Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spermatocele: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/443432-overview

  Spermatoceles have been incidentally identified in 30% of patients undergoing scrotal ultrasonography for other reasons. The exact prevalence of this common condition has not been defined. […] Spermatoceles can occur at any age. The peak incidence is in men over age 65 years.

• #2 Spermatocele: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17492-spermatocele

  Spermatoceles are fairly common. They affect nearly 1 in 3 adult males. […] Spermatoceles can affect anyone with testicles at any age. But they most commonly appear in midlife (40s or 50s). […] Spermatoceles usually dont cause any symptoms. A healthcare provider typically detects a spermatocele during a routine physical examination or medical test for another issue. […] Spermatoceles usually cause few or no symptoms. They usually dont cause further health issues or pose a serious threat. Many times, people dont know they have a spermatocele because they dont realize its there, so healthcare providers dont check for them. […] Spermatoceles are benign (noncancerous) cysts, which means they arent cancerous. There isnt any evidence to suggest spermatoceles can turn into cancer. And having a spermatocele doesnt increase your risk of developing testicular cancer. […] No, spermatoceles dont cause male infertility. However, surgery can cause blockage of your epididymis, which could affect your fertility.

• #3 Epididymal cyst | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/epididymal-cyst?lang=us

  Epididymal cysts have been reported in ~30% (range 20-40%) of asymptomatic individuals 5. […] Imaging differential considerations include: spermatocele, which usually has some internal echotexture, but may be indistinguishable from an epididymal cyst. […] Epididymal cysts may arise throughout the epididymis, while spermatoceles almost always arise in the epididymal head 4.

• #4 Spermatocele: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/spermatocele.html

  The prevalence in ultrasound screening studies is 10%. The prevalence of spermatoceles increases with age (up to 30%).

• #5

  http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1318322&language=sv

  Epidemiology of hydrocele and spermatocele; incidence, treatment and complications […] To estimate the incidence of men seeking specialized care and receiving treatment for hydro or spermatocele complaints. Also, to determine the risk of complications of treatment. […] The incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialized healthcare was 100/100,000 men. The treatment incidence was 17/100,000 men. Orchiectomy was used as primary treatment in 2.4% of cases. […] Hydro and spermatoceles are common, affecting elderly men. Aspiration seems advantageous with respect to complications and can be recommended due to the benign course of the disease. The indication for conventional surgery might be questioned such as the use of orchiectomy as primary treatment.

• #6 Epididymal Cysts: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epididymal-cysts

  Epididymal cysts usually develop in middle-aged men. […] The incidence in children is between 5-20%. […] a 2019 paper showed the incidence of men with either hydro or spermatocele diagnosis in specialised healthcare was around 100 per 100,000 men.

• #7 Spermatocele: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/spermatocele-8657059

  Spermatoceles is a relatively common condition affecting 30% of males, usually in those over age 40. The highest incidence is between the ages of 65 and 74. Younger males and adolescents can also be affected, albeit less commonly. […] A two-year study published in the American Journal of Men’s Health reported that among 65 men with spermatoceles, the presence of the cyst did not cause a lower sperm count or quality compared to men without spermatoceles. […] The only known risk factor for spermatoceles is older age.

• #8 Spermatocele – Wikiwand

  https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Spermatocele

  Spermatoceles usually affect men who are middle-aged and can, although rarely, affect children during puberty. The incidence rate is around 5-20% for children. It is estimated that approximately 30 percent of men have been diagnosed with small spermatoceles while less have larger spermatoceles. The incidence of spermatoceles increases as men age. […] Although the evidence and information for incidence of spermatoceles in children is lacking, there are general management guidelines for caregivers who may encounter spermatoceles in their children.

• #9 The futility of continued surveillance of epididymal cysts: A study of the prevalence and clinico-demographics in pre- vs. post-pubertal boys

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6892700/

  Epididymal cysts are comparable in both pre- and post-pubertal boys and can be safely managed non-operatively without the use of continued US surveillance or urological referral. […] The higher than expected rate of detection may be a result of the improved ultra-resolution of modern scanners. […] These children should not require continued followup with repeat surveillance imaging solely for epididymal cysts and could be managed in the primary care setting as part of routine clinical examination. […] The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, clinico-demographics, outcomes, and costs of epididymal cysts in pre-pubertal boys compared with a post-pubertal epididymal cyst cohort, and to assess whether this cohort requires continued surveillance. […] There is currently no consensus on the optimal interval of scanning and length of followup.

