Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  Sinonasal malignant neoplasms are rare tumors that constitute about 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Only a fraction arises at the nasal cavity. […] The annual incidence of nasal tumors in the United States is estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 people per year. These tumors occur most commonly in whites, and the incidence in males is twice that of females. […] Although tumors of the nasal cavities are equally divided between benign and malignant types, most tumors of the paranasal sinuses are malignant. Approximately 55% of sinonasal tumors originate from the maxillary sinuses, 35% from the nasal cavities, 9% from the ethmoid sinuses, and the remainder from the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant histologic type (approximately 70-80%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 10% each).

• #2 How Common is Nose & Sinus Cancer? | Is Nose & Sinus Cancer Rare? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, and make up about 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. […] About 4 out of 5 cases occur in people who are 55 years old or older. […] In the US, White people are much more likely to develop these cancers than Black people, and men are about twice more likely than women to get these cancers. These cancers occur much more often in certain areas of the world such as Denmark. […] Most cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur in the maxillary sinuses or in the nasal cavity. They are less common in the ethmoid sinuses, and are rare in the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.

• #3

  http://www.omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=708

  Sinonasal tumors are a highly heterogeneous group of tumors that account for less than 1% of all cancers. […] Sinonasal tumors are tumors that occur in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses (PNS). These tumors are rare and make up about only 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. […] Patients with sinonasal tumors present with vague complaints like nasal obstruction, nasal congestion and discharge, headache and/or swelling and facial pain. […] Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans are done to stage the tumor locally and to check for the presence of metastasis. […] Sinonasal tumors carry a poor prognosis, despite the early diagnosis, radical surgical resection, and strict follow-up. […] Sinonasal tumors are complex, diverse and uncommon lesions that account for less than 3% of all tumors. Nearly a quarter of all sinonasal tumors are malignant as seen in our study with overlapping demographic and clinical features. The complex regional anatomy, proximity to vital structures, and delayed presentation following nonspecific symptoms make an accurate histopathologic diagnosis a mandatory prerequisite for planning effective management. The histologic type and grade of the tumor are representative of the biological behavior and the chemo- and radio-sensitivity of the mass and hence has an impeccable impact on its management. In short, histopathological diagnosis has prognostic value in sinonasal tumors.

• #4 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  Sinonasal malignant neoplasms are rare tumors that constitute about 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Only a fraction arises at the nasal cavity. […] The annual incidence of nasal tumors in the United States is estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 people per year. These tumors occur most commonly in whites, and the incidence in males is twice that of females. […] Although tumors of the nasal cavities are equally divided between benign and malignant types, most tumors of the paranasal sinuses are malignant. Approximately 55% of sinonasal tumors originate from the maxillary sinuses, 35% from the nasal cavities, 9% from the ethmoid sinuses, and the remainder from the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant histologic type (approximately 70-80%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 10% each).

• #5 Sinus Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sinus-cancer-5197527

  Sinus cancer makes up about 3 to 5% of all head and neck cancers and can have long-lasting and devastating effects if not treated early. […] Each year, about 2,000 people are diagnosed with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer in the United States. […] The SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) found that the five-year survival of those with sinus cancer from 2010-2016 was 82% if the cancer was captured locally, 52% if it was found regionally, and 43% if it was found in a distant phase, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. […] Early detection and treatment increases the likelihood of complete removal of the tumor and decreases the chances of the cancer returning.

• #6

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/05000/risk_of_multiple_primary_cancers_in_nasal_cancer.23.aspx

  In 1996 in Sweden, nasal cancer, characterized by neoplastic cells in the nasal and paranasal cavities, occurred at an age-adjusted incidence rate of 0.4/100,000 person-years in men and 0.3/100000 person-years in women. […] In the present study, we analyzed the risk of multiple primary cancers in patients with nasal cancer, using the 1999 update of the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to follow incidence of second primaries after the diagnosis of nasal cancer. […] Our data showed that compared with the general population, nasal cancer patients had a marked excess of second nasal cancer, with an overall SIR of 43.1. […] The increased occurrence of second primary cancers after an initial primary could result from medical surveillance after first diagnosis, shared environmental, hereditary and immunological factors, and therapy-induced exposure to carcinogens.

• #7 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) are rare, making up 3-5% of head and neck cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers. They are more common in Asia and Africa than in the United States. In parts of Asia, SNMs are the second most common head and neck cancer behind nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In a study that looked at SNMs reported by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database from 1973 to 2006, it was found that the incidence of sinonasal cancer was 0.556 cases per 100,000 population per year in the United States. Men are affected 1.8 times more often than women, and about 80% of these tumors occur in people aged 55 years or older. […] Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #8 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  A study by Gerth et al reported the overall incidence of malignant pediatric sinonasal tumors in the United States to be 0.052 per 100,000. The study, which utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, found that rhabdomyosarcoma was the most frequently occurring malignancy among patients below age 20 years.

• #9 Identifying chemotherapy beneficiaries in nasal and paranasal sinus cancers: epidemiological trends and machine learning insights | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-025-02425-6

  Studies on the epidemiological characteristics, treatment strategies and prognosis of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer are still relatively limited. […] This study analyzed the age-adjusted incidence rates of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer from 1975 to 2020 using SEER database data. […] The annual percent change (APC) in incidence rates per 100 000 person-years was 0.36 until 2012, subsequently decreasing to 1.79. […] Chemotherapy did not significantly influence overall mortality risk (HR=0.93, 95% CI 0.821.05, P=0.27). […] This study revealed a declining trend in incidence rates beginning in 2012. […] The gradient boosting model demonstrated robust performance, playing a crucial role in predicting patient prognosis and the significance of chemotherapy. […] Chemotherapy showed potential benefits in specific patient subgroups.

• #10 Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a series of 256 patients in Mexico City and Monterrey. Is air pollution the missing link? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740168/

  Air pollution is a serious health problem in major cities in Mexico. […] To determine whether the number of primary malignant nasal and paranasal neoplasms has increased, we surveyed 256 such cases admitted to a major adult oncology hospital located in metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) for the period from 1976-1997 and to a tertiary hospital in Monterrey, an industrial city, for the period from 1993-1998. […] In the MMC hospital the number of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms per year for the period from 1976-1986 averaged 5.1, whereas for the next 11 years it increased to 12.5. […] The maximal increase was observed in 1995-1997, with an average of 20.3 new cases per year (P = 0.0006). […] In the Monterrey hospital a 2-fold increase in the numbers of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms was recorded between 1993 and 1998.

• #11 Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a series of 256 patients in Mexico City and Monterrey. Is air pollution the missing link? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740168/

  Air pollution is a serious health problem in major cities in Mexico. […] To determine whether the number of primary malignant nasal and paranasal neoplasms has increased, we surveyed 256 such cases admitted to a major adult oncology hospital located in metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) for the period from 1976-1997 and to a tertiary hospital in Monterrey, an industrial city, for the period from 1993-1998. […] In the MMC hospital the number of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms per year for the period from 1976-1986 averaged 5.1, whereas for the next 11 years it increased to 12.5. […] The maximal increase was observed in 1995-1997, with an average of 20.3 new cases per year (P = 0.0006). […] In the Monterrey hospital a 2-fold increase in the numbers of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms was recorded between 1993 and 1998.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00497467

  Canadian patterns of morbidity and mortality from malignancies of the nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear for the periods 19701980 and 19701984 have been examined. Age-standardized morbidity rates have not changed significantly during 19701980 for either males (P=0.65) or females (P=0.96). […] For females, rates of change for seven of eight age groups examined also failed to achieve statistical significance (P=0.30). However, rates for females aged 4554 have shown an increase of 0.35 additional new cases per 1,000,000 population per year. This finding is of borderline significance (P=0.051). In contrast, age-standardized mortality rates have declined significantly during 19701984 by, on average, 0.08 and 0.07 fewer deaths per 1,000,000 population per year in males and females respectively. […] In these groups rates have declined by as much as 4.1 fewer deaths per 1,000,000 population per year (P0.045).

• #13 How Common is Nose & Sinus Cancer? | Is Nose & Sinus Cancer Rare? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, and make up about 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. […] About 4 out of 5 cases occur in people who are 55 years old or older. […] In the US, White people are much more likely to develop these cancers than Black people, and men are about twice more likely than women to get these cancers. These cancers occur much more often in certain areas of the world such as Denmark. […] Most cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur in the maxillary sinuses or in the nasal cavity. They are less common in the ethmoid sinuses, and are rare in the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.

