Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular, gram-positive rod that is responsible for causing the infection listeriosis. […] This activity illustrates the evaluation and management of listeriosis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Describe the use of bacterial culture in the evaluation of listeria. […] The diagnosis of L. monocytogenes requires a culture of the bacteria from the blood, cerebral spinal fluid, or placental fluid. Once in the lab, Listeria species grows on a special type of agar called Meuller-Hinton agar. Culture will reveal gram-positive rods with colonies that are beta-hemolytic. […] According to the CDC, stool cultures are neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosing L. monocytogenes.

• #2 About Listeria Infection | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html

  Listeria infection is usually diagnosed when a laboratory test grows Listeria from a sample of an ill person’s body fluid or tissue. […] Listeria infection is caused by eating food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. The infection can be very serious for some groups of people.

• #3 Listeriosis (Listeria Infection): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17721-listeriosis

  You wont know for sure if you have listeriosis unless you get tested. […] A healthcare provider might suspect you have listeriosis based on your symptoms and whether youve eaten something that couldve been contaminated. They can confirm a diagnosis by testing your blood, fluid around your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid), or amniotic fluid (if youre pregnant) for signs of the bacteria. […] Other tests might include: Blood culture, Testing tissue from the placenta after birth (if youre pregnant), CT scan or MRI of your brain if you have neurological symptoms.

• #4 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. Maternal infection may present as a nonspecific, flu-like illness with fever, myalgia, backache, and headache, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. However, fetal and neonatal infections can be severe, leading to fetal loss, preterm labor, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and death. […] An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. Diagnosis is made primarily by blood culture.

• #5 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  An exposed person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis with fever (100.6 F, 38.1 C) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, for whom no other cause of illness is known, should be tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. […] Diagnostic testing should include blood culture and other tests, such as culture of cerebrospinal fluid, as indicated by the clinical presentation. […] The suggested framework above does not include stool culture for L. monocytogenes. Stool culture has not been evaluated as a screening tool and is not recommended for the diagnosis of listeriosis. […] Serologic testing for Listeria has poor sensitivity and specificity and is not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients.

• #6 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. Maternal infection may present as a nonspecific, flu-like illness with fever, myalgia, backache, and headache, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. However, fetal and neonatal infections can be severe, leading to fetal loss, preterm labor, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and death. […] An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. Diagnosis is made primarily by blood culture.

• #7 Listeria infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275

  Often, healthcare professionals do a blood test to find out if you have a listeria infection. Samples of spinal fluid might need to be tested as well. If you’re pregnant, the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy also might be tested. […] Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don’t need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics. […] During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

• #8 Listeriosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is infection caused by the gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, usually when contaminated food is eaten. […] Identifying the bacteria in a sample of blood or cerebrospinal fluid confirms the diagnosis. […] To diagnose listeriosis, doctors withdraw a sample of blood or do a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) to obtain a sample of the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid). The samples are sent to a laboratory to grow (culture) the bacteria. Identifying the bacteria in the sample confirms the diagnosis.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. Various detection methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are available for diagnosis of listeriosis in humans. […] During pregnancy, blood and placenta cultures are the most reliable ways to discover if symptoms are due to listeriosis.

• #10 Listeriosis in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621056/

  Listeriosis is a rare disease that causes mild maternal illness, but can be devastating to the fetus. […] Because of the potentially severe consequences, it is important that obstetricians are familiar with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of listerial infection. […] The most common means of diagnosis were culture of blood or placenta. […] Diagnosis of listerial infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] Blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant patient presenting with fever, especially if accompanied by flu-like or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Once listeriosis is diagnosed, high-dose penicillin or ampicillin is the treatment of choice. […] If the patient has a penicillin allergy, there are other treatment options.

• #11 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  An exposed person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis with fever (100.6 F, 38.1 C) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, for whom no other cause of illness is known, should be tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. […] Diagnostic testing should include blood culture and other tests, such as culture of cerebrospinal fluid, as indicated by the clinical presentation. […] The suggested framework above does not include stool culture for L. monocytogenes. Stool culture has not been evaluated as a screening tool and is not recommended for the diagnosis of listeriosis. […] Serologic testing for Listeria has poor sensitivity and specificity and is not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients.

• #12 Listeriosis Clinical Testing Information | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping/Listeriosis-Clinical-Testing-Information

  This page provides healthcare providers with information on where and how to access primary testing for suspect listeriosis. Clinical specimens, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be submitted to a local laboratory, either in your area hospital or a private lab, for culture (blood culture or CSF culture). PHO does not perform testing on primary clinical specimens. Positive culture isolates will be forwarded by the local laboratory to PHO for further testing. […] Testing for listeriosis requires routine bacterial culture of sterile site specimens (e.g. blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid). […] Stool testing is NOT a recommended method for the specific diagnosis of listeriosis. However, stool testing may be performed to rule out other causes of gastrointestinal illness. […] Specimens for listeriosis (e.g. blood culture) should be submitted to your hospital or private laboratory along with their specific laboratory requisition (or a regular OHIP requisition).

