Other cell types in the nasal cavity and sinuses, including bone and cartilage cells, can also develop into cancer. […] Any cell that makes up the mucosa can develop into cancer with its own characteristics, which means that they cannot all be treated in the same way.

• #2 What is nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer? | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer starts in the cells in the nose or a sinus around the nose. A cancerous (malignant) tumour is a group of cancer cells that can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. […] But in some cases, changes to nasal cavity or paranasal cavity cells can cause cancer. Most often, nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer starts in flat, thin cells called squamous cells. These cells line the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. This type of cancer is called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Sometimes cancer can start in the gland cells of the nose or sinuses. This type of cancer is called adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus. […] Rare types of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer can also develop. These include esthesioneuroblastoma and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC).

• #2 Nose and paranasal sinus tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4873911/

  Sinonasal IP is the most common pathology and much of the literature on management of benign nasal tumours concerns itself with IP. It is a locally aggressive tumour, which usually arises in the nasal cavity. Inverted papilloma is associated with a risk of malignant transformation (about 2 per cent) and it is known to carry a high risk of post-treatment recurrence and/or residual disease if a subperiosteal resection is not undertaken. […] Juvenile angiofibroma is a slow growing highly vascular tumour which arises predominantly from the sphenopalatine region in adolescent and young adult males. The tumour is locally invasive and can cause life-threatening epistaxis. As with inverted papilloma this lesion can extend to involve the sinuses, orbits and intracranial space. The basisphenoid is the commonest site of residual disease usually due to invasion via the vidian canal.

• #2 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  If cancer is found, laboratory tests can determine how aggressive the cancer is. […] Treatment depends on the type of cancer, where it is located and how far it has spread. […] If the cancer is detected at an early stage, surgery can successfully remove the entire tumor. […] If there is no possibility of surgery or radiation, chemotherapy is one of the forms of palliative care, to alleviate the symptoms of the disease and provide comfort to the patient. […] At the moment, there are no available screening tests to diagnose nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer early, and there is no known way to prevent it.

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