Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8657166/

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare, atypical malignancy associated with immunosuppression and can be qualified as an opportunistic tumor, which responds to immune modulation or restoration. […] Although clinical examination is sufficient to diagnose cutaneous lesions of KS, additional explorations are necessary in order to detect lesions involving other organs. […] New histological markers have been developed in recent years concerning the detection of HHV-8 latent or lytic proteins in the lesions, helping to confirm the diagnosis when it is clinically doubtful. […] We also review the indication and the results of conventional radiological imaging and of non-invasive imaging tools such as 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, thermography and laser Doppler imaging for the diagnosis of KS and for the follow-up of therapeutic response in patients requiring systemic treatment.

• #1 Tests for Kaposi Sarcoma | Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is often found when a person goes to the doctor because of signs or symptoms they are having. Sometimes KS may be found during a routine physical exam. If KS is suspected, further tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your doctor suspects you might have KS, you will be asked about your medical history to learn about illnesses, operations, your sexual activity, and other possible exposures to Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and HIV. The doctor will ask you about your symptoms and about any skin tumors you have noticed. […] As part of a complete physical exam, the doctor will examine your skin and the inside of your mouth to look for KS lesions. […] To be sure that a lesion is caused by KS, the doctor will need to take a small sample of tissue from the lesion and send it to a lab to be checked. This is called a biopsy. A specially trained doctor called a pathologist can often diagnose KS by looking at the cells in the biopsy sample in the lab.

• #1 Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kaposi-sarcoma/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced in recognizing and diagnosing Kaposi sarcoma. This type of cancer is caused by human herpesvirus 8, also called Kaposi sarcomaassociated herpesvirus. […] To diagnose Kaposi sarcoma, NYU Langone doctors may conduct a medical history, physical exam, biopsy, and other tests. […] Your doctor may ask about sexual activity, whether you have had an organ transplant, and if you have any skin lesions or other symptoms, such as breathing problems or blood in the stool. […] During a physical exam, the doctor may examine parts of the bodysuch as the mouth, the lower legs, and the genital areawhere Kaposi sarcoma tumors tend to develop. […] Doctors typically perform a biopsy, in which they remove a small amount of tissue from the skin lesion for examination under a microscope, to diagnose Kaposi sarcoma.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.wjmc.org/library/diseasesconditions/Adult/Plastic/34,18650-1

  If your healthcare provider thinks you might have Kaposi sarcoma (KS), certain exams and tests will be needed to be sure. The process starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors (especially if you might have a weakened immune system, such as due to HIV infection), and family history of disease. […] A physical exam will be done, paying special attention to any lesions (changes, sores, or lumps) on your skin or inside your mouth. Pictures of any lesions may be taken. A digital rectal exam (DRE) might also be done. This is because KS lesions can form inside the rectum. To do this exam, your provider puts a gloved, lubricated finger into your rectum to feel for lesions. Your stool may also be checked for blood.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1031

  Kaposi’s sarcoma is a low-grade lymphovascular neoplasm that is associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8, also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV]) infection. […] Patients may present with multifocal cutaneous lesions, mucosal lesions, or lymph node or visceral involvement. […] Key diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, age 50 years, male sex, geographical location: central Africa or the Mediterranean, HIV infection, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection, immunosuppression, skin lesion, oral lesion, lymphadenopathy, and lymphoedema. […] 1st investigations to order include HIV test, FBC and comprehensive metabolic panel, and skin/mucosal biopsy. […] Investigations to consider include chest x-ray, chest CT and bronchoscopy, CT abdomen/pelvis, MRI, faecal occult blood, gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, PET scan, lymph node biopsy, renal function tests, and liver function tests. […] Emerging tests include human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) viraemia and serology.

• #1 Kaposi sarcoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kaposis-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20577331

  A healthcare professional may recommend removing a small piece of a skin lesion for testing. This procedure is called a skin biopsy. The sample is sent to a lab for testing. Lab tests can look for signs of cancer. […] A skin biopsy can confirm Kaposi sarcoma. […] Other tests might be needed to look for Kaposi sarcoma in the lungs or the digestive tract. […] Tests to find Kaposi sarcoma in the digestive tract might include: […] Tests to find Kaposi sarcoma in the lungs might include: […] A chest X-ray might show something unusual in the lungs. If so, a CT scan of the chest or a bronchoscopy might be used to see if the unusual finding is Kaposi sarcoma. […] Your healthcare professional may ask questions about your symptoms, such as: […] What tests do I need? […] Does my condition have a cure? […] What would happen if I choose not to have treatment?

