Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Overview of Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  The annual incidence of laboratory-confirmed listeriosis in the United States is about 0.24 cases per 100,000 population, based on active surveillance in 10 FoodNet sites. […] Approximately 800 laboratory-confirmed cases are reported annually to CDC’s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] However, many cases are not detected or reported, and CDC’s 2011 Estimates of Foodborne Illness, which includes estimates of cases not diagnosed or reported, indicates that approximately 1,600 cases occur annually in the United States.

• #2 About Listeria Infection | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html

  Listeria infection is the third leading cause of death from foodborne illness in the United States. […] CDC estimates that each year in the United States, 1,600 people are infected with Listeria, and 260 people die from the infection. […] Visit these pages to learn about outbreaks of Listeria infection in the United States. […] Stay informed about active outbreak investigations and learn about older ones. […] Active Investigations of Multistate Foodborne Outbreaks See which multistate foodborne outbreaks CDC is investigating each week. […] Use the „NORS View” tab to learn about outbreaks of Listeria infection reported through CDC’s National Outbreak Reporting System.

• #3 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people get listeriosis each year with approximately 260 people dying from the disease. The disease is most prevalent in pregnant women, infants, immunocompromised, and elderly (65 and older). Pregnant women are also at risk as they can acquire L. monocytogenes and pass it to their unborn fetus. […] The number of cases involving L. monocytogenes has decreased in recent years thanks to advances in prevention, detection, and treatment. […] Studies have shown that L. monocytogenes is the third leading cause of death from food-borne illnesses in the United States, with approximately 260 deaths annually. Mortality rates with confirmed L. monocytogenes infection are around 15% but can be higher depending on patient status and comorbidities. Nearly 25% of pregnancy-related cases have poor outcomes including fetal demise. Early recognition and treatment with ampicillin, penicillin G, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are very effective in treating L. monocytogenes.

• #4 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, is an important pathogen in pregnant patients, neonates, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised individuals, although it is an uncommon cause of illness in the general population. Patients with cancer, particularly those of blood, also are at high risk for listeriosis. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients.

• #5 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Incidence in 20042005 was 2.53 cases per million population a year in the United States, where pregnant women accounted for 30% of all cases. […] Of all non-perinatal infections, 70% occur in immunocompromised patients. Incidence in the U.S. has been falling since the 1990s, in contrast to Europe where changes in eating habits have led to an increase during the same time. In the EU, it has stabilized at around 5 cases per annum per million population, although the rate in each country contributing data to EFSA/ECDC varies greatly. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are about 1,600 cases of listeriosis annually in the United States. Compared to 19961998, the incidence of listeriosis had declined by about 38% by 2003. However, illnesses and deaths continue to occur. On average from 1998 to 2008, 2.4 outbreaks per year were reported to the CDC.

• #6 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  Foodborne infections such as listeriosis caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes represent a significant public health concern, particularly when outbreaks affect many individuals over prolonged time. […] The collected isolates covered 62% of all notified cases and belonged to 188 infection clusters. […] In Germany, incidence of listeriosis steadily increased from 0.4/100,000 in 2011 to 0.9/100,000 in 2017, but was slightly lower in subsequent years. […] During the last years, several countries or supranational entities such as the European Union have established pathogen surveillance systems based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and food isolates to allow cluster detection and assignment of food sources. […] As a result, listeriosis outbreaks can now be detected in real time, enabling food authorities to implement countermeasures during ongoing outbreaks.

• #7 Listeriosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a severe foodborne infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In France, listeriosis is rare, with an incidence of 5 to 6 cases per million inhabitants per year, but it is nevertheless fatal in 20 to 40% of cases. […] The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes was first described in the 1920s, but listeriosis has only been considered a serious public health problem since 1981, when the foodborne origin of infection in humans was revealed during an outbreak in Canada. It has been a notifiable disease in France since 1998. […] In mainland France, around 350 cases of listeriosis are reported each year. No large-scale outbreaks have been reported and the number of sporadic cases has fallen sharply in the past 15 years, especially in pregnant women and newborns. However, in recent years there has been an increase in cases of septicemia in elderly subjects, often those with comorbidities.

• #8

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  This report summarises the number, demographics and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of listeriosis from England and Wales in 2022. The main points are: […] In 2022, 167 cases of listeriosis were reported from England and Wales which is 6.4% increase compared to the previous 5 years median […] incidence rates of listeriosis were highest in people aged 80 years and over […] overall, the incidence of listeriosis was greater in men than women, with the exception of higher incidence in women for the age groups 20 to 29, 30 to 39 and 70 to 79 years […] pregnancy associated infections accounted for 14.4% of all reported cases and 28.6% of the pregnancy associated cases (where known) resulted in still birth or miscarriage […] among non-pregnancy associated cases of listeriosis, death was reported for 33 cases (23.1%), of whom 18 (55%, or 12.6% of all non-pregnancy associated cases) were known to have listeriosis recorded as a cause of death on the death certificate

• #9 Surveillance of listeriosis (Listeria) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/listeriosis/surveillance-listeriosis.html

  Since 2007, invasive listeriosis has been a nationally notifiable disease in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, FoodNet Canada. […] In recent years, about 134 cases of invasive listeriosis were reported annually in Canada. […] Invasive listeriosis is an uncommonly diagnosed infection that occurs worldwide.

• #10 Listeriosis

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an urgent notifiable condition that must be notified immediately to the department by medical practitioners and pathology services. Laboratories are required to notify Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food or water. […] Listeriosis is an uncommon disease in humans. In Australia in 2013, the rate was three infections per million population. […] Epidemiological investigation of cases should be used to detect outbreaks and to determine source. […] Molecular subtyping should be used to determine the association between isolates from cases and any foods positive for L. monocytogenes.

• #11 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection […] INTRODUCTION […] Listeria monocytogenes is an important bacterial pathogen in immunosuppressed patients, individuals at the extremes of age including neonates and older adults, pregnant patients, and, occasionally, previously healthy individuals. Invasion of the central nervous system (meningitis or meningoencephalitis) and bacteremia are the principal clinical manifestations of listerial infection in these hosts. In contrast, normal hosts who ingest high numbers of Listeria may develop self-limited febrile gastroenteritis. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis of listerial infection will be reviewed here. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of listerial infections are discussed separately.

• #12 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, is an important pathogen in pregnant patients, neonates, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised individuals, although it is an uncommon cause of illness in the general population. Patients with cancer, particularly those of blood, also are at high risk for listeriosis. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a serious, but preventable and treatable disease. […] Foodborne listeriosis is one of the most serious and severe foodborne diseases. […] Although the number of cases of listeriosis is small, the high rate of death associated with this infection makes it a significant public health concern. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. […] Pregnant women are about 20 times more likely to contract listeriosis than other healthy adults. […] Due to the long incubation period, it is challenging to identify the food which was the actual source of the infection.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  Listeriosis is approximately 18 times more common in pregnant women than in the general population. Furthermore, pregnant women account for 16-27% of all listeria infections, which can cause mild illness in mothers but can be devastating to the fetus, in some cases leading to severe disease or fetal death. The incidence of listeriosis in the newborn is estimated at a rate of 8.6 per 100,000 live births.

