Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Signs and Symptoms of Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) usually appears first as spots (called lesions) on the skin. The lesions can be purple, red, or brown. KS lesions can be flat and not raised above the surrounding skin (called patches), flat but slightly raised (called plaques), or bumps (called nodules). The skin lesions of KS most often develop on the legs or face, but they can also appear in other areas. Lesions on the legs or in the groin area can sometimes block the flow of fluid out of the legs. This can lead to painful swelling in the legs and feet. […] KS lesions can also develop on mucous membranes (the inner linings of certain parts of the body) such as inside the mouth and throat and on the outside of the eye and inner part of the eyelids. The lesions are usually not painful or itchy. […] KS lesions can also sometimes appear in other parts of the body. Lesions in the lungs might block part of an airway and cause shortness of breath. Lesions that develop in the stomach and intestines can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/kaposis-sarcoma/

  The most common initial symptom is the appearance of small, painless, flat and discoloured patches on the skin or inside the mouth. Theyre usually red or purple and look similar to bruises. […] Over time, the patches may grow into lumps known as nodules and may merge into each other. […] Internal organs can also be affected, including the lymph nodes, lungs and the digestive system, which can cause symptoms such as: uncomfortable swelling in the arms or legs (lymphoedema), breathlessness, coughing up blood and chest pain, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhoea. […] The rate at which symptoms progress depends on the type of Kaposis sarcoma you have. Most types get worse quickly in a matter of weeks or months without treatment, but some progress very slowly over many years. […] HIV-related Kaposis sarcoma can progress very quickly if not treated.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma: a 10-year experience with 248 patients at a single tertiary care hospital in Tanzania

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5439227/

  Kaposis Sarcoma is the most common sarcoma and second most prevalent cancer seen in Tanzania. […] The median duration of symptoms was 6 months. […] Symptoms of Kaposis sarcoma were present in 212 (85.5 %) patients. The most common symptoms were swelling of extremities 124 (58.5 %), pain in 98 (46.2 %) and cosmetic disabilities in 52 (25.5 %) patients. […] AIDS-related Kaposis sarcoma were younger than HIV negative Kaposis sarcoma patients (p = 0.011). […] The lower limb was most frequently involved site in 28.9 % of patients. […] Females had more disseminated lesions compared with more localized lesions in the males (p = 0.001). […] Overall 126 (53.4 %) patients had significant improvement in quality of life at the end of 1 year follow up. […] Patients follow-up was generally poor and data on long-term survivals were not available as more than two-thirds of patients were lost to follow up.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Kaposi sarcoma progresses through 3 distinct clinical stages: patch, plaque, and nodular. […] Larger lesions can be painful and lead to edema and disfigurement of the skin. Pulmonary involvement of Kaposi sarcoma can cause respiratory distress and lead to death. Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a known association with the development of a secondary malignancy.

• #1 What is the Kaposi sarcoma patch stage? Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/kaposi-sarcoma-patch-stage

  Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer that causes skin blotches and tumors. It has three skin stages, and the patch stage is one of them. […] The patch stage of Kaposi sarcoma is the earliest phase of the condition. The signs and symptoms depend on whether a person has Kaposi sarcoma lesions externally or internally. […] Early patch stage Kaposi sarcoma lesions typically have the following characteristics: multiple lesions, flat and not raised above the surrounding skin, asymmetrical distribution, varying sizes, differing color, including red, pink, purple, brown, or blue areas of skin discoloration (macules), thickened or hardened areas of soft tissue, specifically the skin. […] Patch stage lesions are initially small and flat and do not cause itching or pain. Their appearance resembles bruises but does not lose color with pressure.

• #1 What is the Kaposi sarcoma patch stage? Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/kaposi-sarcoma-patch-stage

  During the patch stage, Kaposi sarcoma lesions are flat and appear as skin discoloration or spots in various colors. The lesions are typically not painful or itchy in the early stages of the disease. They may resemble other inflammatory skin conditions. […] As the condition progresses, the lesion may become larger, more widespread, and turn into slightly raised plaques or nodules. […] People with patch stage Kaposi sarcoma have a positive outlook, with a 5-year relative survival rate of 81%.

• #1 Kaposi sarcoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma presents as red to purplish macules, papules and nodules anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and throat; lymph nodes; or other organs. Initially, the lesions are small and painless, but they can ulcerate and become painful. […] Kaposi sarcoma often starts as flat patches on one or both lower legs, often in association with lymphoedema. The patches evolve into plaques, nodules or scaly tumours. […] Kaposi sarcoma in association with HIV infection may develop at any time during the illness. Generally, the greater the immunosuppression (eg, with CD4 cell counts less than 200/mm3), the more extensive and aggressive the Kaposi sarcoma will be. […] Kaposi sarcoma lesions can also occur internally; in the gut, lungs, genitals, lymphatic system and elsewhere. These internal lesions may cause symptoms such as discomfort with swallowing, bleeding, haematemesis, haematochezia, melaena, bowel obstruction, shortness of breath, and swollen legs.

• #1 Kaposi sarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kaposis-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20577303

  Kaposi sarcoma signs and symptoms include: A growth on the skin that may be raised or flat. A growth on the skin that looks red, purple or brown in color. […] The growths, called lesions, most often happen on the face, arms or legs. They usually don’t cause discomfort. […] If Kaposi sarcoma isn’t treated, the lesions can get bigger. They may cause: Swelling in the lower legs caused by blood flow problems. Enlarged lymph nodes. Skin that appears red or purple in color and may be painful and itchy. […] Kaposi sarcoma also can affect areas you can’t see. It can grow in the digestive tract or lungs. When Kaposi sarcoma happens in the digestive tract, symptoms may include: Diarrhea. Nausea. Stomach pain. Vomiting. Weight loss.

• #1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kaposi-sarcoma-symptoms-5270519

  In people with AIDS, the immune system has been so weakened that a person is considered immunocompromised (meaning lacking adequate immune defense). Without these defenses, diseases like cancer can become invasive and infiltrate organs more readily. […] The symptoms can vary by which organ systems are involved, including: Kaposi’s sarcoma of the digestive tract, called gastrointestinal KS, is the most common form of internal KS. Symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, cramping, nausea, vomiting, bloody stools, and rapid weight loss. […] Kaposi’s sarcoma of the lungs, called pulmonary KS, can cause pneumonia (lung inflammation), either with or without skin lesions. Symptoms may include fever, chills, shortness of breath, cough, and green or bloody sputum. If not treated aggressively, respiratory failure and death are possible.

