Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vaginitis in adults and adolescents: Initial evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginitis-in-adults-and-adolescents-initial-evaluation

  Vaginitis is the general term for disorders of the vagina caused by infection, inflammation, or changes in the normal vaginal flora. Symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, pruritus, and/or discomfort. The initial evaluation typically consists of a history, physical examination, and tests for specific infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Individuals whose initial evaluation confirms a diagnosis then receive targeted treatment. Those who remain without a diagnosis, or whose symptoms recur, then go through a more detailed evaluation process. […] Vaginitis, which includes the symptom of abnormal vaginal discharge, is frequently caused by infection but may have other etiologies. A patient could have simultaneous infectious and noninfectious causes, co-occurrence of common infections, or coinfection with sexually transmitted infection of the cervix (eg, gonorrhea or chlamydia).

• #2 Vaginitis | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vaginitis

  Vaginitis is any inflammation or infection of the vagina. It’s common in women of all ages. About 1 in 3 women have vaginitis at some time in their lives. […] Bacteria, yeast, viruses, parasites, and chemicals in creams or sprays, and even clothing can cause vaginitis. Sometimes it occurs from germs that are passed between sexual partners. Also, many things can affect the health of your vagina. These include your overall health, your personal hygiene, medicines, hormones (especially estrogen), and the health of your sexual partner. Changes in any of these things can cause vaginitis. […] Causes can include infections, chemicals, hormone changes, and poor personal hygiene. […] Bacterial vaginosis, herpes, candida, and trichomoniasis, can all cause vaginitis. Treating these conditions is important to prevent other serious health problems.

• #3 Vaginitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginitis

  Vaginitis is often caused by an infection or the disruption of the healthy vaginal flora. […] The three main causes are infections, specifically bacterial vaginosis, vaginal yeast infection, and trichomoniasis. […] Other causes include allergies to substances such as spermicides or soaps or as a result of low estrogen levels during breast-feeding or after menopause. […] Infectious vaginitis accounts for 90% of all cases in reproductive age women. […] Other less common infections are caused by gonorrhea, chlamydia, Mycoplasma, herpes, Campylobacter, improper hygiene, and some parasites, notably Trichomonas vaginalis. […] Further, either a change in pH balance or introduction of foreign bacteria in the vagina can lead to infectious vaginitis. […] Hormonal vaginitis includes atrophic vaginitis usually found in postmenopausal women.

• #4 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #5 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #6 Vaginitis in adults and adolescents: Initial evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginitis-in-adults-and-adolescents-initial-evaluation

  Infection has been estimated to cause between 70 percent and 90 percent of vaginal symptoms (incidence varies by population being studied). The most common vaginal infections are bacterial vaginosis (BV; 40 to 50 percent of cases), vulvovaginal candidiasis (20 to 25 percent of cases), and trichomoniasis (15 to 20 percent of cases). Cervicitis, typically from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can also present with nonspecific vaginal symptoms. […] Noninfectious – Antibiotic use, foreign body (eg, retained tampon or condom), low estrogen levels (eg, menopause), genital care products (eg, vaginal washes or douches), pregnancy, sexual activity, contraceptive choice, dermatoses, and systemic medical disorders (eg, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus) can cause abnormal vaginal discharge and related symptoms.

• #7 Vaginitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470302/

  Vaginitis is a common condition characterized by inflammation of the vagina, often resulting in symptoms such as itching, burning, discomfort, and abnormal discharge. This condition affects women at various life stages and can be caused by various factors, including infections, hormonal changes, and irritants. Common types of vaginitis include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and trichomoniasis, each with distinct causes and treatments. Understanding the underlying cause is crucial for effective management and relief. […] Vaginitis can be caused by the overgrowth of bacteria or yeast or an infection with trichomoniasis. In addition, irritants such as harsh soaps, scented hygiene products, and tight clothing may contribute to the development of vaginitis. […] The exact cause of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis is not well understood, but it involves significant inflammation of the vaginal epithelium. This infrequent, noninfectious, chronic inflammatory condition is more common in White women. There may be an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora, with a significant decrease in Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of other facultative anaerobic bacteria, resulting in an elevated vaginal pH.

• #8 Vaginitis: Causes and prevention measures | Diagnostiki Athinon

  https://athenslab.gr/en/blog/vaginal-microbiome-femoscan/vaginitis-causes-and-prevention-measures

  Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina and affects a large percentage of women of reproductive age. […] The cause of infectious types of vaginitis is either the growth of bacteria or fungi at abnormal levels or a sexually transmitted infection. […] Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common causes of vaginal inflammation and it is caused by the overgrowth of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, such as various species of streptococcus, staphylococcus, or Gardnerella vaginalis. […] Candida infection (candidiasis) is caused due to the overgrowth of fungi of the genus Candida. […] Chlamydia is a member of the family Chlamydiaceae and constitutes the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in women aged 18 to 35. […] Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium N. gonorrhea and it is also a common sexually transmitted infection, which can coexist with chlamydial infection.

• #9 Vaginitis | Vulvovaginitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis, also called vulvovaginitis, is an inflammation or infection of the vagina. It can also affect the vulva, which is the external part of a woman’s genitals. Vaginitis can cause itching, pain, discharge, and odor. […] Vaginitis is common, especially in women in their reproductive years. It usually happens when there is a change in the balance of bacteria or yeast that are normally found in your vagina. There are different types of vaginitis, and they have different causes, symptoms, and treatments. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women ages 15-44. It happens when there is an imbalance between the „good” and „harmful” bacteria that are normally found in a woman’s vagina. Many things can change the balance of bacteria, including: Taking antibiotics, Douching, Using an intrauterine device (IUD), Having unprotected sex with a new partner, Having many sexual partners.