• #14 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) are rare, making up 3-5% of head and neck cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers. They are more common in Asia and Africa than in the United States. In parts of Asia, SNMs are the second most common head and neck cancer behind nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In a study that looked at SNMs reported by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database from 1973 to 2006, it was found that the incidence of sinonasal cancer was 0.556 cases per 100,000 population per year in the United States. Men are affected 1.8 times more often than women, and about 80% of these tumors occur in people aged 55 years or older. […] Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #15 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Rare, < 1% of all human malignancies (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420, J Clin Med 2017;6:116) [...] Sinonasal cancers comprise 3% of all head and neck cancers (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420, J Clin Med 2017;6:116) [...] Affects 1 in 100,000 people per year worldwide (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) [...] Average age of presentation is between 50 - 70 years (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) [...] Epithelial tumors are the most common (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) [...] Sinonasal carcinomas occur more commonly in men (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) [...] Male predominance is thought to be a result of occupational exposure (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) [...] Woodworkers have 500 - 900 times and 20 times the risk of developing intestinal type adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420)

• #16 Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranasal_sinus_and_nasal_cavity_cancer

  Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by the appearance and spread of malignant cells into the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity. The cancer most commonly occurs in people between 50 and 70 years old, and occurs twice as often in males as in females. […] Environmental factors are likely one of the main causes of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Exposure to wood dust and nickel dust may cause paranasal sinus and nasal cavity tumors. […] Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of cancer. There is no evidence that alcohol increases the risk of any specific histological type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Physical examination can performed to find physical signs of cancer such as swollen lymph nodes, lumps, or other abnormalities.

• #17 How Common is Nose & Sinus Cancer? | Is Nose & Sinus Cancer Rare? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, and make up about 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. […] About 4 out of 5 cases occur in people who are 55 years old or older. […] In the US, White people are much more likely to develop these cancers than Black people, and men are about twice more likely than women to get these cancers. These cancers occur much more often in certain areas of the world such as Denmark. […] Most cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur in the maxillary sinuses or in the nasal cavity. They are less common in the ethmoid sinuses, and are rare in the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.

• #18 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  Sinonasal malignant neoplasms are rare tumors that constitute about 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Only a fraction arises at the nasal cavity. […] The annual incidence of nasal tumors in the United States is estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 people per year. These tumors occur most commonly in whites, and the incidence in males is twice that of females. […] Although tumors of the nasal cavities are equally divided between benign and malignant types, most tumors of the paranasal sinuses are malignant. Approximately 55% of sinonasal tumors originate from the maxillary sinuses, 35% from the nasal cavities, 9% from the ethmoid sinuses, and the remainder from the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant histologic type (approximately 70-80%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 10% each).

• #19 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nasal.htm

  Cancers of the nasal cavity (including the paranasal sinuses) and nasopharynx are rare. Each year in New York, about 180 people are diagnosed with nasal cavity cancer and about 30 people die from this disease. About 160 people in New York are diagnosed with cancer of the nasopharynx each year, and about 50 people die from it. […] Both cancers of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx are found twice as often in men as in women. […] Cancer of the nasal cavity occurs most often in people between the ages of 45 and 85. Risk of cancer of the nasopharynx increases with age, but it can occur in people of any age, including children. […] Rates of cancer of the nasopharynx are higher in certain Asian groups, including the Chinese and people from the Philippines and southeast Asia, and in some natives of the Arctic and North Africa. Rates are especially high in people from southern China.

• #20 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) are rare, making up 3-5% of head and neck cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers. They are more common in Asia and Africa than in the United States. In parts of Asia, SNMs are the second most common head and neck cancer behind nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In a study that looked at SNMs reported by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database from 1973 to 2006, it was found that the incidence of sinonasal cancer was 0.556 cases per 100,000 population per year in the United States. Men are affected 1.8 times more often than women, and about 80% of these tumors occur in people aged 55 years or older. […] Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #21 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/cancer-of-the-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Malignancies arising from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are relatively rare tumors of the head and neck. They account for only 3% of all upper respiratory tract cancers, with a yearly incidence of 1 per 100,000 people. […] Among the tumors arising in this anatomic region, 60% to 90% involve the paranasal sinuses, the majority being in the maxillary antrum. […] There is a 2 : 1 male predominance for these tumors. […] Most patients with carcinomas arising in the sinonasal region are older than 40 years of age. […] Chronic sinusitis, although frequently coexistent with malignant tumors in this region, is not a causative agent. […] However, an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus has been associated with wood dust exposure. […] A meta-analysis of 11 published studies of men with wood-related occupations showed that the odds ratio for developing adenocarcinoma was 13.5, with the risk correlative with the quantity and duration of exposure.

• #22 How Common is Nose & Sinus Cancer? | Is Nose & Sinus Cancer Rare? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, and make up about 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. […] About 4 out of 5 cases occur in people who are 55 years old or older. […] In the US, White people are much more likely to develop these cancers than Black people, and men are about twice more likely than women to get these cancers. These cancers occur much more often in certain areas of the world such as Denmark. […] Most cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur in the maxillary sinuses or in the nasal cavity. They are less common in the ethmoid sinuses, and are rare in the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.

• #23 Nasal & Paranasal Tumors: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24927-nasal-tumors

  Nasal and paranasal tumors begin in your nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. These tumors may be cancerous or noncancerous. Treatment depends on the situation, but often includes surgery to remove the tumor. Other treatments include radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Anyone can get nose tumors, but cancerous nasal tumors are more common in people aged 55 and over. According to the American Cancer Society, white people in the U.S. are much more likely to develop nose tumors than people who are Black. Additionally, men are twice as likely to develop nose tumors as women. […] Nose tumors are rare. Nasal and paranasal tumors account for approximately 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the U.S. […] Many cancerous nose tumors are curable, especially if detected early. Like most types of cancer, the longer a nasal tumor goes undetected, the more likely it is to grow and spread.

• #24 How Common is Nose & Sinus Cancer? | Is Nose & Sinus Cancer Rare? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, and make up about 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. […] About 4 out of 5 cases occur in people who are 55 years old or older. […] In the US, White people are much more likely to develop these cancers than Black people, and men are about twice more likely than women to get these cancers. These cancers occur much more often in certain areas of the world such as Denmark. […] Most cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur in the maxillary sinuses or in the nasal cavity. They are less common in the ethmoid sinuses, and are rare in the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.

• #25 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer is cancer originating in the paranasal sinuses, usually occurring in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. […] Although rare in the United States, paranasal sinus cancers are more common in Japan and among the Bantu people of South Africa. […] Doctors do imaging studies (typically computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to locate the tumor and describe its extent. […] The earlier paranasal sinus cancer is treated, the better the prognosis. However, survival is generally poor. Overall, about 60% of people with paranasal sinus cancer live more than 5 years. […] Doctors treat paranasal sinus cancer with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.

• #26 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  Sinonasal malignant neoplasms are rare tumors that constitute about 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Only a fraction arises at the nasal cavity. […] The annual incidence of nasal tumors in the United States is estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 people per year. These tumors occur most commonly in whites, and the incidence in males is twice that of females. […] Although tumors of the nasal cavities are equally divided between benign and malignant types, most tumors of the paranasal sinuses are malignant. Approximately 55% of sinonasal tumors originate from the maxillary sinuses, 35% from the nasal cavities, 9% from the ethmoid sinuses, and the remainder from the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant histologic type (approximately 70-80%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 10% each).

• #27 How Common is Nose & Sinus Cancer? | Is Nose & Sinus Cancer Rare? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, and make up about 3% to 5% of all head and neck cancers in the United States. […] About 4 out of 5 cases occur in people who are 55 years old or older. […] In the US, White people are much more likely to develop these cancers than Black people, and men are about twice more likely than women to get these cancers. These cancers occur much more often in certain areas of the world such as Denmark. […] Most cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur in the maxillary sinuses or in the nasal cavity. They are less common in the ethmoid sinuses, and are rare in the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.

• #28 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Cancers of the maxillary sinus are the most common of the paranasal sinus cancers. Tumors of the ethmoid sinuses, nasal vestibule, and nasal cavity are less common, and tumors of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are rare. […] Data indicate that various industrial exposures may be related to cancer of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity. The risk of a second primary head and neck tumor is considerably increased. […] A study has shown that a subgroup of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity SCCs are associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and that HPV-positive patients may have a better prognosis than those who are HPV negative.

• #29 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinon…

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0000.6314/en

  Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinonasal malignancies […] Introduction. Sinonasal malignances (SNM) usually present as a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. In the paper presented, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SNM, diagnosed in Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce (Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery), from 2001 to 2007, as well as a calculated survival rates are discussed. […] Results. In the analyzed group of 87 cases, ranging from 8 to 82 years of age (average 62,3 years), there was 48 male, and 39 female patients (M : F = 1,2 : 1). 59,8% of all group was in the age above 60 years, with the most common age group 71-80 years (33,3%). The most common defined localization was a maxillary sinus (33,3%), but due to very advanced stage at time of diagnosis in 37,9% of cases, the precise localization within the region was not possible to define. The primary epithelial tumors were diagnosed in 52,9% (n = 46), of all SNM, the non epithelial malignant tumors in 42,5% (n = 37), and metastatic tumors to the nose and paranasal sinuses in 4,6% (n = 4). In the group of epithelial SNM the Squamous cell carcinoma dominated (26/46–56,5%), and in the non epithelial SNM the most common group was a malignant lymphoma (10/37–27,0%). At time of diagnosis the majority of patients with epithelial SNM (80,4%) presented with advanced local stage of the disease (T3+T4a+T4b). The combined modality treatment was applied in the most of patients in the analyzed group (79,3%). The probability of 3 years disease free survival, calculated with Kaplan-Meier method was 64,0%, and 5-years survival – 45,0%.