• #1 Signs and Symptoms of Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Sometimes KS lesions bleed. If the lesions are in the lung, it can cause you to cough up blood and lead to shortness of breath. If the lesions are in the stomach or intestines, it can cause bowel movements to become black and tarry or bloody. Bleeding from lesions in the stomach and intestines can be so slow that blood isn’t visible in the stool, but over time the blood loss can lead to low red blood cell counts (anemia). This can cause symptoms like tiredness and shortness of breath.

• #1 SSA – POMS: DI 23022.655 – Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma – 09/06/2022

  https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/lnx/0423022655

  Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue involving blood and lymphatic vessels. KS is often associated with AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). When KS occurs in the lungs, it is referred to as Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) or Kaposis sarcoma with pulmonary involvement. Pulmonary KS grows as sheets of tumor tissue in the peribronchial and perivascular interstitial spaces. Symptoms and signs of pulmonary KS include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), fever, non-productive cough, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood). […] Symptoms and signs of pulmonary KS include: Dyspnea (difficulty breathing); Fever; Non-productive cough; Hemoptysis (coughing up blood); Respiratory failure caused by airway obstruction; Parenchymal involvement; Pleural effusion; or Pulmonary edema from lymphangitic obstruction. […] Survival for pulmonary KS is variable (between 4 to 19 months) after it is first diagnosed. Related deaths are usually due to upper airway obstruction or parenchymal destruction.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-overview

  Gastrointestinal lesions can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Lesions are often asymptomatic and clinically indolent, but signs and symptoms can include odynophagia, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hematemesis, hematochezia, melena, and bowel obstruction. […] Pulmonary lesions may be an asymptomatic radiographic finding, but signs and symptoms can include cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and chest pain. […] Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a more indolent course than AIDS-related KS, progressing over 10-15 years or more, with very gradual enlargement of cutaneous lesions and development over years of new ones. […] AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, unlike other forms of Kaposi sarcoma, tends to have an aggressive clinical course. Morbidity may occur from extensive cutaneous, mucosal, or visceral involvement. In patients receiving HAART, the disease often has a more indolent clinical course or may regress spontaneously. The most common causes of morbidity include cosmetically disfiguring cutaneous lesions, lymphedema, gastrointestinal involvement, or pulmonary involvement. Pulmonary involvement is the most common cause of mortality with uncontrolled pulmonary hemorrhage.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Soft tissue sarcoma |Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/which-treatments-are-used-for-kaposis-sarcoma

  Internal KS lesions can grow in the lymph nodes and body organs, such as the lungs, liver, spleen, and digestive system. The symptoms you have depend on which organs are affected. […] The most common type of KS is related to AIDS. In AIDS related KS, it is common for disease to be in the lymph nodes. KS cells can block the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system. This build up of fluid can cause swelling in the arms or legs. This is called lymphoedema. […] Lymphoedema can be very painful and uncomfortable. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this condition. But treatment can help to control and relieve it. The earlier this is picked up and treated, the easier it is to control. It is important to let your doctor know if you have any swelling that you think might be lymphoedema.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/soft-tissue-sarcoma/kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that usually affects the skin and lining of the mouth. It rarely affects organs inside the body, such as the lungs, liver, stomach, bowel or lymph nodes. It can develop in several parts of the body at the same time. […] The first symptom of Kaposi’s is usually a coloured spot on the skin (skin lesion). Kaposi’s sarcoma skin lesions can range in colour. They may be pink, brown, brown-red or reddish purple. […] The lesions may develop quickly. Although there may be a single lesion at first, it is possible for more than one to appear. The lesions can join together to make a bigger tumour. […] You may have general symptoms, such as a fever, weight loss and tiredness. Other symptoms depend on where the sarcoma in the body. For example, you may have these symptoms: If the lymph nodes are affected, you may have swollen lymph nodes. If the lymph vessels are damaged, you may have a build-up of fluid in the arms, legs, face and genitals called lymphoedema. If it is in the lungs, you may have breathlessness and a cough. If it is in the stomach and bowel, you may have diarrhoea and abdominal pain. […] Sometimes, the lesions may bleed slowly. Over time, this may cause low numbers of red blood cells (anaemia). This can cause symptoms such as tiredness and breathlessness.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) was first described in 1872 by the Hungarian dermatologist, Moritz Kaposi. From that time until the HIV and AIDS epidemic, KS remained a rare tumor. Classic KS is most commonly seen in Europe and North America in older men of Italian or Eastern European Jewish ancestry, and endemic KS is most commonly seen in sub-Saharan Africa. The disseminated, fulminant form of KS associated with HIV disease is referred to as AIDS-associated KS to distinguish it from classic and endemic KS. Transplant-related KS (also sometimes called iatrogenic KS) is seen in patients receiving chronic immunosuppression therapy, such as after organ transplant. […] Although the histopathology of the different types of KS is essentially identical, the clinical manifestations and course of the disease differ dramatically.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/kaposis-sarcoma/

  Unlike the other types of Kaposis sarcoma, the symptoms of classic Kaposis sarcoma progress very slowly over many years and are usually limited to the skin. […] Transplant-related Kaposis sarcoma can be aggressive and usually needs to be treated quickly. […] In cases not caused by HIV infection, this type of Kaposis sarcoma may be the result of a genetic vulnerability to HHV-8.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Cutaneous lesions are asymptomatic purple, pink, brown, or red macules that may coalesce into blue-violet to black plaques and nodules. Some edema may be present. Occasionally, nodules fungate or penetrate soft tissue and invade bone. […] Although less common, visceral involvement most often involves the oral cavity, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the lungs. Symptoms depend on specific organ involvement. Mucosal lesions appear as bluish to violaceous macules, plaques, and tumors. GI lesions can bleed, sometimes extensively, but usually are asymptomatic. […] The course is indolent, and the disease is usually confined to a small number of lesions on the skin of the lower extremities; visceral involvement occurs in 10%. […] This type is usually not fatal. […] This type is the most common AIDS-associated cancer and is more aggressive than classic Kaposi sarcoma.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/cancers-of-the-skin/kaposi-sarcoma

