Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called HHV-8, is present in almost 100% of Kaposi sarcoma lesions, whether HIV-related, classic, endemic, or iatrogenic. KSHV encodes oncogenes, microRNAs and circular RNAs that promote cancer cell proliferation and escape from the immune system. […] Except for classic KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression (such as due to HIV/AIDS) and infection by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8 also called KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)). […] KSHV is also transmissible via organ transplantation and blood transfusion. Testing for the virus before these procedures is likely to effectively limit iatrogenic transmission. […] HHV-8 is responsible for all varieties of KS. Since Moritz Kaposi first described the cancer, the disease has been reported in five separate clinical settings, with different presentations, epidemiology, and prognoses.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  Kaposi sarcoma is a disease in which malignant lesions (cancer) can form in the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and other organs. […] Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is found in the lesions of all patients with Kaposi sarcoma. This virus is also called Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Most people with HHV-8 do not get Kaposi sarcoma. People with HHV-8 are more likely to develop Kaposi sarcoma if their immune system is weakened by disease, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or by drugs given after an organ transplant. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] Patients with HIV are at risk of developing epidemic Kaposi sarcoma (HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma). […] The use of drug therapy called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces the risk of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma in patients with HIV.

• #3 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an indolent angio-proliferative spindle-cell tumor derived from endothelial and immune cells infected with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8; also known as Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus [KSHV]). HHV-8 is identified as the causative agent of KS; it is present in 95-98% of all cases. […] Although all types of KS have in common infection with HHV-8, each has a distinct clinical course. Therefore, it is likely that other factors, such as extent and type of immune suppression, influence the disease. […] The common theme of immune dysregulation is associated with all 4 types of Kaposi sarcoma. Diminished responsiveness of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is associated with Kaposi sarcoma pathogenesis. […] Restoration of natural killer cell cytoxic effect may explain regression of Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients treated with antiretrovirla therapy.

• #4 Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus

  Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus. It is also called Human herpesvirus 8, or HHV-8 in short. This virus causes Kaposi’s sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman’s disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. Even after many years since the discovery of KSHV/HHV8, there is no known cure for KSHV associated tumorigenesis. […] Careful analysis of epidemiologic data by Valerie Beral, Thomas Peterman and Harold Jaffe, led these investigators to propose that KS is caused by an unknown sexually transmitted virus that rarely causes tumors unless the host becomes immunosuppressed, as in AIDS.

• #5 Kaposi sarcoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] KS is the result of an infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

• #6 Kaposi Sarcoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue. […] KS is the result of infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system. […] KS almost never occurs in people with HIV/AIDS whose disease is well controlled.

• #7 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called HHV-8, is present in almost 100% of Kaposi sarcoma lesions, whether HIV-related, classic, endemic, or iatrogenic. KSHV encodes oncogenes, microRNAs and circular RNAs that promote cancer cell proliferation and escape from the immune system. […] Except for classic KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression (such as due to HIV/AIDS) and infection by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8 also called KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)). […] KSHV is also transmissible via organ transplantation and blood transfusion. Testing for the virus before these procedures is likely to effectively limit iatrogenic transmission. […] HHV-8 is responsible for all varieties of KS. Since Moritz Kaposi first described the cancer, the disease has been reported in five separate clinical settings, with different presentations, epidemiology, and prognoses.

• #8 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  Kaposi sarcoma occurs when a person is infected with the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), also called Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). While the HHV-8 virus is present in all forms of Kaposi sarcoma, most people who are infected do not develop KS; […] Those who do develop KS tend to have a suppressed immune system, which is commonly caused by untreated HIV or AIDS, as well as immunosuppressive medications prescribed after an organ transplant. […] A virus called Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), causes Kaposi sarcoma. This virus belongs to the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis and several types of cancer. […] KSHV interferes with normal cell function, causing the cells to divide uncontrollably and live longer than they should. KSHV also causes increased production and release of chemicals that cause inflammation, which may eventually turn the cells cancerous.

• #9 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of the AIDS epidemic. […] The aetiologic agent of KS is KS herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus-8), and viral proteins can induce KS-associated cellular changes that enable the virus to evade the host immune system and allow the infected cell to survive and proliferate despite viral infection. […] Currently, most cases of KS occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where KSHV infection is prevalent owing to transmission by saliva in childhood compounded by the ongoing AIDS epidemic. […] This study recognizes a fifth type of KS occurring in MSM without HIV infection. […] This study discovers KSHV in a KS lesion. […] This article shows that vGPCR is a viral oncogene.

• #10 What Causes Kaposi Sarcoma? | KSHV | HHV8 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is caused by infection with a virus called the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). […] KSHV infection is needed to cause KS, but in most cases infection with KSHV alone does not lead to KS. […] Most people who develop KS have the KSHV and also have a weakened immune system, due to HIV infection, organ transplant, being older, or some other factor.

• #11 Kaposi’s sarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/kaposis-sarcoma/

  Kaposis sarcoma is a rare type of cancer caused by a virus. […] Kaposis sarcoma is caused by a virus called the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as the Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus is thought to be spread during sex, through saliva, or from a mother to her baby during birth. […] HHV-8 is a relatively common virus and the vast majority of people who have it will not develop Kaposis sarcoma. It only seems to cause cancer in some people with a weakened immune system and in some people who have a genetic vulnerability to the virus. […] A weakened immune system allows the HHV-8 virus to multiply to high levels in the blood, which increases the chance it will cause Kaposis sarcoma. […] The virus appears to alter the genetic instructions that control cell growth. This means some cells reproduce uncontrollably and form lumps of tissue known as tumours.

• #12 Kaposi’s sarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/kaposis-sarcoma/

  Kaposis sarcoma is a rare type of cancer caused by a virus. […] Kaposis sarcoma is caused by a virus called the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as the Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus is thought to be spread during sex, through saliva, or from a mother to her baby during birth. […] HHV-8 is a relatively common virus and the vast majority of people who have it will not develop Kaposis sarcoma. It only seems to cause cancer in some people with a weakened immune system and in some people who have a genetic vulnerability to the virus. […] A weakened immune system allows the HHV-8 virus to multiply to high levels in the blood, which increases the chance it will cause Kaposis sarcoma. […] The virus appears to alter the genetic instructions that control cell growth. This means some cells reproduce uncontrollably and form lumps of tissue known as tumours.