• #1 Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kaposi-sarcoma/diagnosis

  A skin biopsy is an in-office procedure usually performed with local anesthesia. […] Doctors may recommend a chest X-ray or CT scan in people who have skin lesions confirmed to be Kaposi sarcoma and who are coughing or having trouble breathing. […] If a chest X-ray or CT scan reveals tumors in the lungs, your doctor may perform a bronchoscopy to locate tumor tissue in the airway. […] Doctors may recommend an upper endoscopy for people with Kaposi sarcoma skin lesions who also have abdominal pain or blood in the stool. […] A colonoscopy enables your doctor to examine the entire colon and rectum.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Soft tissue sarcoma |Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/which-treatments-are-used-for-kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is usually diagnosed with a biopsy. A specialist doctor (pathologist) then looks at the cells under a microscope. […] The way you have the biopsy depends on where in your body the lesion is. […] You usually have a biopsy with a local anaesthetic if the lesion is on the skin. A local anaesthetic numbs the area. […] You might have a bronchoscopy to collect a biopsy from a lung lesion. […] You might have an endoscopy or colonoscopy to biopsy lesions in the digestive system. […] Other tests might include a blood test, an MRI scan, a CT scan, a PET scan, a test to check for blood in the stool.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-workup

  Chest x-ray is recommended in all patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma to assess for pulmonary involvement. […] Procedures used for the workup of Kaposi sarcoma include the following: Punch biopsy: A punch biopsy of the skin or an endoscopic, pleural, or transbronchial biopsy is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis. […] Kaposi sarcoma does not lend itself to conventional tumor, node, metastases (TNM) classification. It should be individualized and customized for the type of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Although no staging system has been accepted, several have been proposed. Some have included laboratory parameters as well as clinical features. […] The ACTG Kaposi sarcoma staging classification has two categories: good risk and poor risk. […] Criteria for good risk are as follows: Tumor (T) – Confined to skin and/or lymph nodes and/or minimal non-nodular oral disease limited to the palate.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-Kaposis-sarcoma.aspx

  Skin lesions may be mistaken for fungal infections or another type of cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. These conditions should be ruled out before diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma is confirmed. […] Skin lesion biopsy. This is a quick procedure and can be done in an outpatient department. […] Under microscope characteristic features include spindle cells (elongated tumour cells), dense and irregular blood vessels which leak blood into the tumour leading to the red color of the lesion and surrounding inflammation. […] A CT (computerised tomography) scan is prescribed to see if there is evidence of lesions in other parts of the body. A CT scan is painless and uses small amounts of radiation.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5509489/

  Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm of people living with HIV today. […] KS diagnosis is based on detection of the viral protein LANA in the biopsy, but not all cases of KS are the same or will respond to the same therapy. […] Histopathological confirmation of a diagnosis of KS remains the gold standard, but the diagnosis is often not straight forward, especially if pathologists are not familiar with the spectrum of histopathological features of KS. […] The KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) has become the deciding diagnostic marker for KS. […] A positive LANA stain unequivocally confirms a diagnosis of KS in the appropriate clinicopathological context. […] However, LANA expression may also be present in other KSHV associated conditions including multicentric Castlemans disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and lymphoma arising in KSHV-associated multicentric Castlemans disease.

