Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an indolent angio-proliferative spindle-cell tumor derived from endothelial and immune cells infected with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8; also known as Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus [KSHV]). HHV-8 is identified as the causative agent of KS; it is present in 95-98% of all cases. […] The epidemiology of KS has changed dramatically from 1872, when it was first described as a rare disease in Eastern European men. In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women, and children. […] A surge in KS cases was noted just prior to the identification of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s. AIDS-related KS is the most common KS presentation in the United States. Estimates indicate that the risk of KS in people living with HIV from 2009-2012 was 500-fold higher than for the US general population. KS accounts for 12% of cancers in people living with HIV, with 765 to 910 new cases per year in the US.

• #2 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8 in the context of immunodeficiency, such as that induced by HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy. […] In patients living with HIV (PLHIV), thanks to potent antiretroviral treatment that efficiently restores immunity and allows a better control of HIV infection, the occurrence of KS has decreased dramatically over the past 25 years. […] However, KS is still one of the most frequent cancers in PLHIV, in particular in men who have sex with men and in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is still endemic. […] Even in the context of restored immunity, the risk of KS is still more than 30 times higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Recent evidence indicates that early initiation of antiretroviral treatment, which is recommended by current guidelines, may reduce the risk of KS but it needs to be accompanied by early access to care.

• #3 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an indolent angio-proliferative spindle-cell tumor derived from endothelial and immune cells infected with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8; also known as Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus [KSHV]). HHV-8 is identified as the causative agent of KS; it is present in 95-98% of all cases. […] The epidemiology of KS has changed dramatically from 1872, when it was first described as a rare disease in Eastern European men. In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women, and children. […] A surge in KS cases was noted just prior to the identification of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s. AIDS-related KS is the most common KS presentation in the United States. Estimates indicate that the risk of KS in people living with HIV from 2009-2012 was 500-fold higher than for the US general population. KS accounts for 12% of cancers in people living with HIV, with 765 to 910 new cases per year in the US.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3

  Kaposis sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm which has undergone considerable epidemiologic change since the original description by Moritz Kaposi in the late 1800s. […] This opportunistic neoplasm gained widespread notoriety within the US during the height of the AIDS epidemic, where it was frequently found co-occurring with opportunistic infections. […] In 1981, 26 cases of KS were reported as occurring in young homosexual men in New York and California. […] In 1983, it was postulated that KS was driven by the hosts profoundly immunocompromised state. […] Interestingly, 95% of these cases had occurred in homosexual men. […] In the early 1980s, a significant proportion of homosexual men with AIDS were affected by KS; for example, in San Francisco, this opportunistic neoplasm occurred in 40% of homosexual men with AIDS.

• #5 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an indolent angio-proliferative spindle-cell tumor derived from endothelial and immune cells infected with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8; also known as Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus [KSHV]). HHV-8 is identified as the causative agent of KS; it is present in 95-98% of all cases. […] The epidemiology of KS has changed dramatically from 1872, when it was first described as a rare disease in Eastern European men. In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women, and children. […] A surge in KS cases was noted just prior to the identification of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s. AIDS-related KS is the most common KS presentation in the United States. Estimates indicate that the risk of KS in people living with HIV from 2009-2012 was 500-fold higher than for the US general population. KS accounts for 12% of cancers in people living with HIV, with 765 to 910 new cases per year in the US.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3

  As the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) gained popularity in the early and mid-1990s, an 8.8% annual decline from 1990 to 1998 in KS incidence in the United States was observed, along with a 50% reduction in KS incidence among those on triple antiretroviral therapy. […] A cancer surveillance program in San Francisco revealed similar patterns, with the incidence of KS in 1973 (prior to the AIDS epidemic) at 0.5 cases per 100,000 people, while during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1991, this number was 33.3 cases per 100,000 people and then declined in 1998 (post-HAART) to 2.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women and children. […] Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly, and from 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer occurring in men (48.6% of male cancer patients), while the prevalence in female cancer patients rose to 17.9%.

• #7 Epidemiology and Transmission of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/11/4178

  This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. Since the identification of KSHV twenty years ago, it is now known to be associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. Some geographical areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Xinjiang region of China, are endemic areas, but Western Europe and United States have a low prevalence in the general population. This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the sources of transmission to young children.

• #8 Epidemiology and Transmission of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/11/4178

  This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. Since the identification of KSHV twenty years ago, it is now known to be associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. Some geographical areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Xinjiang region of China, are endemic areas, but Western Europe and United States have a low prevalence in the general population. This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the sources of transmission to young children.