• #13 What Is Kaposi Sarcoma? | Types of Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/about/what-is-kaposi-sarcoma.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. […] The most common type of KS in the United States is epidemic or AIDS-associated KS. This type of KS develops in people who are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. […] KS is considered an AIDS defining illness. This means that when KS occurs in someone infected with HIV, that person officially has AIDS (and is not just HIV-positive). […] Endemic KS occurs in people living in Equatorial Africa and is sometimes called African KS. Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is much more common in Africa than in other parts of the world, so the risk of KS is higher. […] When KS develops in people whose immune systems have been suppressed after an organ transplant, it is called iatrogenic, or transplant-related KS.

• #14 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  While infection with KSHV causes Kaposi sarcoma, not everyone with the KSHV infection develops KS, and some people may never show any symptoms. The following groups have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma: […] People with a weakened immune system: This may be as a result of living with HIV or AIDS, undergoing an organ transplant, and being an older adult. […] People of African descent: KS is more common in Africa, and in some areas, an estimated 80 percent of the population shows signs of KSHV infection. This may be because factors that contribute to weak immune systems are more common in Africa, including malnutrition, malaria, and other chronic infections. […] Men who have sex with men: Kaposi sarcoma is more common in men who have sex with men than those who only have sexual intercourse with women. […] The reason is unclear, but it may be linked to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual and bisexual men. […] People of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern heritage: Older adults from these regions are at a higher risk of developing classic Kaposi sarcoma.

• #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Kaposis-Sarcoma.aspx

  Kaposi’s sarcoma is a form of cancer that affects people with decreased immunity. It is seen in patients with HIV infection, elderly men of Mediterranean, Jewish or African descent and patients taking drugs for suppression of immunity after organ transplantation. […] The rise of number of cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma occurred in the 1980s and 1990s as the number of AIDS cases soared. […] Causes of Kaposi’s sarcoma include (1-4): Endemic or African Kaposi’s sarcoma affects young adult men in equatorial Africa with a normal immune system. Up to 9% of Ugandan men suffer from this condition. Sometimes children may be affected as well. […] Transplant-related or acquired Kaposi’s sarcoma. Patients after an organ transplant need immunity suppressing drugs. This prevents the patients immunity from attacking and killing the newly transplanted organ. These patients on immunity suppressing drugs are at risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

• #16 All You Need to Know About Kaposi’s Sarcoma | ACTC

  https://actchealth.com/blogs/understanding-kaposis-sarcoma-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  Kaposi’s Sarcoma is a rare form of cancer that primarily affects the skin, but can also involve other organs like the mouth, lymph nodes, and internal organs. […] This form of cancer is usually caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection and immunodeficiency. […] Endemic Kaposi’s Sarcoma is associated with the infection caused by the Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). […] The epidemic form of Kaposi’s Sarcoma gained significant attention during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and it remains a significant concern in individuals living with HIV. The weakened immune system resulting from HIV infection allows HHV-8 to replicate, leading to the development of numerous lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi’s Sarcoma occurs as a result of immunosuppressive therapy given to organ transplant recipients or individuals with certain autoimmune diseases. The immunosuppressive drugs, while necessary for preventing organ rejection or controlling autoimmune conditions, can also reactivate HHV-8, leading to the development of Kaposi’s Sarcoma.

• #17 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/kaposi-sarcoma-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options/

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare form of cancer that arises from the cells lining blood and lymphatic vessels. […] While Kaposi sarcoma is most often associated with HIV/AIDS, it can also affect people with other conditions that compromise the immune system, such as organ transplant recipients or those undergoing chemotherapy. […] According to the American Cancer Society, Kaposi sarcoma is rare in the general population but more common in certain regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, and among individuals with compromised immune systems. […] Several lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma. One of the most significant is HIV infection, particularly in individuals who do not have access to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). […] Medical conditions that suppress the immune system are key risk factors for Kaposi sarcoma. […] Kaposi sarcoma is more common in older adults, particularly men of Mediterranean or Eastern European descent. […] A combination of age, ethnicity, and immune status plays a significant role in the disease’s development.

• #18 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  While infection with KSHV causes Kaposi sarcoma, not everyone with the KSHV infection develops KS, and some people may never show any symptoms. The following groups have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma: […] People with a weakened immune system: This may be as a result of living with HIV or AIDS, undergoing an organ transplant, and being an older adult. […] People of African descent: KS is more common in Africa, and in some areas, an estimated 80 percent of the population shows signs of KSHV infection. This may be because factors that contribute to weak immune systems are more common in Africa, including malnutrition, malaria, and other chronic infections. […] Men who have sex with men: Kaposi sarcoma is more common in men who have sex with men than those who only have sexual intercourse with women. […] The reason is unclear, but it may be linked to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual and bisexual men. […] People of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern heritage: Older adults from these regions are at a higher risk of developing classic Kaposi sarcoma.

• #19 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an indolent angio-proliferative spindle-cell tumor derived from endothelial and immune cells infected with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8; also known as Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus [KSHV]). HHV-8 is identified as the causative agent of KS; it is present in 95-98% of all cases. […] Although all types of KS have in common infection with HHV-8, each has a distinct clinical course. Therefore, it is likely that other factors, such as extent and type of immune suppression, influence the disease. […] The common theme of immune dysregulation is associated with all 4 types of Kaposi sarcoma. Diminished responsiveness of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is associated with Kaposi sarcoma pathogenesis. […] Restoration of natural killer cell cytoxic effect may explain regression of Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients treated with antiretrovirla therapy.

• #20 Kaposi sarcoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] KS is the result of an infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

• #21 Kaposi Sarcoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue. […] KS is the result of infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system. […] KS almost never occurs in people with HIV/AIDS whose disease is well controlled.