• #1 Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8657166/

  In order to definitely establish the diagnosis of KS, a histopathological analysis of a biopsy sample is required. […] Immunohistochemical staining using endothelial markers such as CD31, CD34, D2-40 and ERG are useful to differentiate KS from non-vascular spindle cell neoplasms. […] The identification of HHV-8 by using LNA-1 antibody is the most effective immunostaining technique available to differentiate KS from its mimics. […] FDG-PET constitutes a promising non-invasive whole-body evaluation for detecting KS lesions. […] This modality seems effective for the identification of appropriate biopsy targets and may also be useful for staging, and possibly for the assessment of treatment response. […] Among the non-invasive imaging methods, FDG-PET, thermography and LDI constitute promising tools for assessing the extension, disease activity as well as treatment response of KS lesions.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/kaposi-sarcoma/

  Kaposi Sarcoma Diagnosis […] Diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma is made through a combination of patient history, physical examination, and histopathology. […] Even when the patient history and physical examination strongly suggest Kaposi sarcoma, lesion biopsy and histopathology are required for a definitive diagnosis. […] Histologically, Kaposi sarcoma lesions typically have spindle-shaped cells. […] Staining for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), a protein expressed by cells infected with HHV8, is the definitive diagnostic marker for Kaposi sarcoma. […] Additional testing, including computed tomography scans, bronchoscopies, or GI endoscopies, may be performed to assess visceral involvement of Kaposi sarcoma. […] However, because visceral involvement of Kaposi sarcoma is rare, in most cases these procedures should not be used for patients who do not have clinical symptoms that suggest visceral involvement.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5509489/

  The absence of detectable LANA expression on immunohistochemistry may be due to technical reasons or very low viral copy numbers within KS cells. […] Failure to demonstrate LANA does not necessarily rule out KS in an appropriate clinicopathological setting. […] PCR has been shown to reliably detect HHV-8 in KS lesions even in the absence of LANA expression.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-workup

  All patients who present with Kaposi sarcoma should be evaluated for underlying immunodeficiency and undergo HIV screening. CD4 lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV viral-load studies should be performed for patients with known HIV infection. Patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma should also have fecal occult blood testing to screen for possible gastrointestinal involvement. […] Patients with Kaposi sarcoma who present with unexplained fevers should undergo additional workup to assess for other human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)associated disease, including multicentric Castleman disease or Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome. […] Recommended laboratory tests include the following: C-reactive protein, KSHV/HHV-8 viral load, Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) or IL-10.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-Kaposis-sarcoma.aspx

  Kaposi’s sarcoma diagnosis in most cases is made clinically and suspected in high risk individuals. High risk individuals include those with HIV infection and those who have received an organ transplant and are receiving immunity suppressing drugs. […] Diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma includes the following steps (1-4): […] This includes taking a history of or current HIV infection. Elderly males of Mediterranean and Ashkenazi Jewish descent and those living in equatorial Africa are especially evaluated for Kaposi’s sarcoma. […] Routine blood tests are prescribed to detect abnormalities like anemia and low White blood cell count denoting lowered immunity. […] Blood test for HIV. This is done because HIV infection is the commonest cause for Kaposi’s sarcoma. […] CD4 cell counts are assessed. If the CD4 cell counts are low there is a higher risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

• #1 Kaposi sarcoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma often starts as flat patches on one or both lower legs, often in association with lymphoedema. The patches evolve into plaques, nodules or scaly tumours. […] The appearance of Kaposi sarcoma lesions is often typical, but a skin biopsy of a lesion allows a definite diagnosis, as other conditions such as melanoma, fungal infections, and mycetoma mimic Kaposi sarcoma in appearance and location. The histopathology of Kaposi sarcoma shows red cells in slit-like spaces formed by atypical spindle cell proliferation of endothelial cells and associated with inflammatory cells. […] Blood tests may show no abnormality, depending on whether there are associated disorders such as AIDS. Anaemia may arise if there is bleeding. KSHV assays or antibody titres to KSHV are challenging to interpret. CD4 lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV load studies are performed in patients with HIV infection.

• #1 Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8657166/

  The detection of lesions in certain anatomical localizations, whether symptomatic or not, requires further explorations. A histological analysis, from bronchial or digestive endoscopy-guided biopsies, or from biopsies of lymph nodes, bone, or skin, allow for a definite diagnosis. […] Conventional imaging, including CT and MRI, can identify visceral and bone lesions that may go unnoticed upon clinical examination. […] 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), or FDG-PET, is also a promising examination, both for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with KS. […] Exhaustive screening for KS lesions is crucial to establish the correct staging of the disease, which guides therapeutic choices, and allows for a prognosis assessment. […] The overall tumor volume should be assessed, as well as the risk of visceral involvement.