• #13 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes […] Specimens: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Blood […] Microscopy […] Gram-stain preparations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically show no organisms because the bacteria are generally present in concentrations below the limit of detection (e.g., 104 bacteria per milliliter CSF or less). […] If the Gram stain shows organisms, they are intracellular and extracellular gram-positive coccobacilli. […] Culture of Listeria monocytogenes […] Listeria grows on most conventional laboratory media, with small, round colonies observed on agar media after incubation for 1 to 2 days. […] It may be necessary to use selective media and cold enrichment (storage of the specimen in the refrigerator for a prolonged period) to detect listeriae in specimens contaminated with rapidly growing bacteria. […] Listeria grows well on media such as 5% sheep blood agar on which it exhibits the characteristic small zone of hemolysis around and under colonies. […] Hemolysis on sheep blood agar media can serve to distinguish Listeria from morphologically similar bacteria; however, hemolysis is generally weak and may not be observed initially. […] Hemolysis is enhanced when the organisms are grown next to -hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus. […] This enhanced hemolysis is referred to as a positive CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen) test. […] The characteristic motility of the organism in a liquid medium or semisolid agar is also helpful for the preliminary identification of Listeria. […] All gram-positive rods isolated from blood and CSF should be identified to distinguish between Corynebacterium (presumably a contaminant) and Listeria.

• #14 Listeria monocytogenes: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/listeria-monocytogenes-pathogenesis-lab-diagnosis/

  Laboratory Diagnosis […] Sample: CSF, blood, feces or placental tissue or any other tissue specimens depending on the suspected disease and/or clinical presentation. […] Direct wet mount: Listeria monocytogenes exhibits characteristic end-over-end tumbling motility when incubated in nutrient broth at room temperature for 1 to 2 hours. Presumptive identification of L. monocytogenes can be done by observation of such motility by direct wet mount. […] Alternatively, suspected colonies of L. monocytogenes can be stabbed into a tube of semisolid agar and incubated at 25C for 18 hours. Characteristics umbrella-shaped motility pattern is seen after overnight incubation. […] Gram staining: Regular, short, gram-positive rods or coccobacilli occurring in pairs (resembles streptococci). […] Cold enrichment

• #15 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenes […] Catalase: positive […] Oxidase: negative […] Indole: negative […] Methyl Red: positive […] Voges Proskauer: positive […] Citrate: negative […] Urease: negative […] Carbohydrate fermentation of Listeria monocytogenes […] D- Mannitol: negative […] L- Rhamnose: positive […] D- Xylose: negative […] CAMP test: positive […] Motility: tumbling […] Arylesterase activity: negative […] Serology and molecular methods […] Serologic and molecular typing methods are used for epidemiologic investigations. […] Serologic classification is done only in reference laboratories and is primarily used for epidemiologic studies. […] There are 13 known serovars based on O (somatic) and H (flagellar) antigens. […] Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b make up more than 95% of the isolates from humans and are responsible for most infections in neonates and adults. […] Serotype 4b causes most of the food borne outbreaks. […] Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most commonly used molecular method for epidemiologic investigations of suspected outbreaks.

• #16 Listeria monocytogenes: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/listeria-monocytogenes-pathogenesis-lab-diagnosis/

  Cold enrichment is done for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from the placenta, tissues as well as specimens from heavily contaminated sources such as feces. The specimen is inoculated into a nutrient broth or trypticase soy broth and incubated at 4C for one month and subcultured weekly. […] Culture: Listeria monocytogenes can be cultured on conventional media incorporating sheep, horse or rabbit blood. Listeria monocytogenes produces round, smooth, translucent colonies with a narrow zone of beta-hemolysis. Colonies are small and give blue-green color under reflective light. […] Other characteristics that helps in the identification of this bacteria are: […] Catalase positive […] Voges-Proskauer-positive […] Esculin positive: L. monocytogenes is able to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile. Esculin hydrolysis is indicated by the blackening of the medium.

• #17 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular, gram-positive rod that is responsible for causing the infection listeriosis. […] This activity illustrates the evaluation and management of listeriosis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Describe the use of bacterial culture in the evaluation of listeria. […] The diagnosis of L. monocytogenes requires a culture of the bacteria from the blood, cerebral spinal fluid, or placental fluid. Once in the lab, Listeria species grows on a special type of agar called Meuller-Hinton agar. Culture will reveal gram-positive rods with colonies that are beta-hemolytic. […] According to the CDC, stool cultures are neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosing L. monocytogenes.

• #18 Listeriosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-bacilli/listeriosis

  Listerial infections are diagnosed by culture of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The laboratory must be informed when L. monocytogenes is suspected because the organism is easily confused with diphtheroids. […] In all listerial infections, IgG agglutinin titers peak 2 to 4 weeks after onset.