• #30 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  Sinonasal malignant neoplasms are rare tumors that constitute about 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Only a fraction arises at the nasal cavity. […] The annual incidence of nasal tumors in the United States is estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 people per year. These tumors occur most commonly in whites, and the incidence in males is twice that of females. […] Although tumors of the nasal cavities are equally divided between benign and malignant types, most tumors of the paranasal sinuses are malignant. Approximately 55% of sinonasal tumors originate from the maxillary sinuses, 35% from the nasal cavities, 9% from the ethmoid sinuses, and the remainder from the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant histologic type (approximately 70-80%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 10% each).

• #31 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Most tumors of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease, and cure rates are generally poor (50%). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent type of malignant tumor in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and are often asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. […] Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses may occur, and distant metastases are found in 20% to 40% of patients who do not respond to treatment. However, locoregional recurrence accounts for most cancer deaths because most patients die of direct extension into vital areas of the skull or of rapidly recurring local disease.

• #32 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  Sinonasal malignant neoplasms are rare tumors that constitute about 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Only a fraction arises at the nasal cavity. […] The annual incidence of nasal tumors in the United States is estimated to be less than 1 in 100,000 people per year. These tumors occur most commonly in whites, and the incidence in males is twice that of females. […] Although tumors of the nasal cavities are equally divided between benign and malignant types, most tumors of the paranasal sinuses are malignant. Approximately 55% of sinonasal tumors originate from the maxillary sinuses, 35% from the nasal cavities, 9% from the ethmoid sinuses, and the remainder from the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant histologic type (approximately 70-80%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (approximately 10% each).

• #33 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/cancer-of-the-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  An increased risk (odds ratio 2.4) of developing squamous cell carcinomas of the sinonasal region was seen only among those employed for 30 or more years in jobs with exposure to fresh wood. […] Other industrial risk groups include leather tanners and nickel refinery workers. […] Because of the relative rarity of sinonasal cancer, there are a lack of studies analyzing the underlying cytogenetic and molecular findings. […] The most common malignant histologic type involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is epithelial in origin, with the squamous cell or its variants making up 80% to 85%. […] Adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses make up 10% to 20% of malignancies of the sinonasal tract. […] Melanoma and olfactory neuroblastoma, also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, are rare epithelial malignancies arising in the nasal cavity.

• #34 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinon…

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0000.6314/en

  Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinonasal malignancies […] Introduction. Sinonasal malignances (SNM) usually present as a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. In the paper presented, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SNM, diagnosed in Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce (Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery), from 2001 to 2007, as well as a calculated survival rates are discussed. […] Results. In the analyzed group of 87 cases, ranging from 8 to 82 years of age (average 62,3 years), there was 48 male, and 39 female patients (M : F = 1,2 : 1). 59,8% of all group was in the age above 60 years, with the most common age group 71-80 years (33,3%). The most common defined localization was a maxillary sinus (33,3%), but due to very advanced stage at time of diagnosis in 37,9% of cases, the precise localization within the region was not possible to define. The primary epithelial tumors were diagnosed in 52,9% (n = 46), of all SNM, the non epithelial malignant tumors in 42,5% (n = 37), and metastatic tumors to the nose and paranasal sinuses in 4,6% (n = 4). In the group of epithelial SNM the Squamous cell carcinoma dominated (26/46–56,5%), and in the non epithelial SNM the most common group was a malignant lymphoma (10/37–27,0%). At time of diagnosis the majority of patients with epithelial SNM (80,4%) presented with advanced local stage of the disease (T3+T4a+T4b). The combined modality treatment was applied in the most of patients in the analyzed group (79,3%). The probability of 3 years disease free survival, calculated with Kaplan-Meier method was 64,0%, and 5-years survival – 45,0%.

• #35 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/846995-overview

  A study by Gerth et al reported the overall incidence of malignant pediatric sinonasal tumors in the United States to be 0.052 per 100,000. The study, which utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, found that rhabdomyosarcoma was the most frequently occurring malignancy among patients below age 20 years.

• #36 Update from the 5th Edition of the WHO Classification of Nasal, Paranasal, and Skull Base Tumors: Imaging Overview with Histopathologic and Genetic Correlation | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2023/08/17/ajnr.A7960

  SUMMARY: Sinonasal and skull base tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with considerable histologic variation and overlapping imaging features. […] The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of head and neck tumors was released online in 2022 with a focus on distinctive molecular and genetic characteristics of tumors including in the sinonasal tract (SNT). […] The SNT (including the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and the skull base) is an anatomic region that has high morphologic, phenotypic, and genotypic diversity of neoplasms with considerable overlap of histologic features. […] Imaging characterization of these new entities is still at an early stage with significant overlap in the radiographic presentation. Nevertheless, it is important for the radiologist to be aware of the clinical course of these tumors, including the epidemiologic features and how they respond to treatment.

• #37 Update from the 5th Edition of the WHO Classification of Nasal, Paranasal, and Skull Base Tumors: Imaging Overview with Histopathologic and Genetic Correlation | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2023/08/17/ajnr.A7960

  The histologic grading of SNTs is an important independent predictor of tumor behavior. […] The diagnosis of IDH2-mutated SNT is increasingly being made, given the availability of inexpensive immunohistochemical studies, and it is now recognized as the most common variant present in SNUC (accounting for 50%88% of cases). […] The prognosis of these tumors is also widely variable depending on the underlying molecular and genetic expression.

• #38 Update from the 5th Edition of the WHO Classification of Nasal, Paranasal, and Skull Base Tumors: Imaging Overview with Histopathologic and Genetic Correlation | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  http://www.ajnr.org/content/early/2023/08/17/ajnr.A7960

  The histologic grading of SNTs is an important independent predictor of tumor behavior. […] The diagnosis of IDH2-mutated SNT is increasingly being made, given the availability of inexpensive immunohistochemical studies, and it is now recognized as the most common variant present in SNUC (accounting for 50%88% of cases). […] The prognosis of these tumors is also widely variable depending on the underlying molecular and genetic expression.

• #39 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  A study by Oliver et al, using the US National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), suggested that HPV also has a frequent role in the development of sinonasal SCC and that the overall survival rate tends to be better in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC. The investigators reported that of 1418 cases of sinonasal SCC, 447 patients (31.5%) had positive tumors. Moreover, multivariable regression analysis found the hazard ratio for overall survival in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC to be 0.45. In another study looking at sinonasal SCCs, also using the NCDB, the overall survival rate for patients with HPV-positive tumors was 68.1%, compared with 51.5% for HPV-negative tumors.

• #40 Paranasal sinus cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer […] INTRODUCTION […] A range of malignancies can develop in the paranasal (maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal) sinuses (figure 1). Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus are the most common of these tumors. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these tumors are discussed here. Tumors arising in the nasal cavity are discussed separately. (See „Cancer of the nasal vestibule” and „Tumors of the nasal cavity”.) […] EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS […] Cancers arising in the paranasal sinuses are rare, constituting approximately 3 percent of head and neck malignancies. The majority of these tumors arise in the maxillary sinuses, and most of the remainder start in the ethmoid sinuses. Cancers of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare. Paranasal sinus cancers are more frequent in males than in females. […] Factors associated with paranasal sinus cancers include: […] – Occupational exposures – Including leather, textile, wood dust, and formaldehyde.

• #41 Paranasal sinus cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/paranasal-sinus-cancer/print

  Paranasal sinus cancer […] Cancers arising in the paranasal sinuses are rare, constituting approximately 3 percent of head and neck malignancies. The majority of these tumors arise in the maxillary sinuses, and most of the remainder start in the ethmoid sinuses. Cancers of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare. Paranasal sinus cancers are more frequent in males than in females. […] Factors associated with paranasal sinus cancers include: Occupational exposures – Including leather, textile, wood dust, and formaldehyde.

• #42 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) are rare, making up 3-5% of head and neck cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers. They are more common in Asia and Africa than in the United States. In parts of Asia, SNMs are the second most common head and neck cancer behind nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In a study that looked at SNMs reported by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database from 1973 to 2006, it was found that the incidence of sinonasal cancer was 0.556 cases per 100,000 population per year in the United States. Men are affected 1.8 times more often than women, and about 80% of these tumors occur in people aged 55 years or older. […] Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #43 Sinonasal adenocarcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sinonasal-adenocarcinoma?lang=us

  Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are the third most common sinonasal malignancy, accounting for 5-10% of all sinonasal malignancies. Males are most affected (75-90%) between 55-60 years of age. […] Intestinal type adenocarcinomas are strongly associated with wood dust exposure, with wood-workers having a 900-1000x increased risk in comparison to the normal population. These exposure-related sinonasal adenocarcinomas tend to appear in the ethmoidal sinuses and nasal cavity (which has a higher presence of inhaled promoters), whilst non-exposure-related adenocarcinomas arise more frequently in the maxillary sinus, similar to other non-glandular sinonasal carcinomas.

• #44 Paranasal sinus cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer […] INTRODUCTION […] A range of malignancies can develop in the paranasal (maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal) sinuses (figure 1). Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus are the most common of these tumors. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these tumors are discussed here. Tumors arising in the nasal cavity are discussed separately. (See „Cancer of the nasal vestibule” and „Tumors of the nasal cavity”.) […] EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS […] Cancers arising in the paranasal sinuses are rare, constituting approximately 3 percent of head and neck malignancies. The majority of these tumors arise in the maxillary sinuses, and most of the remainder start in the ethmoid sinuses. Cancers of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare. Paranasal sinus cancers are more frequent in males than in females. […] Factors associated with paranasal sinus cancers include: […] – Occupational exposures – Including leather, textile, wood dust, and formaldehyde.