• #1 Tests for Kaposi Sarcoma | Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Your lungs may be x-rayed to see if KS is there. If the x-ray shows something abnormal, other tests, such as a CT scan, might be needed to tell for sure if it is KS or some other condition. […] Bronchoscopy is a test that lets the doctor look into the windpipe (trachea) and the large airways of the lungs. […] One or more of these tests might be done when the doctor suspects that KS is in the stomach or intestines and is causing problems. […] Upper endoscopy is used to look at the inner lining of the esophagus, the stomach, and the first part of the small intestine. […] Colonoscopy is used to look inside the large intestine (colon and rectum). […] Double balloon enteroscopy is another way to look at the small intestine. […] KS can also affect other organs, such as the liver, spleen, heart, or bone marrow. These areas do not often need to be biopsied in people already known to have KS based on biopsies of other tissues, such as skin, lungs, or intestines.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Diagnosis is by biopsy. […] Diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma is confirmed by punch biopsy. […] Patients with AIDS or immunosuppression require evaluation for visceral spread by CT of the chest and abdomen. […] If CT is negative but pulmonary or GI symptoms are present, bronchoscopy or endoscopy should be considered.

• #1 Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/23/5927

  The detection of lesions in certain anatomical localizations, whether symptomatic or not, requires further explorations. A histological analysis, from bronchial or digestive endoscopy-guided biopsies, or from biopsies of lymph nodes, bone, or skin, allow for a definite diagnosis. […] Conventional imaging, including CT and MRI, can identify visceral and bone lesions that may go unnoticed upon clinical examination. […] Exhaustive screening for KS lesions is crucial to establish the correct staging of the disease, which guides therapeutic choices, and allows for a prognosis assessment. […] For skin lesions, this response is often difficult to determine, and there are now non-invasive imaging options that could help distinguish scarring from lesions that are still active. […] That is why in this review we aim to describe the current and future tools for the diagnosis of KS. […] FDG-PET constitutes a promising non-invasive whole-body evaluation for detecting KS lesions. This modality seems effective for the identification of appropriate biopsy targets and may also be useful for staging, and possibly for the assessment of treatment response.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer that develops in the cells lining the lymph or blood vessels. […] Doctors may suspect a person has KS during a routine physical exam or when a patient describes symptoms they are experiencing. […] After taking your medical history and family history and doing a physical exam, your doctor may also order the following tests when diagnosing KS: […] A biopsy is a definitive test for cancer. If your doctor finds lesions on your skin or some other part of your body, they might remove a small sample of tissue from the lesion and send it to the laboratory to check for signs of cancer. […] This may be necessary if your doctor suspects you have KS in your stomach or gut. It involves using an endoscope a thin, lighted tube with a camera at its end to look inside different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Your doctor may also take a biopsy sample during this procedure.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  An X-ray of the chest may be done to check for signs of KS in the lungs. A CT scan may sometimes be done for a clearer view or, if you’ve already been diagnosed with KS, to see if and where the cancer has spread. […] This procedure may be recommended if you experience symptoms like difficulty breathing or coughing up blood. During a bronchoscopy, your doctor uses a bronchoscope a thin, lighted tube similar to the endoscope to look into your trachea (windpipe) and down to the large airways of your lungs to check for KS lesions. Your doctor may also take a biopsy during this procedure if an abnormal area is observed.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-differential

  Bacillary angiomatosis is often difficult to distinguish clinically from Kaposi sarcoma. It is caused by Rochalimaea species, a slow-growing, fastidious, gram-negative bacillus that is readily treated with antibiotics. Bacillary angiomatosis lesions typically possess capillary proliferation and neutrophilic inflammation. In contrast, Kaposi sarcoma lesions display slitlike vascular spaces containing lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. A skin biopsy is required to establish diagnosis. […] Other problems to consider in the differential diagnosis include the following: […] A skin biopsy is required to establish diagnosis.