• #22

  https://www.omim.org/entry/148000

  Kaposi sarcoma is the most common neoplasm affecting patients with AIDS, and HIV infection is an important risk factor in its development: the KS risk of AIDS patients is 20,000-fold over that of the general population. Kedes et al. (1996) noted that strong epidemiologic data indicate that HIV is not the sole determinant of KS risk. […] Chang et al. (1994) had identified genomic sequences of a novel herpesvirus, termed KSHV or HHV-8, in Kaposi sarcoma tissues by PCR-based methods. […] Kedes et al. (1996) examined serum samples from 913 patients for the presence of antibodies specific for infection by HHV-8. The distribution of HHV-8 seropositivity conformed to that expected for a sexually transmitted pathogen and tracked closely with the risk for KS development. […] In 5 immunocompetent HIV-negative individuals with classic Kaposi sarcoma from 2 Moroccan Jewish families, Yogev et al. (2024) identified a heterozygous missense mutation in the BPTF gene (I2012T; 601819.0007) by whole-exome sequencing. […] Suthaus et al. (2012) found that HHV-8 is the etiologic agent not only of KS, but also of primary effusion lymphoma and plasma cell-type MCD.

• #23 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/kaposis-sarcoma/

  Kaposis sarcoma is caused by the HHV-8 virus, sometimes called Kaposis sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV). […] The virus can be controlled by a healthy immune system but can cause Kaposis sarcoma in people who have a compromised immune system, as happens with people affected by HIV and those who are taking immunosuppressant drugs following an organ transplant. […] 94% of Kaposis sarcoma cases in the UK are caused by both HHV-8 and HIV infection, the remaining 6% are caused by HHV-8 with no HIV present. […] It is thought that people who develop Classic Kaposis sarcoma have a pre-existing genetic vulnerability to the HHV-8 virus. […] It is thought that this type of Kaposis sarcoma is caused by a pre-existing genetic vulnerability to the HHV-8 virus. […] This is a rare condition that affects some people following an organ transplant. The drugs they need to suppress their immune system reduces the risk of their body rejecting the donated organ; however, as their immune system is weakened they develop Acquired Kaposis sarcoma.

• #24

  https://www.omim.org/entry/148000

  A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that susceptibility to Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is influenced by heterozygous mutation in the BPTF gene (601819) on chromosome 17q24. A polymorphism in the IL6 gene (147620) on chromosome 7p15 influences Kaposi sarcoma susceptibility in HIV-positive men. […] See 614836 for information on a locus on chromosome 3p22 that is associated with susceptibility to infection by human herpesvirus-8, the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma. […] KS is caused by an infectious agent, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus-8, HHV-8). KSHV infection is necessary but not sufficient for KS development; the infection is mostly asymptomatic but may cause disease in immunocompromised patients (summary by Yogev et al., 2024). […] Suthaus et al. (2012) noted that HHV-8 is the etiologic agent not only of KS, but also of primary effusion lymphoma and plasma cell-type multicentric Castleman disease (MCD).

• #25 Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/sarcoma/kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposis sarcoma is caused by a type of herpes virus, called Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV or HHV-8). […] HIV-infected persons have a 450-fold increased risk of Kaposis sarcoma. […] Other groups who suffer from suppressed immunity are also at a higher risk for developing Kaposis sarcoma. […] The virus that causes Kaposis sarcoma is sexually transmitted, which accounts for the high rate of spread among homosexual men. […] Recent research indicates that the disease appears to occur in families, suggesting a genetic component to susceptibility.

• #26

  https://www.omim.org/entry/148000

  Kaposi sarcoma is the most common neoplasm affecting patients with AIDS, and HIV infection is an important risk factor in its development: the KS risk of AIDS patients is 20,000-fold over that of the general population. Kedes et al. (1996) noted that strong epidemiologic data indicate that HIV is not the sole determinant of KS risk. […] Chang et al. (1994) had identified genomic sequences of a novel herpesvirus, termed KSHV or HHV-8, in Kaposi sarcoma tissues by PCR-based methods. […] Kedes et al. (1996) examined serum samples from 913 patients for the presence of antibodies specific for infection by HHV-8. The distribution of HHV-8 seropositivity conformed to that expected for a sexually transmitted pathogen and tracked closely with the risk for KS development. […] In 5 immunocompetent HIV-negative individuals with classic Kaposi sarcoma from 2 Moroccan Jewish families, Yogev et al. (2024) identified a heterozygous missense mutation in the BPTF gene (I2012T; 601819.0007) by whole-exome sequencing. […] Suthaus et al. (2012) found that HHV-8 is the etiologic agent not only of KS, but also of primary effusion lymphoma and plasma cell-type MCD.

• #27 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21830-kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma happens when HHV-8 infects the cells that line your blood and lymphatic vessels. HHV-8 is a rare disease that turns healthy cells into cancerous cells. Certain factors increase the risk of HHV-8 becoming Kaposi sarcoma. […] You can get KS if you carry human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and have a weakened immune system. […] Risk factors for Kaposi sarcoma include: Age. Kaposi sarcoma mostly affects those between ages 40 and 70. Ethnicity. You have a higher risk for KS if you’re of Mediterranean, Southwest Asian, Eastern European or Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Immune deficiency. You’re more likely to develop KS if you have a weakened immune system. This can happen from taking immunosuppressants or having conditions like HIV/AIDS. Location. You have a higher risk for endemic KS if you live near the equator in Africa. Sex. Males are more likely to develop Kaposi sarcoma. Sexual activity. Having unprotected sex can increase your risk of contracting HHV-8 and HIV. These viruses typically spread through bodily fluids.

• #28 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  While infection with KSHV causes Kaposi sarcoma, not everyone with the KSHV infection develops KS, and some people may never show any symptoms. The following groups have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma: […] People with a weakened immune system: This may be as a result of living with HIV or AIDS, undergoing an organ transplant, and being an older adult. […] People of African descent: KS is more common in Africa, and in some areas, an estimated 80 percent of the population shows signs of KSHV infection. This may be because factors that contribute to weak immune systems are more common in Africa, including malnutrition, malaria, and other chronic infections. […] Men who have sex with men: Kaposi sarcoma is more common in men who have sex with men than those who only have sexual intercourse with women. […] The reason is unclear, but it may be linked to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual and bisexual men. […] People of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern heritage: Older adults from these regions are at a higher risk of developing classic Kaposi sarcoma.