• #9 Epidemiology and Transmission of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/11/4178

  This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. Since the identification of KSHV twenty years ago, it is now known to be associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. Some geographical areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Xinjiang region of China, are endemic areas, but Western Europe and United States have a low prevalence in the general population. This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the sources of transmission to young children.

• #10 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  Here, we will mostly focus on the epidemiology of KS in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) and on recent insights concerning its evolution. […] The prevalence of HHV8 also varies depending on the region. […] In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HHV8 also varies depending on the region. […] There were roughly 42,000 new KS cases and 20,000 deaths estimated in 2018 worldwide. […] KS occurs at a globally higher frequency in men than in women and in the HIV-infected population. […] Among PLHIV, the incidence rate of KS is much higher for MSM than for other men or women. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions.

• #11 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/epidemiology-kaposi-s-sarcoma/docview/2602019336/se-2

  In sub-Saharan Africa, KS is still one of the most common cancers and the KS burden has risen since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity (i.e., CD4 levels 500/mm3), large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] In the context of IRIS, a paradoxical worsening or the first appearance of opportunistic infections and other conditions has been described.

• #12 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  Here, we will mostly focus on the epidemiology of KS in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) and on recent insights concerning its evolution. […] The prevalence of HHV8 also varies depending on the region. […] In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HHV8 also varies depending on the region. […] There were roughly 42,000 new KS cases and 20,000 deaths estimated in 2018 worldwide. […] KS occurs at a globally higher frequency in men than in women and in the HIV-infected population. […] Among PLHIV, the incidence rate of KS is much higher for MSM than for other men or women. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions.

• #13 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/epidemiology-kaposi-s-sarcoma/docview/2602019336/se-2

  Kaposis sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative tumor that was first described in its classic form at the end of the XIX century by a Hungarian dermatologist, Moritz Kaposi, as a rare indolent cutaneous tumor affecting elderly individuals, mostly men from Eastern Europe and the area bordering the Mediterranean Sea. In the 1950s, a more aggressive and endemic form of KS was described in sub-Saharan Africa that affected young African adults and children. […] The four forms of KS, the classic (Mediterranean), endemic (African), epidemic (HIV/AIDS-associated), and iatrogenic (transplant-related), share the same causative virus but have distinct epidemiological and clinical presentations. […] HHV8 infection is not ubiquitous. Its prevalence is substantially higher in men who have sex with men (MSM) and in certain regions of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa or the countries bordering the Mediterranean; whereas it has been estimated to affect 5% of the general population of the USA and Europe.

• #14 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio 17:1 and occurs primarily in patients over 50 years old of Eastern European and Mediterranean descent. These patients are at greater risk for secondary malignancies. The prevalence mirrors the distribution of HHV-8 throughout the world. Within the United States, incidence has been stable around 1:100,000 since 1997. […] Endemic Kaposi sarcoma has the unusual predilection for the pediatric population and mirrors HHV-8 seropositivity. The rates of seropositivity in pediatric patients vary extensively throughout Africa, from a low of 2% in Eritrea to almost 100% in the Central African Republic. Following the HIV epidemic in Africa, the ratio of men to women with Kaposi sarcoma has fallen from 7:1 to 2:1. Endemic Kaposi sarcoma is now the most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women with Uganda and Zimbabwe.

• #15 Classic Kaposi sarcoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, and molecular pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classic-kaposi-sarcoma-epidemiology-risk-factors-pathology-and-molecular-pathogenesis/print

  Classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS) affects males more often than females; the reported male to female ratio is approximately 3:1. […] Although cases have been described around the world, including in South America and Asia, the disease is most often diagnosed in individuals from the Mediterranean basin and Central and Eastern Europe, or their descendants. […] The highest incidence rates in Europe are in two Mediterranean Italian islands, Sardinia and Sicily. […] An analysis of 2667 incident KS cases diagnosed between 1995 and 2002 and registered by 75 population-based European cancer registries that contributed to the RARECARE project estimated that there were 1642 new cases per year in the 27 countries comprising the European Union at that time and approximately 10,500 persons alive in Europe with a past diagnosis of KS as of the beginning of 2008.

• #16 Kaposi’s Sarcoma — Onkopedia

  https://www.onkopedia.com/en/onkopedia/guidelines/kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) most likely originates from lymphatic endothelial cells, and human herpesvirus 8 infection contributes to their malignant transformation. Immunosuppression fosters the occurrence, persistence, and progression of KS, which belongs to the most common AIDS-defining neoplasms in HIV-infected individuals. KS is rare among the general population. […] A detailed description of KS epidemiology has recently been provided by [27]. […] Classic KS primarily affects older men (m:w approx. 15:1) of Eastern European-Mediterranean or Jewish origin with an age peak in the 7th decade of life. […] Since the middle of the last century, an increasing incidence of KS in sub-Saharan Africa has been reported. […] KS has been described as a consequence of iatrogenic immunosuppression, usually associated with organ transplantation, but also in other types of immunosuppression.