• #15 Get the Facts about Listeria | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-listeria

  Pregnant women are 18 times more likely to get listeriosis than other healthy adults, and 16 to 27% of all L. monocytogenes infections are in pregnant women. […] In a joint risk assessment report on L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization found that the elderly (people 60 years and older) were 2.6 times more likely to get listeriosis than the general healthy population. In the U.S. in 2011, the median age of non-pregnant people diagnosed with a severe form of listeriosis was 71 years. […] L. monocytogenes can infect many animal species. Signs of disease are mainly seen in ruminants, such as cattle, goats, and sheep. […] Listeriosis is more common in rabbits and rodents than dogs and cats.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  Listeriosis is approximately 18 times more common in pregnant women than in the general population. Furthermore, pregnant women account for 16-27% of all listeria infections, which can cause mild illness in mothers but can be devastating to the fetus, in some cases leading to severe disease or fetal death. The incidence of listeriosis in the newborn is estimated at a rate of 8.6 per 100,000 live births.

• #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #18 Get the Facts about Listeria | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-listeria

  Pregnant women are 18 times more likely to get listeriosis than other healthy adults, and 16 to 27% of all L. monocytogenes infections are in pregnant women. […] In a joint risk assessment report on L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization found that the elderly (people 60 years and older) were 2.6 times more likely to get listeriosis than the general healthy population. In the U.S. in 2011, the median age of non-pregnant people diagnosed with a severe form of listeriosis was 71 years. […] L. monocytogenes can infect many animal species. Signs of disease are mainly seen in ruminants, such as cattle, goats, and sheep. […] Listeriosis is more common in rabbits and rodents than dogs and cats.

• #19 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, is an important pathogen in pregnant patients, neonates, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised individuals, although it is an uncommon cause of illness in the general population. Patients with cancer, particularly those of blood, also are at high risk for listeriosis. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients.

• #20 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Incidence in 20042005 was 2.53 cases per million population a year in the United States, where pregnant women accounted for 30% of all cases. […] Of all non-perinatal infections, 70% occur in immunocompromised patients. Incidence in the U.S. has been falling since the 1990s, in contrast to Europe where changes in eating habits have led to an increase during the same time. In the EU, it has stabilized at around 5 cases per annum per million population, although the rate in each country contributing data to EFSA/ECDC varies greatly. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are about 1,600 cases of listeriosis annually in the United States. Compared to 19961998, the incidence of listeriosis had declined by about 38% by 2003. However, illnesses and deaths continue to occur. On average from 1998 to 2008, 2.4 outbreaks per year were reported to the CDC.

• #21 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, is an important pathogen in pregnant patients, neonates, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised individuals, although it is an uncommon cause of illness in the general population. Patients with cancer, particularly those of blood, also are at high risk for listeriosis. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients.

• #22

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  The analysis of WGS-derived data, combined with clinical and epidemiological data from standardised food and clinical questionnaires, is used to detect clusters of genomically and epidemiologically linked cases, inform outbreak investigations and implement appropriate control measures […] In 2022, 14.4% of cases were pregnancy associated (n=24), which represented a slight decrease when compared to previous years […] In 2022, there were 33 deaths among 143 non-pregnancy cases reported to national surveillance (23.1%) […] The incidence rate of listeriosis varied geographically […] July and November were the peak months for listeriosis reporting in 2022 […] There were 4 outbreaks (comprising 2 or more linked cases) of listeriosis investigated in England in 2022 […] Listeriosis remains a rarely reported disease in England and Wales, with 0.28 cases per 100,000 population […] Four national outbreaks were investigated in 2022, with 2 being traced back to high-risk foods for listeriosis […] The number of listeriosis cases in 2022 in England and Wales has returned to levels comparable with the 5 years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #23

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2021

  The crude incidence of listeriosis in 2021 was 0.27 cases per 100,000 population […] Incidence of listeriosis varied by age group and sex, with age-specific incidence rates highest in people aged 80 years and over […] In 2021, over a fifth of cases were pregnancy associated (n=34, 21.3%) […] In 2021, there were 22 deaths among 126 non-pregnancy cases reported to national surveillance (17.5%) […] The incidence rate of listeriosis varied geographically […] September was the peak month for listeriosis reporting in 2021 […] There were 3 outbreaks (comprising 2 or more linked cases) of listeriosis investigated in England in 2021 […] Listeriosis remains a rarely reported disease in England and Wales, with 0.27 cases per 100,000 population […] Mortality amongst non-pregnancy cases was lower compared to the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic […] Three national outbreaks were traced back to high-risk foods for listeriosis

• #24

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  mortality amongst non-pregnancy associated cases was lower compared to the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (2015 to 2019), with a case fatality rate of 23.1% compared to a median of 39.2% […] incidence of listeriosis varied geographically, with the lowest incidence in the West Midlands (0.17 per 100,000 population) and the highest in London (0.43 cases per 100,000 population) […] there were 4 listeriosis outbreaks investigated in England and Wales in 2022, including a national outbreak associated with smoked fish […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales has been undertaken since 1992. This report summarises the number, demographics and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of listeriosis in England and Wales reported in 2022 […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales is coordinated by the Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division (GIFSOH) at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)

• #25

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2021

  incidence of listeriosis varied geographically, with the lowest incidence in Wales (0.16 per 100,000 population) and the highest in London (0.39 cases per 100,000 population) […] there were 3 listeriosis outbreaks investigated in England and Wales in 2021, including a national outbreak associated with smoked fish […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales has been undertaken since 1992 […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales is coordinated by the Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division (GIFSOH) at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) […] Data presented relate to confirmed cases reported to the national enhanced surveillance system for L. monocytogenes infection during the period 2012 to 2021 […] In 2021, 160 cases of listeriosis were reported to national surveillance in England and Wales

• #26 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Incidence in 20042005 was 2.53 cases per million population a year in the United States, where pregnant women accounted for 30% of all cases. […] Of all non-perinatal infections, 70% occur in immunocompromised patients. Incidence in the U.S. has been falling since the 1990s, in contrast to Europe where changes in eating habits have led to an increase during the same time. In the EU, it has stabilized at around 5 cases per annum per million population, although the rate in each country contributing data to EFSA/ECDC varies greatly. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are about 1,600 cases of listeriosis annually in the United States. Compared to 19961998, the incidence of listeriosis had declined by about 38% by 2003. However, illnesses and deaths continue to occur. On average from 1998 to 2008, 2.4 outbreaks per year were reported to the CDC.

• #27 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  Incidence in 20042005 was 2.53 cases per million population a year in the United States, where pregnant women accounted for 30% of all cases. […] Of all non-perinatal infections, 70% occur in immunocompromised patients. Incidence in the U.S. has been falling since the 1990s, in contrast to Europe where changes in eating habits have led to an increase during the same time. In the EU, it has stabilized at around 5 cases per annum per million population, although the rate in each country contributing data to EFSA/ECDC varies greatly. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are about 1,600 cases of listeriosis annually in the United States. Compared to 19961998, the incidence of listeriosis had declined by about 38% by 2003. However, illnesses and deaths continue to occur. On average from 1998 to 2008, 2.4 outbreaks per year were reported to the CDC.

• #28 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people get listeriosis each year with approximately 260 people dying from the disease. The disease is most prevalent in pregnant women, infants, immunocompromised, and elderly (65 and older). Pregnant women are also at risk as they can acquire L. monocytogenes and pass it to their unborn fetus. […] The number of cases involving L. monocytogenes has decreased in recent years thanks to advances in prevention, detection, and treatment. […] Studies have shown that L. monocytogenes is the third leading cause of death from food-borne illnesses in the United States, with approximately 260 deaths annually. Mortality rates with confirmed L. monocytogenes infection are around 15% but can be higher depending on patient status and comorbidities. Nearly 25% of pregnancy-related cases have poor outcomes including fetal demise. Early recognition and treatment with ampicillin, penicillin G, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are very effective in treating L. monocytogenes.