• #19 Listeria Infection, Prevention, and Control | Pioneering Diagnostics

  https://www.biomerieux.com/us/en/education/resource-hub/scientific-library/food-safety-library/listeria-spp-and-listeria-monocytogenes-scientific-library.html

  Listeria monocytogenes cause one of the most serious and severe foodborne diseases called listeriosis. […] Eating contaminated food by L. monocytogenes is the main route of infection. […] Listeria detection methods in the food industry are mostly cultural but also based on alternative automatized technologies like PCR tests or ELISA tests, which take a shorter time to present results amongst other benefits. […] Various alternative diagnostic methods are currently used to save time and labour and have led to enhanced detection, identification and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes; these methods include, for example, immunological tests using antibodies to capture the target antigen, fully automated Enzyme-linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. Various detection methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are available for diagnosis of listeriosis in humans. […] During pregnancy, blood and placenta cultures are the most reliable ways to discover if symptoms are due to listeriosis.

• #21 Listeria monocytogenes – Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/academic-departments/dept-of-pathobiology/diagnostic-services/molecular-diagnostics/listeria-monocytogenes/

  Samples: […] Notes: Send all samples at room temperature, preferably preserved in sample buffer (PDF) […] Interpretation of PCR Results: […] Positive(> 10 copies/ml >4 copies/sample) […] Negative […] Listeriosis is of major veterinary importance in domestic ruminants. […] Standard Diagnostic Methods […] L. monocytogenes infections are usually diagnosed by isolating the organism from clinical or environmental samples by standard bacteriological culture on blood agar plates, frequently after cold-enrichment in the refrigerator. […] However, like all cultures, diagnosis is slow using this method, and more rapid diagnosis is possible using PCR techniques. […] The Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at Auburn University has developed a quantitative PCR technology targeting the internalinC (inlC) gene, a virulence marker for the attachment and internalization present only in pathogenic L. monocytogenes. […] The PCR is designed and capable of detecting a single copy of this target gene in the PCR nucleic acid input.

• #22 Listeriosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/914

  Listeriosis is a gram-positive bacterial infection that primarily affects neonates, pregnant women, adults aged over 45-50 years, and immunocompromised people. […] Cultures from clinically sterile sites and serological tests are the keys for laboratory diagnosis. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, headache, and altered mental status. […] Diagnostic tests include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and Listeria serology. […] Emerging tests include meningitis/encephalitis panel.

• #23 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

  Two major clinical syndromes: […] Listeriosis: Severe, invasive illness with a mortality rate of ~20%. Typical manifestations include fetal loss in pregnant women, CNS disease, and bloodstream infections. […] Dx: […] Culture from a normally sterile site (CSF, blood, etc.). […] CSF PCR might be useful as an adjunct for the evaluation of CNS disease […] Serologic testing: poor sensitivity and specificity. Not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients. […] Diagnosis: positive CSF Gram stain ~30%, CSF culture ~85%, CSF PCR ~60%, BCx +63%. […] Routine stool culture for assessment: not recommended as it may be frequently seen with fecal carriage/shedding without causing illness.

• #24 Test guide | Eurofins Biomnis

  https://www.eurofins-biomnis.com/en/services/test-guide/page/LISBM

  Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that is pathogenic for humans and animals, very widespread in the environment, and resistant in the external environment, particularly to cold. […] Biological diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infections is made from blood (blood cultures) and cerebrospinal fluid in cases of neuromeningeal syndrome. […] The standard diagnosis of listeriosis is bacteriological. Culture, isolation and identification of the bacteria are still essential. More recently, detection of Listeria monocytogenes DNA by real-time PCR can enable rapid diagnosis, and is of particular interest when antibiotic therapy has been started before the sample is taken, especially for a CSF sample. […] In pregnant women, in the event of any unexplained fever, blood cultures are the preferred method for isolating the bacteria. Listeriosis is a reportable disease.

• #25 Listeriosis (Listeria Infection): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17721-listeriosis

  You wont know for sure if you have listeriosis unless you get tested. […] A healthcare provider might suspect you have listeriosis based on your symptoms and whether youve eaten something that couldve been contaminated. They can confirm a diagnosis by testing your blood, fluid around your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid), or amniotic fluid (if youre pregnant) for signs of the bacteria. […] Other tests might include: Blood culture, Testing tissue from the placenta after birth (if youre pregnant), CT scan or MRI of your brain if you have neurological symptoms.

• #26 Listeria (Listeriosis): Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/listeria-leaflet

  Listeriosis is an infection caused by germs (bacteria) in the Listeria group (usually Listeria monocytogenes). […] How is listeriosis diagnosed? […] Listeriosis can be diagnosed by taking samples which are tested for listeria germs (bacteria) in the laboratory. For example, samples of blood, urine, spinal fluid or amniotic fluid from the womb (uterus). Stool (faeces) samples are not reliable. […] Other investigations will depend on the severity of infection and may include a chest X-ray, lumbar puncture, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and an ultrasound scan of the heart (echocardiogram, or echo).

• #27 Listeriosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/914

  Listeriosis is a gram-positive bacterial infection that primarily affects neonates, pregnant women, adults ages over 45-50 years, and immunocompromised people. […] Cultures from clinically sterile sites and serologic tests are the keys for laboratory diagnosis. […] Diagnostic tests include CBC, urine pregnancy test, blood cultures, brain MRI, brain CT, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. […] Tests to consider include prothrombin time (PT) and PTT, D-dimer, placenta and amniotic fluid culture, cervical swab culture, meconium Gram stain and culture, Listeria serology, food analysis, stool culture, polymerase chain reaction of blood, other stool analyses, electroencephalogram, and echocardiography. […] Emerging tests include meningitis/encephalitis panel.