• #10 Bacterial vaginosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352279

  Bacterial vaginosis happens when the vagina’s natural bacteria levels are out of balance. The bacteria in the vagina are called the vaginal flora. Balanced vaginal flora help keep the vagina healthy. Usually „good” bacteria outnumber „bad” bacteria. The good bacteria are called lactobacilli; the bad bacteria are anaerobes. When there are too many anaerobes, they upset the balance of the flora, causing bacterial vaginosis. […] Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis include: […] Having different sex partners or a new sex partner. The link between having sex and bacterial vaginosis isn’t clear. But BV happens more often when someone has different or new sex partners. Also, BV is more common when the sex of both partners is female. […] Douching. The vagina is self-cleaning. So rinsing your vagina with water or something else isn’t needed. It may even cause problems. Douching upsets the vagina’s healthy balance of bacteria. It can lead to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, causing bacterial vaginosis. […] Natural lack of lactobacilli bacteria. If your vagina doesn’t produce enough lactobacilli, you’re more likely to develop bacterial vaginosis.

• #11 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3963-bacterial-vaginosis

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of bacteria. Every healthy vagina contains bacteria. Typically, these bacteria balance each other. Sometimes, the bad bacteria grow too much and overpower the good bacteria. This throws off the balance of bacteria in your vagina and leads to bacterial vaginosis. […] Specifically, bacterial vaginosis happens when bad bacteria (anaerobes) grow more quickly than good bacteria (lactobacilli). Too much of one type of bacteria leads to an imbalance. […] Researchers think that sex may change the bacterial environment in your vagina. This makes bacterial overgrowth more likely. […] Bacterial vaginosis increases your risk for STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea. If you have HIV and develop BV, you’re at higher risk for passing HIV to your partner. […] About 25% of pregnant women will get BV. This is due to all the hormonal changes that occur in pregnancy.

• #12 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #13 Vaginitis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/vaginitis

  Vaginitis refers to any inflammation or infection of the vagina. […] Each type has a different cause and may present different symptoms, and more than one type of vaginitis may be present at one time (with or without symptoms). […] Yeast infections, as they are commonly called, are caused by one of the many species of fungus known as candida, which normally live in the vagina in small numbers. […] Since yeast is normally present and well-balanced in the vagina, infection occurs when something in the body upsets this normal balance, for example, an antibiotic to treat another infection. In this case, the antibiotic kills the bacteria that normally protects and balances the yeast in the vagina. In turn, the yeast overgrows, causing an infection. […] Other factors that can cause this imbalance to occur include: pregnancy, which changes hormone levels; diabetes, which allows too much sugar in the urine and vagina.

• #14 Vaginitis | Vulvovaginitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html

  Yeast infections (candidiasis) happen when too much candida grows in the vagina. Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. You may have too much growing in the vagina because of: Antibiotics, Pregnancy, Diabetes, especially if it is not well-controlled, Corticosteroid medicines. […] Trichomoniasis can also cause vaginitis. Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by a parasite. […] You can also have vaginitis if you are allergic or sensitive to certain products that you use. Examples include vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. They can cause burning, itching, and discharge. […] Hormonal changes can also cause vaginal irritation. Examples are when you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or when you have gone through menopause. […] Sometimes you can have more than one cause of vaginitis at the same time.

• #15 Vaginitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9131-vaginitis

  Vaginitis is a word for various conditions that cause inflammation or infection of your vagina. You can get vaginitis from things like bacteria, yeast and low estrogen, or chemical irritants like spray or spermicides. Vaginitis is common and treatable, but treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] You can get vaginitis from bacteria, fungi, parasites or other organisms, or chemicals in creams or personal hygiene products. In some cases, vaginitis occurs due to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or vaginal dryness from low estrogen levels. […] There are many possible causes of vaginitis, and each cause has its own symptoms and treatment. […] Vaginitis has multiple causes, depending on what kind of vaginitis you have. Some of the causes are: Changes in the microorganisms in your vagina. Two of the most common types of vaginitis yeast infections and bacterial vaginosis occur when bacteria naturally occurring in your vagina become unbalanced in some way. Taking antibiotics can also disrupt the normal bacteria in your vagina, leading to a yeast infection.

• #16 What are the causes of vaginal infections and vaginitis?

  https://cliniquelactuel.com/causes-of-vaginal-and-infections-viginitis

  Vaginitis, vulvitis, vaginosis… another vaginal infection? What is vaginitis? Is vaginitis frequent? What are the causes of vaginal infections and vaginitis? […] The following are the most common causes of vaginitis: […] Fungal or yeast infections (candida albicans vaginitis); […] Bacterial vaginosis (caused by the bacteria Gardnerella vaginalis); […] Trichomonal vaginitis (this vaginal infection may be transmitted by sexual contact); […] Allergic or contact (chemical) dermatitis. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), sometimes referred to as candidal vaginitis, monilial infection, or vaginal yeast infection, is a common cause of vaginal irritation. […] VVC is caused by an overabundance or overgrowth of yeast cells (primarily Candida albicans) that normally colonize in the vagina. Several factors are associated with increased rates of VVC in women, including pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and the use of oral contraceptives or antibiotics. […] Other factors that may increase the incidence of VVC include the use of douches, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, topical antimicrobial agents, and tight, poorly ventilated clothing and underwear. […] There is no direct evidence that VVC is transmitted by sexual intercourse.

• #17 Vaginitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354707

  Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina that can result in discharge, itching and pain. The cause is usually a change in the balance of vaginal bacteria or an infection. Reduced estrogen levels after menopause and some skin disorders also can cause vaginitis. […] The cause depends on what type of vaginitis you have: […] Bacterial vaginosis. This most common type of vaginitis results from a change of the bacteria found in your vagina, upsetting the balance. What causes the imbalance is unknown. It’s possible to have bacterial vaginosis without symptoms. […] Yeast infections. These occur when there’s an overgrowth of a fungal organism usually Candida albicans in your vagina. […] Trichomoniasis. This common sexually transmitted infection is caused by a microscopic, one-celled parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. This organism spreads during sex with someone who has the infection.

• #18 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #19 Vaginitis Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/vaginitis

  Vaginitis may be caused by an infection passed through sexual contact or by a change in the balance of organisms normally found in the vagina. You can also have multiple causes of vaginitis at the same time. […] For most people, one of these infections causes vaginitis: […] Other causes of vaginitis include: […] Some types of vaginitis can increase a persons risk of other health problems. […] For instance, bacterial vaginosis can cause complications in pregnancy, including miscarriage or having a low birth weight baby, preterm delivery, or your water breaking early. […] BV also increases your risk of getting other STIs, including HIV, and is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious condition that can impair fertility. […] Trichomoniasis also increases a person’s risk of contracting or spreading other STIs, including HIV. […] Trichomoniasis also may cause preterm birth.