• #29 Listeriosis during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04613-2

  Unfortunately, the incidence of pregnancy-associated listeriosis in our hospital (16.69/100,000) was higher than that in the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand (3.4, 3.4 and 12.3 per 100,000 births, respectively), where listeriosis was a notifiable disease. […] The information on listeriosis especially pregnancy-associated cases is limited, and this might due to the lack of a good listeriosis surveillance system in China.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a serious, but preventable and treatable disease. […] Foodborne listeriosis is one of the most serious and severe foodborne diseases. […] Although the number of cases of listeriosis is small, the high rate of death associated with this infection makes it a significant public health concern. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. […] Pregnant women are about 20 times more likely to contract listeriosis than other healthy adults. […] Due to the long incubation period, it is challenging to identify the food which was the actual source of the infection.

• #31 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people get listeriosis each year with approximately 260 people dying from the disease. The disease is most prevalent in pregnant women, infants, immunocompromised, and elderly (65 and older). Pregnant women are also at risk as they can acquire L. monocytogenes and pass it to their unborn fetus. […] The number of cases involving L. monocytogenes has decreased in recent years thanks to advances in prevention, detection, and treatment. […] Studies have shown that L. monocytogenes is the third leading cause of death from food-borne illnesses in the United States, with approximately 260 deaths annually. Mortality rates with confirmed L. monocytogenes infection are around 15% but can be higher depending on patient status and comorbidities. Nearly 25% of pregnancy-related cases have poor outcomes including fetal demise. Early recognition and treatment with ampicillin, penicillin G, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are very effective in treating L. monocytogenes.

• #32 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States. There are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection in the United States each year. […] The overall mortality rate of L monocytogenes infection is 15-20%. Listeria accounts for 19% of all deaths due to food-borne infection. […] Of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

• #33 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1,600 people get listeriosis each year with approximately 260 people dying from the disease. The disease is most prevalent in pregnant women, infants, immunocompromised, and elderly (65 and older). Pregnant women are also at risk as they can acquire L. monocytogenes and pass it to their unborn fetus. […] The number of cases involving L. monocytogenes has decreased in recent years thanks to advances in prevention, detection, and treatment. […] Studies have shown that L. monocytogenes is the third leading cause of death from food-borne illnesses in the United States, with approximately 260 deaths annually. Mortality rates with confirmed L. monocytogenes infection are around 15% but can be higher depending on patient status and comorbidities. Nearly 25% of pregnancy-related cases have poor outcomes including fetal demise. Early recognition and treatment with ampicillin, penicillin G, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are very effective in treating L. monocytogenes.

• #34 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States. There are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection in the United States each year. […] The overall mortality rate of L monocytogenes infection is 15-20%. Listeria accounts for 19% of all deaths due to food-borne infection. […] Of all pregnancy-related cases, 22% resulted in fetal loss or neonatal death, but mothers usually survive.

• #35 Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria monocytogenes | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2014/12/management-of-pregnant-women-with-presumptive-exposure-to-listeria-monocytogenes

  Listeriosis is predominantly a foodborne illness, with sporadic and outbreak-related cases tied to consumption of food contaminated with listeria (Listeria monocytogenes). The incidence of listeriosis associated with pregnancy is approximately 13 times higher than in the general population. […] The incidence of pregnancy-associated listeriosis is markedly higher among Hispanic women (8.9 per 100,000) compared with non-Hispanic women (2.3 per 100,000). […] Active, population-based surveillance for listeriosis determined that 17% of 760 listeriosis cases reported in 10 U.S. geographic sites from 2004 to 2009 were associated with pregnancy, with an overall perinatal mortality (fetal loss or neonatal death) rate of 29%. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers listeriosis a nationally notifiable disease, and once diagnosis is confirmed, health care providers should contact their state public health departments to comply with local requirements for reporting.

• #36

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  This report summarises the number, demographics and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of listeriosis from England and Wales in 2022. The main points are: […] In 2022, 167 cases of listeriosis were reported from England and Wales which is 6.4% increase compared to the previous 5 years median […] incidence rates of listeriosis were highest in people aged 80 years and over […] overall, the incidence of listeriosis was greater in men than women, with the exception of higher incidence in women for the age groups 20 to 29, 30 to 39 and 70 to 79 years […] pregnancy associated infections accounted for 14.4% of all reported cases and 28.6% of the pregnancy associated cases (where known) resulted in still birth or miscarriage […] among non-pregnancy associated cases of listeriosis, death was reported for 33 cases (23.1%), of whom 18 (55%, or 12.6% of all non-pregnancy associated cases) were known to have listeriosis recorded as a cause of death on the death certificate

• #37

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  This report summarises the number, demographics and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of listeriosis from England and Wales in 2022. The main points are: […] In 2022, 167 cases of listeriosis were reported from England and Wales which is 6.4% increase compared to the previous 5 years median […] incidence rates of listeriosis were highest in people aged 80 years and over […] overall, the incidence of listeriosis was greater in men than women, with the exception of higher incidence in women for the age groups 20 to 29, 30 to 39 and 70 to 79 years […] pregnancy associated infections accounted for 14.4% of all reported cases and 28.6% of the pregnancy associated cases (where known) resulted in still birth or miscarriage […] among non-pregnancy associated cases of listeriosis, death was reported for 33 cases (23.1%), of whom 18 (55%, or 12.6% of all non-pregnancy associated cases) were known to have listeriosis recorded as a cause of death on the death certificate

• #38

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  mortality amongst non-pregnancy associated cases was lower compared to the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (2015 to 2019), with a case fatality rate of 23.1% compared to a median of 39.2% […] incidence of listeriosis varied geographically, with the lowest incidence in the West Midlands (0.17 per 100,000 population) and the highest in London (0.43 cases per 100,000 population) […] there were 4 listeriosis outbreaks investigated in England and Wales in 2022, including a national outbreak associated with smoked fish […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales has been undertaken since 1992. This report summarises the number, demographics and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of listeriosis in England and Wales reported in 2022 […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales is coordinated by the Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division (GIFSOH) at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)

• #39 Listeriosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a severe foodborne infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In France, listeriosis is rare, with an incidence of 5 to 6 cases per million inhabitants per year, but it is nevertheless fatal in 20 to 40% of cases. […] The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes was first described in the 1920s, but listeriosis has only been considered a serious public health problem since 1981, when the foodborne origin of infection in humans was revealed during an outbreak in Canada. It has been a notifiable disease in France since 1998. […] In mainland France, around 350 cases of listeriosis are reported each year. No large-scale outbreaks have been reported and the number of sporadic cases has fallen sharply in the past 15 years, especially in pregnant women and newborns. However, in recent years there has been an increase in cases of septicemia in elderly subjects, often those with comorbidities.

• #40 Assessment of the molecular epidemiology and genetic multiplicity of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from ready-to-eat foods following the South African listeriosis outbreak | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20175-x

  However, several studies have reported the isolation of Lm from heat-processed, minimally processed and raw RTE foods including meat and meat products, fish and fish products, sausages, cooked ham, and deli ham. […] The most recent listeriosis outbreak traced to Polony in South Africa was accompanied by severe health implications (which led to about 1060 cases and 216 deaths nationwide where 53 cases and 13 deaths were reported in the Eastern Cape Province). […] Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive assessment of the occurrence, level of contamination, phenotypic and genotypic virulence determination, and the genetic relatedness of the RTE food isolates surveyed in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. […] The prevalence of 10 virulence genes including the inlA, InlC, inlJ, plcA, hlyA, plcB, prfA, mpl, inlB, and actA were detected among Lm isolates.