• #45 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  People working in shoe and boot manufacturing have a higher risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially when they are exposed to leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to dust or chemicals from certain nickel compounds (nickel sulphides and oxides) in the nickel-refining industry increases the risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This form of NHL can affect the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses. […] Treating retinoblastoma with radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus later on.

• #46 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) are rare, making up 3-5% of head and neck cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers. They are more common in Asia and Africa than in the United States. In parts of Asia, SNMs are the second most common head and neck cancer behind nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In a study that looked at SNMs reported by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database from 1973 to 2006, it was found that the incidence of sinonasal cancer was 0.556 cases per 100,000 population per year in the United States. Men are affected 1.8 times more often than women, and about 80% of these tumors occur in people aged 55 years or older. […] Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. Many of these products are found in the furniture-making industry, the leather industry, and the textile industry. In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM.

• #47 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  People working in shoe and boot manufacturing have a higher risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially when they are exposed to leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to dust or chemicals from certain nickel compounds (nickel sulphides and oxides) in the nickel-refining industry increases the risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This form of NHL can affect the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses. […] Treating retinoblastoma with radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus later on.

• #48 Paranasal sinus cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer […] INTRODUCTION […] A range of malignancies can develop in the paranasal (maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal) sinuses (figure 1). Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus are the most common of these tumors. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these tumors are discussed here. Tumors arising in the nasal cavity are discussed separately. (See „Cancer of the nasal vestibule” and „Tumors of the nasal cavity”.) […] EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS […] Cancers arising in the paranasal sinuses are rare, constituting approximately 3 percent of head and neck malignancies. The majority of these tumors arise in the maxillary sinuses, and most of the remainder start in the ethmoid sinuses. Cancers of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare. Paranasal sinus cancers are more frequent in males than in females. […] Factors associated with paranasal sinus cancers include: […] – Occupational exposures – Including leather, textile, wood dust, and formaldehyde.

• #49 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Leather dust, glues, formaldehyde, chrome, nickel, flour, textiles and organic solvents have also been associated with sinonasal carcinomas, mostly squamous cell carcinoma (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Smoking is also a risk factor, although not as strongly associated as other head and neck cancers (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] HPV 16 and 18 are associated with squamous cell carcinoma (~30% of cases) (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Other lower risk factors include nasal polyposis, inverted sinonasal papilloma, chronic sinusitis and radiotherapy used in the treatment of retinoblastoma (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Clinical presentation of sinonasal malignancies is usually nonspecific and diagnosed at advanced stages with poor prognosis

• #50 Understanding and Treating Rare Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancers | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/58628/understanding-and-treating-rare-nasal-and-paranasal-sinus-cancersundefined

  Research on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers requires greater investigation. These rare cancers account for 3-5% of head and neck neoplasms and less than 1% of all human malignancies. They are characterized by significant histological heterogeneity, diverse aetiology, biology, and clinical features, and different prognoses. Risk factors include occupational exposure to substances like wood and leather dust, textiles, and organic solvents, as well as non-occupational factors such as tobacco use, nasal polyposis, inverted sinusal papilloma, and radiation exposure. The WHO classification of these neoplasms was updated in 2022, introducing several new molecular entities. However, due to the rarity of these cancers, evidence-based therapeutic strategies are lacking, and the outcome is usually poor.

• #51 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that may increase the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors include: Smoking tobacco increases the risk. This includes cigarettes, cigars and pipes. […] Being exposed to air pollution. Breathing in polluted air increases the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors. […] Being exposed to chemicals and irritants in the air at work. These may include wood dust, fumes from glue, rubbing alcohol and formaldehyde, and dust from flour, chromium and nickel.

• #52 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Leather dust, glues, formaldehyde, chrome, nickel, flour, textiles and organic solvents have also been associated with sinonasal carcinomas, mostly squamous cell carcinoma (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Smoking is also a risk factor, although not as strongly associated as other head and neck cancers (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] HPV 16 and 18 are associated with squamous cell carcinoma (~30% of cases) (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Other lower risk factors include nasal polyposis, inverted sinonasal papilloma, chronic sinusitis and radiotherapy used in the treatment of retinoblastoma (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Clinical presentation of sinonasal malignancies is usually nonspecific and diagnosed at advanced stages with poor prognosis

• #53 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Leather dust, glues, formaldehyde, chrome, nickel, flour, textiles and organic solvents have also been associated with sinonasal carcinomas, mostly squamous cell carcinoma (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Smoking is also a risk factor, although not as strongly associated as other head and neck cancers (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] HPV 16 and 18 are associated with squamous cell carcinoma (~30% of cases) (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Other lower risk factors include nasal polyposis, inverted sinonasal papilloma, chronic sinusitis and radiotherapy used in the treatment of retinoblastoma (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Clinical presentation of sinonasal malignancies is usually nonspecific and diagnosed at advanced stages with poor prognosis

• #54 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer. […] To reduce your risk of nasal and paranasal tumors, you can: Stop smoking. If you don’t use tobacco, don’t start. If you currently use tobacco of any kind, talk with a healthcare professional about strategies to help you quit. […] Protect yourself at work. Follow your workplace safety rules for protecting yourself from harmful fumes and irritants in the air, such as wearing a face mask. […] Ask about the HPV vaccine. Receiving a vaccination to prevent HPV infection may reduce your risk of HPV-related cancers. Ask your doctor or other healthcare professional whether an HPV vaccine is right for you.

• #55 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  People working in shoe and boot manufacturing have a higher risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially when they are exposed to leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to dust or chemicals from certain nickel compounds (nickel sulphides and oxides) in the nickel-refining industry increases the risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This form of NHL can affect the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses. […] Treating retinoblastoma with radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus later on.

• #56 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nasal.htm

  Epstein-Barr virus. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to increased risk for cancer of the nasopharynx. […] The nasal cavity and nasopharynx are located next to each other, so they both might be affected by the same inhaled substances. […] Additional research is needed to determine the role, if any, these factors may have in the development of cancers of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx.

• #57 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  People working in shoe and boot manufacturing have a higher risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially when they are exposed to leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to dust or chemicals from certain nickel compounds (nickel sulphides and oxides) in the nickel-refining industry increases the risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This form of NHL can affect the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses. […] Treating retinoblastoma with radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus later on.

• #58 Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a series of 256 patients in Mexico City and Monterrey. Is air pollution the missing link? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740168/

  Nasal and paranasal malignant neoplasms are generally rare. […] Although epidemiologic studies have not addressed the relationship between outdoor air pollution and sinonasal malignant neoplasms, there is strong evidence for the nasal and paranasal carcinogenic effect of occupational aerosol complex chemical mixtures. […] Identification of this apparent increase in sinonasal malignant neoplasms in two urban Mexican polluted cities warrants further mechanistic and epidemiologic studies.

• #59 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that may increase the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors include: Smoking tobacco increases the risk. This includes cigarettes, cigars and pipes. […] Being exposed to air pollution. Breathing in polluted air increases the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors. […] Being exposed to chemicals and irritants in the air at work. These may include wood dust, fumes from glue, rubbing alcohol and formaldehyde, and dust from flour, chromium and nickel.

• #60 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Leather dust, glues, formaldehyde, chrome, nickel, flour, textiles and organic solvents have also been associated with sinonasal carcinomas, mostly squamous cell carcinoma (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Smoking is also a risk factor, although not as strongly associated as other head and neck cancers (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] HPV 16 and 18 are associated with squamous cell carcinoma (~30% of cases) (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Other lower risk factors include nasal polyposis, inverted sinonasal papilloma, chronic sinusitis and radiotherapy used in the treatment of retinoblastoma (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Clinical presentation of sinonasal malignancies is usually nonspecific and diagnosed at advanced stages with poor prognosis

• #61 Understanding and Treating Rare Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancers | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/58628/understanding-and-treating-rare-nasal-and-paranasal-sinus-cancersundefined

  Research on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers requires greater investigation. These rare cancers account for 3-5% of head and neck neoplasms and less than 1% of all human malignancies. They are characterized by significant histological heterogeneity, diverse aetiology, biology, and clinical features, and different prognoses. Risk factors include occupational exposure to substances like wood and leather dust, textiles, and organic solvents, as well as non-occupational factors such as tobacco use, nasal polyposis, inverted sinusal papilloma, and radiation exposure. The WHO classification of these neoplasms was updated in 2022, introducing several new molecular entities. However, due to the rarity of these cancers, evidence-based therapeutic strategies are lacking, and the outcome is usually poor.