• #17 Classic Kaposi sarcoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, and molecular pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classic-kaposi-sarcoma-epidemiology-risk-factors-pathology-and-molecular-pathogenesis/print

  Classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS) affects males more often than females; the reported male to female ratio is approximately 3:1. […] Although cases have been described around the world, including in South America and Asia, the disease is most often diagnosed in individuals from the Mediterranean basin and Central and Eastern Europe, or their descendants. […] The highest incidence rates in Europe are in two Mediterranean Italian islands, Sardinia and Sicily. […] An analysis of 2667 incident KS cases diagnosed between 1995 and 2002 and registered by 75 population-based European cancer registries that contributed to the RARECARE project estimated that there were 1642 new cases per year in the 27 countries comprising the European Union at that time and approximately 10,500 persons alive in Europe with a past diagnosis of KS as of the beginning of 2008.

• #18 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio 17:1 and occurs primarily in patients over 50 years old of Eastern European and Mediterranean descent. These patients are at greater risk for secondary malignancies. The prevalence mirrors the distribution of HHV-8 throughout the world. Within the United States, incidence has been stable around 1:100,000 since 1997. […] Endemic Kaposi sarcoma has the unusual predilection for the pediatric population and mirrors HHV-8 seropositivity. The rates of seropositivity in pediatric patients vary extensively throughout Africa, from a low of 2% in Eritrea to almost 100% in the Central African Republic. Following the HIV epidemic in Africa, the ratio of men to women with Kaposi sarcoma has fallen from 7:1 to 2:1. Endemic Kaposi sarcoma is now the most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women with Uganda and Zimbabwe.

• #19 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio 17:1 and occurs primarily in patients over 50 years old of Eastern European and Mediterranean descent. These patients are at greater risk for secondary malignancies. The prevalence mirrors the distribution of HHV-8 throughout the world. Within the United States, incidence has been stable around 1:100,000 since 1997. […] Endemic Kaposi sarcoma has the unusual predilection for the pediatric population and mirrors HHV-8 seropositivity. The rates of seropositivity in pediatric patients vary extensively throughout Africa, from a low of 2% in Eritrea to almost 100% in the Central African Republic. Following the HIV epidemic in Africa, the ratio of men to women with Kaposi sarcoma has fallen from 7:1 to 2:1. Endemic Kaposi sarcoma is now the most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women with Uganda and Zimbabwe.

• #20 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio 17:1 and occurs primarily in patients over 50 years old of Eastern European and Mediterranean descent. These patients are at greater risk for secondary malignancies. The prevalence mirrors the distribution of HHV-8 throughout the world. Within the United States, incidence has been stable around 1:100,000 since 1997. […] Endemic Kaposi sarcoma has the unusual predilection for the pediatric population and mirrors HHV-8 seropositivity. The rates of seropositivity in pediatric patients vary extensively throughout Africa, from a low of 2% in Eritrea to almost 100% in the Central African Republic. Following the HIV epidemic in Africa, the ratio of men to women with Kaposi sarcoma has fallen from 7:1 to 2:1. Endemic Kaposi sarcoma is now the most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women with Uganda and Zimbabwe.

• #21 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is the second most common tumor in HIV patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 and is an AIDs-defining illness. Up to 30% of HIV patients not taking high-activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will develop Kaposi sarcoma. HIV positive male homosexuals have a 5- to 10-fold increased the risk of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio of 3:1. Over 5% of transplant patients who develop a de novo malignancy will develop Kaposi sarcoma, a 400- to 500-fold increased risk over the general population. Patients with bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant have much lower risks of developing Kaposi sarcoma compared to solid organ transplant patients.

• #22 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is the second most common tumor in HIV patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 and is an AIDs-defining illness. Up to 30% of HIV patients not taking high-activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will develop Kaposi sarcoma. HIV positive male homosexuals have a 5- to 10-fold increased the risk of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio of 3:1. Over 5% of transplant patients who develop a de novo malignancy will develop Kaposi sarcoma, a 400- to 500-fold increased risk over the general population. Patients with bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant have much lower risks of developing Kaposi sarcoma compared to solid organ transplant patients.