• #20 Vaginitis | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/adult-diseases-and-conditions-v0/vaginitis

  Vaginitis refers to any inflammation or infection of the vagina. It’s common in women of all ages. One-third of women have at least one form of vaginitis at some time during their lives. […] When the walls of the vagina become inflamed, because some irritant has disturbed the balance of the vaginal area, vaginitis can occur. […] Bacteria, yeast, viruses, chemicals in creams or sprays, and even clothing can cause vaginitis. Sometimes, it occurs from organisms that are passed between sexual partners. Also, a number of different factors can affect the health of your vagina. These include your overall health, your personal hygiene, medicines, hormones (particularly estrogen), and the health of your sexual partner. Changes in any of these factors can trigger vaginitis. […] Bacterial vaginosis is the most common type of vaginitis in women of reproductive age. This infection is caused by bacteria, not yeast. With a bacterial vaginosis infection, certain species of normal vaginal bacteria grow out of control and trigger inflammation.

• #21 Vaginitis: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175101

  Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. It typically results from a bacterial or fungal infection. […] Infection is the most common cause of vaginitis, including candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis. After puberty, infectious vaginitis accounts for 90 percent of cases. […] Less commonly, vaginitis may also be caused by gonorrhea, Chlamydia, mycoplasma, herpes, campylobacter, some parasites, and poor hygiene. […] Vaginitis can occur before puberty, but different types of bacteria may be involved. Before puberty, Streptococcus spp is a more likely cause, sometimes because improper hygiene practices spread bacteria from the anal area to the genitals. […] The proximity of the vagina to the anus, lack of estrogen, lack of pubic hair, and lack of labial fat pads may increase the risk of vulvovaginitis in before puberty.

• #22

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/vaginitis

  Pelvic inflammatory disease due to STi, such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea […] Infection or excessive proliferation of aerobic bacteria (aerobic vaginitis, desquamative vaginitis, haemolytic Group A streptococcal infection, cytolytic vaginosis); yeast (vulvovaginal candidiasis); or parasite (trichomoniasis) […] Viral infection with intravaginal or cervical genital herpes or genital warts […] Pinworm infection, especially in young girls […] Inflammatory disease such as erosive lichen planus […] Benign or malignant tumour of the endometrium including fibroids, endometrial cancer or cervical cancer. […] Note that bacterial vaginosis does not cause vaginitis; bacterial vaginosis causes non-inflammatory and malodorous vaginal discharge.

• #23 Vaginitis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Vagina/Vgnts.htm

  Causes […] Common […] Normal discharge (30%) […] Candida Vulvovaginitis (20-25%) […] Bacterial Vaginosis (23-50%) […] Trichomonas Vaginitis (5-15%) […] Mixed infection or Sexually Transmitted Disease (20%) […] Uncommon […] Mycoplasma Genitalium […] Ureaplasma Urealyticum […] Causes […] Other […] Atrophic Vaginitis (post-menopausal women) […] Infectious Cervicitis […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae […] Chlamydia Trachomatis […] Herpes Simplex Virus […] Vaginitis or Vulvitis […] Scabies […] Neurodermatitis […] Vaginal or Vulvar Trauma […] Lichen Planus […] Vulvar Vestibulitis […] Herpes Vulvitis (presents with severe pain, often before vesicular lesions appear) […] Malignancy […] Irritant Contact Vaginitis […] Soaps […] Tampons or sanitary napkins […] Condoms […] Spermicidal gel […] Diaphragm […] Dyes

• #24 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #25 Vaginitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354707

  Noninfectious vaginitis. Vaginal sprays, douches, perfumed soaps, scented detergents and spermicidal products can cause an allergic reaction or irritate vulvar and vaginal tissues. […] Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (vaginal atrophy). Reduced estrogen levels after menopause or surgical removal of your ovaries can cause the vaginal lining to thin, sometimes resulting in vaginal irritation, burning and dryness.

• #26 Vaginitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/vaginitis

  Yeast infections develop when a certain species of fungus that is always present in the vagina, gains an edge and outnumbers healthy, friendly bacteria. […] Bacterial vaginosis is responsible for up to half of all vaginitis cases in the U.S. It is triggered by an overgrowth of bad bacteria in the vagina. […] Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause vaginitis. […] Atrophic vaginitis occurs when a decrease in estrogen naturally happens during menopause, and continues afterwards, when estrogen levels stay permanently low. […] Noninfectious vaginitis is caused by allergic reaction to a soap or product, like those used for douching. […] Pathologists can diagnose the causes of vaginitis, both non-infectious and infectious, by visually examining a Pap Test slide under the microscope.

• #27 Vulvovaginitis – overview Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/vulvovaginitis-overview

  Vulvovaginitis or vaginitis is swelling or infection of the vulva and vagina. […] Vaginitis is a common problem that can affect women and girls of all ages. […] Yeast infections are one of the most common causes of vulvovaginitis in women. […] Yeast infections are most often due to the fungus Candida albicans. […] Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. However, sometimes the number of candida organisms increase. This leads to a yeast infection. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when more unhealthy bacteria than healthy bacteria grow. […] A less common type of vaginitis is spread by sexual contact. It is called trichomoniasis. […] Low estrogen levels in women after menopause can cause vaginal dryness and thinning of the skin of the vagina and vulva.

• #28 Vaginitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginitis/

  Vaginitis has lots of possible causes. […] Your symptoms might give you an idea what’s causing it. […] Common causes of vaginitis include thrush, sexually transmitted infections like trichomoniasis or chlamydia, hormone changes from the menopause, breastfeeding or some types of contraception, and skin conditions like eczema or lichen planus. […] Vaginitis can also be caused by irritation (for example, from soap), an injury to your vagina or something in your vagina (like a tampon). […] Treatment for vaginitis depends on the cause.