  Multiple cutaneous lesions are typically present, often involving the face and trunk. Mucosal, lymph node, and gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is common. Sometimes Kaposi sarcoma is the first manifestation of AIDS. […] The course is more or less fulminant, depending on the degree of immunosuppression.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma and HIV | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/kaposis-sarcoma-and-hiv

  Kaposis sarcoma usually appears as lesions on the skin or on mucosal surfaces (like inside the mouth or genitals). […] KS usually appears as lesions (abnormal bumps, spots or patches) on the skin or on mucosal surfaces (such as inside the mouth or in the genitals). Lesions can also develop in other parts of the body, such as in the lungs, lymph nodes or gastrointestinal tract. […] On the skin, KS causes lesions (abnormal bumps, spots or patches). These can appear in a wide range of colours, including pink, purple, violet and brown. […] KS lesions may look like a bruise, but do not lose their colour when pressed, as a bruise does. They are generally painless and not itchy. […] When KS lesions develop inside the body, this can affect the functioning of internal organs and even be life threatening.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma and HIV | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/kaposis-sarcoma-and-hiv

  Lesions inside the body may cause symptoms. For example, KS in the lungs can cause chest infections, coughing and difficulty breathing. […] KS in the mouth or throat may make it hard to eat, swallow or speak. […] People living with HIV whose CD4 count is below 200 are at greatest risk of KS; they are more likely to develop more serious forms of KS. […] KS can occasionally flare up in the first few months after starting HIV treatment. […] If you have KS or have had it in the past, its worth telling your doctor about symptoms such as fevers, night sweats, weight loss, a general feeling of discomfort and swelling.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/kaposi-sarcoma

  The tumors (lesions) most often appear as bluish-red or purple bumps on the skin. They are reddish-purple because they are rich in blood vessels. […] The lesions may first appear on any part of the body. They also can appear inside the body. Lesions inside the body may bleed. Lesions in the lungs can cause bloody sputum or shortness of breath. […] The tumors can return even after treatment. KS can be deadly for a person with AIDS. […] An aggressive form of endemic KS can spread quickly to the bones. Another form found in African children does not affect the skin. Instead, it spreads through the lymph nodes and vital organs, and can quickly become deadly.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  The disease often progresses in an orderly fashion from a few localized or widespread mucocutaneous lesions that may involve the skin, oral mucosa, and lymph nodes to more numerous lesions and generalized skin disease that involves visceral organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, and spleen. Most patients with HIV disease who present with mucocutaneous KS lesions feel healthy and are usually free of systemic symptoms, as compared with HIV patients who first develop an opportunistic infection. […] Transplant-related KS typically yields cutaneous lesions, though mucosal and visceral disease can occur. The lesions commonly occur within the first several months of immunosuppression therapy and regress with changes or reductions in immunosuppression.

• #1 All You Need to Know About Kaposi’s Sarcoma | ACTC

  https://actchealth.com/blogs/understanding-kaposis-sarcoma-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  In some cases, Kaposi’s sarcoma may spread to internal organs, causing shortness of breath, abdominal pain, or jaundice. […] The disease may cause enlargement of lymph nodes, particularly in the affected areas. […] Kaposi’s sarcoma, especially the epidemic associated with HIV, can lead to chronic fatigue and weakness. […] Individuals with advanced Kaposi’s sarcoma may experience the following symptoms: Fever, Night sweats, Unexplained weight loss. […] These signs and symptoms are not exclusive to Kaposi’s sarcoma and may indicate the presence of other medical conditions. Individuals experiencing any of these symptoms should seek prompt medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Stages | Staging Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  Kaposi sarcoma in the lungs can sometimes mean a worse prognosis (outcome). […] The immune status is assessed using a blood test known as the CD4 count, which measures the number of white blood cells called helper T cells. […] No history of opportunistic infections (infections that rarely cause problems in healthy people but affect people with suppressed immune systems) or thrush (a fungal infection in the mouth). […] One or more B symptoms is present.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma

  In KS associated with immunodeficiency or immunosuppression, treating the cause of the immune system dysfunction can slow or stop the progression of KS. In 40% or more of patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma, the Kaposi lesions will shrink upon first starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Therefore, HAART is considered the cornerstone of therapy in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma. However, in a certain percentage of such people, Kaposi sarcoma may recur after many years on HAART, especially if HIV is not completely suppressed.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21830-kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma symptoms can vary depending on the location of the lesions. You might develop: […] Abnormal spots on your skin that appear in one or more areas (these patchy spots might be smooth or bumpy) […] Belly pain or blood in your poop from lesions in your belly […] Constipation, diarrhea or vomiting from lesions in your digestive system […] Coughing up blood or difficulty breathing because there are lesions in your lungs […] Lymphedema, which can happen when lesions block one of your lymph nodes […] Mouth pain when eating due to lesions in your mouth. […] Kaposi sarcoma can come back (recur) after treatment. So, you’ll have regular follow-ups so your healthcare provider can monitor your health and check for signs of new cancer. […] Your outlook depends on many factors. But like most cancers, early detection and treatment give you the best chance for long-term survival. […] The overall five-year survival rate for Kaposi sarcoma is 75%. That means that 75% of people who have KS are still alive five years after their diagnosis.

• #1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS): Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-kaposis-sarcoma

  Most severe cases happen when someone has AIDS, but skin lesions can show up earlier. They’re a sign that your immune system isn’t at full strength and they can get worse if you have other infections. […] Treatment for KS will depend on how many lesions you have, how big they are, where they are, and how well your immune system is working. […] In many cases, ART is the best way to treat active KS. It may even clear up skin lesions. […] If you have lots of lesions or the virus is affecting many areas of your body, you might get radiation therapy. This kills the cancer cells or keeps them from growing. A machine directs radiation toward the lesions on your skin, or your doctor may put radioactive needles, seeds, or wires inside you near the cancer. […] Overall, about 75% of people who have KS live at least 5 years after diagnosis. If the cancer hasn’t spread, about 81% live at least 5 years after being diagnosed. In people whose cancer has spread to nearby areas, the 5-year survival rate is 65%. The rate is 47% if the cancer has spread farther away.