• #23 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is the second most common tumor in HIV patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 and is an AIDs-defining illness. Up to 30% of HIV patients not taking high-activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will develop Kaposi sarcoma. HIV positive male homosexuals have a 5- to 10-fold increased the risk of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio of 3:1. Over 5% of transplant patients who develop a de novo malignancy will develop Kaposi sarcoma, a 400- to 500-fold increased risk over the general population. Patients with bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant have much lower risks of developing Kaposi sarcoma compared to solid organ transplant patients.

• #24 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly. From 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer in men. […] Iatrogenic KS cases have also increased, due to greater use of immunosuppression in medical practice. These include the post-transplant setting and treatment of autoimmune disease. […] Before the AIDS epidemic, Kaposi sarcoma was rare. Between 1975 and 1980, only 19 cases occurred in men aged 20-54 years, according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data (0.1 cases per 100,000). In 1981, an aggressive form of Kaposi sarcoma began to appear among men who have sex with men (MSM) as one of the harbingers of the AIDS epidemic. […] The rate in all SEER areas increased from in the late 1970s to 17.5 per 100,000 in the late 1980s and then decreased to 2.2 per 100,000 as of 1999-2000.

• #25 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly. From 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer in men. […] Iatrogenic KS cases have also increased, due to greater use of immunosuppression in medical practice. These include the post-transplant setting and treatment of autoimmune disease. […] Before the AIDS epidemic, Kaposi sarcoma was rare. Between 1975 and 1980, only 19 cases occurred in men aged 20-54 years, according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data (0.1 cases per 100,000). In 1981, an aggressive form of Kaposi sarcoma began to appear among men who have sex with men (MSM) as one of the harbingers of the AIDS epidemic. […] The rate in all SEER areas increased from in the late 1970s to 17.5 per 100,000 in the late 1980s and then decreased to 2.2 per 100,000 as of 1999-2000.

• #26 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly. From 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer in men. […] Iatrogenic KS cases have also increased, due to greater use of immunosuppression in medical practice. These include the post-transplant setting and treatment of autoimmune disease. […] Before the AIDS epidemic, Kaposi sarcoma was rare. Between 1975 and 1980, only 19 cases occurred in men aged 20-54 years, according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data (0.1 cases per 100,000). In 1981, an aggressive form of Kaposi sarcoma began to appear among men who have sex with men (MSM) as one of the harbingers of the AIDS epidemic. […] The rate in all SEER areas increased from in the late 1970s to 17.5 per 100,000 in the late 1980s and then decreased to 2.2 per 100,000 as of 1999-2000.

• #27 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is the second most common tumor in HIV patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 and is an AIDs-defining illness. Up to 30% of HIV patients not taking high-activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will develop Kaposi sarcoma. HIV positive male homosexuals have a 5- to 10-fold increased the risk of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio of 3:1. Over 5% of transplant patients who develop a de novo malignancy will develop Kaposi sarcoma, a 400- to 500-fold increased risk over the general population. Patients with bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant have much lower risks of developing Kaposi sarcoma compared to solid organ transplant patients.

• #28 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma is the second most common tumor in HIV patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 and is an AIDs-defining illness. Up to 30% of HIV patients not taking high-activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will develop Kaposi sarcoma. HIV positive male homosexuals have a 5- to 10-fold increased the risk of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma has a male: female ratio of 3:1. Over 5% of transplant patients who develop a de novo malignancy will develop Kaposi sarcoma, a 400- to 500-fold increased risk over the general population. Patients with bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant have much lower risks of developing Kaposi sarcoma compared to solid organ transplant patients.

• #29 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  The other major group in the United States in whom Kaposi sarcoma occurs is the posttransplant population, in whom the incidence is about 1 in 200. […] Currently, approximately 2,000 cases of Kaposi sarcoma, or about 6 cases per million population, occur yearly in the United States. […] As noted above, the incidence and severity of Kaposi sarcoma has lessened following the introduction of HAART. This reduction has been attributed to restoration of the immune system caused by these drugs. […] In Africa, the annual incidence of Kaposi sarcoma is very high at 37.7 per 100,000 in men and 20.5 per 100,000 in women. […] A meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma found the following incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years): General population: 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-7.08); HIV-infected persons: 481.54 (95% CI 342.36-677.32); HIV-infected MSM: 1397.11 (95% CI 870.55-2242.18); HIV-infected children: 52.94 (95% CI 39.90-70.20); Transplant recipients: 68.59 (95% CI 31.39-149.86).