• #29 Overview of Vaginitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/overview-of-vaginitis

  Factors that predispose to overgrowth of bacterial vaginal pathogens include an alkaline vaginal pH due to menstrual blood, semen, or a decrease in lactobacilli, poor hygiene, and douching. […] In women who are postmenopausal, a marked decrease in estrogen usually causes thinning of the vaginal epithelium, increasing vulnerability to infection and inflammation. […] Bacterial vaginosis and candidal vaginitis are uncommon among women who are postmenopausal but may occur in those with risk factors. […] Noninfectious vulvitis accounts for up to 30% of vulvovaginitis cases. It may result from hypersensitivity or irritant reactions to hygiene sprays or perfumes, menstrual pads, laundry soaps, bleaches, fabric softeners, fabric dyes, synthetic fibers, bathwater additives, toilet tissue, or, occasionally, spermicides, vaginal lubricants or creams, latex condoms, vaginal contraceptive rings, or diaphragms. […] At any age, conditions that cause vaginal epithelial damage or increased exposure to pathogens predispose to vaginal or vulvar infection.

• #30 Vulvovaginitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vulvovaginitis

  Viruses that can cause vulvovaginitis are typically sexually transmitted. These include herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Pinworms, scabies, and lice can cause inflammation of the vulva and vagina. […] Poor hygiene and allergens can also cause this condition. […] The STI trichomonas vaginitis can cause vulvovaginitis. This infection causes genital discomfort, itching, and heavy discharge. […] Some chemicals can cause vulvovaginitis. These are often found in soaps, feminine sprays, perfume, and vaginal contraceptives. […] Vulvovaginitis is the most common gynecological condition in prepubescent girls. […] Most cases of vulvovaginitis heal quickly when properly treated. […] Although yeast infections and bacterial vulvovaginitis are not considered STIs, emerging information suggests that bacterial vulvovaginitis may be sexually transmitted.

• #31 Vaginitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470302/

  Vaginitis is a common condition characterized by inflammation of the vagina, often resulting in symptoms such as itching, burning, discomfort, and abnormal discharge. This condition affects women at various life stages and can be caused by various factors, including infections, hormonal changes, and irritants. Common types of vaginitis include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and trichomoniasis, each with distinct causes and treatments. Understanding the underlying cause is crucial for effective management and relief. […] Vaginitis can be caused by the overgrowth of bacteria or yeast or an infection with trichomoniasis. In addition, irritants such as harsh soaps, scented hygiene products, and tight clothing may contribute to the development of vaginitis. […] The exact cause of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis is not well understood, but it involves significant inflammation of the vaginal epithelium. This infrequent, noninfectious, chronic inflammatory condition is more common in White women. There may be an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora, with a significant decrease in Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of other facultative anaerobic bacteria, resulting in an elevated vaginal pH.

• #32

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis has various causes. It may result from bacterial infections, fungal infection, protozoan infection, contact dermatitis or even an allergic reaction. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the name of a condition in women where the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of certain bacteria. […] One type of a good bacteria, Lactobacillus, is particularly important. Lactobacillus keeps the vagina slightly acidic to reduce the growth of potentially harmful organisms. When Lactobacilli are replaced with different kinds of a bad bacteria called anaerobic bacteria, an unpleasant vaginal odor develops and an infection (vaginitis) occurs. […] Yes, there may be, especially from bacterial vaginosis. If left untreated, BV may result in increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, pre-term birth, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, intra-amniotic infections, endometritis, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), post-gynecological surgery infections, and increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

• #33 Overview of Vaginitis (Vaginal Infection or Inflammation) – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/overview-of-vaginitis-vaginal-infection-or-inflammation

  Vaginal infections are caused by infectious organisms (such as bacteria or yeast). […] Vaginal infections may be caused by bacteria, yeast, and other infectious organisms. […] Certain conditions may make infection more likely: Reduced acidity (increased pH) in the vagina: The pH in the vagina is usually acidic. Menopause, semen, use of vaginal products, or infection can change the pH in the vagina. When acidity in the vagina is reduced, the number of protective bacteria (lactobacilli) that normally live in the vagina decreases, and the number of bacteria that can cause inflammation increases, sometimes resulting in bacterial vaginosis. […] Irritation or allergy: Irritation of vaginal tissues (for example, due to a reaction to certain kinds of soap or other vaginal products) can lead to cracks or sores, which provide access to the bloodstream for bacteria and yeast.

• #34 Vaginitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Fern F. Taisenchoy-Bent, MD

  https://www.toplinemd.com/fern-f-taisenchoy-bent-md/news/vaginitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Vaginitis is a vaginal inflammation that can cause pain, discharge, and itching. It’s considered to be one of the more common gynecological problems. The cause is usually a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria, an infection, or lower levels of estrogen after menopause. […] Understanding what causes vaginitis is crucial in its prevention and treatment. The most common causes include: Bacterial Vaginosis: Caused by an overgrowth of normal vaginal bacteria. Yeast Infections: Overgrowth of a fungus called Candida. Trichomoniasis: A sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. Chemical Irritants: Such as soaps, fabric softeners, douches, and spermicides. Estrogen Deficiency: Typically occurs after menopause. […] Hormonal fluctuations throughout a woman’s life can significantly impact the risk and severity of vaginitis. Understanding these hormonal changes is crucial in preventing, diagnosing, and treating various forms of this condition effectively.

• #35 What causes vaginitis? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/vaginitis/conditioninfo/causes

  Vaginitis is often caused by infections. Some vaginal infections are passed through sexual contact. Some infections occur if there is a change in the balance of organisms normally found in the vagina. For a majority of affected women, vaginitis is caused by one of these types of infection: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. It occurs when there are too many harmful (bad) bacteria and too few protective (good) bacteria in the vagina. Candida or „yeast” infection occurs when too much Candida grows in the vagina. Candida is yeast, which is a type of fungus frequently present in the vagina. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a single-cell parasite. Vaginitis has other causes, too. For instance, some women are sensitive or allergic to vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, and fabric softeners. These products can cause burning, itching, and discharge, even if there is no infection. Women also can have vaginal irritation caused by the natural lessening in estrogen levels during breast-feeding and after menopause. A woman may have more than one cause of vaginitis at the same time.