• #1 Orphanet: Kaposi sarcoma

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/33276

  A rare vascular tumor that is characterized by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)-induced endothelial inflammatory neoplasm that develops with various clinically distinct settings, manifesting mostly as cutaneous lesions, or mucosal or visceral involvement. […] KS is usually diagnosed on the basis of disseminated skin lesions, sometimes with lymph node and visceral involvement. Skin biopsy reveals neoangiogenesis and proliferating spindle-shaped cells, admixed with a variable chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody against latent protein of HHV-8 is useful to differentiate KS from other angioproliferative tumors. Imaging techniques may be required to identify systemic disease but there is no consensus on systematic explorations. […] The differential diagnosis may include bacillary angiomatosis, hemosiderotic hemangioma, fibrous histiocytoma, interstitial granuloma annulare, arteriovenous malformations, and pyogenic granuloma.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173259

  A laboratory examination of a sample can help a doctor confirm a suspected KS lesion on the skin. They will usually collect this sample using a punch biopsy, which may require a local anesthetic. […] If a doctor suspects that a person might have internal KS tumors, such as in people with stage 3 HIV, they may use other tests, including: CT or X-ray scans of the chest and abdomen, bronchoscopy, gastrointestinal endoscopy. […] There is no routine method for identifying KS, and often more than one lesion can appear at the same time. This can make it difficult for doctors to detect an isolated tumor early. […] People who are at risk, such as those with a suppressed immune system, may undergo regular checks for KS. […] Doctors use specific, officially authorized systems to stage most cancers. However, when staging the progression of KS, they use the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) system. […] The ACTG system looks at: the extent of the tumor, the status of the immune system, the extent of involvement within the body or systemic illness. […] Researchers are currently investigating the use of skin ultrasound, which is a noninvasive procedure, to detect KS lesions.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-workup

  Good risk is shown with a 0 subscript and poor risk with a 1 subscript. […] Pre-HAART data confirm the use of the original TIS staging system. […] Immune system impairment is the single most important predictor of survival by multivariate analysis. […] Challenges of the ACTG system include the following: An accurate assessment of response to treatment for Kaposi sarcoma is often difficult because the lesions may not be amenable to conventional bidimensional tumor measurements.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21830-kaposi-sarcoma

  Your outlook depends on many factors. But like most cancers, early detection and treatment give you the best chance for long-term survival. […] The overall five-year survival rate for Kaposi sarcoma is 75%. That means that 75% of people who have KS are still alive five years after their diagnosis. […] Talk to your healthcare provider if you have HHV-8. There are immunosuppressant medications that protect your transplanted organ without increasing your risk of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Kaposi sarcoma isnt an autoimmune disease. Its a type of cancer that usually affects people with weakened immune systems.

• #1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Evaluation of Clinical Features, Treatment Outcomes, and Prognosis in a Single-Center Retrospective Case Series

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/4/691

  The overall survival (OS) at 2.5 years after diagnosis of KS was about 90%, while it was about 80% at 5 years. […] The analysis of survival with a Cox regression model clearly shows that mortality is significantly higher in the iatrogenic type (0.011) and consequently, in transplanted subjects (0.008). […] Overall, comorbidities were very frequent in all patients with KS. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach and the presence of multiple referral specialists is essential for the appropriate management of this disease. […] This study reflects our experience in the management of KS and provides valuable insights into KS characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Comorbidities are very frequent in patients affected by KS, and despite the wide range of systematic and local treatment options, there is still no unified strategy for the treatment of KS. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach for treating the patient with KS and the presence of multiple referral specialists are essential for the appropriate management of this disease during the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21830-kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma can lead to complications, which may include: […] A healthcare provider will start with a physical examination. Theyll check your skin for lesions and ask about your symptoms and health history. […] Because Kaposi sarcoma is so rare, it can take a while to get an accurate diagnosis. You may need to see several different types of healthcare providers and specialists. […] To get an accurate diagnosis, your healthcare provider will need to run tests, which may include: […] Your healthcare team will create a personalized plan unique to you. Treatments may include: […] Kaposi sarcoma can come back (recur) after treatment. So, youll have regular follow-ups so your healthcare provider can monitor your health and check for signs of new cancer. […] If you have HIV, highly active antiretroviral therapy can reduce your risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma and AIDS.