• #30 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  The other major group in the United States in whom Kaposi sarcoma occurs is the posttransplant population, in whom the incidence is about 1 in 200. […] Currently, approximately 2,000 cases of Kaposi sarcoma, or about 6 cases per million population, occur yearly in the United States. […] As noted above, the incidence and severity of Kaposi sarcoma has lessened following the introduction of HAART. This reduction has been attributed to restoration of the immune system caused by these drugs. […] In Africa, the annual incidence of Kaposi sarcoma is very high at 37.7 per 100,000 in men and 20.5 per 100,000 in women. […] A meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma found the following incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years): General population: 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-7.08); HIV-infected persons: 481.54 (95% CI 342.36-677.32); HIV-infected MSM: 1397.11 (95% CI 870.55-2242.18); HIV-infected children: 52.94 (95% CI 39.90-70.20); Transplant recipients: 68.59 (95% CI 31.39-149.86).

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3

  As the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) gained popularity in the early and mid-1990s, an 8.8% annual decline from 1990 to 1998 in KS incidence in the United States was observed, along with a 50% reduction in KS incidence among those on triple antiretroviral therapy. […] A cancer surveillance program in San Francisco revealed similar patterns, with the incidence of KS in 1973 (prior to the AIDS epidemic) at 0.5 cases per 100,000 people, while during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1991, this number was 33.3 cases per 100,000 people and then declined in 1998 (post-HAART) to 2.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women and children. […] Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly, and from 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer occurring in men (48.6% of male cancer patients), while the prevalence in female cancer patients rose to 17.9%.

• #32 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3

  As the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) gained popularity in the early and mid-1990s, an 8.8% annual decline from 1990 to 1998 in KS incidence in the United States was observed, along with a 50% reduction in KS incidence among those on triple antiretroviral therapy. […] A cancer surveillance program in San Francisco revealed similar patterns, with the incidence of KS in 1973 (prior to the AIDS epidemic) at 0.5 cases per 100,000 people, while during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1991, this number was 33.3 cases per 100,000 people and then declined in 1998 (post-HAART) to 2.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women and children. […] Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly, and from 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer occurring in men (48.6% of male cancer patients), while the prevalence in female cancer patients rose to 17.9%.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3

  As the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) gained popularity in the early and mid-1990s, an 8.8% annual decline from 1990 to 1998 in KS incidence in the United States was observed, along with a 50% reduction in KS incidence among those on triple antiretroviral therapy. […] A cancer surveillance program in San Francisco revealed similar patterns, with the incidence of KS in 1973 (prior to the AIDS epidemic) at 0.5 cases per 100,000 people, while during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1991, this number was 33.3 cases per 100,000 people and then declined in 1998 (post-HAART) to 2.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women and children. […] Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly, and from 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer occurring in men (48.6% of male cancer patients), while the prevalence in female cancer patients rose to 17.9%.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-016-0152-3

  As the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) gained popularity in the early and mid-1990s, an 8.8% annual decline from 1990 to 1998 in KS incidence in the United States was observed, along with a 50% reduction in KS incidence among those on triple antiretroviral therapy. […] A cancer surveillance program in San Francisco revealed similar patterns, with the incidence of KS in 1973 (prior to the AIDS epidemic) at 0.5 cases per 100,000 people, while during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1991, this number was 33.3 cases per 100,000 people and then declined in 1998 (post-HAART) to 2.8 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the 1950s, an endemic form of KS was reported to be one of the most common neoplasms observed in central Africa, affecting men, women and children. […] Notably, following the AIDS epidemic, the incidence of KS in Africa increased markedly, and from 1968 to 1970, KS accounted for 6.6% of all cancers occurring in men; however, from 1989 to 1991, KS became the most commonly reported cancer occurring in men (48.6% of male cancer patients), while the prevalence in female cancer patients rose to 17.9%.

• #36 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #37 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

• #38 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

• #39

  https://www.jci.org/articles/view/40567

  Taken together, these facts strongly imply that KSHV is the agent predicted by KS epidemiology and is necessary for KS development KS is never observed in the absence of KSHV. […] However, these facts also imply something equally important: that while necessary for KS development, KSHV infection is not sufficient for it. For example, although 1%5% of the U.S. population is KSHV-seropositive, most of these individuals never develop overt KS. Population-based estimates suggest that even in endemic zones, only about 1 in 10,000 infected subjects will develop classical KS. […] The identity of those additional events in classical KS is unknown and represents one of the great unsolved problems of KS research.