• #29 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  While infection with KSHV causes Kaposi sarcoma, not everyone with the KSHV infection develops KS, and some people may never show any symptoms. The following groups have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma: […] People with a weakened immune system: This may be as a result of living with HIV or AIDS, undergoing an organ transplant, and being an older adult. […] People of African descent: KS is more common in Africa, and in some areas, an estimated 80 percent of the population shows signs of KSHV infection. This may be because factors that contribute to weak immune systems are more common in Africa, including malnutrition, malaria, and other chronic infections. […] Men who have sex with men: Kaposi sarcoma is more common in men who have sex with men than those who only have sexual intercourse with women. […] The reason is unclear, but it may be linked to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual and bisexual men. […] People of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern heritage: Older adults from these regions are at a higher risk of developing classic Kaposi sarcoma.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Kaposis-Sarcoma.aspx

  Kaposi’s sarcoma is a form of cancer that affects people with decreased immunity. It is seen in patients with HIV infection, elderly men of Mediterranean, Jewish or African descent and patients taking drugs for suppression of immunity after organ transplantation. […] The rise of number of cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma occurred in the 1980s and 1990s as the number of AIDS cases soared. […] Causes of Kaposi’s sarcoma include (1-4): Endemic or African Kaposi’s sarcoma affects young adult men in equatorial Africa with a normal immune system. Up to 9% of Ugandan men suffer from this condition. Sometimes children may be affected as well. […] Transplant-related or acquired Kaposi’s sarcoma. Patients after an organ transplant need immunity suppressing drugs. This prevents the patients immunity from attacking and killing the newly transplanted organ. These patients on immunity suppressing drugs are at risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

• #31 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21830-kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma happens when HHV-8 infects the cells that line your blood and lymphatic vessels. HHV-8 is a rare disease that turns healthy cells into cancerous cells. Certain factors increase the risk of HHV-8 becoming Kaposi sarcoma. […] You can get KS if you carry human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and have a weakened immune system. […] Risk factors for Kaposi sarcoma include: Age. Kaposi sarcoma mostly affects those between ages 40 and 70. Ethnicity. You have a higher risk for KS if you’re of Mediterranean, Southwest Asian, Eastern European or Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Immune deficiency. You’re more likely to develop KS if you have a weakened immune system. This can happen from taking immunosuppressants or having conditions like HIV/AIDS. Location. You have a higher risk for endemic KS if you live near the equator in Africa. Sex. Males are more likely to develop Kaposi sarcoma. Sexual activity. Having unprotected sex can increase your risk of contracting HHV-8 and HIV. These viruses typically spread through bodily fluids.

• #32 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=18648-1

  Anyone can get Kaposi sarcoma (KS). But there are some factors that can increase your risk, such as: […] Infection with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). This virus is also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). It seems that a person must have this virus in order for KS to develop. But most people infected with this virus don’t develop KS. […] Having a weakened immune system. People with a weakened immune system are at increased risk for KS. This includes people infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Or people who have had an organ transplant. This is likely because their weakened immune system is not able to keep an HHV-8 infection under control. […] Sexual activity. Men who have sex with men are at higher risk for KS. This is probably because they’re more likely to be infected with both HHV-8 and HIV.

• #33 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  More than 90% of cases of AIDS-associated KS are seen among homosexual/bisexual men; there is a higher incidence of KS among HIV-negative homosexual men than among other HIV-infected groups; […] The incidence of AIDS-associated KS is higher among homosexual/bisexual men who are promiscuous and engage in high-risk sexual activities, such as rimming and fisting, and among receptive sexual partners; […] Homosexual men who live in New York and San Francisco have a greater risk of developing KS than men who live in the central states; […] AIDS-associated KS is reported to be four times more common in women with bisexual partners than in women who have had sex with other HIV-1 seropositive men; […] Women from Great Britain who developed AIDS-associated KS are likely to have contracted HIV-1 infection through sexual contact with bisexual men from the United States.

• #34 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  More than 90% of cases of AIDS-associated KS are seen among homosexual/bisexual men; there is a higher incidence of KS among HIV-negative homosexual men than among other HIV-infected groups; […] The incidence of AIDS-associated KS is higher among homosexual/bisexual men who are promiscuous and engage in high-risk sexual activities, such as rimming and fisting, and among receptive sexual partners; […] Homosexual men who live in New York and San Francisco have a greater risk of developing KS than men who live in the central states; […] AIDS-associated KS is reported to be four times more common in women with bisexual partners than in women who have had sex with other HIV-1 seropositive men; […] Women from Great Britain who developed AIDS-associated KS are likely to have contracted HIV-1 infection through sexual contact with bisexual men from the United States.

• #35 Kaposi sarcoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] KS is the result of an infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

• #36 Kaposi Sarcoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue. […] KS is the result of infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system. […] KS almost never occurs in people with HIV/AIDS whose disease is well controlled.

• #37 Kaposi sarcoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] KS is the result of an infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

• #38 Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/kaposis-sarcoma-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoovrFo1JJA4eLyk7FLbw0zkWhyqz4qswxVk6PIwwTZbLQR9kuKy

  Kaposis sarcoma is found to be caused by a virus called Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus usually spreads from an infected to a healthy person through saliva, during sexual activities, or from the mother to the new-born during birth. […] The immune system damage caused by HIV allows cells harboring HHV-8 to multiply and spread throughout the body. […] It is believed people with above-mentioned descent were born with a genetic vulnerability to the HHV-8 virus. […] This type of cancerous condition is more common in people who underwent an organ transplant procedure. […] This type of Kaposis sarcoma is commonly diagnosed in people of African descent and also arises due to a genetic vulnerability to the HHV-8 virus.

• #39 What Is Kaposi Sarcoma?: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://skincancer.net/types-signs/kaposi-sarcoma-look-like

  Kaposi sarcoma skin cancer (KS) develops when the cells lining the blood and lymph vessels grow in an uncontrolled way. KS is rare in the United States and strongly associated with HIV infection. […] People with classic KS may only have one lesion on the ankle or foot. People with AIDS-related KS may have multiple, widespread lesions. […] As the lesions grow, they may begin to cause symptoms. Lesions on the groin or legs block the flow of fluid out of the legs. This can lead to painful swelling. Lesions in the digestive tract can cause internal bleeding. Signs of gastrointestinal bleeding are black or tarry stool. Abdominal pain and diarrhea are other signs of gastrointestinal lesions. If lesions develop in the lungs, you may have shortness of breath or you may cough up blood.