• #28 Listeriosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/listeriosis

  Histopathology may demonstrate: Mild spongiosis and lymphocytic exocytosis or pustules with subcorneal intraepidermal collections of neutrophils. Mixed acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis including prominent macrophages with intracellular and free coccobacillus (a short and oval bacillus) on Gram stain or haematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. […] An elevated white-cell count on full blood examination is usually found. […] Imaging may show abscesses on the patient’s internal organs, such as the liver and brain.

• #29 Listeriosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/listeriosis

  Histopathology may demonstrate: Mild spongiosis and lymphocytic exocytosis or pustules with subcorneal intraepidermal collections of neutrophils. Mixed acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis including prominent macrophages with intracellular and free coccobacillus (a short and oval bacillus) on Gram stain or haematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. […] An elevated white-cell count on full blood examination is usually found. […] Imaging may show abscesses on the patient’s internal organs, such as the liver and brain.

• #30 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. Maternal infection may present as a nonspecific, flu-like illness with fever, myalgia, backache, and headache, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. However, fetal and neonatal infections can be severe, leading to fetal loss, preterm labor, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and death. […] An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. Diagnosis is made primarily by blood culture.

• #31 Listeriosis in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621056/

  Listeriosis is a rare disease that causes mild maternal illness, but can be devastating to the fetus. […] Because of the potentially severe consequences, it is important that obstetricians are familiar with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of listerial infection. […] The most common means of diagnosis were culture of blood or placenta. […] Diagnosis of listerial infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] Blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant patient presenting with fever, especially if accompanied by flu-like or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Once listeriosis is diagnosed, high-dose penicillin or ampicillin is the treatment of choice. […] If the patient has a penicillin allergy, there are other treatment options.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. Various detection methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are available for diagnosis of listeriosis in humans. […] During pregnancy, blood and placenta cultures are the most reliable ways to discover if symptoms are due to listeriosis.

• #33 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  The antimicrobial regimen of choice for treatment of listeriosis is high-dose intravenous ampicillin (at least 6 g/day) for nonallergic patients for at least 14 days. […] Although blood cultures are the standard for diagnosis in cases of fever and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, if an amniocentesis has been performed, it usually reveals meconium staining and gram-positive rods. This information may help guide management when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Management recommendations for cases of known or suspected listeria exposure during pregnancy, such as those associated with an outbreak or product recall, are summarized in Figure 1.

• #34 Successful treatment of listeriosis by using high dose ampicillin in third trimester of pregnancy: a case report – Wei – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10423/html

  Listeriosis is a rare infection that causes mild maternal disease, but can be devastating to the fetus, in some cases leading to severe disease or even fetal death. […] Due to the unspecific symptoms of maternal listeriosis in the third trimester, early diagnosis is difficult, but if high-does penicillin was commenced timely, favorable outcomes of maternal-fetal can be anticipated. […] Due to nonspecific symptoms, early diagnosis of listeria in pregnancy is often problematic. Testing is usually by blood culture. Once listeriosis is diagnosed, high dosage of ampicillin, as a monotherapy option is sufficient for complete sterilization. […] Diagnosis of listeria infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] The findings emphasize the risk of listeria infection in pregnancy and the need to consider this infection in pregnant women with fever. […] Listeriosis in pregnancy is serious and difficult to diagnose, and blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant women presenting with fever. Once listeriosis is diagnosed, ampicillin should be initiated promptly to combatting listeria infection.

• #35 What Is Listeria Infection? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/guide/

  Pregnant women who may have been exposed to a food contaminated with listeria and have a fever of 100.6 degrees or higher should seek immediate testing and treatment. […] Its important to note that eating a food implicated in a listeria outbreak does not mean a person should start taking antibiotics. Even for older or immunocompromised individuals, antibiotic treatment is usually not recommended unless symptoms emerge.

• #36 Listeria Monocytogenes (Listeriosis): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/listeria/article.htm

  Diagnosis of listeria […] Although primary care physicians can treat listeriosis, other specialists may be involved, especially if the illness is serious. Other specialists such as infectious disease, critical care, and ob-gyn physicians, especially if a woman is pregnant, are likely to be consulted. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians who are treating the cause of the immunosuppression should also be consulted. […] Physicians base their preliminary diagnosis on the patient’s clinical history and physical exam, especially after the patient gives a history of likely exposure to a contaminated food source during a Listeria outbreak. Without this information, the diagnosis is difficult to sort out from many other diseases; this situation may result in a delay of treatment as the physician may do other tests to rule out other diseases such as salmonellosis, shigellosis, botulism, and E. coli infections. Definitive diagnosis of listeriosis is by culturing Listeria monocytogenes bacteria from the patient’s blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or amniotic fluid, usually on a medium that is selective for Listeria (for example, RAPID’L mono agar). Currently, no reliable tests are available to detect the bacteria in the stool; also, there are no reliable serological tests available (blood tests that can identify specific proteins associated with the bacteria or antibodies to the bacteria) according to the CDC.