• #36 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php

  Vaginitis is an inflammation process which can be caused by multiple factors and conditions. […] Identification of underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways related to vaginitis gives us valuable information regarding the way for developing a better clinical approach and disease treatment. […] Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) caused by antioxidant depletion are a main underlying mechanism for vaginitis. […] Therefore, oxidative damage seems to be a major risk factor for vaginitis development. […] In the current review, the etiology, different types of vaginitis, symptoms and diagnosis, current treatments, role of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as antioxidant therapy in patients with vaginosis were considered. […] Recent studies have indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation may be a main reason for vaginitis development.

• #37 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php?jid=rmi

  Vaginitis is an inflammation process which can be caused by multiple factors and conditions. […] Identification of underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways related to vaginitis gives us valuable information regarding the way for developing a better clinical approach and disease treatment. […] Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) caused by antioxidant depletion are a main underlying mechanism for vaginitis. […] Therefore, oxidative damage seems to be a major risk factor for vaginitis development. […] The majority of infectious causes of vaginitis are Candida albicans, BV and trichomoniasis. […] Recent studies have indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation may be a main reason for vaginitis development. […] Therefore, oxidative stress played an important role in vaginitis and antioxidant therapy seems to be helpful for the treatment of vaginitis. […] Although multiple factors are involved in the etiology of vaginitis, oxidative stress and apoptosis is one of main reason for the development and pathogenesis of vaginitis.

• #38 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php

  Therefore, oxidative stress played an important role in vaginitis and antioxidant therapy seems to be helpful for the treatment of vaginitis. […] Although multiple factors are involved in the etiology of vaginitis, oxidative stress and apoptosis is one of main reason for the development and pathogenesis of vaginitis.

• #39 Vaginitis (Vaginal Infections): Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/sexual-health-vaginal-infections

  Vaginitis can be caused by microbial imbalances, STIs, chemicals, or hormonal imbalances. […] Microbial imbalances can be caused by: Antibiotics. Antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics, are medicines that kill germs. Antibiotics kill unfriendly germs, but they also can kill friendly germs. […] Many types of vaginitis are caused by STIs. These are infections that spread through sex, including anal and oral sex. […] Sometimes, it’s caused by allergic reactions to or irritation from chemicals in hygiene products. […] Low hormones, especially estrogen, can cause your vagina to be dry. This affects the balance of microbes in your vagina. […] Some things can make you more likely to get vaginitis. These include: Antibiotics or steroids, Birth control pills that have a lot of estrogen, Spermicides, Intrauterine devices, STIs, Pregnancy, Unmanaged diabetes, Immune problems, Thyroid or endocrine problems, Hygiene products like perfumed soaps or vaginal sprays, Douches, Wet or tight-fitting clothing.

• #40 Vaginal Infections (Vaginitis): Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-infection

  Flushing your vagina with a mixture of water and vinegar, baking soda, iodine, or other antiseptic ingredients might seem like a good way to keep it clean. […] Washing your vagina with soap and body wash, or spraying it with perfume, can also disrupt its natural pH. […] This method of birth control might come in gel, film, or suppository form. […] Underwear and bottoms that cant breathe can cause vaginal irritation by trapping moisture and preventing airflow, which can make infections more likely. […] Scented detergent and fabric softener can also affect vaginal pH and contribute to yeast infections.

• #41 Vaginitis: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175101

  After puberty, infection is most often due to Gardnerella. […] Sometimes, vaginitis can stem from an allergic reaction, for example, to condoms, spermicides, certain soaps and perfumes, douches, topical medications, lubricants, and even semen. […] Factors that increase the risk of vaginitis include: pregnancy, douching and using vaginal products, such as sprays, spermicides, and birth control devices, using antibiotics, wearing tight pants or damp underwear, low estrogen levels during menopause. […] Women with diabetes are particularly prone to vaginitis.

• #42 Vaginitis: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/vaginitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoqRxzfnhVH49oi9JKr7ItDGKXJrzlkHURv_C8p-KFdeqY33AlrX

  Additionally, lack of proper hygiene practices, such as bathing daily and cleansing the vaginal region also leads to inflammation in the vagina. […] Some attributes predispose women to develop vaginitis, increasing the risk of inflammation and infection. These consist of pregnancy, vaginal irrigation or douching using sprays, tools for birth control, taking antibiotics, wearing very tight jeans or pants, donning damp, unclean underwear, suffering from diabetes and decrease in estrogen synthesis in times of menopause.

• #43 Overview of Vaginitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/overview-of-vaginitis

  The most common causes of vaginitis vary by patient age. Vulvitis and vulvovaginitis have some of the same causes. […] In children, vaginitis usually involves infection with gastrointestinal tract flora (nonspecific vulvovaginitis). A common contributing factor in girls aged 2 to 6 years is poor perineal hygiene (eg, wiping from back to front after bowel movements; not washing hands after bowel movements; frequent touching of the perineum or vagina, particularly in response to pruritus). […] Sometimes childhood vulvovaginitis is due to infection with a specific pathogen (eg, streptococci, staphylococci, Candida species; occasionally, pinworm). […] In women of reproductive age, vaginitis is usually infectious. The most common types are bacterial vaginosis, candidal vaginitis, and trichomonal vaginitis, which is sexually transmitted.

• #44 Vaginitis in Children (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis is common in girls of all ages. Its especially common before puberty, when the lining of the vagina and the skin of the vulva are very thin. […] Vaginitis can happen when girls don’t clean themselves well after using the toilet. Getting a little piece of toilet paper or something else stuck in the vagina also can cause it. […] But sometimes vaginitis can be a sign of infection: pinworms, a yeast infection. These are uncommon before puberty, but may happen if a girl has been on antibiotics or has a weak immune system, strep (the same bacteria that causes strep throat) or other bacteria, an STD (sexually transmitted disease). An STD before puberty may be a sign of child abuse.