• #40 What Is Kaposi Sarcoma? | Types of Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/about/what-is-kaposi-sarcoma.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. […] The most common type of KS in the United States is epidemic or AIDS-associated KS. This type of KS develops in people who are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. […] KS is considered an AIDS defining illness. This means that when KS occurs in someone infected with HIV, that person officially has AIDS (and is not just HIV-positive). […] Endemic KS occurs in people living in Equatorial Africa and is sometimes called African KS. Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is much more common in Africa than in other parts of the world, so the risk of KS is higher. […] When KS develops in people whose immune systems have been suppressed after an organ transplant, it is called iatrogenic, or transplant-related KS.

• #41 All You Need to Know About Kaposi’s Sarcoma | ACTC

  https://actchealth.com/blogs/understanding-kaposis-sarcoma-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  Kaposi’s Sarcoma is a rare form of cancer that primarily affects the skin, but can also involve other organs like the mouth, lymph nodes, and internal organs. […] This form of cancer is usually caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection and immunodeficiency. […] Endemic Kaposi’s Sarcoma is associated with the infection caused by the Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). […] The epidemic form of Kaposi’s Sarcoma gained significant attention during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and it remains a significant concern in individuals living with HIV. The weakened immune system resulting from HIV infection allows HHV-8 to replicate, leading to the development of numerous lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi’s Sarcoma occurs as a result of immunosuppressive therapy given to organ transplant recipients or individuals with certain autoimmune diseases. The immunosuppressive drugs, while necessary for preventing organ rejection or controlling autoimmune conditions, can also reactivate HHV-8, leading to the development of Kaposi’s Sarcoma.

• #42 What Is Kaposi Sarcoma? | Types of Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/about/what-is-kaposi-sarcoma.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. […] The most common type of KS in the United States is epidemic or AIDS-associated KS. This type of KS develops in people who are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. […] KS is considered an AIDS defining illness. This means that when KS occurs in someone infected with HIV, that person officially has AIDS (and is not just HIV-positive). […] Endemic KS occurs in people living in Equatorial Africa and is sometimes called African KS. Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is much more common in Africa than in other parts of the world, so the risk of KS is higher. […] When KS develops in people whose immune systems have been suppressed after an organ transplant, it is called iatrogenic, or transplant-related KS.

• #43 What Is Kaposi Sarcoma?: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://skincancer.net/types-signs/kaposi-sarcoma-look-like

  Kaposi sarcoma skin cancer (KS) develops when the cells lining the blood and lymph vessels grow in an uncontrolled way. KS is rare in the United States and strongly associated with HIV infection. […] People with classic KS may only have one lesion on the ankle or foot. People with AIDS-related KS may have multiple, widespread lesions. […] As the lesions grow, they may begin to cause symptoms. Lesions on the groin or legs block the flow of fluid out of the legs. This can lead to painful swelling. Lesions in the digestive tract can cause internal bleeding. Signs of gastrointestinal bleeding are black or tarry stool. Abdominal pain and diarrhea are other signs of gastrointestinal lesions. If lesions develop in the lungs, you may have shortness of breath or you may cough up blood.

• #44 Kaposi sarcoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] KS is the result of an infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

• #45 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  While infection with KSHV causes Kaposi sarcoma, not everyone with the KSHV infection develops KS, and some people may never show any symptoms. The following groups have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma: […] People with a weakened immune system: This may be as a result of living with HIV or AIDS, undergoing an organ transplant, and being an older adult. […] People of African descent: KS is more common in Africa, and in some areas, an estimated 80 percent of the population shows signs of KSHV infection. This may be because factors that contribute to weak immune systems are more common in Africa, including malnutrition, malaria, and other chronic infections. […] Men who have sex with men: Kaposi sarcoma is more common in men who have sex with men than those who only have sexual intercourse with women. […] The reason is unclear, but it may be linked to the higher prevalence of HIV in homosexual and bisexual men. […] People of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern heritage: Older adults from these regions are at a higher risk of developing classic Kaposi sarcoma.

• #46 Kaposi’s Sarcoma — Etiology and Pathogenesis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-3446-8_19

  First described by the Austro-Hungarian dermatologist Moritz Kaposi just over 100 years ago (Kaposi, 1872), Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) was, until recently, considered a rare, slowly progressive tumor of elderly males. […] In addition, KS occurs in iatrogenically immunosuppressed individuals (iatrogenic KS). However, in developed countries, KS is now most commonly associated with HIV infection, and this variant, termed epidemic KS, is characterized by widely distributed lesions, visceral as well as lymph node involvement and a rapidly progressive course. […] These are (1) benign disease with few lesions reminiscent of classical KS; (2) aggressive disease mainly localized to extremities with local invasions and destruction; (3) widely disseminated disease with visceral involvement; and (4) a lymphadenopathic form with preferential involvement of lymph nodes and visceral organs but minimal mucocutaneous lesions.

• #47 Kaposi sarcoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] KS is the result of an infection with a gamma herpesvirus known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). It is in the same family as the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis. […] KSHV is transmitted mainly through saliva. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or transplants. After it enters the body, the virus can infect different kinds of cells, especially cells that line blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV remains in your body for the rest of your life. If your immune system becomes weakened in the future, this virus may have the chance to reactivate, causing symptoms. […] There are four types of KS based on the groups of people who are infected: Classic KS: Mainly affects older men of Eastern European, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. The disease usually develops slowly. Epidemic (AIDS-related) KS: Occurs most often in people who have HIV infection and have developed AIDS. Endemic (African) KS: Mainly affects people of all ages in Africa. Immunosuppression-associated, or transplantation-associated, KS: Occurs in people who have had an organ transplant and take medicines that suppress their immune system.

• #48 All You Need to Know About Kaposi’s Sarcoma | ACTC

  https://actchealth.com/blogs/understanding-kaposis-sarcoma-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  Kaposi’s Sarcoma is a rare form of cancer that primarily affects the skin, but can also involve other organs like the mouth, lymph nodes, and internal organs. […] This form of cancer is usually caused by Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection and immunodeficiency. […] Endemic Kaposi’s Sarcoma is associated with the infection caused by the Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). […] The epidemic form of Kaposi’s Sarcoma gained significant attention during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and it remains a significant concern in individuals living with HIV. The weakened immune system resulting from HIV infection allows HHV-8 to replicate, leading to the development of numerous lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi’s Sarcoma occurs as a result of immunosuppressive therapy given to organ transplant recipients or individuals with certain autoimmune diseases. The immunosuppressive drugs, while necessary for preventing organ rejection or controlling autoimmune conditions, can also reactivate HHV-8, leading to the development of Kaposi’s Sarcoma.