• #62 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/nasal-paranasal-tumors/

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are tumors found inside the nose or the small, hollow spaces around the nose. These tumors begin in the cells lining the membranes, bones, or nerves lining the area. This type of cancer is rare, so its very important to find a treatment team familiar with it and able to perform complex tumor removal operations. […] Most cancers of the nasal and paranasal sinuses arent found until they have grown to a certain size and begin to produce unpleasant symptoms. Currently, there is no early screening test to find these types of tumors. […] For most sinus cancers, surgery is the first-line treatment, if the size and location of the tumor permit. Because nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors are located near the brain, eyes, major blood vessels, and nerves that control vision, its important to use the least invasive approach possible to remove the tumor.

• #63 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=134&contentid=87

  A paranasal sinus tumor is a cancer that has grown inside your sinuses. […] Experts dont know the exact cause of paranasal sinus tumors. But they have been linked to exposure to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace. […] Risk factors for paranasal tumors include: Exposure to industrial chemicals at work, Human papillomavirus infection, Exposure to wood, leather, flour, textile, nickel, or chromium dust, Exposure to radium, Smoking. […] Early symptoms of paranasal sinus tumors can look like symptoms of colds or infections. […] The most common treatment for a paranasal sinus tumor is a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. […] Experts dont know the exact cause of these tumors. But they have been linked to exposure to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace. […] The most common treatment is a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.

• #64

  http://www.omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=708

  Sinonasal tumors are a highly heterogeneous group of tumors that account for less than 1% of all cancers. […] Sinonasal tumors are tumors that occur in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses (PNS). These tumors are rare and make up about only 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. […] Patients with sinonasal tumors present with vague complaints like nasal obstruction, nasal congestion and discharge, headache and/or swelling and facial pain. […] Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans are done to stage the tumor locally and to check for the presence of metastasis. […] Sinonasal tumors carry a poor prognosis, despite the early diagnosis, radical surgical resection, and strict follow-up. […] Sinonasal tumors are complex, diverse and uncommon lesions that account for less than 3% of all tumors. Nearly a quarter of all sinonasal tumors are malignant as seen in our study with overlapping demographic and clinical features. The complex regional anatomy, proximity to vital structures, and delayed presentation following nonspecific symptoms make an accurate histopathologic diagnosis a mandatory prerequisite for planning effective management. The histologic type and grade of the tumor are representative of the biological behavior and the chemo- and radio-sensitivity of the mass and hence has an impeccable impact on its management. In short, histopathological diagnosis has prognostic value in sinonasal tumors.

• #65

  http://www.omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=708

  Sinonasal tumors are a highly heterogeneous group of tumors that account for less than 1% of all cancers. […] Sinonasal tumors are tumors that occur in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses (PNS). These tumors are rare and make up about only 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. […] Patients with sinonasal tumors present with vague complaints like nasal obstruction, nasal congestion and discharge, headache and/or swelling and facial pain. […] Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans are done to stage the tumor locally and to check for the presence of metastasis. […] Sinonasal tumors carry a poor prognosis, despite the early diagnosis, radical surgical resection, and strict follow-up. […] Sinonasal tumors are complex, diverse and uncommon lesions that account for less than 3% of all tumors. Nearly a quarter of all sinonasal tumors are malignant as seen in our study with overlapping demographic and clinical features. The complex regional anatomy, proximity to vital structures, and delayed presentation following nonspecific symptoms make an accurate histopathologic diagnosis a mandatory prerequisite for planning effective management. The histologic type and grade of the tumor are representative of the biological behavior and the chemo- and radio-sensitivity of the mass and hence has an impeccable impact on its management. In short, histopathological diagnosis has prognostic value in sinonasal tumors.

• #66 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Persistent exposure to wood and leather dust, textiles and organic solvents over a period of time is a strong risk factor for developing sinonasal carcinomas and is thought to be the result of chronic inflammation […] Due to nonspecific nature of symptoms in early stages of disease, sinonasal malignancies may have a prolonged period of time before diagnosis (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Lymph node metastasis at diagnosis in 10 – 20% of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma […] On follow up, 10% of patients develop distant metastasis; rarely occurs without local recurrence (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Noninvasive imaging is essential in establishing the extent of the tumor (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Both CT and MRI should be performed to determine anatomic details on tumor localization and extension

• #67 Nose Cancer: Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancers

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancers-3999634

  Nose cancer, or cancer in the nasal cavity or the four paranasal sinuses that surround it, is a relatively rare type of cancer. It accounts for between 3% and 5% of all head and neck cancer cases in the United States each year. […] Nasal cancers affect older people most, with 80% of cases seen in those aged 55 and older, and are seen more often in people assigned male at birth. […] Most of the nasal cancer and paranasal sinus cancers are diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. […] Because these symptoms are so common, many people with these cancers do not seek treatment until a later stage when the cancer has advanced. In fact, a 2021 study of 184 of these cancer cases in Pakistan found more than 70% were initially diagnosed with stage IV disease. […] Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are caused by several factors. Among them are genetic changes, or mutations, you may have inherited.

• #68

  http://www.omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=708

  Sinonasal tumors are a highly heterogeneous group of tumors that account for less than 1% of all cancers. […] Sinonasal tumors are tumors that occur in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses (PNS). These tumors are rare and make up about only 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. […] Patients with sinonasal tumors present with vague complaints like nasal obstruction, nasal congestion and discharge, headache and/or swelling and facial pain. […] Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans are done to stage the tumor locally and to check for the presence of metastasis. […] Sinonasal tumors carry a poor prognosis, despite the early diagnosis, radical surgical resection, and strict follow-up. […] Sinonasal tumors are complex, diverse and uncommon lesions that account for less than 3% of all tumors. Nearly a quarter of all sinonasal tumors are malignant as seen in our study with overlapping demographic and clinical features. The complex regional anatomy, proximity to vital structures, and delayed presentation following nonspecific symptoms make an accurate histopathologic diagnosis a mandatory prerequisite for planning effective management. The histologic type and grade of the tumor are representative of the biological behavior and the chemo- and radio-sensitivity of the mass and hence has an impeccable impact on its management. In short, histopathological diagnosis has prognostic value in sinonasal tumors.

• #69 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer is cancer originating in the paranasal sinuses, usually occurring in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. […] Although rare in the United States, paranasal sinus cancers are more common in Japan and among the Bantu people of South Africa. […] Doctors do imaging studies (typically computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to locate the tumor and describe its extent. […] The earlier paranasal sinus cancer is treated, the better the prognosis. However, survival is generally poor. Overall, about 60% of people with paranasal sinus cancer live more than 5 years. […] Doctors treat paranasal sinus cancer with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.

• #70 Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranasal_sinus_and_nasal_cavity_cancer

  Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by the appearance and spread of malignant cells into the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity. The cancer most commonly occurs in people between 50 and 70 years old, and occurs twice as often in males as in females. […] Environmental factors are likely one of the main causes of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Exposure to wood dust and nickel dust may cause paranasal sinus and nasal cavity tumors. […] Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of cancer. There is no evidence that alcohol increases the risk of any specific histological type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Physical examination can performed to find physical signs of cancer such as swollen lymph nodes, lumps, or other abnormalities.

• #71 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Persistent exposure to wood and leather dust, textiles and organic solvents over a period of time is a strong risk factor for developing sinonasal carcinomas and is thought to be the result of chronic inflammation […] Due to nonspecific nature of symptoms in early stages of disease, sinonasal malignancies may have a prolonged period of time before diagnosis (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Lymph node metastasis at diagnosis in 10 – 20% of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma […] On follow up, 10% of patients develop distant metastasis; rarely occurs without local recurrence (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Noninvasive imaging is essential in establishing the extent of the tumor (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Both CT and MRI should be performed to determine anatomic details on tumor localization and extension

• #72 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Persistent exposure to wood and leather dust, textiles and organic solvents over a period of time is a strong risk factor for developing sinonasal carcinomas and is thought to be the result of chronic inflammation […] Due to nonspecific nature of symptoms in early stages of disease, sinonasal malignancies may have a prolonged period of time before diagnosis (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Lymph node metastasis at diagnosis in 10 – 20% of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma […] On follow up, 10% of patients develop distant metastasis; rarely occurs without local recurrence (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Noninvasive imaging is essential in establishing the extent of the tumor (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Both CT and MRI should be performed to determine anatomic details on tumor localization and extension

• #73 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer is cancer originating in the paranasal sinuses, usually occurring in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. […] Although rare in the United States, paranasal sinus cancers are more common in Japan and among the Bantu people of South Africa. […] Doctors do imaging studies (typically computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to locate the tumor and describe its extent. […] The earlier paranasal sinus cancer is treated, the better the prognosis. However, survival is generally poor. Overall, about 60% of people with paranasal sinus cancer live more than 5 years. […] Doctors treat paranasal sinus cancer with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.

• #74 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Role of PET CT is important in staging of squamous cell carcinoma, allowing the identification of regional and distant metastases (Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2835, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Prognostic factors include age, performance status, tumor location and local extension, the histologic subtype and whether perineural invasion is present […] Carcinomas originating from the nasal cavity have a better prognosis than those from the paranasal sinuses […] This is attributed to nasal carcinomas producing symptoms that require earlier clinical attention […] Extensive local disease increases both surgical morbidity and local recurrence within 2 years; for example, maxillary sinus tumors have a 30 – 70% 5 year survival with resection but this drops to 10 – 20% in unresectable cases […] Significant improvement in survival in patients treated with a combination of 2 or more multidisciplinary approaches (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420).