• #1 Kaposi sarcoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kaposis-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20577331

  A skin biopsy can confirm Kaposi sarcoma. […] Other tests might be needed to look for Kaposi sarcoma in the lungs or the digestive tract. […] Tests to find Kaposi sarcoma in the digestive tract might include: Fecal occult blood test. This test detects hidden blood in stool. If it shows hidden blood, other tests might be needed to find the source. Other tests include an endoscopy or colonoscopy. These tests are used to see if Kaposi sarcoma is causing the bleeding. […] If Kaposi sarcoma causes many skin lesions, other treatments might be needed, such as: Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. This is a treatment option if there are many skin lesions, but not enough to need chemotherapy. […] There’s no cure for Kaposi sarcoma. But there are many treatment options that can help control it. Some people may not need treatment right away. Instead, the condition might be monitored to make sure it’s not getting worse. Treatment depends on: The type of Kaposi sarcoma. The number of lesions and where they are. The effects of the lesions, such as causing pain or getting in the way of eating or breathing. Your overall health.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  Kaposi sarcoma is a disease in which malignant lesions (cancer) can form in the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and other organs. […] Tests that examine the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract are used to diagnose Kaposi sarcoma. […] After Kaposi sarcoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] Signs of classic Kaposi sarcoma may include slow-growing lesions on the legs and feet. […] Patients may have one or more red, purple, or brown skin lesions on the legs and feet, most often on the ankles or soles of the feet. Over time, lesions may form in other parts of the body, such as the stomach, intestines, or lymph nodes. The lesions usually don’t cause any symptoms but may grow in size and number over a period of 10 years or more. Pressure from the lesions may block the flow of lymph and blood in the legs and cause painful swelling. Lesions in the digestive tract may cause gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Signs of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma can include lesions that form in many parts of the body. […] In most patients with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma, the disease will spread to other parts of the body over time.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Stages | Staging Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  After someone is diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma, doctors will try to figure out if it has spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes the extent of the cancer in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it. The stage is one of the most important factors in deciding how to treat the cancer and determining how successful treatment might be. […] KS is only in the skin and/or the lymph nodes (bean-sized collections of immune cells throughout the body), and/or there is only a small amount of disease on the palate (roof of the mouth). The KS lesions in the mouth are flat rather than raised. […] The KS lesions are widespread. One or more of the following is present: Edema (swelling) or ulceration (breaks in the skin) due to the tumor.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=35&contentid=FAQKaposisSarcomaAIDSrelated

  KS might not cause symptoms, but it most often starts as discolored lesions on the skin. These can be flat, raised, or even small lumps. Lesions most often are first found on the face or legs. […] Other symptoms include: Lesions in the mouth or in the genital area […] Problems caused by lesions in certain parts of the body, for instance: Lesions in the lungs can cause shortness of breath or coughing up blood […] Lesions in the digestive tract can cause belly pain, diarrhea, and bloody stool […] Lesions that block lymph nodes or lymph vessels can cause swelling in different parts of the body, like the legs and feet. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. Still, its important to see a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer.

• #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  Classic KS tumors usually present with one or more asymptomatic red, purple, or brown patches, plaques, or nodular skin lesions. The disease is often limited to single or multiple lesions usually localized to one or both lower extremities, especially involving the ankles and soles. […] Classic KS most commonly runs a relatively benign, indolent course for 10 to 15 years or more, with slow enlargement of the original tumors and the gradual development of additional lesions. Venous stasis and lymphedema of the involved lower extremity are frequent complications. In long-standing cases, systemic lesions can develop along the gastrointestinal tract, in lymph nodes, and in other organs. The visceral lesions are generally asymptomatic and are most often discovered only at autopsy, though clinically, gastrointestinal bleeding can occur.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534839/

  Kaposi sarcoma is an interesting soft tissue tumor occurring in several distinct populations with a variety of presentations and courses. In its most well-known form, Kaposi sarcoma occurs in patients with immunosuppression, such as those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) or those undergoing immunosuppression due to an organ transplant. […] Each form has a differing natural history ranging from indolent to more aggressive and fatal in anaplastic varieties. […] Clinically, Kaposi sarcoma is a vascular lesion, and as such, often presents as a violaceous pink to purple plaque on the skin or mucocutaneous surfaces. Lesions may be painful with associated lymphedema and secondary infection. There are 3 major stages on the skin: patch, plaque, and nodule. Lesions may ulcerate or invade into nearby tissues. In addition to involving lymph nodes, Kaposi sarcoma has a predilection for the lungs and gastrointestinal system, but can also occur in other visceral organs. Respiratory involvement can be associated with death due Kaposi sarcoma.

• #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS): Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposis sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that grows in the lining of your blood vessels and lymph vessels. The cells can form tumors on your skin and in your mouth, nose, eyes, and anus. These tumors appear on your skin as purple, brown, or red patches (also called lesions). […] These skin lesions usually appear on your face or legs and do not cause symptoms. However, KS can spread to your lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, and lymph nodes, the glands that help your body fight infection. When they’re present in your digestive tract, lungs, or liver, they can be dangerous and affect your breathing or cause bleeding. […] You could have several symptoms, depending on which parts of your body are affected by the disease. […] The most visible signs of KS are lesions on your skin: flat, painless patches or nodules that appear red or purple on light skin and bluish, brownish, or black on dark skin. Unlike bruises, they don’t change color when you press on them. They aren’t itchy, and they don’t drain. They’re not dangerous.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21830-kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma symptoms can vary depending on the location of the lesions. You might develop: […] Abnormal spots on your skin that appear in one or more areas (these patchy spots might be smooth or bumpy) […] Belly pain or blood in your poop from lesions in your belly […] Constipation, diarrhea or vomiting from lesions in your digestive system […] Coughing up blood or difficulty breathing because there are lesions in your lungs […] Lymphedema, which can happen when lesions block one of your lymph nodes […] Mouth pain when eating due to lesions in your mouth. […] Kaposi sarcoma can come back (recur) after treatment. So, you’ll have regular follow-ups so your healthcare provider can monitor your health and check for signs of new cancer. […] Your outlook depends on many factors. But like most cancers, early detection and treatment give you the best chance for long-term survival. […] The overall five-year survival rate for Kaposi sarcoma is 75%. That means that 75% of people who have KS are still alive five years after their diagnosis.