• #49 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma is a multicentric vascular tumor caused by herpesvirus type 8. […] Kaposi sarcoma originates from endothelial cells in response to infection by human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Immunosuppression (particularly due to organ transplantation or AIDS) markedly increases the likelihood of Kaposi sarcoma in patients infected with HHV-8. […] An additional type of Kaposi sarcoma that has been increasingly recognized occurs in men who are HIV-negative and who have sex with men (1). The reasons for increased prevalence in this group is uncertain and remains an area of ongoing investigation. […] This type typically develops several years after organ transplantation. The course is more or less fulminant, depending on the degree of immunosuppression. […] AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma responds markedly to antiretroviral therapy (ART), probably because the CD4+ count increases and the HIV viral load decreases; however, there is some evidence that protease inhibitors in this regimen may block angiogenesis (although this has not been shown to have beneficial clinical effects in humans). […] In patients who have had an organ transplant, reduction of immunosuppressant dosage often results in reduction of Kaposi sarcoma lesions.

• #50 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma is a multicentric vascular tumor caused by herpesvirus type 8. […] Kaposi sarcoma originates from endothelial cells in response to infection by human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Immunosuppression (particularly due to organ transplantation or AIDS) markedly increases the likelihood of Kaposi sarcoma in patients infected with HHV-8. […] An additional type of Kaposi sarcoma that has been increasingly recognized occurs in men who are HIV-negative and who have sex with men (1). The reasons for increased prevalence in this group is uncertain and remains an area of ongoing investigation. […] This type typically develops several years after organ transplantation. The course is more or less fulminant, depending on the degree of immunosuppression. […] AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma responds markedly to antiretroviral therapy (ART), probably because the CD4+ count increases and the HIV viral load decreases; however, there is some evidence that protease inhibitors in this regimen may block angiogenesis (although this has not been shown to have beneficial clinical effects in humans). […] In patients who have had an organ transplant, reduction of immunosuppressant dosage often results in reduction of Kaposi sarcoma lesions.

• #51 Kaposi Sarcoma – Cancer Information – Oncology Hematology Care – OHC

  https://ohcare.com/condition/kaposi-sarcoma/

  Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer that causes lesions (abnormal tissue) to grow in the skin, the mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose and throat, lymph nodes or other organs. […] Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is found in the lesions of all patients with Kaposi sarcoma. This virus is also called Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Most people infected with HHV-8 do not get Kaposi sarcoma. Those infected with HHV-8 who are most likely to develop Kaposi sarcoma have immune systems weakened by disease or by drugs given after an organ transplant. […] Epidemic Kaposi sarcoma occurs in patients who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks and weakens the immune system. When the body’s immune system is weakened by HIV, infections and cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma can develop. […] Nonepidemic Kaposi sarcoma that develops in homosexual men who have no signs or symptoms of HIV infection. This type of Kaposi sarcoma progresses slowly, with new lesions appearing every few years.

• #52 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of the AIDS epidemic. […] The aetiologic agent of KS is KS herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus-8), and viral proteins can induce KS-associated cellular changes that enable the virus to evade the host immune system and allow the infected cell to survive and proliferate despite viral infection. […] Currently, most cases of KS occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where KSHV infection is prevalent owing to transmission by saliva in childhood compounded by the ongoing AIDS epidemic. […] This study recognizes a fifth type of KS occurring in MSM without HIV infection. […] This study discovers KSHV in a KS lesion. […] This article shows that vGPCR is a viral oncogene.

• #53 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma is a multicentric vascular tumor caused by herpesvirus type 8. […] Kaposi sarcoma originates from endothelial cells in response to infection by human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Immunosuppression (particularly due to organ transplantation or AIDS) markedly increases the likelihood of Kaposi sarcoma in patients infected with HHV-8. […] An additional type of Kaposi sarcoma that has been increasingly recognized occurs in men who are HIV-negative and who have sex with men (1). The reasons for increased prevalence in this group is uncertain and remains an area of ongoing investigation. […] This type typically develops several years after organ transplantation. The course is more or less fulminant, depending on the degree of immunosuppression. […] AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma responds markedly to antiretroviral therapy (ART), probably because the CD4+ count increases and the HIV viral load decreases; however, there is some evidence that protease inhibitors in this regimen may block angiogenesis (although this has not been shown to have beneficial clinical effects in humans). […] In patients who have had an organ transplant, reduction of immunosuppressant dosage often results in reduction of Kaposi sarcoma lesions.

• #54 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Immune activation may also be a factor in Kaposi sarcoma, with a role for inflammatory cytokines such as gamma interferon and the initiation of HHV-8 infected cell proliferation by HIV-tat protein. […] Etiologic factors include the following: Coinfection with HIV and HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV]), Iatrogenic immunosuppression (including corticosteroids), Elevated expression of numerous cytokines and angiogenic growth factors, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, basic fibroblast growth factor, HIV-tat protein, and oncostatin M.

• #55 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  This paper shows that PDGFRA is a mediator of KSHV sarcoma genesis, which is important because there are inhibitors of this tyrosine kinase receptor. […] This paper reports the presence of several viral homologues of cellular proteins involved in the immune response. […] This paper discusses that MSM, the group most at risk of KSHV in North America, have scant awareness of the virus or their risk. […] This study demonstrates that orally administered pomalidomide induces KS regression in a large percentage of patients with both classic and AIDS-associated KS and is well tolerated.

• #56 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  This paper shows that PDGFRA is a mediator of KSHV sarcoma genesis, which is important because there are inhibitors of this tyrosine kinase receptor. […] This paper reports the presence of several viral homologues of cellular proteins involved in the immune response. […] This paper discusses that MSM, the group most at risk of KSHV in North America, have scant awareness of the virus or their risk. […] This study demonstrates that orally administered pomalidomide induces KS regression in a large percentage of patients with both classic and AIDS-associated KS and is well tolerated.