• #40 Epidemiology and Transmission of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/11/4178

  The current knowledge about source and route of infection, and risk factors associated with acquisition of infection has been summarized in Figure 1. As described in detail above, for young children, especially in endemic areas where children can be infected by members from within and outside the family mainly via saliva, other routes are possible but may not be the major routes of transmission. In addition, factors present both within and outside the household or in the environment may also increase the risk of acquisition of infection by the child. In fact it has been reported that environmental or ecological factors may be associated with the development of KS. This includes geographical areas with volcanic soils, chronic schistosome or other parasite infections, biting flies or contact with phorbol esters or other constituents of plants.

• #41 Epidemiology and Transmission of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/11/4178

  The high prevalence of KSHV infection reported by many studies, especially those conducted in African children cannot be explained by transmission routes discussed above; vertical mother to child transmission, breast milk transmission or via blood contamination. Therefore, another major horizontal route of transmission that needs to be investigated is salivary transmission. Indeed, several interesting studies indicated that saliva as the likely candidate, which mediates childhood transmission.

• #42 Epidemiology and Transmission of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/11/4178

  This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. Since the identification of KSHV twenty years ago, it is now known to be associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. Some geographical areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Xinjiang region of China, are endemic areas, but Western Europe and United States have a low prevalence in the general population. This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the sources of transmission to young children.

• #43 DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln

  https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub/344/

  This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. […] Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. […] This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. […] There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. […] Additionally, lack of animal models to study transmission, gold standard serological assay and the lack of emphasis on endemic KS research has hampered the efforts to further delineate KSHV transmission in order to design effective prevention strategies.

• #44 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #45 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

• #46 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #47 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/epidemiology-kaposi-s-sarcoma/docview/2602019336/se-2

  In sub-Saharan Africa, KS is still one of the most common cancers and the KS burden has risen since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity (i.e., CD4 levels 500/mm3), large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] In the context of IRIS, a paradoxical worsening or the first appearance of opportunistic infections and other conditions has been described.

• #48 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #49 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/epidemiology-kaposi-s-sarcoma/docview/2602019336/se-2

  In sub-Saharan Africa, KS is still one of the most common cancers and the KS burden has risen since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity (i.e., CD4 levels 500/mm3), large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] In the context of IRIS, a paradoxical worsening or the first appearance of opportunistic infections and other conditions has been described.

• #50 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #51 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/epidemiology-kaposi-s-sarcoma/docview/2602019336/se-2

  In sub-Saharan Africa, KS is still one of the most common cancers and the KS burden has risen since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity (i.e., CD4 levels 500/mm3), large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] In the context of IRIS, a paradoxical worsening or the first appearance of opportunistic infections and other conditions has been described.

• #52 Disparities in Kaposi sarcoma incidence and survival in the United States: 2000-2013 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0182750

  Geographic and racial disparities may contribute to variation in the incidence and outcomes of HIV-associated cancers in the United States. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we analyzed Kaposi sarcoma (KS) incidence and survival by race and geographic region during the combined antiretroviral therapy era. Reported cases of KS in men from 2000 to 2013 were obtained from 17 SEER cancer registries. Overall and age-standardized KS incidence rates were calculated and stratified by race and geographic region. […] Although KS incidence has decreased in the U.S., AIDS-associated KS incidence in the U.S. varies by HIV geography and socioeconomic status. […] Our findings demonstrate that KS disproportionately affects African Americans, particularly those living in the Southern U.S. This study suggests that the prior reports of the declining KS incidence in the U.S., likely as a result of ART access for HIV-infected individuals, are not evenly distributed across the U.S. population.

• #53 Racial Disparities in Kaposi’s Sarcoma | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-survival-of-kaposis-sarcoma-by-race-in-the-united-sta-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  The introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to a significant decrease in the incidence of Kaposis sarcoma (KS) in recent years. […] However, substantial racial disparity has been reported in the incidence and survival of KS patients in the HAART era. […] Here, we analyze data from the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEERs) Program for epidemiology and survival of Kaposis sarcoma by race. […] The highest incidence was observed among Black patients (IR, 1.189; 95% CI, 1.0921.189), followed by White patients (IR, 0.486; 95% CI, 0.4730.498) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIAN; IR, 0.334; 95% CI, 0.2520.433) with the lowest incidence in Asians/Pacific Islanders (AAPI; IR, 0.198; 95% CI 0.1770.222).