• #45 Vulvovaginitis | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/vulvovaginitis

  Vulvovaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and vulva, the outer genital area, causing itching, pain and abnormal discharge. […] Young girls are especially susceptible to vulvovaginitis because they don’t yet have pubic hair or fatty labia to protect against irritants to the delicate skin of the vulva, such as tight clothing or harsh soaps, or estrogen to help prevent infection in the vaginal tract. […] Common causes of vulvovaginitis in young women include: Irritation of the genital area – caused by harsh soaps, detergents, chemicals (chlorine, bubble bath), and tight clothing, Infections, Skin conditions – such as eczema, Bacterial imbalance – upsetting the natural balance of bacteria that lives in the vagina, Poor hygiene – including improper wiping (back to front), Foreign objects in the vagina – such as pieces of toilet paper, Pinworms – common parasites in children.

• #46 Vulvovaginitis

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/vulvovaginitis/

  Vulvovaginitis is inflammation or irritation of the vagina and vulva (external female genital area). Mild vulvovaginitis is a very common problem, and some children will have vulvovaginitis many times. […] While your child is young, the lining of the vagina and vulva can be quite thin and this can lead to it being easily irritated. Moisture or dampness around the vulva can also lead to vulvovaginitis this is made worse by tight clothing or being overweight. Another cause of vulvovaginitis is irritants, such as soap residue, bubble baths and antiseptics. […] Threadworms sometimes cause or worsen vulvovaginitis. Children with threadworms often scratch a lot at night. If itching is a major symptom, then you may want to treat your child for threadworms.

• #47 Vaginitis: Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/175101

  Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. It typically results from a bacterial or fungal infection. […] Infection is the most common cause of vaginitis, including candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis. After puberty, infectious vaginitis accounts for 90 percent of cases. […] Less commonly, vaginitis may also be caused by gonorrhea, Chlamydia, mycoplasma, herpes, campylobacter, some parasites, and poor hygiene. […] Vaginitis can occur before puberty, but different types of bacteria may be involved. Before puberty, Streptococcus spp is a more likely cause, sometimes because improper hygiene practices spread bacteria from the anal area to the genitals. […] The proximity of the vagina to the anus, lack of estrogen, lack of pubic hair, and lack of labial fat pads may increase the risk of vulvovaginitis in before puberty.

• #48 Pediatric Vulvovaginitis | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/pediatric-vulvovaginitis/

  Vulvovaginitis is a condition that causes irritation (such as itching or redness) and/or discharge in the area of the vulva and/or the vagina. […] There can be many causes of pediatric vulvovaginitis. Girls are more susceptible to skin irritation because their hormone levels are much lower than adults’. This means the vulvar and vaginal skin is very thin and sensitive. […] Common causes of pediatric vulvovagintis are allergic reaction, contact dermatitis and certain types of bacteria. There are also other causes and sometimes several different causes at once.

• #49 Overview of Vaginitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/overview-of-vaginitis

  The most common causes of vaginitis vary by patient age. Vulvitis and vulvovaginitis have some of the same causes. […] In children, vaginitis usually involves infection with gastrointestinal tract flora (nonspecific vulvovaginitis). A common contributing factor in girls aged 2 to 6 years is poor perineal hygiene (eg, wiping from back to front after bowel movements; not washing hands after bowel movements; frequent touching of the perineum or vagina, particularly in response to pruritus). […] Sometimes childhood vulvovaginitis is due to infection with a specific pathogen (eg, streptococci, staphylococci, Candida species; occasionally, pinworm). […] In women of reproductive age, vaginitis is usually infectious. The most common types are bacterial vaginosis, candidal vaginitis, and trichomonal vaginitis, which is sexually transmitted.

• #50 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #51 Overview of Vaginitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/overview-of-vaginitis

  Factors that predispose to overgrowth of bacterial vaginal pathogens include an alkaline vaginal pH due to menstrual blood, semen, or a decrease in lactobacilli, poor hygiene, and douching. […] In women who are postmenopausal, a marked decrease in estrogen usually causes thinning of the vaginal epithelium, increasing vulnerability to infection and inflammation. […] Bacterial vaginosis and candidal vaginitis are uncommon among women who are postmenopausal but may occur in those with risk factors. […] Noninfectious vulvitis accounts for up to 30% of vulvovaginitis cases. It may result from hypersensitivity or irritant reactions to hygiene sprays or perfumes, menstrual pads, laundry soaps, bleaches, fabric softeners, fabric dyes, synthetic fibers, bathwater additives, toilet tissue, or, occasionally, spermicides, vaginal lubricants or creams, latex condoms, vaginal contraceptive rings, or diaphragms. […] At any age, conditions that cause vaginal epithelial damage or increased exposure to pathogens predispose to vaginal or vulvar infection.

• #52 Vaginitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354707

  Noninfectious vaginitis. Vaginal sprays, douches, perfumed soaps, scented detergents and spermicidal products can cause an allergic reaction or irritate vulvar and vaginal tissues. […] Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (vaginal atrophy). Reduced estrogen levels after menopause or surgical removal of your ovaries can cause the vaginal lining to thin, sometimes resulting in vaginal irritation, burning and dryness.

• #53 Overview of Vaginitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/overview-of-vaginitis

  Factors that predispose to overgrowth of bacterial vaginal pathogens include an alkaline vaginal pH due to menstrual blood, semen, or a decrease in lactobacilli, poor hygiene, and douching. […] In women who are postmenopausal, a marked decrease in estrogen usually causes thinning of the vaginal epithelium, increasing vulnerability to infection and inflammation. […] Bacterial vaginosis and candidal vaginitis are uncommon among women who are postmenopausal but may occur in those with risk factors. […] Noninfectious vulvitis accounts for up to 30% of vulvovaginitis cases. It may result from hypersensitivity or irritant reactions to hygiene sprays or perfumes, menstrual pads, laundry soaps, bleaches, fabric softeners, fabric dyes, synthetic fibers, bathwater additives, toilet tissue, or, occasionally, spermicides, vaginal lubricants or creams, latex condoms, vaginal contraceptive rings, or diaphragms. […] At any age, conditions that cause vaginal epithelial damage or increased exposure to pathogens predispose to vaginal or vulvar infection.