• #2 Kaposi sarcoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma presents as red to purplish macules, papules and nodules anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and throat; lymph nodes; or other organs. Initially, the lesions are small and painless, but they can ulcerate and become painful. […] Kaposi sarcoma often starts as flat patches on one or both lower legs, often in association with lymphoedema. The patches evolve into plaques, nodules or scaly tumours. […] Kaposi sarcoma in association with HIV infection may develop at any time during the illness. Generally, the greater the immunosuppression (eg, with CD4 cell counts less than 200/mm3), the more extensive and aggressive the Kaposi sarcoma will be. […] Kaposi sarcoma lesions can also occur internally; in the gut, lungs, genitals, lymphatic system and elsewhere. These internal lesions may cause symptoms such as discomfort with swallowing, bleeding, haematemesis, haematochezia, melaena, bowel obstruction, shortness of breath, and swollen legs.

• #2 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Soft tissue sarcoma |Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/which-treatments-are-used-for-kaposis-sarcoma

  The signs and symptoms are different. They depend on whether you have external KS on the skin or KS inside the body. Lesions on the skin are more common than internal lesions inside the body. […] Lesions on the skin usually start out very small and flat. They do not cause any pain or itching and seem harmless. They look like a bruise but do not lose their colour when pressed, as a bruise does. […] As they grow, they might start to stick up above the surrounding skin and grow into each other. The lesions might be in different colours such as brown, blue, red or deep purple. […] Occasionally, the lesions form nodules that can become ulcerated and may bleed. The lumps are associated with painful swelling (oedema). […] KS in the skin might grow very slowly and show no changes for a few months. But some grow more quickly, with new areas appearing weekly.

• #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS): Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-kaposis-sarcoma

  New spots may show up each week. For some people, these lesions change slowly. They may grow into raised bumps or merge together. […] KS lesions can form inside your mouth and throat, causing trouble eating or swallowing. They might also happen on your eyes and under your eyelids. […] When lesions block the flow of lymphatic fluid around your body, they can lead to severe swelling in your arms, legs, face, or scrotum. […] Lesions inside your lungs may cause serious coughing and shortness of breath. […] Lesions in your stomach and intestines can lead to bleeding and blockages. You may have: an upset stomach, vomiting, belly pain, diarrhea, bloody or black poop, low red blood cell counts (anemia). […] Spots or lesions on the skin are typically the first signs of KS. These lesions can be flat (called patches), raised (called plaques), or bumps (called nodules). They can range from purple, red, or brown in color and appear in one area or many areas, most commonly including the face, legs, and feet. If the lesions appear on your groin or legs, they can block the flow of fluids and lead to swelling in your feet and legs.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms of Kaposi Sarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/kaposi-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Sometimes KS lesions bleed. If the lesions are in the lung, it can cause you to cough up blood and lead to shortness of breath. If the lesions are in the stomach or intestines, it can cause bowel movements to become black and tarry or bloody. Bleeding from lesions in the stomach and intestines can be so slow that blood isn’t visible in the stool, but over time the blood loss can lead to low red blood cell counts (anemia). This can cause symptoms like tiredness and shortness of breath.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma: Symptoms

  https://healthlibrary.overlakehospital.org/RelatedItems/34,bkapo2

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) might not cause symptoms that are easy to notice until it grows and spreads. When it does cause symptoms, they can include: […] KS lesions are skin changes that most often start out as purple, red, or brown spots. They might be flat or raised. They seldom hurt. Sometimes the lesions grow as lumps just below the skin and don’t have an abnormal color. KS lesions most often start on the feet or legs, on the face, inside the mouth or throat, or on the genitals. […] Chewing food can make them bleed. Or chewing may be painful and cause trouble eating. […] If these lesions grow large enough, they might cause: […] KS lesions in the esophagus, stomach, intestines, or other part of the digestive tract can cause nausea, belly (abdominal) pain, and bleeding, which might show up as bloody or black stools. Lesions in this part of the body may also change the way food is digested, leading to diarrhea and weight loss. In rare cases, lesions can cause blockages in the digestive tract. This makes it hard to have a bowel movement.

• #2 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/soft-tissue-sarcoma/kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that usually affects the skin and lining of the mouth. It rarely affects organs inside the body, such as the lungs, liver, stomach, bowel or lymph nodes. It can develop in several parts of the body at the same time. […] The first symptom of Kaposi’s is usually a coloured spot on the skin (skin lesion). Kaposi’s sarcoma skin lesions can range in colour. They may be pink, brown, brown-red or reddish purple. […] The lesions may develop quickly. Although there may be a single lesion at first, it is possible for more than one to appear. The lesions can join together to make a bigger tumour. […] You may have general symptoms, such as a fever, weight loss and tiredness. Other symptoms depend on where the sarcoma in the body. For example, you may have these symptoms: If the lymph nodes are affected, you may have swollen lymph nodes. If the lymph vessels are damaged, you may have a build-up of fluid in the arms, legs, face and genitals called lymphoedema. If it is in the lungs, you may have breathlessness and a cough. If it is in the stomach and bowel, you may have diarrhoea and abdominal pain. […] Sometimes, the lesions may bleed slowly. Over time, this may cause low numbers of red blood cells (anaemia). This can cause symptoms such as tiredness and breathlessness.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-clinical

  Pulmonary involvement may be difficult to distinguish from opportunistic infections. Symptoms include the following: Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, chest pain, pulmonary lesions may be an asymptomatic radiographic finding. Pleural effusions are often exudative and bloody. […] Classic Kaposi sarcoma has a more indolent course of 10-15 years or more with very gradual enlargement of cutaneous lesions and development of new ones. These lesions result in venous stasis and lymphedema of the lower extremities. Visceral lesions occur in the GI tract, lymph nodes, and other organs but are usually incidental findings at autopsy. As many as one third of patients develop a second neoplasm, most often a non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #2 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/skin-cancer/kaposis-sarcoma

  AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma tends to spread beyond the skin. It often affects the mouth, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen, and digestive system. When it spreads to the lungs, it often causes coughing, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Once in the lungs, the disease often quickly gets worse. It can cause respiratory failure, which can be fatal. […] When Kaposi’s sarcoma gets into the digestive system, it usually doesn’t cause any symptoms until it becomes very advanced. People may then develop symptoms of intestinal obstruction (nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain) or bloody stools. If the lymph nodes become involved, severe swelling can occur, usually in the legs or face.