• #37 Listeriosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/listeriosis/listeriosis-in-animals

  Serology analysis is not used routinely for diagnosis, because many healthy animals have high Listeria titers. […] Immunofluorescence assay testing is effective to rapidly identify L monocytogenes in smears of samples obtained from dead animals or aborted fetuses and from samples of milk, meat, and other sources. […] Listeriosis can be differentiated from pregnancy toxemia in ewes or ketosis in cattle via careful clinical examination, CSF testing and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations well below 3 mmol/L. […] Furthermore, facial and ear paralysis are absent in pregnancy toxemia or ketosis. […] In cattle, the unilateral signs of trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis (often subtle) help differentiate listeriosis from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, polioencephalomalacia, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, and lead poisoning. […] Rabies must always be considered in the list of differential diagnoses for listeriosis.

• #38 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Listeriosis is a serious, potentially fatal infection caused by Listeria species. Infections, which are usually the result of foodborne contamination, are generally sporadic, but the CDC has documented several multistate outbreaks. […] The various clinical manifestations of listeriosis are useful diagnostic guides. Febrile gastroenteritis secondary to Listeria can be difficult to definitively diagnose owing to its general, brief symptom complex resembling other causes of food poisoning. […] Only positive cultures of the organism from blood or CSF can conclusively diagnose listeriosis infections. […] Gram staining of CSF seems to be much less definitive when Listeria species are the causative pathogens; in fact, L monocytogenes meningitis yields a positive Gram stain in only about 33% of cases. […] Therefore, clinicians should hesitate to rule out Listeria based solely on a seemingly negative or inconclusive Gram stain.

• #39 Listeriosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/listeriosis/listeriosis-in-animals

  Serology analysis is not used routinely for diagnosis, because many healthy animals have high Listeria titers. […] Immunofluorescence assay testing is effective to rapidly identify L monocytogenes in smears of samples obtained from dead animals or aborted fetuses and from samples of milk, meat, and other sources. […] Listeriosis can be differentiated from pregnancy toxemia in ewes or ketosis in cattle via careful clinical examination, CSF testing and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations well below 3 mmol/L. […] Furthermore, facial and ear paralysis are absent in pregnancy toxemia or ketosis. […] In cattle, the unilateral signs of trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis (often subtle) help differentiate listeriosis from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, polioencephalomalacia, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, and lead poisoning. […] Rabies must always be considered in the list of differential diagnoses for listeriosis.

• #40 About Listeria Infection | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html

  Listeria infection is usually diagnosed when a laboratory test grows Listeria from a sample of an ill person’s body fluid or tissue. […] Listeria infection is caused by eating food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. The infection can be very serious for some groups of people.

• #41 Listeriosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is diagnosed by isolating L. monocytogenes from a site that is normally sterile, such as the patient’s blood, cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid between the brain and spinal cord), gastric washings (results of a stomach pump), amniotic fluid (the liquid that surrounds the fetus in the womb), meconium (the first fecal material from a fetus), placenta or fetal tissue specimens. The bacterium may also be isolated from a skin biopsy. […] Listeria may be present asymptomatically as normal vaginal and gut flora; therefore, samples of these are not useful in diagnosis. Microscopy and culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for detection. […] Molecular subtyping may help determine the association between isolates from cases and any products that test positive for L. monocytogenes. Serology testing for listeriosis is not very specific or sensitive.

• #42 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

  Two major clinical syndromes: […] Listeriosis: Severe, invasive illness with a mortality rate of ~20%. Typical manifestations include fetal loss in pregnant women, CNS disease, and bloodstream infections. […] Dx: […] Culture from a normally sterile site (CSF, blood, etc.). […] CSF PCR might be useful as an adjunct for the evaluation of CNS disease […] Serologic testing: poor sensitivity and specificity. Not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients. […] Diagnosis: positive CSF Gram stain ~30%, CSF culture ~85%, CSF PCR ~60%, BCx +63%. […] Routine stool culture for assessment: not recommended as it may be frequently seen with fecal carriage/shedding without causing illness.

• #43 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

  Two major clinical syndromes: […] Listeriosis: Severe, invasive illness with a mortality rate of ~20%. Typical manifestations include fetal loss in pregnant women, CNS disease, and bloodstream infections. […] Dx: […] Culture from a normally sterile site (CSF, blood, etc.). […] CSF PCR might be useful as an adjunct for the evaluation of CNS disease […] Serologic testing: poor sensitivity and specificity. Not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients. […] Diagnosis: positive CSF Gram stain ~30%, CSF culture ~85%, CSF PCR ~60%, BCx +63%. […] Routine stool culture for assessment: not recommended as it may be frequently seen with fecal carriage/shedding without causing illness.

• #44 Caring for Patients with Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  An exposed person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis with fever (100.6 F, 38.1 C) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, for whom no other cause of illness is known, should be tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. […] Diagnostic testing should include blood culture and other tests, such as culture of cerebrospinal fluid, as indicated by the clinical presentation. […] The suggested framework above does not include stool culture for L. monocytogenes. Stool culture has not been evaluated as a screening tool and is not recommended for the diagnosis of listeriosis. […] Serologic testing for Listeria has poor sensitivity and specificity and is not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients.