• #41 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  Foodborne infections such as listeriosis caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes represent a significant public health concern, particularly when outbreaks affect many individuals over prolonged time. […] The collected isolates covered 62% of all notified cases and belonged to 188 infection clusters. […] In Germany, incidence of listeriosis steadily increased from 0.4/100,000 in 2011 to 0.9/100,000 in 2017, but was slightly lower in subsequent years. […] During the last years, several countries or supranational entities such as the European Union have established pathogen surveillance systems based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and food isolates to allow cluster detection and assignment of food sources. […] As a result, listeriosis outbreaks can now be detected in real time, enabling food authorities to implement countermeasures during ongoing outbreaks.

• #42 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  Surveillance provides valuable insights into the foods, germs, and settings linked to foodborne diseases. For more than 30 years, CDC has conducted surveillance for Listeria infections to learn more about the germ, how it causes disease, how its spread, and other information to help protect the public from illness. Each of the CDC systems monitoring Listeria serves a different purpose. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of listeriosis in the United States. […] The Listeria Initiative is an enhanced surveillance system that collects reports of laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis in the United States. Its goal is to find and stop outbreaks by interviewing all patients with Listeria infection using the Listeria Case Report, a questionnaire developed to collect detailed information about the foods people ate before they got sick. The information collected from patients on the Listeria Case Report helps identify foods that may be contaminated with Listeria.

• #43 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  Surveillance provides valuable insights into the foods, germs, and settings linked to foodborne diseases. For more than 30 years, CDC has conducted surveillance for Listeria infections to learn more about the germ, how it causes disease, how its spread, and other information to help protect the public from illness. Each of the CDC systems monitoring Listeria serves a different purpose. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of listeriosis in the United States. […] The Listeria Initiative is an enhanced surveillance system that collects reports of laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis in the United States. Its goal is to find and stop outbreaks by interviewing all patients with Listeria infection using the Listeria Case Report, a questionnaire developed to collect detailed information about the foods people ate before they got sick. The information collected from patients on the Listeria Case Report helps identify foods that may be contaminated with Listeria.

• #44 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  FoodNet collects information to track rates and report trends for nine germs transmitted commonly by food, including Listeria. […] When PulseNet identifies a possible cluster of Listeria by finding the same molecular pattern in patients samples, epidemiologists can rapidly investigate the source. […] The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is a reporting system that enables all local, state, territorial, and federal health agencies to share health information to monitor, control, and prevent the occurrence and spread of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, including listeriosis, and some noninfectious diseases and conditions. […] The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collects reports of foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies. FDOSS contains information on foods, settings, and germs linked to specific outbreaks. […] Were using real-time whole genome sequence-based Listeria surveillance to solve outbreaks and improve food safety.

• #45 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  FoodNet collects information to track rates and report trends for nine germs transmitted commonly by food, including Listeria. […] When PulseNet identifies a possible cluster of Listeria by finding the same molecular pattern in patients samples, epidemiologists can rapidly investigate the source. […] The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is a reporting system that enables all local, state, territorial, and federal health agencies to share health information to monitor, control, and prevent the occurrence and spread of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, including listeriosis, and some noninfectious diseases and conditions. […] The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collects reports of foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies. FDOSS contains information on foods, settings, and germs linked to specific outbreaks. […] Were using real-time whole genome sequence-based Listeria surveillance to solve outbreaks and improve food safety.

• #46 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  FoodNet collects information to track rates and report trends for nine germs transmitted commonly by food, including Listeria. […] When PulseNet identifies a possible cluster of Listeria by finding the same molecular pattern in patients samples, epidemiologists can rapidly investigate the source. […] The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is a reporting system that enables all local, state, territorial, and federal health agencies to share health information to monitor, control, and prevent the occurrence and spread of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, including listeriosis, and some noninfectious diseases and conditions. […] The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collects reports of foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies. FDOSS contains information on foods, settings, and germs linked to specific outbreaks. […] Were using real-time whole genome sequence-based Listeria surveillance to solve outbreaks and improve food safety.

• #47 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  FoodNet collects information to track rates and report trends for nine germs transmitted commonly by food, including Listeria. […] When PulseNet identifies a possible cluster of Listeria by finding the same molecular pattern in patients samples, epidemiologists can rapidly investigate the source. […] The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is a reporting system that enables all local, state, territorial, and federal health agencies to share health information to monitor, control, and prevent the occurrence and spread of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, including listeriosis, and some noninfectious diseases and conditions. […] The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collects reports of foodborne disease outbreaks from local, state, tribal, and territorial public health agencies. FDOSS contains information on foods, settings, and germs linked to specific outbreaks. […] Were using real-time whole genome sequence-based Listeria surveillance to solve outbreaks and improve food safety.

• #48 Surveillance of listeriosis (Listeria) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/listeriosis/surveillance-listeriosis.html

  Since 2007, invasive listeriosis has been a nationally notifiable disease in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, FoodNet Canada. […] In recent years, about 134 cases of invasive listeriosis were reported annually in Canada. […] Invasive listeriosis is an uncommonly diagnosed infection that occurs worldwide.

• #49 Surveillance of listeriosis (Listeria) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/listeriosis/surveillance-listeriosis.html

  Since 2007, invasive listeriosis has been a nationally notifiable disease in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, FoodNet Canada. […] In recent years, about 134 cases of invasive listeriosis were reported annually in Canada. […] Invasive listeriosis is an uncommonly diagnosed infection that occurs worldwide.

• #50 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  The National Listeriosis Reference Service (LRS) was instituted in 2001 to provide enhanced laboratory surveillance and to implement molecular subtyping in conjunction with PulseNet Canada. […] We have retrospectively analysed by PFGE all human isolates of L. monocytogenes recovered in Canada from 1995 to 2004. […] The average annual incidence rate from 1995 to 2004 was 28 cases per million population based on NND data. […] The annual hospitalization rate including hospitalizations for which listeriosis was listed in the top three diagnoses averaged 22 hospitalizations per million population. […] Between 1995 and 2004, there were a total of 43 deaths for which listeriosis was the underlying cause, with an average of 43 deaths per year. […] The average annual case-fatality rate for listeriosis between 1995 and 2004 was 65%.