• #75 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/cancer-of-the-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  The most common presenting symptoms are epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and a loss of the sense of smell. […] Cervical lymph node metastases on initial presentation are uncommon; most large series report an incidence of less than 10% to 15%. […] The nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers tend to spread by local extension into adjacent sinuses and bones. […] The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses all interconnect with each other via many apertures and often are separated only by thin, bony septi, allowing easy invasion of the tumor into adjacent air cavities. […] Lymphatic drainage of the nasal cavity is to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and the cervical chain. […] Approximately 10% of the patients with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus carcinomas present initially with cervical lymph node metastases and another 10% to 15% develop neck-node metastases in follow-up. […] Radiologic evaluation is of paramount importance in the diagnosis and staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors. […] The most useful studies are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Pathologic diagnosis is made through a biopsy.

• #76

  http://www.omjournal.org/articleDetails.aspx?coType=1&aId=708

  Sinonasal tumors are a highly heterogeneous group of tumors that account for less than 1% of all cancers. […] Sinonasal tumors are tumors that occur in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses (PNS). These tumors are rare and make up about only 3% of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. […] Patients with sinonasal tumors present with vague complaints like nasal obstruction, nasal congestion and discharge, headache and/or swelling and facial pain. […] Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scans are done to stage the tumor locally and to check for the presence of metastasis. […] Sinonasal tumors carry a poor prognosis, despite the early diagnosis, radical surgical resection, and strict follow-up. […] Sinonasal tumors are complex, diverse and uncommon lesions that account for less than 3% of all tumors. Nearly a quarter of all sinonasal tumors are malignant as seen in our study with overlapping demographic and clinical features. The complex regional anatomy, proximity to vital structures, and delayed presentation following nonspecific symptoms make an accurate histopathologic diagnosis a mandatory prerequisite for planning effective management. The histologic type and grade of the tumor are representative of the biological behavior and the chemo- and radio-sensitivity of the mass and hence has an impeccable impact on its management. In short, histopathological diagnosis has prognostic value in sinonasal tumors.

• #77 Radiotherapy as Part of Treatment Strategies in Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Malignancies | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/41/3/1587

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus (NC/PNS) cancers are infrequent tumors that represent ~1% of all malignancies and 5% of head and neck neoplasms (1-3). […] Consequently, the NC/PNC malignancies are often detected at an advanced stage due to the complex anatomy and occulting expansion (12-14). […] There is no gold standard therapeutic approach for these malignancies due to the wide variety in histological origin, rarity and different biological behaviors. […] Prognosis and treatment of NC/PNS cancers differ according to histologic entities (11, 15-17). […] The TNM-classification has recently been updated for better prognostic stratification (18). […] The most frequent RT indications are close resection margins, large tumors and positive lymph nodes (19). […] The role of CTX is essential in treating tumors with extracapsular lymph node growth, distinct lymph node involvement, grade 3 tumors or with positive resection margins (19, 29-33).

• #78 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinon…

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0000.6314/en

  Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinonasal malignancies […] Introduction. Sinonasal malignances (SNM) usually present as a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. In the paper presented, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SNM, diagnosed in Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce (Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery), from 2001 to 2007, as well as a calculated survival rates are discussed. […] Results. In the analyzed group of 87 cases, ranging from 8 to 82 years of age (average 62,3 years), there was 48 male, and 39 female patients (M : F = 1,2 : 1). 59,8% of all group was in the age above 60 years, with the most common age group 71-80 years (33,3%). The most common defined localization was a maxillary sinus (33,3%), but due to very advanced stage at time of diagnosis in 37,9% of cases, the precise localization within the region was not possible to define. The primary epithelial tumors were diagnosed in 52,9% (n = 46), of all SNM, the non epithelial malignant tumors in 42,5% (n = 37), and metastatic tumors to the nose and paranasal sinuses in 4,6% (n = 4). In the group of epithelial SNM the Squamous cell carcinoma dominated (26/46–56,5%), and in the non epithelial SNM the most common group was a malignant lymphoma (10/37–27,0%). At time of diagnosis the majority of patients with epithelial SNM (80,4%) presented with advanced local stage of the disease (T3+T4a+T4b). The combined modality treatment was applied in the most of patients in the analyzed group (79,3%). The probability of 3 years disease free survival, calculated with Kaplan-Meier method was 64,0%, and 5-years survival – 45,0%.

• #79 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/cancer-of-the-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  The most common presenting symptoms are epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and a loss of the sense of smell. […] Cervical lymph node metastases on initial presentation are uncommon; most large series report an incidence of less than 10% to 15%. […] The nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers tend to spread by local extension into adjacent sinuses and bones. […] The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses all interconnect with each other via many apertures and often are separated only by thin, bony septi, allowing easy invasion of the tumor into adjacent air cavities. […] Lymphatic drainage of the nasal cavity is to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and the cervical chain. […] Approximately 10% of the patients with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus carcinomas present initially with cervical lymph node metastases and another 10% to 15% develop neck-node metastases in follow-up. […] Radiologic evaluation is of paramount importance in the diagnosis and staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors. […] The most useful studies are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Pathologic diagnosis is made through a biopsy.

• #80 Survival Rates for Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] These numbers are based on people diagnosed with cancers of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus between 2012 and 2018. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. […] People now being diagnosed with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show.

• #81 Survival For Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/survival

  There are no UK wide statistics available for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer survival by stage. […] The statistics below come from America. They come from the National Cancer Institute’s SEER programme. They are for people diagnosed with nasal and paranasal sinus cancer between 2012 and 2018. […] The American statistics are split into 3 stage groups localised, regional and distant cancers. […] The statistics cover both nasal and paranasal sinus cancers. […] Around 85 out of 100 people (around 85%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. […] More than 50 out of 100 people (more than 50%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. […] Almost 45 out of 100 people (almost 45%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more after diagnosis. […] There are no UK wide statistics for nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer survival.

• #82 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinon…

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0000.6314/en

  Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinonasal malignancies […] Introduction. Sinonasal malignances (SNM) usually present as a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. In the paper presented, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SNM, diagnosed in Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce (Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery), from 2001 to 2007, as well as a calculated survival rates are discussed. […] Results. In the analyzed group of 87 cases, ranging from 8 to 82 years of age (average 62,3 years), there was 48 male, and 39 female patients (M : F = 1,2 : 1). 59,8% of all group was in the age above 60 years, with the most common age group 71-80 years (33,3%). The most common defined localization was a maxillary sinus (33,3%), but due to very advanced stage at time of diagnosis in 37,9% of cases, the precise localization within the region was not possible to define. The primary epithelial tumors were diagnosed in 52,9% (n = 46), of all SNM, the non epithelial malignant tumors in 42,5% (n = 37), and metastatic tumors to the nose and paranasal sinuses in 4,6% (n = 4). In the group of epithelial SNM the Squamous cell carcinoma dominated (26/46–56,5%), and in the non epithelial SNM the most common group was a malignant lymphoma (10/37–27,0%). At time of diagnosis the majority of patients with epithelial SNM (80,4%) presented with advanced local stage of the disease (T3+T4a+T4b). The combined modality treatment was applied in the most of patients in the analyzed group (79,3%). The probability of 3 years disease free survival, calculated with Kaplan-Meier method was 64,0%, and 5-years survival – 45,0%.

• #83 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the sinon…

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0000.6314/en?language=pl

  Conclusions. 1. The SNM present as a very heterogeneous group of tumors […] 2. The most common SNM are a Squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant lymphoma. […] 3. The majority of SNM are diagnosed at then advanced stage of local disease. […] 4. The calculated probability of 3-years survival was 64,0%, and 5-years survival 45,0%. […] 5. The diagnostic, as well as therapeutic approach to SNM requires a multidisciplinary cooperation.

• #84 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer is cancer originating in the paranasal sinuses, usually occurring in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. […] Although rare in the United States, paranasal sinus cancers are more common in Japan and among the Bantu people of South Africa. […] Doctors do imaging studies (typically computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to locate the tumor and describe its extent. […] The earlier paranasal sinus cancer is treated, the better the prognosis. However, survival is generally poor. Overall, about 60% of people with paranasal sinus cancer live more than 5 years. […] Doctors treat paranasal sinus cancer with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.

• #85 Survival in sinonasal and middle ear malignancies: a population-based study using the SEER 1973–2015 database | BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcearnosethroatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12901-018-0061-4

  Malignancies of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and middle ear account for a minority of overall head and neck cancers. The overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival for these malignancies is relatively low. […] Given the relative rarity of nasal cavity, sinus, and middle ear malignancies, this study aimed to update the population-based literature and to report the demographics, effects of treatment modality, and survival outcomes of patients treated for nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, and middle ear malignancy from the updated 19732015 Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The present study showed that on univariate analysis age at diagnosis, race, sex, primary site, histopathological subtype, AJCC overall stage, T, N, and M stage, surgical treatment vs. nonsurgical treatment, and tumor grade significantly affected survival, with all variables except histopathological subtype remaining significant on multivariate analysis.