• #45 Listeria Monocytogenes | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540318/all/Listeria_Monocytogenes

  Two major clinical syndromes: […] Listeriosis: Severe, invasive illness with a mortality rate of ~20%. Typical manifestations include fetal loss in pregnant women, CNS disease, and bloodstream infections. […] Dx: […] Culture from a normally sterile site (CSF, blood, etc.). […] CSF PCR might be useful as an adjunct for the evaluation of CNS disease […] Serologic testing: poor sensitivity and specificity. Not recommended for diagnosis of listeriosis in individual patients. […] Diagnosis: positive CSF Gram stain ~30%, CSF culture ~85%, CSF PCR ~60%, BCx +63%. […] Routine stool culture for assessment: not recommended as it may be frequently seen with fecal carriage/shedding without causing illness.

• #46 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenes […] Catalase: positive […] Oxidase: negative […] Indole: negative […] Methyl Red: positive […] Voges Proskauer: positive […] Citrate: negative […] Urease: negative […] Carbohydrate fermentation of Listeria monocytogenes […] D- Mannitol: negative […] L- Rhamnose: positive […] D- Xylose: negative […] CAMP test: positive […] Motility: tumbling […] Arylesterase activity: negative […] Serology and molecular methods […] Serologic and molecular typing methods are used for epidemiologic investigations. […] Serologic classification is done only in reference laboratories and is primarily used for epidemiologic studies. […] There are 13 known serovars based on O (somatic) and H (flagellar) antigens. […] Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b make up more than 95% of the isolates from humans and are responsible for most infections in neonates and adults. […] Serotype 4b causes most of the food borne outbreaks. […] Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most commonly used molecular method for epidemiologic investigations of suspected outbreaks.

• #47 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenes […] Catalase: positive […] Oxidase: negative […] Indole: negative […] Methyl Red: positive […] Voges Proskauer: positive […] Citrate: negative […] Urease: negative […] Carbohydrate fermentation of Listeria monocytogenes […] D- Mannitol: negative […] L- Rhamnose: positive […] D- Xylose: negative […] CAMP test: positive […] Motility: tumbling […] Arylesterase activity: negative […] Serology and molecular methods […] Serologic and molecular typing methods are used for epidemiologic investigations. […] Serologic classification is done only in reference laboratories and is primarily used for epidemiologic studies. […] There are 13 known serovars based on O (somatic) and H (flagellar) antigens. […] Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b make up more than 95% of the isolates from humans and are responsible for most infections in neonates and adults. […] Serotype 4b causes most of the food borne outbreaks. […] Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most commonly used molecular method for epidemiologic investigations of suspected outbreaks.

• #48 Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/laboratory-diagnosis-listeriosis-caused-listeria-monocytogenes/

  Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenes […] Catalase: positive […] Oxidase: negative […] Indole: negative […] Methyl Red: positive […] Voges Proskauer: positive […] Citrate: negative […] Urease: negative […] Carbohydrate fermentation of Listeria monocytogenes […] D- Mannitol: negative […] L- Rhamnose: positive […] D- Xylose: negative […] CAMP test: positive […] Motility: tumbling […] Arylesterase activity: negative […] Serology and molecular methods […] Serologic and molecular typing methods are used for epidemiologic investigations. […] Serologic classification is done only in reference laboratories and is primarily used for epidemiologic studies. […] There are 13 known serovars based on O (somatic) and H (flagellar) antigens. […] Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b make up more than 95% of the isolates from humans and are responsible for most infections in neonates and adults. […] Serotype 4b causes most of the food borne outbreaks. […] Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most commonly used molecular method for epidemiologic investigations of suspected outbreaks.

• #49 Listeria – Identification and Subtyping | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Listeria-monocytogenes-Confirmation-Serotyping

  Listeria monocytogenes subtyping is performed by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence analysis is performed using standardized PulseNet Canada pipelines and compared to both provincial databases (preliminary or fast match result) and national databases (confirmatory result) to identify closest isolate matches by whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST). Following confirmatory results by NML, a cluster number may be assigned to the isolate if it is found to be genetically related to other isolates within the same cluster. […] Results of cultured isolate identification are reported to the physician, authorized health care provider (General O. Reg 45/22, s.18), and/or submitter as indicated on the requisition. Isolates confirmed as Listeria monocytogenes are reported to the Medical Officer of Health as per the Ontario Health Protection and Promotion Act.

• #50 Listeria infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275

  Often, healthcare professionals do a blood test to find out if you have a listeria infection. Samples of spinal fluid might need to be tested as well. If you’re pregnant, the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy also might be tested. […] Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don’t need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics. […] During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

• #51 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  The antimicrobial regimen of choice for treatment of listeriosis is high-dose intravenous ampicillin (at least 6 g/day) for nonallergic patients for at least 14 days. […] Although blood cultures are the standard for diagnosis in cases of fever and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, if an amniocentesis has been performed, it usually reveals meconium staining and gram-positive rods. This information may help guide management when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Management recommendations for cases of known or suspected listeria exposure during pregnancy, such as those associated with an outbreak or product recall, are summarized in Figure 1.