• #51

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2021

  incidence of listeriosis varied geographically, with the lowest incidence in Wales (0.16 per 100,000 population) and the highest in London (0.39 cases per 100,000 population) […] there were 3 listeriosis outbreaks investigated in England and Wales in 2021, including a national outbreak associated with smoked fish […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales has been undertaken since 1992 […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales is coordinated by the Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division (GIFSOH) at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) […] Data presented relate to confirmed cases reported to the national enhanced surveillance system for L. monocytogenes infection during the period 2012 to 2021 […] In 2021, 160 cases of listeriosis were reported to national surveillance in England and Wales

• #52

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  The analysis of WGS-derived data, combined with clinical and epidemiological data from standardised food and clinical questionnaires, is used to detect clusters of genomically and epidemiologically linked cases, inform outbreak investigations and implement appropriate control measures […] In 2022, 14.4% of cases were pregnancy associated (n=24), which represented a slight decrease when compared to previous years […] In 2022, there were 33 deaths among 143 non-pregnancy cases reported to national surveillance (23.1%) […] The incidence rate of listeriosis varied geographically […] July and November were the peak months for listeriosis reporting in 2022 […] There were 4 outbreaks (comprising 2 or more linked cases) of listeriosis investigated in England in 2022 […] Listeriosis remains a rarely reported disease in England and Wales, with 0.28 cases per 100,000 population […] Four national outbreaks were investigated in 2022, with 2 being traced back to high-risk foods for listeriosis […] The number of listeriosis cases in 2022 in England and Wales has returned to levels comparable with the 5 years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #53 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  Foodborne infections such as listeriosis caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes represent a significant public health concern, particularly when outbreaks affect many individuals over prolonged time. […] The collected isolates covered 62% of all notified cases and belonged to 188 infection clusters. […] In Germany, incidence of listeriosis steadily increased from 0.4/100,000 in 2011 to 0.9/100,000 in 2017, but was slightly lower in subsequent years. […] During the last years, several countries or supranational entities such as the European Union have established pathogen surveillance systems based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and food isolates to allow cluster detection and assignment of food sources. […] As a result, listeriosis outbreaks can now be detected in real time, enabling food authorities to implement countermeasures during ongoing outbreaks.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  The control of L. monocytogenes is required at all stages in the food chain and an integrated approach is needed to prevent the multiplication of this bacteria in the final food product. […] Food manufacturers should also test against microbiological criteria, as appropriate, when validating and verifying the correct functioning of their HACCP based procedures and other hygiene control measures. […] Modern technologies using genetic fingerprint Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) allow for more rapid identification of the food source of listeriosis outbreaks by linking L. monocytogens isolated from patients with those isolated from foods. […] WHO and FAO have published an international quantitative risk assessment of Listeria in ready-to-eat foods. […] WHOs main tool to assist Member States in surveillance, coordination and response to outbreaks is the International Network of Food Safety Authorities (INFOSAN) which links national authorities in Member States in charge of managing food safety events.

• #55 Eurosurveillance | Usefulness of the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System in the management of an outbreak of listeriosis, Belgium, 2011

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.17.38.20279-en?crawler=true

  A cluster of time-linked cases and the identification of a clonal strain suggest the occurrence of an outbreak of listeriosis in Belgium in 2011, presumably due to the consumption of hard cheese made with pasteurised milk and produced by a Belgium manufacturer. […] Food investigation of this outbreak was facilitated by the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System and data exchanged between French and Belgium listeriosis surveillance systems.

• #56 How investigating the population biology of Listeria is ushering in a new era in listeriosis surveillance​ | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/how-investigating-population-biology-listeria-ushering-new-era-listeriosis-surveillance

  „The technique for typing Listeria strains that we have developed is set to become the new standard, with whole-genome analysis of strains” when a case of listeriosis emerges somewhere in the world or contaminated food is detected. „We established a standardized nomenclature for strains that can be used to identify them with great precision. This will enable public health agencies to communicate effectively during outbreaks and to determine their geographical provenance and foodborne cause in real time,” pointed out Sylvain Brisse. […] „By analyzing our 1,700 samples, we were able to obtain a very precise picture of the Listeria population at global level,” explained Sylvain Brisse. „We published all these data on a website hosted by the Institut Pasteur, accessible to all international centers of expertise, with a very straightforward classification system which facilitates the comparative analysis of strains.”

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  The control of L. monocytogenes is required at all stages in the food chain and an integrated approach is needed to prevent the multiplication of this bacteria in the final food product. […] Food manufacturers should also test against microbiological criteria, as appropriate, when validating and verifying the correct functioning of their HACCP based procedures and other hygiene control measures. […] Modern technologies using genetic fingerprint Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) allow for more rapid identification of the food source of listeriosis outbreaks by linking L. monocytogens isolated from patients with those isolated from foods. […] WHO and FAO have published an international quantitative risk assessment of Listeria in ready-to-eat foods. […] WHOs main tool to assist Member States in surveillance, coordination and response to outbreaks is the International Network of Food Safety Authorities (INFOSAN) which links national authorities in Member States in charge of managing food safety events.

• #58 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #59 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #60 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  Six foodborne listeriosis outbreaks were reported in Canada between 1995 and 2003. […] Molecular typing using PFGE and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) revealed indistinguishable patterns for all isolates. […] The public health significance of diarrhoea caused by L. monocytogenes is not well understood. […] Prompt analysis of isolates by PFGE is critical for public health response. […] We recommend that PFGE should be done immediately at the appropriate provincial public health laboratory or that L. monocytogenes isolates should be sent as soon as possible to the LRS. […] The most predominant serotypes found in Canada between 1995 and 2004 were 1/2a, 4b, and 1/2b.

• #61 How investigating the population biology of Listeria is ushering in a new era in listeriosis surveillance​ | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/how-investigating-population-biology-listeria-ushering-new-era-listeriosis-surveillance

  By investigating the genome sequence of an international collection of strains of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, two Institut Pasteur scientists, Sylvain Brisse and Marc Lecuit, have helped improve our understanding of how different Listeria strains circulate across the world. Their method of typing strains using high-throughput sequencing signals a new era for the global monitoring of listeriosis cases. […] „We analyzed almost 1,700 strains from United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark and France,” explained the scientists. With unprecedented precision, they investigated the population diversity of these bacteria: „We established the precise structure of the Listeria monocytogenes population, calculated the evolutionary rate of the strains, demonstrated that they circulate worldwide, and revealed the extent of heterogeneity in the virulence and genomic characteristics of these strains,” reported the scientists.

• #62 Assessment of the molecular epidemiology and genetic multiplicity of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from ready-to-eat foods following the South African listeriosis outbreak | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20175-x

  The RTE food isolates were tested for biofilm-forming, and the analysis revealed that 134 (69.07%) were potential biofilm formers. […] The ability of Lm to form biofilm is one important characteristic/mechanism used to resist the effect of sanitisers and disinfectants applied to food processing contact surfaces. […] The molecular typing technique (ERIC PCR) used in this study revealed high genetic diversity among Lm isolates studied. […] The association of these epidemiological strains with RTE foods does not necessarily identify such foods as a transmission vehicle for Lm. […] This study revealed the prevalence, virulence signatures, biofilm and genetic diversity of Lm recovered from RTE foods obtained from different retail outlets in various locations in South Africa.

• #63 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  However, between 2004 and 2005 the incidence of listeriosis increased from 27 to 3 cases per million persons. […] The incidence of bloodborne listeriosis in England and Wales has shown a similar recent increase. […] In 2006, member states of the European Union reported a higher number of annual cases than had been seen in each of the last 8 years. […] Canada began a laboratory surveillance programme for L. monocytogenes in 1987, with reporting from only four of ten provinces. […] The only reported Canadian outbreak of listeriosis before 2000 occurred in the Maritime Provinces in 1981. […] Recent outbreaks have also occurred in Qubec in 2002 and 2008, in British Columbia in 2002 and across Canada in 2008. […] Serotyping has been extensively used to differentiate L. monocytogenes into groups that appear to be relevant in terms of human disease and clonal lineages of the organism.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #65 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  Six foodborne listeriosis outbreaks were reported in Canada between 1995 and 2003. […] Molecular typing using PFGE and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) revealed indistinguishable patterns for all isolates. […] The public health significance of diarrhoea caused by L. monocytogenes is not well understood. […] Prompt analysis of isolates by PFGE is critical for public health response. […] We recommend that PFGE should be done immediately at the appropriate provincial public health laboratory or that L. monocytogenes isolates should be sent as soon as possible to the LRS. […] The most predominant serotypes found in Canada between 1995 and 2004 were 1/2a, 4b, and 1/2b.