• #54 Vaginitis Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/vaginitis

  Vaginitis may be caused by an infection passed through sexual contact or by a change in the balance of organisms normally found in the vagina. You can also have multiple causes of vaginitis at the same time. […] For most people, one of these infections causes vaginitis: […] Other causes of vaginitis include: […] Some types of vaginitis can increase a persons risk of other health problems. […] For instance, bacterial vaginosis can cause complications in pregnancy, including miscarriage or having a low birth weight baby, preterm delivery, or your water breaking early. […] BV also increases your risk of getting other STIs, including HIV, and is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious condition that can impair fertility. […] Trichomoniasis also increases a person’s risk of contracting or spreading other STIs, including HIV. […] Trichomoniasis also may cause preterm birth.

• #55 Vaginitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Fern F. Taisenchoy-Bent, MD

  https://www.toplinemd.com/fern-f-taisenchoy-bent-md/news/vaginitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Estrogen plays a vital role in maintaining the health and balance of the vaginal environment. It promotes the growth of lactobacilli, beneficial bacteria that produce lactic acid, helping maintain an acidic pH in the vagina. This acidity is crucial for inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and yeast. […] During menopause, the body’s production of estrogen decreases significantly. This reduction can lead to thinning and drying of the vaginal walls, known as atrophic vaginitis or vaginal atrophy. […] Vaginitis can have a profound impact on a woman’s fertility, affecting her ability to conceive and maintain a healthy pregnancy. Understanding this impact is crucial for women trying to conceive and for those who plan to do so in the future. […] Vaginitis can lead to complications such as increased risk of STIs, pregnancy complications, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if left untreated.

• #56

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis has various causes. It may result from bacterial infections, fungal infection, protozoan infection, contact dermatitis or even an allergic reaction. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the name of a condition in women where the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of certain bacteria. […] One type of a good bacteria, Lactobacillus, is particularly important. Lactobacillus keeps the vagina slightly acidic to reduce the growth of potentially harmful organisms. When Lactobacilli are replaced with different kinds of a bad bacteria called anaerobic bacteria, an unpleasant vaginal odor develops and an infection (vaginitis) occurs. […] Yes, there may be, especially from bacterial vaginosis. If left untreated, BV may result in increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, pre-term birth, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, intra-amniotic infections, endometritis, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), post-gynecological surgery infections, and increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

• #57 What causes vaginitis? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/vaginitis/conditioninfo/causes

  Vaginitis is often caused by infections. Some vaginal infections are passed through sexual contact. Some infections occur if there is a change in the balance of organisms normally found in the vagina. For a majority of affected women, vaginitis is caused by one of these types of infection: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. It occurs when there are too many harmful (bad) bacteria and too few protective (good) bacteria in the vagina. Candida or „yeast” infection occurs when too much Candida grows in the vagina. Candida is yeast, which is a type of fungus frequently present in the vagina. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a single-cell parasite. Vaginitis has other causes, too. For instance, some women are sensitive or allergic to vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, and fabric softeners. These products can cause burning, itching, and discharge, even if there is no infection. Women also can have vaginal irritation caused by the natural lessening in estrogen levels during breast-feeding and after menopause. A woman may have more than one cause of vaginitis at the same time.

• #58 What causes vaginitis? | BD MAX Vaginal Panel | BD Womens Health Solutions

  https://womens-health-solutions.bd.com/vaginitis/vulvovaginitis/what-is-the-cause-of-vulvovaginitis

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast of the Candida species. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis affects 6.8 million women in the US at any given time, which makes it the second most common cause of vulvovaginitis after bacterial vaginosis (1739% of vulvovaginitis cases). […] Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). […] 28% of women with vulvovaginitis have multiple causes to their symptoms, which makes accurate diagnosis and treatment challenging. […] Most often, it is a combination of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, but it can also be BV, VVC and TV at the same time. […] The symptoms of vulvovaginitis are unspecific and overlapping, which makes accurate diagnosis and treatment difficult, but critical.

• #59 Vaginitis | Vulvovaginitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html

  Yeast infections (candidiasis) happen when too much candida grows in the vagina. Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. You may have too much growing in the vagina because of: Antibiotics, Pregnancy, Diabetes, especially if it is not well-controlled, Corticosteroid medicines. […] Trichomoniasis can also cause vaginitis. Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by a parasite. […] You can also have vaginitis if you are allergic or sensitive to certain products that you use. Examples include vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. They can cause burning, itching, and discharge. […] Hormonal changes can also cause vaginal irritation. Examples are when you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or when you have gone through menopause. […] Sometimes you can have more than one cause of vaginitis at the same time.

• #60 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  The history alone is unreliable for the diagnosis of different causes of vaginitis. […] Signs and symptoms that increase the likelihood of vulvovaginal candidiasis vs. bacterial vaginosis are a cheesy, curdy, or flocculent discharge; itching; vulvar or vaginal inflammation or redness; and lack of odor. […] Vaginal culture and Papanicolaou (Pap) testing are not useful for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis because it is a polymicrobial infection. […] There is no cause of vaginitis identified in up to 30% of women. These women may have a range of conditions, including irritant or allergic vaginitis, atrophic vaginitis, or physiologic discharge.

• #61 Vulvovaginitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000897.htm

  Vulvovaginitis or vaginitis is swelling or infection of the vulva and vagina. […] Vaginitis is a common problem that can affect women and girls of all ages. […] Yeast infections are one of the most common causes of vulvovaginitis in women. […] Yeast infections are most often due to the fungus Candida albicans. […] Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. However, sometimes the number of candida organisms increase. This leads to a yeast infection. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when more unhealthy bacteria than healthy bacteria grow. […] A less common type of vaginitis is spread by sexual contact. It is called trichomoniasis. […] Low estrogen levels in women after menopause can cause vaginal dryness and thinning of the skin of the vagina and vulva. […] Sometimes, the exact cause cannot be found. This is called nonspecific vulvovaginitis. […] Irritated tissue is more likely to become infected than healthy tissue. […] Sexual abuse should be considered in young girls with unusual infections and repeated episodes of unexplained vulvovaginitis.