• #1

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/a-brief-note-on-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-kaposi-sarcoma-24766.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare type of cancer that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes. […] This article provides a concise overview of the diagnosis and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma, focusing on the latest advancements and recommended approaches. […] The diagnosis of KS typically begins with a thorough clinical evaluation by a healthcare professional. This includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, and assessment of symptoms. […] A definitive diagnosis of KS requires a tissue biopsy. The procedure involves the removal of a small sample of affected tissue, which is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist. […] Once KS is confirmed, imaging studies are often conducted to assess the extent of the disease. […] Additional laboratory tests may be ordered to assess the patient’s overall health and immune status.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5509489/

  Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm of people living with HIV today. […] KS diagnosis is based on detection of the viral protein LANA in the biopsy, but not all cases of KS are the same or will respond to the same therapy. […] Histopathological confirmation of a diagnosis of KS remains the gold standard, but the diagnosis is often not straight forward, especially if pathologists are not familiar with the spectrum of histopathological features of KS. […] The KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) has become the deciding diagnostic marker for KS. […] A positive LANA stain unequivocally confirms a diagnosis of KS in the appropriate clinicopathological context. […] However, LANA expression may also be present in other KSHV associated conditions including multicentric Castlemans disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and lymphoma arising in KSHV-associated multicentric Castlemans disease.

• #2 Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kaposi-sarcoma/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced in recognizing and diagnosing Kaposi sarcoma. This type of cancer is caused by human herpesvirus 8, also called Kaposi sarcomaassociated herpesvirus. […] To diagnose Kaposi sarcoma, NYU Langone doctors may conduct a medical history, physical exam, biopsy, and other tests. […] Your doctor may ask about sexual activity, whether you have had an organ transplant, and if you have any skin lesions or other symptoms, such as breathing problems or blood in the stool. […] During a physical exam, the doctor may examine parts of the bodysuch as the mouth, the lower legs, and the genital areawhere Kaposi sarcoma tumors tend to develop. […] Doctors typically perform a biopsy, in which they remove a small amount of tissue from the skin lesion for examination under a microscope, to diagnose Kaposi sarcoma.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.wjmc.org/library/diseasesconditions/Adult/Plastic/34,18650-1

  If your healthcare provider thinks you might have Kaposi sarcoma (KS), certain exams and tests will be needed to be sure. The process starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors (especially if you might have a weakened immune system, such as due to HIV infection), and family history of disease. […] A physical exam will be done, paying special attention to any lesions (changes, sores, or lumps) on your skin or inside your mouth. Pictures of any lesions may be taken. A digital rectal exam (DRE) might also be done. This is because KS lesions can form inside the rectum. To do this exam, your provider puts a gloved, lubricated finger into your rectum to feel for lesions. Your stool may also be checked for blood.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-Kaposis-sarcoma.aspx

  Skin lesions may be mistaken for fungal infections or another type of cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. These conditions should be ruled out before diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma is confirmed. […] Skin lesion biopsy. This is a quick procedure and can be done in an outpatient department. […] Under microscope characteristic features include spindle cells (elongated tumour cells), dense and irregular blood vessels which leak blood into the tumour leading to the red color of the lesion and surrounding inflammation. […] A CT (computerised tomography) scan is prescribed to see if there is evidence of lesions in other parts of the body. A CT scan is painless and uses small amounts of radiation.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5509489/

  The absence of detectable LANA expression on immunohistochemistry may be due to technical reasons or very low viral copy numbers within KS cells. […] Failure to demonstrate LANA does not necessarily rule out KS in an appropriate clinicopathological setting. […] PCR has been shown to reliably detect HHV-8 in KS lesions even in the absence of LANA expression.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-workup

  All patients who present with Kaposi sarcoma should be evaluated for underlying immunodeficiency and undergo HIV screening. CD4 lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV viral-load studies should be performed for patients with known HIV infection. Patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma should also have fecal occult blood testing to screen for possible gastrointestinal involvement. […] Patients with Kaposi sarcoma who present with unexplained fevers should undergo additional workup to assess for other human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)associated disease, including multicentric Castleman disease or Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome. […] Recommended laboratory tests include the following: C-reactive protein, KSHV/HHV-8 viral load, Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) or IL-10.