• #52 Listeria infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275

  Often, healthcare professionals do a blood test to find out if you have a listeria infection. Samples of spinal fluid might need to be tested as well. If you’re pregnant, the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy also might be tested. […] Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don’t need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics. […] During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

• #53 Listeria (listeriosis): Symptoms, causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180370

  Listeriosis is diagnosed by a blood test. Urine or spinal fluid might also be tested. […] For more serious cases of listeriosis, antibiotics are the most common treatment choice; ampicillin can be used alone or in conjunction with another antibiotic (often gentamicin).

• #54 Listeriosis in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621056/

  Listeriosis is a rare disease that causes mild maternal illness, but can be devastating to the fetus. […] Because of the potentially severe consequences, it is important that obstetricians are familiar with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of listerial infection. […] The most common means of diagnosis were culture of blood or placenta. […] Diagnosis of listerial infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] Blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant patient presenting with fever, especially if accompanied by flu-like or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Once listeriosis is diagnosed, high-dose penicillin or ampicillin is the treatment of choice. […] If the patient has a penicillin allergy, there are other treatment options.

• #55 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The identification of L. monocytogenes is performed using standard culture techniques. The bacteria grow in 24-48 hours, forming small rounded colonies and they present beta-haemolytic reaction on blood agar. […] Cultures of amniotic fluid, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Stool cultures are not sensitive or specific. […] Other investigations will depend on the individual presentation but may include CXR, lumbar puncture, CT scan and MRI. […] Whenever listeriosis is a clinical possibility – eg, acute pyogenic meningitis, and the organism is unknown – intravenous amoxicillin/ampicillin should always be part of the regimen. […] Gentamicin should be avoided in pregnancy and amoxicillin/ampicillin is then used alone.

• #56 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The identification of L. monocytogenes is performed using standard culture techniques. The bacteria grow in 24-48 hours, forming small rounded colonies and they present beta-haemolytic reaction on blood agar. […] Cultures of amniotic fluid, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Stool cultures are not sensitive or specific. […] Other investigations will depend on the individual presentation but may include CXR, lumbar puncture, CT scan and MRI. […] Whenever listeriosis is a clinical possibility – eg, acute pyogenic meningitis, and the organism is unknown – intravenous amoxicillin/ampicillin should always be part of the regimen. […] Gentamicin should be avoided in pregnancy and amoxicillin/ampicillin is then used alone.

• #57 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-treatment

  Intravenous antibiotics must be started immediately when the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed. […] Diagnosis is established by culture of the organism from blood, CSF, or other sterile body fluid.

• #58 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. Maternal infection may present as a nonspecific, flu-like illness with fever, myalgia, backache, and headache, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. However, fetal and neonatal infections can be severe, leading to fetal loss, preterm labor, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and death. […] An exposed pregnant woman with a fever higher than 38.1C (100.6F) and signs and symptoms consistent with listeriosis for whom no other cause of illness is known should be simultaneously tested and treated for presumptive listeriosis. Diagnosis is made primarily by blood culture.

• #59 SASGOG Pearls of Exxcellence | The Society for Academic Specialists in General Obstetrics & Gynecology

  https://exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/evaluation-and-management-of-listeria-monocytogenes-exposure-and-diagnosis-in-pregnancy/?categoryName=&searchTerms=&featured=False&bookmarked=False&sortColumn=date&sortDirection=Descending

  Listeriosis is primarily caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis can be challenging, and recommendations for treatment are primarily based on symptoms and presumptive exposure. L monocytogenes is most easily isolated in blood cultures, and confirmation of infection is difficult in the absence of bacteremia. […] If the patient presents with symptoms but is afebrile, the benefit of treatment is uncertain. However, it is reasonable to proceed with blood cultures, stool studies, and oral antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin), with close monitoring for worsening symptoms. […] Treatment or prophylaxis in an asymptomatic patient with an exposure is not recommended, but prompt treatment of a patient with a febrile gastroenteritis and high likelihood of exposure could improve both maternal and neonatal outcomes.

• #60 SASGOG Pearls of Exxcellence | The Society for Academic Specialists in General Obstetrics & Gynecology

  https://exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/evaluation-and-management-of-listeria-monocytogenes-exposure-and-diagnosis-in-pregnancy/?categoryName=&searchTerms=&featured=False&bookmarked=False&sortColumn=date&sortDirection=Descending

  Listeriosis is primarily caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis can be challenging, and recommendations for treatment are primarily based on symptoms and presumptive exposure. L monocytogenes is most easily isolated in blood cultures, and confirmation of infection is difficult in the absence of bacteremia. […] If the patient presents with symptoms but is afebrile, the benefit of treatment is uncertain. However, it is reasonable to proceed with blood cultures, stool studies, and oral antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin), with close monitoring for worsening symptoms. […] Treatment or prophylaxis in an asymptomatic patient with an exposure is not recommended, but prompt treatment of a patient with a febrile gastroenteritis and high likelihood of exposure could improve both maternal and neonatal outcomes.