• #62 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php

  Vaginitis is an inflammation process which can be caused by multiple factors and conditions. […] Identification of underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways related to vaginitis gives us valuable information regarding the way for developing a better clinical approach and disease treatment. […] Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) caused by antioxidant depletion are a main underlying mechanism for vaginitis. […] Therefore, oxidative damage seems to be a major risk factor for vaginitis development. […] In the current review, the etiology, different types of vaginitis, symptoms and diagnosis, current treatments, role of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as antioxidant therapy in patients with vaginosis were considered. […] Recent studies have indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation may be a main reason for vaginitis development.

• #63 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php?jid=rmi

  Vaginitis is an inflammation process which can be caused by multiple factors and conditions. […] Identification of underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways related to vaginitis gives us valuable information regarding the way for developing a better clinical approach and disease treatment. […] Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) caused by antioxidant depletion are a main underlying mechanism for vaginitis. […] Therefore, oxidative damage seems to be a major risk factor for vaginitis development. […] The majority of infectious causes of vaginitis are Candida albicans, BV and trichomoniasis. […] Recent studies have indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation may be a main reason for vaginitis development. […] Therefore, oxidative stress played an important role in vaginitis and antioxidant therapy seems to be helpful for the treatment of vaginitis. […] Although multiple factors are involved in the etiology of vaginitis, oxidative stress and apoptosis is one of main reason for the development and pathogenesis of vaginitis.

• #64 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php

  Therefore, oxidative stress played an important role in vaginitis and antioxidant therapy seems to be helpful for the treatment of vaginitis. […] Although multiple factors are involved in the etiology of vaginitis, oxidative stress and apoptosis is one of main reason for the development and pathogenesis of vaginitis.

• #65 Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0301/p321.html

  Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, irritation, itching, or burning. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases when a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases. […] The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Bacterial vaginosis is the cause in 40% to 50% of cases in which a cause is identified, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% and trichomoniasis for 15% to 20% of cases. Noninfectious causes, including atrophic, irritant, allergic, and inflammatory vaginitis, are less common and account for 5% to 10% of vaginitis cases.

• #66 Vaginitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470302/

  Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina, typically caused by infections, hormonal changes, or irritants. The pathophysiology of vaginitis varies by type, but common symptoms include vaginal discharge, itching, burning, and changes in vaginal pH. […] Vaginitis is a highly prevalent global condition that affects millions of women annually. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause, accounting for 40% to 50% of cases, followed by yeast infections, which affect about 20% to 25% of women at least once in their lifetime. Trichomoniasis, an STI, impacts approximately 8 million women annually in the United States.

• #67 Vaginitis | Vulvovaginitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis, also called vulvovaginitis, is an inflammation or infection of the vagina. It can also affect the vulva, which is the external part of a woman’s genitals. Vaginitis can cause itching, pain, discharge, and odor. […] Vaginitis is common, especially in women in their reproductive years. It usually happens when there is a change in the balance of bacteria or yeast that are normally found in your vagina. There are different types of vaginitis, and they have different causes, symptoms, and treatments. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women ages 15-44. It happens when there is an imbalance between the „good” and „harmful” bacteria that are normally found in a woman’s vagina. Many things can change the balance of bacteria, including: Taking antibiotics, Douching, Using an intrauterine device (IUD), Having unprotected sex with a new partner, Having many sexual partners.

• #68

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/vaginitis.html

  Vaginitis has various causes. It may result from bacterial infections, fungal infection, protozoan infection, contact dermatitis or even an allergic reaction. […] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the name of a condition in women where the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of certain bacteria. […] One type of a good bacteria, Lactobacillus, is particularly important. Lactobacillus keeps the vagina slightly acidic to reduce the growth of potentially harmful organisms. When Lactobacilli are replaced with different kinds of a bad bacteria called anaerobic bacteria, an unpleasant vaginal odor develops and an infection (vaginitis) occurs. […] Yes, there may be, especially from bacterial vaginosis. If left untreated, BV may result in increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, pre-term birth, premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, intra-amniotic infections, endometritis, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), post-gynecological surgery infections, and increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

• #69 Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/rmi/reproductive-medicine-international-rmi-4-014.php

  Vaginitis is an inflammation process which can be caused by multiple factors and conditions. […] Identification of underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways related to vaginitis gives us valuable information regarding the way for developing a better clinical approach and disease treatment. […] Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) caused by antioxidant depletion are a main underlying mechanism for vaginitis. […] Therefore, oxidative damage seems to be a major risk factor for vaginitis development. […] In the current review, the etiology, different types of vaginitis, symptoms and diagnosis, current treatments, role of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as antioxidant therapy in patients with vaginosis were considered. […] Recent studies have indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation may be a main reason for vaginitis development.

• #70 What causes vaginitis? | BD MAX Vaginal Panel | BD Womens Health Solutions

  https://womens-health-solutions.bd.com/vaginitis/vulvovaginitis/what-is-the-cause-of-vulvovaginitis

  Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast of the Candida species. […] Vulvovaginal candidiasis affects 6.8 million women in the US at any given time, which makes it the second most common cause of vulvovaginitis after bacterial vaginosis (1739% of vulvovaginitis cases). […] Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). […] 28% of women with vulvovaginitis have multiple causes to their symptoms, which makes accurate diagnosis and treatment challenging. […] Most often, it is a combination of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, but it can also be BV, VVC and TV at the same time. […] The symptoms of vulvovaginitis are unspecific and overlapping, which makes accurate diagnosis and treatment difficult, but critical.

• #71 Vaginitis | Vulvovaginitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html

  Yeast infections (candidiasis) happen when too much candida grows in the vagina. Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. You may have too much growing in the vagina because of: Antibiotics, Pregnancy, Diabetes, especially if it is not well-controlled, Corticosteroid medicines. […] Trichomoniasis can also cause vaginitis. Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by a parasite. […] You can also have vaginitis if you are allergic or sensitive to certain products that you use. Examples include vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. They can cause burning, itching, and discharge. […] Hormonal changes can also cause vaginal irritation. Examples are when you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or when you have gone through menopause. […] Sometimes you can have more than one cause of vaginitis at the same time.

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