• #57 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Immune activation may also be a factor in Kaposi sarcoma, with a role for inflammatory cytokines such as gamma interferon and the initiation of HHV-8 infected cell proliferation by HIV-tat protein. […] Etiologic factors include the following: Coinfection with HIV and HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV]), Iatrogenic immunosuppression (including corticosteroids), Elevated expression of numerous cytokines and angiogenic growth factors, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, basic fibroblast growth factor, HIV-tat protein, and oncostatin M.

• #58 Kaposi’s sarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/kaposis-sarcoma/

  Kaposis sarcoma is a rare type of cancer caused by a virus. […] Kaposis sarcoma is caused by a virus called the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as the Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus is thought to be spread during sex, through saliva, or from a mother to her baby during birth. […] HHV-8 is a relatively common virus and the vast majority of people who have it will not develop Kaposis sarcoma. It only seems to cause cancer in some people with a weakened immune system and in some people who have a genetic vulnerability to the virus. […] A weakened immune system allows the HHV-8 virus to multiply to high levels in the blood, which increases the chance it will cause Kaposis sarcoma. […] The virus appears to alter the genetic instructions that control cell growth. This means some cells reproduce uncontrollably and form lumps of tissue known as tumours.

• #59 Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/kaposis-sarcoma-ks

  People living with HIV whose CD4 count is below 200 are at greatest risk of KS and are more likely to develop more serious forms of the disease. […] In addition to people living with HIV, groups at risk for KS include HIV-negative gay men and men who have sex with men, women who have sex with bisexual men, people who take medications that suppress the immune system (such as corticosteroids), and communities in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Cases of KS have occurred within six months after HIV-positive people have initiated ART. This has most likely happened because prior to instituting ART, the immune system was weak and could not detect or mount a response to HHV-8 or minor KS lesions.

• #60

  https://www.omim.org/entry/148000

  A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that susceptibility to Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is influenced by heterozygous mutation in the BPTF gene (601819) on chromosome 17q24. A polymorphism in the IL6 gene (147620) on chromosome 7p15 influences Kaposi sarcoma susceptibility in HIV-positive men. […] See 614836 for information on a locus on chromosome 3p22 that is associated with susceptibility to infection by human herpesvirus-8, the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma. […] KS is caused by an infectious agent, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus-8, HHV-8). KSHV infection is necessary but not sufficient for KS development; the infection is mostly asymptomatic but may cause disease in immunocompromised patients (summary by Yogev et al., 2024). […] Suthaus et al. (2012) noted that HHV-8 is the etiologic agent not only of KS, but also of primary effusion lymphoma and plasma cell-type multicentric Castleman disease (MCD).

• #61 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  Some data negate the possible involvement of a sexually transmitted agent other than HIV in KS: No single causative agent has been consistently isolated in the tissue of KS; it does not explain the male predominance of African AIDS-associated KS, in which HIV-1 is transmitted through heterosexual contact; and it does not explain the development of classic disease or transplantation-associated KS, in which there is no evidence of sexual transmission. […] Giraldo and co-workers described herpesvirus-like particles in tissue cultures derived from patients with classic and endemic African KS. […] These observations indicate a close association between KS and CMV. CMV may play a part in the development of KS and may act as a facilitator or promoter, possibly providing the initial cytokine(s) needed for the development of a KS lesion.

• #62 Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/kaposis-sarcoma-ks

  People living with HIV whose CD4 count is below 200 are at greatest risk of KS and are more likely to develop more serious forms of the disease. […] In addition to people living with HIV, groups at risk for KS include HIV-negative gay men and men who have sex with men, women who have sex with bisexual men, people who take medications that suppress the immune system (such as corticosteroids), and communities in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Cases of KS have occurred within six months after HIV-positive people have initiated ART. This has most likely happened because prior to instituting ART, the immune system was weak and could not detect or mount a response to HHV-8 or minor KS lesions.

• #63 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma is a multicentric vascular tumor caused by herpesvirus type 8. […] Kaposi sarcoma originates from endothelial cells in response to infection by human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Immunosuppression (particularly due to organ transplantation or AIDS) markedly increases the likelihood of Kaposi sarcoma in patients infected with HHV-8. […] An additional type of Kaposi sarcoma that has been increasingly recognized occurs in men who are HIV-negative and who have sex with men (1). The reasons for increased prevalence in this group is uncertain and remains an area of ongoing investigation. […] This type typically develops several years after organ transplantation. The course is more or less fulminant, depending on the degree of immunosuppression. […] AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma responds markedly to antiretroviral therapy (ART), probably because the CD4+ count increases and the HIV viral load decreases; however, there is some evidence that protease inhibitors in this regimen may block angiogenesis (although this has not been shown to have beneficial clinical effects in humans). […] In patients who have had an organ transplant, reduction of immunosuppressant dosage often results in reduction of Kaposi sarcoma lesions.

• #64 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma is a multicentric vascular tumor caused by herpesvirus type 8. […] Kaposi sarcoma originates from endothelial cells in response to infection by human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Immunosuppression (particularly due to organ transplantation or AIDS) markedly increases the likelihood of Kaposi sarcoma in patients infected with HHV-8. […] An additional type of Kaposi sarcoma that has been increasingly recognized occurs in men who are HIV-negative and who have sex with men (1). The reasons for increased prevalence in this group is uncertain and remains an area of ongoing investigation. […] This type typically develops several years after organ transplantation. The course is more or less fulminant, depending on the degree of immunosuppression. […] AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma responds markedly to antiretroviral therapy (ART), probably because the CD4+ count increases and the HIV viral load decreases; however, there is some evidence that protease inhibitors in this regimen may block angiogenesis (although this has not been shown to have beneficial clinical effects in humans). […] In patients who have had an organ transplant, reduction of immunosuppressant dosage often results in reduction of Kaposi sarcoma lesions.

• #65 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  The signs of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma can include lesions in different parts of the body, including any of the following: Skin, Lining of the mouth, Lymph nodes, Stomach and intestines, Lungs and lining of the chest, Liver, Spleen. […] Treatment for Kaposi sarcoma may cause side effects. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Monoclonal antibody therapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are types of targeted therapy being studied in the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma.