• #61 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  If a pregnant woman has a fever coupled with other listeriosis symptoms, her doctor will likely start her on a course of intravenous antibiotics while ordering blood or placenta testing to check for the infection. […] Patients treated early for listeriosis and who dont develop sepsis, meningitis, or any of the infections more serious systemic complications tend to recover quickly and completely; usually within a matter of weeks. […] Fortunately, quick diagnosis and treatment is often very effective, Danoff says. If people especially those at high risk are careful about what they eat and quick to notify their doctor of symptoms they do experience, they have a good chance of knocking out the infection before it can invade their blood and cause more serious health problems.

• #62 How Doctors Treat Listeria Infection

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/listeria/treatment/

  If a pregnant woman has a fever coupled with other listeriosis symptoms, her doctor will likely start her on a course of intravenous antibiotics while ordering blood or placenta testing to check for the infection. […] Patients treated early for listeriosis and who dont develop sepsis, meningitis, or any of the infections more serious systemic complications tend to recover quickly and completely; usually within a matter of weeks. […] Fortunately, quick diagnosis and treatment is often very effective, Danoff says. If people especially those at high risk are careful about what they eat and quick to notify their doctor of symptoms they do experience, they have a good chance of knocking out the infection before it can invade their blood and cause more serious health problems.

• #63 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular, gram-positive rod that is responsible for causing the infection listeriosis. […] This activity illustrates the evaluation and management of listeriosis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Describe the use of bacterial culture in the evaluation of listeria. […] The diagnosis of L. monocytogenes requires a culture of the bacteria from the blood, cerebral spinal fluid, or placental fluid. Once in the lab, Listeria species grows on a special type of agar called Meuller-Hinton agar. Culture will reveal gram-positive rods with colonies that are beta-hemolytic. […] According to the CDC, stool cultures are neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosing L. monocytogenes.

• #64 About Listeria Infection | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html

  Listeria infection is usually diagnosed when a laboratory test grows Listeria from a sample of an ill person’s body fluid or tissue. […] Listeria infection is caused by eating food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. The infection can be very serious for some groups of people.

• #65 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  The antimicrobial regimen of choice for treatment of listeriosis is high-dose intravenous ampicillin (at least 6 g/day) for nonallergic patients for at least 14 days. […] Although blood cultures are the standard for diagnosis in cases of fever and symptoms consistent with listeriosis, if an amniocentesis has been performed, it usually reveals meconium staining and gram-positive rods. This information may help guide management when the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Management recommendations for cases of known or suspected listeria exposure during pregnancy, such as those associated with an outbreak or product recall, are summarized in Figure 1.

• #66 Successful treatment of listeriosis by using high dose ampicillin in third trimester of pregnancy: a case report – Wei – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10423/html

  Listeriosis is a rare infection that causes mild maternal disease, but can be devastating to the fetus, in some cases leading to severe disease or even fetal death. […] Due to the unspecific symptoms of maternal listeriosis in the third trimester, early diagnosis is difficult, but if high-does penicillin was commenced timely, favorable outcomes of maternal-fetal can be anticipated. […] Due to nonspecific symptoms, early diagnosis of listeria in pregnancy is often problematic. Testing is usually by blood culture. Once listeriosis is diagnosed, high dosage of ampicillin, as a monotherapy option is sufficient for complete sterilization. […] Diagnosis of listeria infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] The findings emphasize the risk of listeria infection in pregnancy and the need to consider this infection in pregnant women with fever. […] Listeriosis in pregnancy is serious and difficult to diagnose, and blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant women presenting with fever. Once listeriosis is diagnosed, ampicillin should be initiated promptly to combatting listeria infection.

• #67 Listeriosis in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621056/

  Listeriosis is a rare disease that causes mild maternal illness, but can be devastating to the fetus. […] Because of the potentially severe consequences, it is important that obstetricians are familiar with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of listerial infection. […] The most common means of diagnosis were culture of blood or placenta. […] Diagnosis of listerial infection can only be made by culturing the organism from a sterile site such as blood, amniotic fluid, or spinal fluid. […] Blood cultures should be considered in any pregnant patient presenting with fever, especially if accompanied by flu-like or gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Once listeriosis is diagnosed, high-dose penicillin or ampicillin is the treatment of choice. […] If the patient has a penicillin allergy, there are other treatment options.

• #68 Diagnosis Of Listeriosis: Laboratory Tests And Imaging Studies – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/diagnosis-of-listeriosis-laboratory-tests-and-imaging-studies/

  A bacterial culture (a kind of laboratory test), is used to diagnose listeriosis when the germs grow from bodily tissue or fluid, such as blood, spinal fluid, or the placenta. […] Identification of listeriosis in a laboratory setting due to Listeria monocytogenes. Blood and Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) samples are taken; microscopy is used to identify the organism under discussion. […] Listeria may be grown on most common laboratory media; following incubation for one to two days, tiny, circular colonies can be seen on agar media. […] Diagnosis of listeriosis starts with an initial assessment of signs and symptoms, like chills, aches, and diarrhoea; risk factors are also considered. To confirm the micro-organism, laboratory tests and imaging studies are performed. Computerised Tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are the most trusted. […] Novel techniques are being considered these days, like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and in vitro RNA amplification.

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