• #2 Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8657166/

  The detection of lesions in certain anatomical localizations, whether symptomatic or not, requires further explorations. A histological analysis, from bronchial or digestive endoscopy-guided biopsies, or from biopsies of lymph nodes, bone, or skin, allow for a definite diagnosis. […] Conventional imaging, including CT and MRI, can identify visceral and bone lesions that may go unnoticed upon clinical examination. […] 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), or FDG-PET, is also a promising examination, both for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with KS. […] Exhaustive screening for KS lesions is crucial to establish the correct staging of the disease, which guides therapeutic choices, and allows for a prognosis assessment. […] The overall tumor volume should be assessed, as well as the risk of visceral involvement.

• #2 Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/23/5927

  The detection of lesions in certain anatomical localizations, whether symptomatic or not, requires further explorations. A histological analysis, from bronchial or digestive endoscopy-guided biopsies, or from biopsies of lymph nodes, bone, or skin, allow for a definite diagnosis. […] Conventional imaging, including CT and MRI, can identify visceral and bone lesions that may go unnoticed upon clinical examination. […] Exhaustive screening for KS lesions is crucial to establish the correct staging of the disease, which guides therapeutic choices, and allows for a prognosis assessment. […] For skin lesions, this response is often difficult to determine, and there are now non-invasive imaging options that could help distinguish scarring from lesions that are still active. […] That is why in this review we aim to describe the current and future tools for the diagnosis of KS. […] FDG-PET constitutes a promising non-invasive whole-body evaluation for detecting KS lesions. This modality seems effective for the identification of appropriate biopsy targets and may also be useful for staging, and possibly for the assessment of treatment response.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-workup

  Chest x-ray is recommended in all patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma to assess for pulmonary involvement. […] Procedures used for the workup of Kaposi sarcoma include the following: Punch biopsy: A punch biopsy of the skin or an endoscopic, pleural, or transbronchial biopsy is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis. […] Kaposi sarcoma does not lend itself to conventional tumor, node, metastases (TNM) classification. It should be individualized and customized for the type of Kaposi sarcoma. […] Although no staging system has been accepted, several have been proposed. Some have included laboratory parameters as well as clinical features. […] The ACTG Kaposi sarcoma staging classification has two categories: good risk and poor risk. […] Criteria for good risk are as follows: Tumor (T) – Confined to skin and/or lymph nodes and/or minimal non-nodular oral disease limited to the palate.

• #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Evaluation of Clinical Features, Treatment Outcomes, and Prognosis in a Single-Center Retrospective Case Series

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/4/691

  The overall survival (OS) at 2.5 years after diagnosis of KS was about 90%, while it was about 80% at 5 years. […] The analysis of survival with a Cox regression model clearly shows that mortality is significantly higher in the iatrogenic type (0.011) and consequently, in transplanted subjects (0.008). […] Overall, comorbidities were very frequent in all patients with KS. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach and the presence of multiple referral specialists is essential for the appropriate management of this disease. […] This study reflects our experience in the management of KS and provides valuable insights into KS characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Comorbidities are very frequent in patients affected by KS, and despite the wide range of systematic and local treatment options, there is still no unified strategy for the treatment of KS. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach for treating the patient with KS and the presence of multiple referral specialists are essential for the appropriate management of this disease during the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

• #3 Tests for Kaposi Sarcoma | Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is often found when a person goes to the doctor because of signs or symptoms they are having. Sometimes KS may be found during a routine physical exam. If KS is suspected, further tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your doctor suspects you might have KS, you will be asked about your medical history to learn about illnesses, operations, your sexual activity, and other possible exposures to Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and HIV. The doctor will ask you about your symptoms and about any skin tumors you have noticed. […] As part of a complete physical exam, the doctor will examine your skin and the inside of your mouth to look for KS lesions. […] To be sure that a lesion is caused by KS, the doctor will need to take a small sample of tissue from the lesion and send it to a lab to be checked. This is called a biopsy. A specially trained doctor called a pathologist can often diagnose KS by looking at the cells in the biopsy sample in the lab.

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