• #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma – Symptoms, Treatment & Support – Without a Ribbon

  https://withoutaribbon.org/kaposis-sarcoma-symptoms-treatment-support/

  Kaposis Sarcoma (KS) is a rare form of cancer that can affect the skin and mouth. It causes masses to form on the skin, which are usually purple in colour. These masses may be singular, or they form throughout the body. […] Below are some of the most common symptoms associated with Kaposis sarcoma: […] The first symptom of Kaposis sarcoma is usually masses (or lesions) forming on the skin. These masses can increase in size over time. Several masses may even join together to form a larger tumour. The masses will usually be purple in colour, but may also appear as brown, red or pink lumps. […] Kaposis sarcoma can damage lymph vessels, causing a buildup of fluid in the arms and legs. As a result, the arms and legs can swell over time. This condition is called Lymphoedema. […] When Lymphoedema occurs in the lungs, it can cause breathlessness. This may be accompanied by a cough that doesnt go away over time. […] As KS develops, it may cause you to feel sick and vomit.

• #2 Diagnosing Kaposi Sarcoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kaposi-sarcoma/diagnosis

  Tumors in the digestive tract—including in the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus—may sometimes cause abdominal pain or bleeding that darkens stool. Lesions that form in the lungs can lead to coughing and difficulty breathing. […] Tumors can also develop in the lymph nodes—small glands that produce and store lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that help fight infection—causing them to swell. These tumors may press on or grow into nearby lymph vessels, which carry fluid absorbed from tissues and organs and carry infection-fighting white blood cells throughout the body. Lymph fluid may build up, leading to swelling, reduced range of motion, and discomfort in the arms and legs. This condition is called lymphedema.

• #2 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Soft tissue sarcoma |Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/which-treatments-are-used-for-kaposis-sarcoma

  Internal KS lesions can grow in the lymph nodes and body organs, such as the lungs, liver, spleen, and digestive system. The symptoms you have depend on which organs are affected. […] The most common type of KS is related to AIDS. In AIDS related KS, it is common for disease to be in the lymph nodes. KS cells can block the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system. This build up of fluid can cause swelling in the arms or legs. This is called lymphoedema. […] Lymphoedema can be very painful and uncomfortable. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this condition. But treatment can help to control and relieve it. The earlier this is picked up and treated, the easier it is to control. It is important to let your doctor know if you have any swelling that you think might be lymphoedema.

• #2 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  Four different types of KS are recognized: classic, endemic African, iatrogenic, and AIDS-associated. Classic KS usually manifests with reddish-purple macules, papules, plaques, or nodules. Lesions may coalesce to form large plaques and tumors that may produce fungating masses with ulceration. Lesions are frequently located on the lower extremities but may appear anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes. Older lesions become brown and may develop a verrucous and hyperkeratotic surface. The lesions are initially soft and spongy but later become hard and solid. Gastrointestinal lesions are often asymptomatic in classic KS and are usually detected only at autopsy. Nonpitting edema of the lower extremities may precede or follow tumor invasion into the superficial and deep lymphatic system. Lymph nodes and internal organs are rarely involved. Classic KS usually runs a benign, protracted course. Rapid progression with involvement of internal organs is rarely reported.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  Classic KS tumors usually present with one or more asymptomatic red, purple, or brown patches, plaques, or nodular skin lesions. The disease is often limited to single or multiple lesions usually localized to one or both lower extremities, especially involving the ankles and soles. […] Classic KS most commonly runs a relatively benign, indolent course for 10 to 15 years or more, with slow enlargement of the original tumors and the gradual development of additional lesions. Venous stasis and lymphedema of the involved lower extremity are frequent complications. In long-standing cases, systemic lesions can develop along the gastrointestinal tract, in lymph nodes, and in other organs. The visceral lesions are generally asymptomatic and are most often discovered only at autopsy, though clinically, gastrointestinal bleeding can occur.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/skin-cancers/kaposi-sarcoma

  Kaposi sarcoma usually appears as purple, pink, brown, or red spots or bumps on the skin. The cancer may grow to several inches or more as blue-violet to black, flat or slightly raised areas. Swelling may be present. Sometimes the cancer grows deeper into soft tissues and invades bone. […] In the 4 other types of Kaposi sarcoma, the cancer may be more aggressive. Similar-appearing spots develop, but they are often multiple and may occur anywhere on the body. […] Within several months, people with the AIDS-associated type develop spots that spread to other parts of the body, such as the face and torso, often including the mouth, where they cause pain with eating. […] The spots may also develop in lymph nodes and internal organs, especially the digestive tract, where they can cause internal bleeding that leads to blood in the stool. Sometimes Kaposi sarcoma is the first symptom of AIDS.

• #2 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  The clinical presentation of AIDS-associated KS is markedly different from that of other forms of the disease. AIDS-associated KS is characterized by a multifocal, widespread distribution that may involve any location on the skin or mucous membranes, as well as the lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and other visceral organs. There is considerable variability in the timing of the initial development of KS in HIV-infected individuals. We have seen patients with AIDS-associated KS who lacked evidence of immune impairment. KS may be the first sign of HIV infection, especially in populations where HIV testing is not routinely performed. It can also arise in the later stages of HIV infection, even up until the last week of life, when patients are suffering from severe immune deficiency and various opportunistic infections.