• #10 Spermatocele – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Urology/Spermatocele/

  A spermatocele is a medical condition characterized by the presence of small cysts within the head of the epididymis. It can be distinguished from a varicocele through the use of Doppler ultrasound. […] Epididymal cysts were the most frequently found anatomical abnormalities in young adult men 25 years after exposure to DES in utero in both the Chicago and Beth Israel studies. In the double-blind Chicago study, epididymal (spermatocele) cysts were found in 20.8% of 308 DES-exposed patients vs. 4.9% of 307 placebo-exposed control (p < 0.005). [...] Hydrocele and spermatocele are benign conditions often leading to referral to a urological department. In our department, we found a complication rate of 34% in the first year of this study. It was nonsignificantly reduced to 23% the following year. This is in accordance with the literature, where a complication rate of 17–27% has been described.

• #11 What Is a Spermatocele (Epididymal Cyst) or Spermatic Cyst?

  https://www.webmd.com/men/spermatocele-or-epididemal-cysts

  Spermatoceles are actually quite common. About 3 out of 10 men will get them at some point in their lives. Men ages 20-50 are most likely to get them. […] They dont have many known risk factors. Men whose mothers took the drug diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy might get them more. Doctors stopped using this drug in 1971.

• #12 Spermatocoele | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/spermatocoele/14885136

  Spermatocele is a benign cystic accumulation of sperm that arises from the head of the epididymis. It typically presents as an asymptomatic mobile swelling near the testicle. Ultrasound shows a hypoechoic cystic lesion connected to the epididymis. Treatment involves observation for small asymptomatic cases or spermatocelectomy via scrotal surgery to remove the cyst. Sclerotherapy is sometimes used as an alternative but has a higher recurrence rate. […] Aetiology remains undefined In a mouse model – occluded by agglutinated germ cells. Physical trauma, inflammation Epidydimal scarring obstruction spermatocoele In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) […] Investigation Uncomplicated asymptomatic spermatocele no investigation needed If scrotal pain urine analysis to rule out epididymitis. FNAC-dead sperm

• #13 Scrotal swellings 3- Epididymal cyst | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/scrotal-swellings-3-epididymal-cyst/56984106

  Epididymal cyst is a smaller scrotal cystic swelling that resembles like a third testis. It has a characteristic Chinese lantern appearance. Most epididymal cysts occur in males over the age of 40 years. An epididymal cyst usually contains clear fluid. The variety that contains slightly grey, opaque, barleywater-like fluid and few spermatozoa is sometimes termed a Spermatocele. They are often multiple or multilocular and are frequently bilateral and feels like bunch of grapes. Brilliantly transilluminant Chinese lantern pattern. Testis palpable separately. Cysts are connected to the head of the epididymis, so lie above the testis. Spermatocele if big aspiration or excision; If small no intervention. […] Retention cysts due to obstruction of the sperm conducting mechanism Spermatocele Ex: after vasectomy.

• #14

  https://irispublishers.com/aun/fulltext/extra-scrotal-spermatocele-a-unique-case-presentation-brief-review-of-literature.ID.000535.php

  Spermatoceles are extra testicular lesions caused by cystic dilation of the efferent ductules filled with clear/milky fluid containing spermatozoa usually diagnosed incidentally either as a scrotal swelling or by ultrasonography. […] Suspecting and diagnosing spermatoceles presenting at extra scrotal positions is extremely rare and very few cases have been described in literature thus far. […] Spermatoceles presenting at extra scrotal locations are extremely rare occurrences as is evident by the scant available published literature. […] This report adds to the scarce literature and also alerts the practicing urologist/surgeon towards insisting on a complete physical examination including simple but effective examination techniques like the transillumination technique as an aid to diagnosis of spermatoceles that may present uniquely at uncommon (extrascrotal) locations as in the present case.

• #15 Varicocele, Hydrocele, and Spermatocele | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/varicocele-hydrocele-and-spermatocele/

  Affects about 15%20% of postpubertal males […] Mostly unilateral and left sided […] Bilateral presentation in 33% of males.

• #16 Causes, symptoms and details of Epididymal Cyst – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/diagnoses/epididymal-cyst/

  Epididymal cysts are relatively common. They can occur at any age but are most prevalent in adults aged 20 to 40 years. Their incidence increases with age, and they are often bilateral. […] Most epididymal cysts do not require treatment unless they cause discomfort or are aesthetically concerning for the patient. The mainstay of management is reassurance and observation. For symptomatic cysts or those increasing in size, options include: […] Epididymal cysts have a benign course. They are unlikely to cause complications and do not affect fertility unless very large or multiple cysts distort the epididymal duct. Postoperative outcomes are generally good, with a low risk of recurrence following surgical excision.

• #17 The futility of continued surveillance of epididymal cysts: A study of the prevalence and clinico-demographics in pre- vs. post-pubertal boys

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6892700/

  A followup US study for epididymal cysts for patients kept under surveillance at our institution, and which is generally current practice for this cohort, cost the Ontario provincial health insurance plan $15 002.10 CAD during the time period of this study (not including the initial US). […] The routine referral of these patients to a urology service following the sonographic demonstration of epididymal cysts solely for clinical evaluation is not necessary, nor do we feel there is any role for routine continued sonographic surveillance in childhood.