• #54 Racial Disparities in Kaposi’s Sarcoma | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-survival-of-kaposis-sarcoma-by-race-in-the-united-sta-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  The introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to a significant decrease in the incidence of Kaposis sarcoma (KS) in recent years. […] However, substantial racial disparity has been reported in the incidence and survival of KS patients in the HAART era. […] Here, we analyze data from the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEERs) Program for epidemiology and survival of Kaposis sarcoma by race. […] The highest incidence was observed among Black patients (IR, 1.189; 95% CI, 1.0921.189), followed by White patients (IR, 0.486; 95% CI, 0.4730.498) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIAN; IR, 0.334; 95% CI, 0.2520.433) with the lowest incidence in Asians/Pacific Islanders (AAPI; IR, 0.198; 95% CI 0.1770.222).

• #55 Racial Disparities in Kaposi’s Sarcoma | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-survival-of-kaposis-sarcoma-by-race-in-the-united-sta-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  Relative survival at 1, 3, and 5 years differed significantly by race, with White patients having the highest survival rates (84.26%, 77.79%, and 74.79% at 1, 3, and 5 years respectively) and Black patients having the lowest (71.50%, 61.37%, and 57.38%), with intermediate survival rates in AAPI (80.62%, 71.19%, and 67.28%) and AIAN (80.56%, 61.45%, and 61.45%). […] These racial disparities in KS incidence and outcomes may be explained by adherence to HAART treatment. […] Consistent with prior studies, our findings indicate that, in the US, the incidence of KS is highest among Black patients, who are also more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages and experience the highest mortality rates. […] We conclude that, in the United States, Black patients continue to experience a disproportionately high burden of KS.

• #56 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  In the context of IRIS, a paradoxical worsening or the first appearance of opportunistic infections and other conditions has been described. […] Following the results of the INSIGHT START clinical trial, immediate initiation of ART was recommended for all PLHIV, regardless of the CD4 count. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] KS is generally manageable by the introduction of antiretroviral treatment therapy for PLHIV or by reducing the immunosuppressive treatment for immunosuppressed organ-transplanted recipients.

• #57 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/epidemiology-kaposi-s-sarcoma/docview/2602019336/se-2

  Following the results of the INSIGHT START clinical trial, immediate initiation of ART was recommended for all PLHIV, regardless of the CD4 count. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] In PLHIV, KS risk is slightly associated with higher age in Europe and North America and with a lower age in South Africa and Latin America. […] In resource-rich settings, KS in PLHIV is generally diagnosed at an age of approximately 40 years for PLHIV and 60 years for the general population. […] In PLHIV, the advent of combined ART has not only dramatically reduced the risk of KS but also changed the management of KS. […] The risk of KS is much higher in PLHIV than in transplanted recipients. […] Post-transplant KS generally develops 2-3 years after transplantation and is largely due to HHV8 reactivation in transplant receivers. […] There are currently no specific recommendations for HHV8 screening nor for cancer or KS screening in transplanted patients. […] KS is a relatively rare tumor that is still endemic in southern and east Africa and has been associated with immunosuppression.

• #58 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  In the context of IRIS, a paradoxical worsening or the first appearance of opportunistic infections and other conditions has been described. […] Following the results of the INSIGHT START clinical trial, immediate initiation of ART was recommended for all PLHIV, regardless of the CD4 count. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] KS is generally manageable by the introduction of antiretroviral treatment therapy for PLHIV or by reducing the immunosuppressive treatment for immunosuppressed organ-transplanted recipients.

• #59 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

• #60 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

• #61 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-161.php?jid=jide

  Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), seen predominantly in immunocompromised hosts. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary KS can be challenging. It is typically made through the combination of clinical history, histopathology, and exclusion of other infectious or neoplastic processes. […] The presence of spindle cell proliferation on histopathology with positive immunostaining for HHV-8 is both pathognomonic and diagnostic. […] There are many challenges associated with obtaining tissue histopathology: The need for a skilled proceduralist, the procedural sedation accompanied by adverse reactions, the considerable procedural risks of airway bleeding and pneumothorax, the pathology processing time, and the potential for inadequate sampling and/or false negatives, among others.

• #62 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-161.php?jid=jide

  Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), seen predominantly in immunocompromised hosts. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary KS can be challenging. It is typically made through the combination of clinical history, histopathology, and exclusion of other infectious or neoplastic processes. […] The presence of spindle cell proliferation on histopathology with positive immunostaining for HHV-8 is both pathognomonic and diagnostic. […] There are many challenges associated with obtaining tissue histopathology: The need for a skilled proceduralist, the procedural sedation accompanied by adverse reactions, the considerable procedural risks of airway bleeding and pneumothorax, the pathology processing time, and the potential for inadequate sampling and/or false negatives, among others. As a result, there have been recent efforts to shift toward non-invasive measures for diagnosis.