• #2 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  The course and progression of KS vary greatly, depending on the clinical form of the disease. The majority of classic KS cases follow a slow and indolent course. Endemic KS follows a more aggressive course, especially in children with the lymphadenopathic form. In AIDS-associated KS, the majority of cases present with a rapidly progressive course. The initial localized lesions frequently progress to widespread skin and mucosal involvement and, in some cases, involvement of lymph nodes and solid visceral sites, most commonly the gastrointestinal tract. Although AIDS-associated KS is more aggressive than other forms of the disease, patients usually succumb to opportunistic infections. Pulmonary involvement carries a particularly poor prognosis; although rare, it is a major cause of KS-associated mortality. At the other extreme are a few cases of indolent disease that show minimal progression over several years.

• #2 Kaposi’s sarcoma: a 10-year experience with 248 patients at a single tertiary care hospital in Tanzania

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5439227/

  The majority patients, 214 (86.3 %) had multiple lesions (disseminated disease) and only 34 (13.7 %) had isolated lesions (localized disease). […] At the time of diagnosis females had more widespread and advanced AIDS-related Kaposis sarcoma compared to males (45.9 vs 18.6 %, p = 0.003). […] Overall, CD4+ count available in 104 patients ranged from 34 to 798 cells/l with a median of 148 (IQR = 140152 cells/l). […] The treatment modalities in this study included cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and antiviral therapy (HAART) given either alone or in combination. […] A total of 66 treatment related complications were recorded in 64 patients giving a complication rate of 25.8 %. […] Sixty patients died at the end of 1 year giving a mortality rate of 24.2 %. […] Poor ACTG stage, CD4+ count 200 cells/l, associated co-morbid illness, disseminated disease and poor adherent to chemotherapy were the significant independent factors associated with deaths (p 0.001).

• #2 Kaposi sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/what-is-soft-tissue-sarcoma/types-of-soft-tissue-sarcoma/kaposi-sarcoma

  AIDS-related KS can develop in many different parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, lymph nodes, GI tract, lung, liver and spleen. AIDS-related KS eventually spreads throughout the body. […] Classic KS grows slowly. It is usually found only in the skin, particularly on the lower legs, ankles and soles of the feet. But it can spread to the GI tract, lymph nodes or other organs. […] African KS can grow slowly like classic KS, but there is also a form that grows very quickly (is aggressive). Along with causing skin tumours, African KS can grow into tissues under the skin (subcutaneous tissue) and into bone. […] Transplant-related KS often affects only the skin, but it can also spread to mucous membranes or other organs.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  Kaposi sarcoma typically progresses slowly but can also grow aggressively within a location or invade other organs, depending on the type. […] Kaposi sarcoma may cause any of these symptoms, depending on where the lesions form. […] KS causes abnormal cell growth, which causes red, purple, or brown-colored lesions to form on the ankles, soles of the feet, and legs. […] The lesions may also form on other parts of the body on the surface or inside. […] Depending on where the KS lesions form, you may experience the following symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, internal bleeding, painful swelling of the legs and feet, shortness of breath and bloody sputum. […] There is currently no cure for Kaposi sarcoma, but treatments aim to control symptoms, lessen discomfort, prolong life, and improve quality of life for people living with this disease.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/skin-cancers/kaposi-sarcoma

  This type typically develops several years after organ transplantation. It can be severe, and spots may rapidly develop. […] In children, the endemic type usually involves the lymph nodes. The children may or may not have spots on the skin. The disease is usually sudden, severe, and fatal. […] The endemic type tends to cause slow-growing spots and patches on the skin similar to those of the classic type. The cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body and is not likely to be fatal. […] This recently described type typically manifests with individual spots similar to classic Kaposi sarcoma, but it occurs specifically in men who are HIV-negative and who have sex with men. The severity of this type is still being studied.

• #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/sarcoma/kaposis-sarcoma

  The usual management is to reduce the doses of immunosuppressive drugs once Kaposis sarcoma is diagnosed. […] Kaposis sarcoma that occurs in individuals who are not infected with HIV or are not transplant patients is a rare disease. It typically runs a benign course that may last 10 to 15 years or more with slow enlargement of the original skin abnormalities and the gradual development of additional ones.

• #2 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  Patients with AIDS-associated KS who do not develop opportunistic infections are estimated to have a survival rate at 28 months post-diagnosis of 80%, compared with a survival rate of less than 20% in those with opportunistic infections. We have observed a small group of patients with AIDS-associated KS who lived at least 36 months from the time of biopsy diagnosis of KS without developing opportunistic infections. These patients have survived from 142 to 185 months (average, 162 months). These long-term survivors of AIDS-associated KS have normal immune reactivity, thus indicating that immune deficiency is not a prerequisite for the pathogenesis of KS.

• #2 Kaposi sarcoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000661.htm

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the cells that make up blood vessels and lymph nodes. […] The tumors (lesions) most often appear as bluish-red or purple bumps on the skin. They are reddish-purple because they are rich in blood vessels. […] The lesions may first appear on any part of the body. They also can appear inside the body. Lesions inside the body may bleed. Lesions in the lungs can cause bloody sputum or shortness of breath. […] Treating KS does not improve the chances of survival from HIV/AIDS itself. The outlook depends on the person’s immune status and how much of the HIV virus is in their blood (viral load). If HIV is controlled with medicine, the lesions will often shrink away on their own. […] Complications can include: Cough (possibly bloody) and shortness of breath if the disease is in the lungs.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/

  The outlook for Kaposi sarcoma varies depending on the type, stage, and other factors, such as the persons overall health status, CD4 count (a measure of immune system function), treatment approach, and complications of the disease or underlying medical conditions. […] Although KS has no cure, more than half of people who undergo chemotherapy will see improvement. […] In people with limited disease and a good immunological response to HAART, about 80 percent may experience complete remission. […] Prognosis is worse in people whose vital organs, such as the lungs, have been affected.