• #66 Assessment of the molecular epidemiology and genetic multiplicity of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from ready-to-eat foods following the South African listeriosis outbreak | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20175-x

  However, several studies have reported the isolation of Lm from heat-processed, minimally processed and raw RTE foods including meat and meat products, fish and fish products, sausages, cooked ham, and deli ham. […] The most recent listeriosis outbreak traced to Polony in South Africa was accompanied by severe health implications (which led to about 1060 cases and 216 deaths nationwide where 53 cases and 13 deaths were reported in the Eastern Cape Province). […] Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive assessment of the occurrence, level of contamination, phenotypic and genotypic virulence determination, and the genetic relatedness of the RTE food isolates surveyed in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. […] The prevalence of 10 virulence genes including the inlA, InlC, inlJ, plcA, hlyA, plcB, prfA, mpl, inlB, and actA were detected among Lm isolates.

• #67 Assessment of the molecular epidemiology and genetic multiplicity of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from ready-to-eat foods following the South African listeriosis outbreak | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20175-x

  The RTE food isolates were tested for biofilm-forming, and the analysis revealed that 134 (69.07%) were potential biofilm formers. […] The ability of Lm to form biofilm is one important characteristic/mechanism used to resist the effect of sanitisers and disinfectants applied to food processing contact surfaces. […] The molecular typing technique (ERIC PCR) used in this study revealed high genetic diversity among Lm isolates studied. […] The association of these epidemiological strains with RTE foods does not necessarily identify such foods as a transmission vehicle for Lm. […] This study revealed the prevalence, virulence signatures, biofilm and genetic diversity of Lm recovered from RTE foods obtained from different retail outlets in various locations in South Africa.

• #68 Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes Infection – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31837132/

  Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium which can be found in soil or water. Infection with the organism can develop after ingestion of contaminated food products. Small and large outbreaks of listeriosis have been described. […] The mortality rate is high, reflecting the combination of an immunocompromised host and an often delayed diagnosis. […] Listeriosis / epidemiology* Actions.

• #69 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection

  Listeria produces a characteristic appearance on blood agar with small zones of clear beta-hemolysis around each colony. Listeria grows well at refrigeration temperatures (4° to 10°C). Rarely, the „cold enrichment” technique and selective media are used when attempting to isolate Listeria from mixed cultures, such as stool. […] PATHOGENESIS […] Listeria is a facultative intracellular parasite. The primary habitat of Listeria is the soil and decaying vegetable matter. Most Listeria infections in adults are thought to result from oral ingestion and subsequent intestinal mucosal penetration and systemic infection.

• #70 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The bacterium has been isolated from a range of raw foods, including vegetables, uncooked meats and processed foods. Eating cooked food that has then been refrigerated and recooked is a particular risk for causing infection. Usually killed by cooking or pasteurisation, it can survive some forms of pasteurisation, particularly if the bacterial count is high. […] L. monocytogenes is often carried in the human bowel (1-10% carrier rate).

• #71 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Listeriosis

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/listeriosis.shtml

  Listeria bacteria can cause an infection called listeriosis. Listeria infections are rare, but serious. This infection can be especially harmful for some people, including pregnant people, newborns, adults aged 65 or older, and people with weakened immune systems. Every year in the United States, an estimated 1,600 people get sick from Listeria and about 1 in 25,000 pregnant people are infected. […] Listeria can spread to your baby during pregnancy and cause harm, even if you do not feel very sick. […] Some foods are more likely than others to be contaminated with Listeria. You can take steps to prevent infection, taking these steps is especially important if you or someone you cook for is at an increased risk for infection.

• #72 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The total number of cases of L. monocytogenes in England and Wales reported to Public Health England in 2019 was 142. 17.6% of those were pregnancy-associated infections and approximately a third of those resulted in stillbirth or miscarriage. […] L. monocytogenes is common in wild animals, domesticated animals and in soil and water. It causes disease in many animals and is a common cause of miscarriage and stillbirth in domestic animals. […] Infection may be foodborne or from direct contact with animals (particularly during calving, lambing and post-mortem examinations). Spread from mother to fetus may occur in utero or during birth. […] Listeria spp. have a peculiar property of being able to grow at low temperatures, ie on contaminated refrigerated food, and are an important foodborne pathogen. Soft cheeses and meat-based pt have been implicated in outbreaks.

• #73 Listeriosis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis

  The bacterium has been isolated from a range of raw foods, including vegetables, uncooked meats and processed foods. Eating cooked food that has then been refrigerated and recooked is a particular risk for causing infection. Usually killed by cooking or pasteurisation, it can survive some forms of pasteurisation, particularly if the bacterial count is high. […] L. monocytogenes is often carried in the human bowel (1-10% carrier rate).

• #74 Assessment of the molecular epidemiology and genetic multiplicity of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from ready-to-eat foods following the South African listeriosis outbreak | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20175-x

  However, several studies have reported the isolation of Lm from heat-processed, minimally processed and raw RTE foods including meat and meat products, fish and fish products, sausages, cooked ham, and deli ham. […] The most recent listeriosis outbreak traced to Polony in South Africa was accompanied by severe health implications (which led to about 1060 cases and 216 deaths nationwide where 53 cases and 13 deaths were reported in the Eastern Cape Province). […] Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive assessment of the occurrence, level of contamination, phenotypic and genotypic virulence determination, and the genetic relatedness of the RTE food isolates surveyed in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. […] The prevalence of 10 virulence genes including the inlA, InlC, inlJ, plcA, hlyA, plcB, prfA, mpl, inlB, and actA were detected among Lm isolates.

• #75

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2022

  This report summarises the number, demographics and clinical outcomes of confirmed cases of listeriosis from England and Wales in 2022. The main points are: […] In 2022, 167 cases of listeriosis were reported from England and Wales which is 6.4% increase compared to the previous 5 years median […] incidence rates of listeriosis were highest in people aged 80 years and over […] overall, the incidence of listeriosis was greater in men than women, with the exception of higher incidence in women for the age groups 20 to 29, 30 to 39 and 70 to 79 years […] pregnancy associated infections accounted for 14.4% of all reported cases and 28.6% of the pregnancy associated cases (where known) resulted in still birth or miscarriage […] among non-pregnancy associated cases of listeriosis, death was reported for 33 cases (23.1%), of whom 18 (55%, or 12.6% of all non-pregnancy associated cases) were known to have listeriosis recorded as a cause of death on the death certificate

• #76

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/listeria-monocytogenes-surveillance-reports/listeriosis-in-england-and-wales-summary-for-2021

  incidence of listeriosis varied geographically, with the lowest incidence in Wales (0.16 per 100,000 population) and the highest in London (0.39 cases per 100,000 population) […] there were 3 listeriosis outbreaks investigated in England and Wales in 2021, including a national outbreak associated with smoked fish […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales has been undertaken since 1992 […] National surveillance of listeriosis in England and Wales is coordinated by the Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Safety (One Health) Division (GIFSOH) at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) […] Data presented relate to confirmed cases reported to the national enhanced surveillance system for L. monocytogenes infection during the period 2012 to 2021 […] In 2021, 160 cases of listeriosis were reported to national surveillance in England and Wales

• #77 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #78 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #79 Eurosurveillance | Cheese-related listeriosis outbreak, Portugal, March 2009 to February 2012

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.17.21104?crawler=true

  In Portugal, listeriosis has been notifiable since April 2014, but there is no active surveillance programme for the disease. […] The magnitude of this outbreak, the first reported food-borne listeriosis outbreak in Portugal, highlights the importance of having an effective listeriosis surveillance system in place for early detection and resolution of outbreaks, as well as the need for a process for the prompt submission of Listeria monocytogenes isolates for routine laboratory typing.