• #86 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Role of PET CT is important in staging of squamous cell carcinoma, allowing the identification of regional and distant metastases (Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2835, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Prognostic factors include age, performance status, tumor location and local extension, the histologic subtype and whether perineural invasion is present […] Carcinomas originating from the nasal cavity have a better prognosis than those from the paranasal sinuses […] This is attributed to nasal carcinomas producing symptoms that require earlier clinical attention […] Extensive local disease increases both surgical morbidity and local recurrence within 2 years; for example, maxillary sinus tumors have a 30 – 70% 5 year survival with resection but this drops to 10 – 20% in unresectable cases […] Significant improvement in survival in patients treated with a combination of 2 or more multidisciplinary approaches (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420).

• #87 Survival For Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/survival

  For people diagnosed with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer in the UK and Ireland: more than 70 out of 100 people (more than 70%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after diagnosis […] around 50 out of 100 people (around 50%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how big it is and whether it has spread. […] The type of cancer and grade of the cancer cells can also affect your survival. […] Your general health and fitness also affect survival. The fitter you are, the better you may be able to cope with your cancer and treatment.

• #88 Survival in sinonasal and middle ear malignancies: a population-based study using the SEER 1973–2015 database | BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcearnosethroatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12901-018-0061-4

  The present study demonstrated that patient race, sex, and age at diagnosis all significantly affected survival, with black patients, males, and patients older than 50 demonstrating worse survival. Additionally, tumor histopathological type, primary site, grade, surgical vs. nonsurgical treatment, and AJCC, T, N, and M stage all significantly affected survival. Overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival is relatively low, and surgical resection when possible combined with adjuvant therapy when indicated appears to provide the best chance for survival in patients with these rare malignancies.

• #89 Survival in sinonasal and middle ear malignancies: a population-based study using the SEER 1973–2015 database | BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcearnosethroatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12901-018-0061-4

  The present study demonstrated that patient race, sex, and age at diagnosis all significantly affected survival, with black patients, males, and patients older than 50 demonstrating worse survival. Additionally, tumor histopathological type, primary site, grade, surgical vs. nonsurgical treatment, and AJCC, T, N, and M stage all significantly affected survival. Overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival is relatively low, and surgical resection when possible combined with adjuvant therapy when indicated appears to provide the best chance for survival in patients with these rare malignancies.

• #90 Survival in sinonasal and middle ear malignancies: a population-based study using the SEER 1973–2015 database | BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcearnosethroatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12901-018-0061-4

  The present study demonstrated that patient race, sex, and age at diagnosis all significantly affected survival, with black patients, males, and patients older than 50 demonstrating worse survival. Additionally, tumor histopathological type, primary site, grade, surgical vs. nonsurgical treatment, and AJCC, T, N, and M stage all significantly affected survival. Overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival is relatively low, and surgical resection when possible combined with adjuvant therapy when indicated appears to provide the best chance for survival in patients with these rare malignancies.

• #91 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Role of PET CT is important in staging of squamous cell carcinoma, allowing the identification of regional and distant metastases (Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2835, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Prognostic factors include age, performance status, tumor location and local extension, the histologic subtype and whether perineural invasion is present […] Carcinomas originating from the nasal cavity have a better prognosis than those from the paranasal sinuses […] This is attributed to nasal carcinomas producing symptoms that require earlier clinical attention […] Extensive local disease increases both surgical morbidity and local recurrence within 2 years; for example, maxillary sinus tumors have a 30 – 70% 5 year survival with resection but this drops to 10 – 20% in unresectable cases […] Significant improvement in survival in patients treated with a combination of 2 or more multidisciplinary approaches (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420).

• #92 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Role of PET CT is important in staging of squamous cell carcinoma, allowing the identification of regional and distant metastases (Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2835, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Prognostic factors include age, performance status, tumor location and local extension, the histologic subtype and whether perineural invasion is present […] Carcinomas originating from the nasal cavity have a better prognosis than those from the paranasal sinuses […] This is attributed to nasal carcinomas producing symptoms that require earlier clinical attention […] Extensive local disease increases both surgical morbidity and local recurrence within 2 years; for example, maxillary sinus tumors have a 30 – 70% 5 year survival with resection but this drops to 10 – 20% in unresectable cases […] Significant improvement in survival in patients treated with a combination of 2 or more multidisciplinary approaches (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420).

• #93 Survival For Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/survival

  For people diagnosed with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer in the UK and Ireland: more than 70 out of 100 people (more than 70%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after diagnosis […] around 50 out of 100 people (around 50%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how big it is and whether it has spread. […] The type of cancer and grade of the cancer cells can also affect your survival. […] Your general health and fitness also affect survival. The fitter you are, the better you may be able to cope with your cancer and treatment.

• #94 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Role of PET CT is important in staging of squamous cell carcinoma, allowing the identification of regional and distant metastases (Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2835, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Prognostic factors include age, performance status, tumor location and local extension, the histologic subtype and whether perineural invasion is present […] Carcinomas originating from the nasal cavity have a better prognosis than those from the paranasal sinuses […] This is attributed to nasal carcinomas producing symptoms that require earlier clinical attention […] Extensive local disease increases both surgical morbidity and local recurrence within 2 years; for example, maxillary sinus tumors have a 30 – 70% 5 year survival with resection but this drops to 10 – 20% in unresectable cases […] Significant improvement in survival in patients treated with a combination of 2 or more multidisciplinary approaches (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) (Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420).

• #95 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  A study by Oliver et al, using the US National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), suggested that HPV also has a frequent role in the development of sinonasal SCC and that the overall survival rate tends to be better in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC. The investigators reported that of 1418 cases of sinonasal SCC, 447 patients (31.5%) had positive tumors. Moreover, multivariable regression analysis found the hazard ratio for overall survival in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC to be 0.45. In another study looking at sinonasal SCCs, also using the NCDB, the overall survival rate for patients with HPV-positive tumors was 68.1%, compared with 51.5% for HPV-negative tumors.

• #96 Survival For Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/survival

  For people diagnosed with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer in the UK and Ireland: more than 70 out of 100 people (more than 70%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after diagnosis […] around 50 out of 100 people (around 50%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how big it is and whether it has spread. […] The type of cancer and grade of the cancer cells can also affect your survival. […] Your general health and fitness also affect survival. The fitter you are, the better you may be able to cope with your cancer and treatment.

• #97 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/cancer-of-the-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  The most common presenting symptoms are epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and a loss of the sense of smell. […] Cervical lymph node metastases on initial presentation are uncommon; most large series report an incidence of less than 10% to 15%. […] The nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers tend to spread by local extension into adjacent sinuses and bones. […] The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses all interconnect with each other via many apertures and often are separated only by thin, bony septi, allowing easy invasion of the tumor into adjacent air cavities. […] Lymphatic drainage of the nasal cavity is to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and the cervical chain. […] Approximately 10% of the patients with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus carcinomas present initially with cervical lymph node metastases and another 10% to 15% develop neck-node metastases in follow-up. […] Radiologic evaluation is of paramount importance in the diagnosis and staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors. […] The most useful studies are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Pathologic diagnosis is made through a biopsy.

• #98 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/cancer-of-the-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  The most common presenting symptoms are epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and a loss of the sense of smell. […] Cervical lymph node metastases on initial presentation are uncommon; most large series report an incidence of less than 10% to 15%. […] The nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers tend to spread by local extension into adjacent sinuses and bones. […] The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses all interconnect with each other via many apertures and often are separated only by thin, bony septi, allowing easy invasion of the tumor into adjacent air cavities. […] Lymphatic drainage of the nasal cavity is to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and the cervical chain. […] Approximately 10% of the patients with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus carcinomas present initially with cervical lymph node metastases and another 10% to 15% develop neck-node metastases in follow-up. […] Radiologic evaluation is of paramount importance in the diagnosis and staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors. […] The most useful studies are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Pathologic diagnosis is made through a biopsy.

• #99 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Persistent exposure to wood and leather dust, textiles and organic solvents over a period of time is a strong risk factor for developing sinonasal carcinomas and is thought to be the result of chronic inflammation […] Due to nonspecific nature of symptoms in early stages of disease, sinonasal malignancies may have a prolonged period of time before diagnosis (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Lymph node metastasis at diagnosis in 10 – 20% of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma […] On follow up, 10% of patients develop distant metastasis; rarely occurs without local recurrence (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Noninvasive imaging is essential in establishing the extent of the tumor (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Both CT and MRI should be performed to determine anatomic details on tumor localization and extension

• #100 Pathology Outlines – Sinonasal carcinoma-general

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/nasalcarcinomageneral.html

  Persistent exposure to wood and leather dust, textiles and organic solvents over a period of time is a strong risk factor for developing sinonasal carcinomas and is thought to be the result of chronic inflammation […] Due to nonspecific nature of symptoms in early stages of disease, sinonasal malignancies may have a prolonged period of time before diagnosis (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Lymph node metastasis at diagnosis in 10 – 20% of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma […] On follow up, 10% of patients develop distant metastasis; rarely occurs without local recurrence (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460, Curr Oncol 2021;28:2420) […] Noninvasive imaging is essential in establishing the extent of the tumor (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460) […] Both CT and MRI should be performed to determine anatomic details on tumor localization and extension

• #101 Nose Cancer: Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancers

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancers-3999634

  Rarely do head and neck cancers including nose cancers and paranasal sinus tumors spread to lymph nodes or distant body parts. However, that is the case in 20% to 40% of people who have these cancers but don’t respond to conventional treatment. […] The treatment of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers will depend on several factors. They include your overall health, as well as the stage and spread of the cancer. […] Head and neck cancers are relatively rare when compared with the rates of other cancer types. The subset of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers is even more rare, with maxillary sinuses most affected.