• #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS): Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-kaposis-sarcoma

  Most severe cases happen when someone has AIDS, but skin lesions can show up earlier. They’re a sign that your immune system isn’t at full strength and they can get worse if you have other infections. […] Treatment for KS will depend on how many lesions you have, how big they are, where they are, and how well your immune system is working. […] In many cases, ART is the best way to treat active KS. It may even clear up skin lesions. […] If you have lots of lesions or the virus is affecting many areas of your body, you might get radiation therapy. This kills the cancer cells or keeps them from growing. A machine directs radiation toward the lesions on your skin, or your doctor may put radioactive needles, seeds, or wires inside you near the cancer. […] Overall, about 75% of people who have KS live at least 5 years after diagnosis. If the cancer hasn’t spread, about 81% live at least 5 years after being diagnosed. In people whose cancer has spread to nearby areas, the 5-year survival rate is 65%. The rate is 47% if the cancer has spread farther away.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma: Overview

  https://healthlibrary.vidanthealth.com/Conditions/Cancer/Specific/Kaposis/35,FAQKaposisSarcomaAIDSrelated

  Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancer that starts in the cells that form the lining of lymph or blood vessels. […] KS might not cause symptoms, but it most often starts as discolored lesions on the skin. These can be flat, raised, or even small lumps. Lesions most often are first found on the face or legs. […] Other symptoms include: Lesions in the mouth or in the genital area […] Lesions in the lungs can cause shortness of breath or coughing up blood […] Lesions in the digestive tract can cause belly pain, diarrhea, and bloody stool […] Lesions that block lymph nodes or lymph vessels can cause swelling in different parts of the body, like the legs and feet. […] After a diagnosis of KS, you’ll need more tests. These help your healthcare providers learn more about your overall health, other AIDS-related problems you may have, and the KS. The test results help your healthcare providers decide the best ways to treat the cancer. They’re used to find out the stage of the cancer. The stage is how much KS there is and how far it spread (metastasized) in your body. […] Your treatment choices depend on the type of KS you have, test results, how much your immune system is damaged, and the stage of the cancer. The goal of treatment may be to cure you, control the cancer, or help ease problems caused by the cancer.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma: Types, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kaposis-sarcoma

  Even though it often progresses slowly, KS can ultimately be fatal. You should always seek treatment for KS. The forms of KS that appear in men and young children who live in tropical Africa are the most serious. If they’re left untreated, these forms can result in death within a few years. Because indolent KS appears in older people and takes many years to develop and grow, many people die of another condition before their KS becomes serious enough to be fatal. AIDS-related KS is usually treatable and not a cause of death by itself. […] KS is curable with treatment. In most cases, it develops very slowly. However, without treatment, it can sometimes be fatal. It’s always important to discuss treatment options with your doctor.

• #2 Medication for Kaposi Sarcoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kaposi-sarcoma/treatments/medication-for-kaposi-sarcoma

  NYU Langone doctors use medications that help destroy cancer cells throughout the body to manage advanced Kaposi sarcoma. […] Medications are usually prescribed to people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Kaposi sarcoma if they are considered to be in a poor risk category. Poor risk means a person has more extensive cancer, with lesions occurring throughout the mouth or in the gastrointestinal tract or lungs. He or she may also have more extensive lymphedema, a buildup of fluid that causes swelling in the arms and legs. People with HIV and Kaposi sarcoma are also considered to be in a poor risk category if they have levels of CD4 white blood cells that help fight infection lower than 200 cells per microliter. […] Poor risk can also apply to people who have bacterial, viral, or fungal infections due to a weakened immune system or symptoms such as night sweats, fever, weight loss, and diarrhea suggesting an underlying infection is present.

• #2 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq

  The disease often progresses in an orderly fashion from a few localized or widespread mucocutaneous lesions that may involve the skin, oral mucosa, and lymph nodes to more numerous lesions and generalized skin disease that involves visceral organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, and spleen. Most patients with HIV disease who present with mucocutaneous KS lesions feel healthy and are usually free of systemic symptoms, as compared with HIV patients who first develop an opportunistic infection. […] Transplant-related KS typically yields cutaneous lesions, though mucosal and visceral disease can occur. The lesions commonly occur within the first several months of immunosuppression therapy and regress with changes or reductions in immunosuppression.

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• #3 Kaposi’s sarcoma and HIV | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/kaposis-sarcoma-and-hiv

  Kaposis sarcoma usually appears as lesions on the skin or on mucosal surfaces (like inside the mouth or genitals). […] KS usually appears as lesions (abnormal bumps, spots or patches) on the skin or on mucosal surfaces (such as inside the mouth or in the genitals). Lesions can also develop in other parts of the body, such as in the lungs, lymph nodes or gastrointestinal tract. […] On the skin, KS causes lesions (abnormal bumps, spots or patches). These can appear in a wide range of colours, including pink, purple, violet and brown. […] KS lesions may look like a bruise, but do not lose their colour when pressed, as a bruise does. They are generally painless and not itchy. […] When KS lesions develop inside the body, this can affect the functioning of internal organs and even be life threatening.

• #3 Kaposi’s sarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses on the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs. The skin lesions are usually painless, purple and may be flat or raised. Lesions can occur singly, multiply in a limited area, or may be widespread. Depending on the sub-type of disease and level of immune suppression, KS may worsen either gradually or quickly. […] The lesions are painless but become cosmetically disfiguring or interruptive to organs. […] Commonly affected areas include the lower limbs, back, face, mouth, and genitalia. The mouth is involved in about 30% of cases and is the initial site in 15% of AIDS-related KS. Involvement can be common in those with transplant-related or AIDS-related KS, and it may occur in the absence of skin involvement. […] Involvement of the airway can present with shortness of breath, fever, cough, coughing up blood, or chest pain, or as an incidental finding on chest x-ray. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by bronchoscopy when the lesions are directly seen and often biopsied. Kaposi’s sarcoma of the lung has a poor prognosis.

• #3 Clinical Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clinical-manifestations-kaposis-sarcoma

  The course and progression of KS vary greatly, depending on the clinical form of the disease. The majority of classic KS cases follow a slow and indolent course. Endemic KS follows a more aggressive course, especially in children with the lymphadenopathic form. In AIDS-associated KS, the majority of cases present with a rapidly progressive course. The initial localized lesions frequently progress to widespread skin and mucosal involvement and, in some cases, involvement of lymph nodes and solid visceral sites, most commonly the gastrointestinal tract. Although AIDS-associated KS is more aggressive than other forms of the disease, patients usually succumb to opportunistic infections. Pulmonary involvement carries a particularly poor prognosis; although rare, it is a major cause of KS-associated mortality. At the other extreme are a few cases of indolent disease that show minimal progression over several years.

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