• #66 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  This paper shows that PDGFRA is a mediator of KSHV sarcoma genesis, which is important because there are inhibitors of this tyrosine kinase receptor. […] This paper reports the presence of several viral homologues of cellular proteins involved in the immune response. […] This paper discusses that MSM, the group most at risk of KSHV in North America, have scant awareness of the virus or their risk. […] This study demonstrates that orally administered pomalidomide induces KS regression in a large percentage of patients with both classic and AIDS-associated KS and is well tolerated.

• #67 Kaposi Sarcoma: Types, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kaposis-sarcoma

  AIDS-related KS is usually treatable and not a cause of death by itself. […] For many people with AIDS-related KS, treating AIDS with antiretroviral therapy may be enough to also treat the KS. […] Chemotherapy is usually only used when theres a large skin involvement, when KS is causing symptoms in the internal organs, or when small skin lesions dont respond to any of the removal techniques above. […] HAART reduces the likelihood that people who are HIV-positive will develop KS and AIDS because it fights the HIV infection.

• #68 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called HHV-8, is present in almost 100% of Kaposi sarcoma lesions, whether HIV-related, classic, endemic, or iatrogenic. KSHV encodes oncogenes, microRNAs and circular RNAs that promote cancer cell proliferation and escape from the immune system. […] Except for classic KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression (such as due to HIV/AIDS) and infection by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8 also called KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)). […] KSHV is also transmissible via organ transplantation and blood transfusion. Testing for the virus before these procedures is likely to effectively limit iatrogenic transmission. […] HHV-8 is responsible for all varieties of KS. Since Moritz Kaposi first described the cancer, the disease has been reported in five separate clinical settings, with different presentations, epidemiology, and prognoses.

• #69 Kaposi’s Sarcoma – Pharmasave – Pharmasave

  https://pharmasave.com/health/diseases/kaposis-sarcoma/

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a cancer caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). […] The most likely cause of Kaposi’s sarcoma is infection with HHV8 combined with the weakening of defense mechanisms that normally prevent this virus from multiplying. […] While the condition is most prevalent among sexually active men who have sex with men, the improvement in the medical treatment of HIV has drastically reduced the number of people developing this condition. […] Because Kaposi’s sarcoma is likely caused by an interaction between immune suppression and exposure to the sexually transmitted infection HHV8, the precautions taken against other sexually transmitted infections should also be taken to try to prevent Kaposi’s sarcoma.

• #70 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  This paper shows that PDGFRA is a mediator of KSHV sarcoma genesis, which is important because there are inhibitors of this tyrosine kinase receptor. […] This paper reports the presence of several viral homologues of cellular proteins involved in the immune response. […] This paper discusses that MSM, the group most at risk of KSHV in North America, have scant awareness of the virus or their risk. […] This study demonstrates that orally administered pomalidomide induces KS regression in a large percentage of patients with both classic and AIDS-associated KS and is well tolerated.

• #71 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is present in all forms of Kaposi sarcoma. […] HHV-8 interferes with many normal cell functions and requires cofactors like cytokines or specific proteins to result in the development of Kaposi sarcoma. […] All cases of Kaposi sarcoma harbor the HHV-8 virus, though this is not sufficient to cause the neoplasm. […] Kaposi sarcoma has been definitively linked to HHV-8 infection with increased incidence in patients with HIV infection, immunosuppression, or of Eastern European or Mediterranean descent.

• #72

  https://www.curesuremedico.com/blog/what-is-kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi Sarcoma is caused by infection with Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV). […] While the presence of this virus is necessary for the development of KS, it alone does not directly cause the cancer. […] In cases where the immune system is severely weakened, such as in HIV/AIDS patients, the virus can lead to abnormal cell growth and the onset of Kaposi Sarcoma. […] The exact way KSHV spreads is not fully understood, but it is thought to be primarily transmitted through saliva, particularly in regions where the virus is common.

• #73 CU Cancer Center Hosts Conference on Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus 

  https://news.cuanschutz.edu/cancer-center/cu-cancer-center-hosts-conference-on-kaposi-sarcoma-herpesvirus

  Kaposi sarcoma is typically characterized by skin lesions purple, red, or brown blotches or tumors on the skin most often on the legs or face. […] Most people infected with KSHV never show symptoms, but when a disease like AIDS suppresses the immune system, the cancer can start to form. […] And Kaposi sarcoma was one of these rare cancers that suddenly became much more prevalent in people with AIDS. […] The reason that this remains a significant area of interest is that there aren’t good interventions to either prevent infection or to treat people who have KSHV-associated cancers, Clambey says. […] Other research presented at the KSHV conference included studies investigating risk factors, better diagnosis using biomarkers, and possible therapeutic interventions. […] In addition to Kaposi sarcoma, the virus can cause multicentric Castleman disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. How this virus causes multiple different diseases remains an important, ongoing area of investigation discussed at the conference. […] We’re interested in understanding how this virus establishes a lifelong infection, and how we can intervene to either disrupt that lifelong infection or to allow our bodies to better control that infection, Clambey says.

• #74 Kaposi sarcoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0060-9

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of the AIDS epidemic. […] The aetiologic agent of KS is KS herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus-8), and viral proteins can induce KS-associated cellular changes that enable the virus to evade the host immune system and allow the infected cell to survive and proliferate despite viral infection. […] Currently, most cases of KS occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where KSHV infection is prevalent owing to transmission by saliva in childhood compounded by the ongoing AIDS epidemic. […] This study recognizes a fifth type of KS occurring in MSM without HIV infection. […] This study discovers KSHV in a KS lesion. […] This article shows that vGPCR is a viral oncogene.

• #75 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-59410-6_38

  Objective: To provide an overview of the role for HHV-8 as the causative agent responsible for Kaposis sarcoma, the molecular cross-talk between HHV-8 and HIV-1, and the ability of specific cytokines to influence the pathophysiology of this malignancy. […] Based on these in vivo studies using SCID mice engrafted with human skin and injected with HHV-8, we conclude that HHV-8 is the etiologic agent in Kaposis sarcoma, and that HIV-1 and HHV-8 can influence each other involving both direct and indirect cross-talk mechanisms.

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