• #80 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  Listeriosis represents a serious invasive illness that predominantly affects pregnant women, newborns and immunocompromised individuals. Contaminated foods are vehicles used by the causative organism, Listeria monocytogenes, for its transmission to humans. Bigger and smaller outbreaks of listeriosis have been reported throughout the globe. […] The public health significance of listeriosis is not adequately recognized, especially since it is considered rare in comparison to other foodborne diseases. Nonetheless, due to its severity and high mortality, listeriosis is considered as one of the most frequent causes of death when foodborne illnesses are concerned. […] Listeriosis has a low incidence rate and is reported almost exclusively in industrialized countries (data from Asia, Africa and South America is scarce). According to the CDC, it is estimated that in the US 1,600 people contract listeriosis each year and around 260 of these die.

• #81

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a serious, but preventable and treatable disease. […] Foodborne listeriosis is one of the most serious and severe foodborne diseases. […] Although the number of cases of listeriosis is small, the high rate of death associated with this infection makes it a significant public health concern. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. […] Pregnant women are about 20 times more likely to contract listeriosis than other healthy adults. […] Due to the long incubation period, it is challenging to identify the food which was the actual source of the infection.

• #82 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Listeriosis

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/diseases-and-conditions-resource-page/listeriosis/

  Listeriosis is often a severe condition and requires treatment. Listeriosis is usually treated with antibiotics. […] The risk of invasive listeriosis after exposure to L. monocytogenes is very low; although exposure is common, disease is rare. It was the consensus of an expert panel that no testing or treatment is indicated for an asymptomatic person with elevated risk of invasive listeriosis who ate a product recalled because of L. monocytogenes contamination. Patient management decisions for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic persons are appropriately made on a case-by-case basis, informed by clinical judgment and the likelihood of exposure of the patient.

• #83 Surveillance of listeriosis and its causative pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. – 2011/09

  https://iifiir.org/en/fridoc/surveillance-of-listeriosis-and-its-causative-pathogen-listeria-134016

  To manage the problem of foodborne listeriosis requires an understanding of the burden of the disease on a worldwide scale as foods that are prone to contamination are eaten widely domestically and many are traded globally. […] Surveillance of the disease, caused by Listeria monocytogenes, is typically restricted to developed countries, but many of these do not consider listeriosis as a notifiable disease and estimate the numbers by other means. […] Incidence rates range from 0.3 to 1.3 per 100,000, but most are in the 0.3-0.5 range, irrespective of the regulatory system and industry control programmes that have been in place. […] In addition to outbreak investigation, case-control studies, and the use of experts, risk assessments, and food attribution studies can help focus on areas of greatest risk for prevention and control measures throughout the food chain.

• #84 Clinical Overview of Listeriosis | Listeria Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  The annual incidence of laboratory-confirmed listeriosis in the United States is about 0.24 cases per 100,000 population, based on active surveillance in 10 FoodNet sites. […] Approximately 800 laboratory-confirmed cases are reported annually to CDC’s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] However, many cases are not detected or reported, and CDC’s 2011 Estimates of Foodborne Illness, which includes estimates of cases not diagnosed or reported, indicates that approximately 1,600 cases occur annually in the United States.

• #85 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  Six foodborne listeriosis outbreaks were reported in Canada between 1995 and 2003. […] Molecular typing using PFGE and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) revealed indistinguishable patterns for all isolates. […] The public health significance of diarrhoea caused by L. monocytogenes is not well understood. […] Prompt analysis of isolates by PFGE is critical for public health response. […] We recommend that PFGE should be done immediately at the appropriate provincial public health laboratory or that L. monocytogenes isolates should be sent as soon as possible to the LRS. […] The most predominant serotypes found in Canada between 1995 and 2004 were 1/2a, 4b, and 1/2b.

• #86 Surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, 1995–2004 | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/surveillance-for-listeria-monocytogenes-and-listeriosis-19952004/D05AD241E3D2BEC08D6504A31E6ABB0B

  Canadian cases and outbreaks of illness caused by Listeria monocytogenes between 1995 and 2004 were assessed. […] Rates of listeriosis remained fairly consistent during the period of study, and patient characteristics were similar to those seen in studies of other populations. […] A retrospective analysis of PFGE data uncovered several clusters that might have represented undetected outbreaks, suggesting that comprehensive prospective PFGE analysis coupled with prompt epidemiological investigations might lead to improved outbreak detection and control. […] Summaries of long-term surveillance show that severe listeriosis predominantly affects neonates and young infants, pregnant women and their unborn children, older individuals, and immunocompromised individuals. […] Data from the U.S. Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) showed a reduction in cases between 1996 and 2002 of 5 to 27 cases per million persons.

• #87 Surveillance | Listeria | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html

  Surveillance provides valuable insights into the foods, germs, and settings linked to foodborne diseases. For more than 30 years, CDC has conducted surveillance for Listeria infections to learn more about the germ, how it causes disease, how its spread, and other information to help protect the public from illness. Each of the CDC systems monitoring Listeria serves a different purpose. Together, they provide a comprehensive view of listeriosis in the United States. […] The Listeria Initiative is an enhanced surveillance system that collects reports of laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis in the United States. Its goal is to find and stop outbreaks by interviewing all patients with Listeria infection using the Listeria Case Report, a questionnaire developed to collect detailed information about the foods people ate before they got sick. The information collected from patients on the Listeria Case Report helps identify foods that may be contaminated with Listeria.

• #88 Listeriosis: Characteristics, Occurrence in Domestic Animals, Public Health Significance, Surveillance and Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/10/2055

  Listeriosis poses a significant threat to cattle, sheep and goat herds, leading to abortions, septicemia and meningoencephalitis, and ruminants are important reservoirs for Listeria, facilitating transmission to humans. […] Controlling and monitoring the disease at the herd level, along with adopting a One Health approach, are crucial to protect human and animal health and to minimize the potential negative impacts on the environment. […] Despite regulated controls of food and environmental samples from food processing facilities, the resilience, persistence and spread of Listeria within herds and into the food production chain, necessitate herd-level disease monitoring as the “first line of defense”. […] Monitoring of cattle, sheep and goat herds, as well as swine production, can significantly reduce Listeria entry into food processing facilities (slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and dairies).

• #89 Listeriosis: Characteristics, Occurrence in Domestic Animals, Public Health Significance, Surveillance and Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/10/2055

  Listeriosis poses a significant threat to cattle, sheep and goat herds, leading to abortions, septicemia and meningoencephalitis, and ruminants are important reservoirs for Listeria, facilitating transmission to humans. […] Controlling and monitoring the disease at the herd level, along with adopting a One Health approach, are crucial to protect human and animal health and to minimize the potential negative impacts on the environment. […] Despite regulated controls of food and environmental samples from food processing facilities, the resilience, persistence and spread of Listeria within herds and into the food production chain, necessitate herd-level disease monitoring as the “first line of defense”. […] Monitoring of cattle, sheep and goat herds, as well as swine production, can significantly reduce Listeria entry into food processing facilities (slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and dairies).