• #102 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Most tumors of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease, and cure rates are generally poor (50%). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent type of malignant tumor in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and are often asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. […] Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses may occur, and distant metastases are found in 20% to 40% of patients who do not respond to treatment. However, locoregional recurrence accounts for most cancer deaths because most patients die of direct extension into vital areas of the skull or of rapidly recurring local disease.

• #103 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Most tumors of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease, and cure rates are generally poor (50%). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent type of malignant tumor in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and are often asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. […] Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses may occur, and distant metastases are found in 20% to 40% of patients who do not respond to treatment. However, locoregional recurrence accounts for most cancer deaths because most patients die of direct extension into vital areas of the skull or of rapidly recurring local disease.

• #104 Understanding and Treating Rare Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancers | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/58628/understanding-and-treating-rare-nasal-and-paranasal-sinus-cancersundefined

  Research on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers requires greater investigation. These rare cancers account for 3-5% of head and neck neoplasms and less than 1% of all human malignancies. They are characterized by significant histological heterogeneity, diverse aetiology, biology, and clinical features, and different prognoses. Risk factors include occupational exposure to substances like wood and leather dust, textiles, and organic solvents, as well as non-occupational factors such as tobacco use, nasal polyposis, inverted sinusal papilloma, and radiation exposure. The WHO classification of these neoplasms was updated in 2022, introducing several new molecular entities. However, due to the rarity of these cancers, evidence-based therapeutic strategies are lacking, and the outcome is usually poor.

• #105 Paranasal sinuses malignancies: A 12-year review of clinical characteristics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5005102/

  Inadequate epidemiologic investigations of the paranasal sinuses malignancies prompted this retrospective study with special emphasis on a major group of 111 tumors. […] Malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses are rare but serious complications in adults. […] There is a gap between the onset of symptoms and final diagnosis of the disease in most cases due to nonspecific manifestations of the paranasal malignancies, which misleads patients to receive treatment in an appropriate time. […] Epidemiologic investigations provide further information on the prevalence and symptoms associated with these conditions, which lead to early diagnosis or referral of the patient for the treatment. […] The optimal therapeutic protocol for patients suffering from cancers of the paranasal sinuses is still a somewhat controversial entity. […] Majority of patients in this case series were treated with surgery combined with radiation therapy. […] Further investigations are required for more precise therapeutic protocol.

• #106 Understanding and Treating Rare Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancers | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/58628/understanding-and-treating-rare-nasal-and-paranasal-sinus-cancersundefined

  The goal of this Research Topic is to provide a comprehensive overview of these rare cancers, from epidemiology to treatment. The aim is to invite authors with different areas of expertise to contribute to this collection with original research, review articles, brief research reports, general commentary, and case reports. The hope is that this will lead to a better understanding of these cancers, their risk factors, and potential treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Themes pertinent to this Research Topic include, but are not limited to: – Epidemiology of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers – Risk factors and aetiology – Diagnosis and histopathologic classification – Treatment strategies and outcomes – Molecular profiling and actionable alterations – Multidisciplinary management of these cancers.

• #107 Survival in sinonasal and middle ear malignancies: a population-based study using the SEER 1973–2015 database | BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcearnosethroatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12901-018-0061-4

  Malignancies of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and middle ear account for a minority of overall head and neck cancers. The overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival for these malignancies is relatively low. […] Given the relative rarity of nasal cavity, sinus, and middle ear malignancies, this study aimed to update the population-based literature and to report the demographics, effects of treatment modality, and survival outcomes of patients treated for nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, and middle ear malignancy from the updated 19732015 Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The present study showed that on univariate analysis age at diagnosis, race, sex, primary site, histopathological subtype, AJCC overall stage, T, N, and M stage, surgical treatment vs. nonsurgical treatment, and tumor grade significantly affected survival, with all variables except histopathological subtype remaining significant on multivariate analysis.

• #108 Survival in sinonasal and middle ear malignancies: a population-based study using the SEER 1973–2015 database | BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcearnosethroatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12901-018-0061-4

  The present study demonstrated that patient race, sex, and age at diagnosis all significantly affected survival, with black patients, males, and patients older than 50 demonstrating worse survival. Additionally, tumor histopathological type, primary site, grade, surgical vs. nonsurgical treatment, and AJCC, T, N, and M stage all significantly affected survival. Overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival is relatively low, and surgical resection when possible combined with adjuvant therapy when indicated appears to provide the best chance for survival in patients with these rare malignancies.

• #109

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/05000/risk_of_multiple_primary_cancers_in_nasal_cancer.23.aspx

  In 1996 in Sweden, nasal cancer, characterized by neoplastic cells in the nasal and paranasal cavities, occurred at an age-adjusted incidence rate of 0.4/100,000 person-years in men and 0.3/100000 person-years in women. […] In the present study, we analyzed the risk of multiple primary cancers in patients with nasal cancer, using the 1999 update of the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to follow incidence of second primaries after the diagnosis of nasal cancer. […] Our data showed that compared with the general population, nasal cancer patients had a marked excess of second nasal cancer, with an overall SIR of 43.1. […] The increased occurrence of second primary cancers after an initial primary could result from medical surveillance after first diagnosis, shared environmental, hereditary and immunological factors, and therapy-induced exposure to carcinogens.

• #110

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/05000/risk_of_multiple_primary_cancers_in_nasal_cancer.23.aspx

  In 1996 in Sweden, nasal cancer, characterized by neoplastic cells in the nasal and paranasal cavities, occurred at an age-adjusted incidence rate of 0.4/100,000 person-years in men and 0.3/100000 person-years in women. […] In the present study, we analyzed the risk of multiple primary cancers in patients with nasal cancer, using the 1999 update of the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to follow incidence of second primaries after the diagnosis of nasal cancer. […] Our data showed that compared with the general population, nasal cancer patients had a marked excess of second nasal cancer, with an overall SIR of 43.1. […] The increased occurrence of second primary cancers after an initial primary could result from medical surveillance after first diagnosis, shared environmental, hereditary and immunological factors, and therapy-induced exposure to carcinogens.

• #111

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/05000/risk_of_multiple_primary_cancers_in_nasal_cancer.23.aspx

  Although the moderate increase in risk for second primary cancer in the last follow-up time suggests a small contribution by radiotherapy, this unusual clustering of multiple primary cancers at these sites strongly suggests that nasal cancer may share some risk factors in common with cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and skin and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.

• #112 Radiotherapy as Part of Treatment Strategies in Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Malignancies | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/41/3/1587

  This investigation aimed to examine the effects of different radiation techniques on toxicities and locoregional relapse rates in patients with NC/PNC malignancies. […] The 5-year locoregional control (LRC) was 85%. […] The locoregional recurrence rate was 18% following IMRT versus 31% in the 2D/3D-conventional RT group (p=0.09). […] IMRT appears to be linked with higher LRC and lower inner-ear acute toxicities compared to conventional RT. […] The incidence of inner ear toxicities seems to be lower in the IMRT group compared to the conventional group (8% vs. 20%; p=0.045). […] IMRT appears to be correlated with greater locoregional control and a better inner-ear acute toxicity profile compared to conventional techniques.

• #113 Radiotherapy as Part of Treatment Strategies in Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Malignancies | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/41/3/1587

  This investigation aimed to examine the effects of different radiation techniques on toxicities and locoregional relapse rates in patients with NC/PNC malignancies. […] The 5-year locoregional control (LRC) was 85%. […] The locoregional recurrence rate was 18% following IMRT versus 31% in the 2D/3D-conventional RT group (p=0.09). […] IMRT appears to be linked with higher LRC and lower inner-ear acute toxicities compared to conventional RT. […] The incidence of inner ear toxicities seems to be lower in the IMRT group compared to the conventional group (8% vs. 20%; p=0.045). […] IMRT appears to be correlated with greater locoregional control and a better inner-ear acute toxicity profile compared to conventional techniques.

• #114 Identifying chemotherapy beneficiaries in nasal and paranasal sinus cancers: epidemiological trends and machine learning insights | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-025-02425-6

  Studies on the epidemiological characteristics, treatment strategies and prognosis of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer are still relatively limited. […] This study analyzed the age-adjusted incidence rates of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer from 1975 to 2020 using SEER database data. […] The annual percent change (APC) in incidence rates per 100 000 person-years was 0.36 until 2012, subsequently decreasing to 1.79. […] Chemotherapy did not significantly influence overall mortality risk (HR=0.93, 95% CI 0.821.05, P=0.27). […] This study revealed a declining trend in incidence rates beginning in 2012. […] The gradient boosting model demonstrated robust performance, playing a crucial role in predicting patient prognosis and the significance of chemotherapy. […] Chemotherapy showed potential benefits in specific patient subgroups.

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