• #63 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-161.php?jid=jide

  Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), seen predominantly in immunocompromised hosts. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary KS can be challenging. It is typically made through the combination of clinical history, histopathology, and exclusion of other infectious or neoplastic processes. […] The presence of spindle cell proliferation on histopathology with positive immunostaining for HHV-8 is both pathognomonic and diagnostic. […] There are many challenges associated with obtaining tissue histopathology: The need for a skilled proceduralist, the procedural sedation accompanied by adverse reactions, the considerable procedural risks of airway bleeding and pneumothorax, the pathology processing time, and the potential for inadequate sampling and/or false negatives, among others.

• #64 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-161.php?jid=jide

  Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), seen predominantly in immunocompromised hosts. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary KS can be challenging. It is typically made through the combination of clinical history, histopathology, and exclusion of other infectious or neoplastic processes. […] The presence of spindle cell proliferation on histopathology with positive immunostaining for HHV-8 is both pathognomonic and diagnostic. […] There are many challenges associated with obtaining tissue histopathology: The need for a skilled proceduralist, the procedural sedation accompanied by adverse reactions, the considerable procedural risks of airway bleeding and pneumothorax, the pathology processing time, and the potential for inadequate sampling and/or false negatives, among others.

• #65 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-161.php?jid=jide

  As a result, there have been recent efforts to shift toward non-invasive measures for diagnosis. […] In our patient, the use of the Karius Test, a plasma metagenomics platform, assisted in the identification of substantial quantities of plasma cell-free HHV-8 DNA on the same day as intubation and mechanical ventilation, and took place approximately ten days prior to undergoing invasive bone marrow biopsy. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary KS has, historically, relied on invasive tissue sampling for histopathology, in addition to a clinical history and the exclusion of other processes. Novel non-invasive metagenomic sequencing platforms have been recently developed to aid in the rapid detection of bacterial, viral, and fungal elements while providing diagnostic certainty when encountering clinical challenges.

• #66 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-161.php?jid=jide

  In our patient, the use of the Karius Test, a plasma metagenomics platform, assisted in the identification of substantial quantities of plasma cell-free HHV-8 DNA on the same day as intubation and mechanical ventilation, and took place approximately ten days prior to undergoing invasive bone marrow biopsy. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary KS has, historically, relied on invasive tissue sampling for histopathology, in addition to a clinical history and the exclusion of other processes. Novel non-invasive metagenomic sequencing platforms have been recently developed to aid in the rapid detection of bacterial, viral, and fungal elements while providing diagnostic certainty when encountering clinical challenges.

• #67 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  However, the incidence of KS has decreased in all regions of the world since the initiation of cART, as shown by a multiregional comparative study of PLHIV initiating combined ART. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] Although the risk of KS has declined over time in all transmission groups, the risk of KS is still 300-500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Recently, Caby et al. showed low CD4/CD8 ratios to be associated with an increased risk of KS in PLHIV on cART who achieved virological control.

• #68 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

• #69 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616388/

  Here, we will mostly focus on the epidemiology of KS in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) and on recent insights concerning its evolution. […] The prevalence of HHV8 also varies depending on the region. […] In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HHV8 also varies depending on the region. […] There were roughly 42,000 new KS cases and 20,000 deaths estimated in 2018 worldwide. […] KS occurs at a globally higher frequency in men than in women and in the HIV-infected population. […] Among PLHIV, the incidence rate of KS is much higher for MSM than for other men or women. […] Overall, these geographical differences are likely related to the combined effect of a higher prevalence of HHV8, a higher prevalence of HIV infection, and lower access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in these regions.

• #70 DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln

  https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub/344/

  This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. […] Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. […] This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. […] There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. […] Additionally, lack of animal models to study transmission, gold standard serological assay and the lack of emphasis on endemic KS research has hampered the efforts to further delineate KSHV transmission in order to design effective prevention strategies.

• #71 Epidemiology of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5692

  This review mainly focuses on the recent epidemiological features of KS in the context of HIV infection. […] The incidence rate of KS has dramatically declined over time. […] The relative reduction of the incidence of KS between the pre- and post-cART era has been more than 60%. […] The risk fell more sharply for KS with visceral involvement than for KS without visceral involvement. […] The most recent data from the USA indicate that the risk of KS is still decreasing. […] The risk of KS is still 300–500-fold higher in PLHIV than in the general population. […] Even in PLHIV with restored immunity, large cohorts have shown that the risk of KS is still high. […] Overall, these results indicate that currently recommended earlier ART initiation may reduce the risk of developing KS. […] Current challenges in resource-poor settings are early HIV diagnosis, early treatment, and access to treatment to lower the KS burden in these contexts.

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