• #90 Listeriosis: Characteristics, Occurrence in Domestic Animals, Public Health Significance, Surveillance and Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/10/2055

  Considering the damage caused by the disease, surveillance program measures should include, at least, the following: Mandatory testing of abortion samples, ensuring all aborted material from livestock is tested for listeriosis; Mandatory testing for listeriosis in small ruminants and cattle carcasses if CNS symptoms are present; Implementing mandatory preventive rodent-control and bird-control measures on farms and disinfection measures, following disease confirmation; Additionally, educational programs for animal owners and veterinarians should be planned to improve awareness and response to listeriosis. […] By implementing these measures, it is possible to significantly mitigate the impact of listeriosis on livestock and reduce its entry into the food production chain, thereby protecting both animals and public health.

• #91 Listeriosis: Characteristics, Occurrence in Domestic Animals, Public Health Significance, Surveillance and Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/10/2055

  Considering the damage caused by the disease, surveillance program measures should include, at least, the following: Mandatory testing of abortion samples, ensuring all aborted material from livestock is tested for listeriosis; Mandatory testing for listeriosis in small ruminants and cattle carcasses if CNS symptoms are present; Implementing mandatory preventive rodent-control and bird-control measures on farms and disinfection measures, following disease confirmation; Additionally, educational programs for animal owners and veterinarians should be planned to improve awareness and response to listeriosis. […] By implementing these measures, it is possible to significantly mitigate the impact of listeriosis on livestock and reduce its entry into the food production chain, thereby protecting both animals and public health.

• #92 Surveillance of listeriosis and its causative pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. – 2011/09

  https://iifiir.org/en/fridoc/surveillance-of-listeriosis-and-its-causative-pathogen-listeria-134016

  To manage the problem of foodborne listeriosis requires an understanding of the burden of the disease on a worldwide scale as foods that are prone to contamination are eaten widely domestically and many are traded globally. […] Surveillance of the disease, caused by Listeria monocytogenes, is typically restricted to developed countries, but many of these do not consider listeriosis as a notifiable disease and estimate the numbers by other means. […] Incidence rates range from 0.3 to 1.3 per 100,000, but most are in the 0.3-0.5 range, irrespective of the regulatory system and industry control programmes that have been in place. […] In addition to outbreak investigation, case-control studies, and the use of experts, risk assessments, and food attribution studies can help focus on areas of greatest risk for prevention and control measures throughout the food chain.

• #93

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is a serious, but preventable and treatable disease. […] Foodborne listeriosis is one of the most serious and severe foodborne diseases. […] Although the number of cases of listeriosis is small, the high rate of death associated with this infection makes it a significant public health concern. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed. […] Pregnant women are about 20 times more likely to contract listeriosis than other healthy adults. […] Due to the long incubation period, it is challenging to identify the food which was the actual source of the infection.

• #94 Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220684-overview

  Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, is an important pathogen in pregnant patients, neonates, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised individuals, although it is an uncommon cause of illness in the general population. Patients with cancer, particularly those of blood, also are at high risk for listeriosis. […] Listeria infection ranks as the third leading cause of mortality from foodborne illnesses in the United States, and there are 1,600 cases of Listeria infection and 260 fatalities due to the infection each year. […] The frequency of L monocytogenes infection is 2.9 cases per million population, with higher incidences in elderly individuals and pregnant women. It presents with higher incidence rates during the summer months. Pregnant women account for 27% of all cases, and most occur during the third trimester. Seventy percent of all nonperinatal infections occur in immunocompromised patients.

• #95 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeriosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As of 2021, there is an outbreak of listeriosis due to Hispanic-style fresh and soft cheeses in the US. Over the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks in the US associated with a broad range of foods including cantaloupe melons, ice cream and frozen vegetables. Outbreaks have also occurred in Europe, the UK, South Africa, Australia and Spain over the last seven years. […] Listeria monocytogenes most frequently associated with listeriosis cases belong to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. Epidemiological monitoring studies employ different genotyping techniques, with pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the golden standard due to its discrimination and reproducibility for molecular sub-typing of this pathogen. […] Medical advances and demographic changes have resulted in an increase in the size of certain at-risk groups for listeriosis, namely the elderly and immunocompromised patients. It must be noted that, even though listeriosis can cause disease in all populations, more than 50% of all cases occur in those older than 65 years of age.

• #96 How investigating the population biology of Listeria is ushering in a new era in listeriosis surveillance​ | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/how-investigating-population-biology-listeria-ushering-new-era-listeriosis-surveillance

  „The technique for typing Listeria strains that we have developed is set to become the new standard, with whole-genome analysis of strains” when a case of listeriosis emerges somewhere in the world or contaminated food is detected. „We established a standardized nomenclature for strains that can be used to identify them with great precision. This will enable public health agencies to communicate effectively during outbreaks and to determine their geographical provenance and foodborne cause in real time,” pointed out Sylvain Brisse. […] „By analyzing our 1,700 samples, we were able to obtain a very precise picture of the Listeria population at global level,” explained Sylvain Brisse. „We published all these data on a website hosted by the Institut Pasteur, accessible to all international centers of expertise, with a very straightforward classification system which facilitates the comparative analysis of strains.”

• #97

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  The control of L. monocytogenes is required at all stages in the food chain and an integrated approach is needed to prevent the multiplication of this bacteria in the final food product. […] Food manufacturers should also test against microbiological criteria, as appropriate, when validating and verifying the correct functioning of their HACCP based procedures and other hygiene control measures. […] Modern technologies using genetic fingerprint Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) allow for more rapid identification of the food source of listeriosis outbreaks by linking L. monocytogens isolated from patients with those isolated from foods. […] WHO and FAO have published an international quantitative risk assessment of Listeria in ready-to-eat foods. […] WHOs main tool to assist Member States in surveillance, coordination and response to outbreaks is the International Network of Food Safety Authorities (INFOSAN) which links national authorities in Member States in charge of managing food safety events.

• #98 Listeriosis: Characteristics, Occurrence in Domestic Animals, Public Health Significance, Surveillance and Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/10/2055

  Listeriosis poses a significant threat to cattle, sheep and goat herds, leading to abortions, septicemia and meningoencephalitis, and ruminants are important reservoirs for Listeria, facilitating transmission to humans. […] Controlling and monitoring the disease at the herd level, along with adopting a One Health approach, are crucial to protect human and animal health and to minimize the potential negative impacts on the environment. […] Despite regulated controls of food and environmental samples from food processing facilities, the resilience, persistence and spread of Listeria within herds and into the food production chain, necessitate herd-level disease monitoring as the “first line of defense”. […] Monitoring of cattle, sheep and goat herds, as well as swine production, can significantly reduce Listeria entry into food processing facilities (slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and dairies).

• #99 High density genomic surveillance and risk profiling of clinical Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in Germany | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-024-01389-2

  Our work presents an in-depth analysis of the genomic characteristics of L. monocytogenes isolates that cause disease in Germany. It supports prioritisation of disease clusters for epidemiological investigations and reinforces the need to analyse the mechanisms underlying hyper- and hypovirulence. […] The combination of sequencing data covering the majority of clinical cases with notification data enabled us to analyse human L. monocytogenes infections that occurred in Germany over a period of four consecutive years in different dimensions. […] Besides its importance for public health, genomic pathogen surveillance also allows the identification of hypo- and hypervirulent subtypes or regionally prevailing clones, when genomic subtyping data are combined with information on disease severity or geographic data, respectively. […] Our analysis also suggests that further genetic factors determining infection of the brain and the placenta may exist, as secondary organ involvement has to be considered a multifactorial process.

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