• #18 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/testicularcancer/comments/1g9zqbm/bilateral_spermatocele_and_varicocele/

  I went to the hospital yesterday so that my urologist could read the result of my ultrasound. He said that we were right in what we thought it was when he first checked up and he said it was an Bilateral Epididymal Cyst or Spermatocele which is Benign. […] But of course, they say that may not stay forever, most of the time they say it’s not threatening but he said that given enough time it changes its characteristics and that’s the time they need to address it but now we’ll leave it for surveillance and observation. […] Dr: No, not now but it’s unlikely that it would generate into something cancerous. But that chance of that happening is very very very very very low but the chance is not zero (0). That’s why we’re asking you to do the surveillance, observe if the character, size, quantity, etc. will be different/change. Come back so we know what the next steps are.

• #19 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/testicularcancer/comments/1g9zqbm/bilateral_spermatocele_and_varicocele/

  Dr: Ahh most of them end up just being observed, there just one patient of mine who experienced operation because based on the ultrasound the characteristic of his cyst changed it become bigger and the feature changed. […] Dr: The rest is still in tha status core, there is no changes on the nature of their cysts.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10353-018-0564-7

  A high index of suspicion should be maintained during scrotal exploration, demanding histological analysis to confirm rare findings. […] We selected an active surveillance strategy despite positive margins, since there is no described case of metastasis in men to date. Therefore, regular scrotal ultrasound examinations every 3 months were arranged as follow-up. […] Imaging is done by scrotal ultrasonography by a dedicated uroradiologist. Even a faint suspicion would lead to surgical exploration and radical orchiectomy to facilitate complete resection. If no recurrence is demonstrable, follow-up visits could be stretched out. The patient was free of recurrence with a follow-up of 6 months.

• #21

  https://conceiveplus.com/blogs/blog/can-spermatocele-cause-infertility?srsltid=AfmBOoosGYZLRvmcp84trt0BJUTCrJFdE0FSOdO5WVwd3fdGChZXbFBo

  For most guys, having a spermatocele doesn’t mess with fertility at all. They’re generally small and don’t block anything important needed for sperm to make it into the semen. […] But if one of these cysts gets really big, it might press on surrounding parts, which could possibly affect sperm transport. So, can spermatocele cause infertility? It’s rare, but it could happen if a big cyst is removed and the surgery leads to scarring or damage to the epididymis, which could then impact fertility. […] Another concern people have is, can epididymal cyst cause low sperm count? Usually, these cysts don’t directly lower sperm count, but they can interfere if they grow big or cause inflammation. That could mean less sperm gets into the semen, which might affect overall sperm quality and count. […] If you’re worried about fertility and conditions like spermatocele or epididymal cysts, it makes sense to wonder, can spermatocele cause infertility or can epididymal cyst cause low sperm count? The good news is that these cysts usually don’t directly cause infertility. But if they’re large or if surgery causes complications, they could impact sperm health.

• #22 Spermatocoele | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/spermatocoele/14885136

  Spermatocelectomy The primary operative intervention Via a transscrotal approach Relative contraindications – Systemic anticoagulation -family incomplete […] Sclerotherapy Alternative to excision Less effective. For men who have no desire for future paternity Sclerosing agent coaptation cyst walls Tetracycline, fibrin glue, phenol, sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STD) […] A 65% success rate is quoted Complication chemical epididymitis epididymal damage infertility Bleeding, infection, spermatocele recurrence, scrotal wall thickness.

• #23 Top Published Expert Doctors for Spermatocele

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Spermatocele

  118 top medical experts on Spermatocele across 12 countries and 13 U.S. states, including 20 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 2 including 2 Completed.

• #24

  https://irispublishers.com/aun/fulltext/extra-scrotal-spermatocele-a-unique-case-presentation-brief-review-of-literature.ID.000535.php

  Case reports of spermatoceles presenting at unusual locations are extremely rare with an extensive literature search revealing only 3 such cases which are depicted in Table 1. […] Spermatoceles occurring at extra scrotal locations are extremely rare occurrences as is evident by the scant published literature. […] This report adds to the scarce literature and serves to alert the practicing urologist-surgeon to maintain a vigilant eye for abnormal presentations of a common disease by persistent usage of simple but effective physical examination techniques like the transillumination technique and scrotal ultrasonography which must be considered in the examination of all inguinal/ inguinoscrotal swellings keeping extra scrotal spermatoceles in the list of differential diagnosis.

• #25 Spermatocele | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-care/testicular-scrotal-disorders/spermatocele

  Spermatocele is a common condition in men. […] Fortunately, with appropriate urological care, it can be managed effectively for most men.

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