Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeria-Pathogenesis.aspx

  Listeria monocytogenes represent a universal, fast-growing, gram-positive bacterium with a diverse ecological niche and host range. Infection of humans and animals with this microorganism is traced to contaminated foods and can lead to a serious (often lethal) disease known as listeriosis. […] Disease-causing properties of Listeria monocytogenes can be traced to the ability of this bacterium to induce its own uptake by host cells, followed by replication within those cells and direct transfer to another cell. Since Listeria remains within host cells, it can spread throughout the body while protecting from many host defenses including antibodies. […] Such pathogenicity of Listeria is supported by a highly complex and coordinated intracellular life cycle that is composed of several crucial steps: host cell adhesion and invasion, intracellular multiplication and motility, and intercellular spread. The completion of each stage is dependent on the orchestrated activity of specialized bacterial virulence factors.

• #2 Listeria (Listeriosis) | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/listeria-listeriosis

  Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a type of disease-causing bacteria that can be found in many places, including soil, water, sewage, rotting vegetation, and animals. […] L. monocytogenes can thrive in unsanitary food production conditions, leading to contamination of the food. When people eat food contaminated with L. monocytogenes, they may develop a disease called listeriosis. […] L. monocytogenes is generally transmitted when food is harvested, processed, prepared, packed, transported, or stored in manufacturing or production environments contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Environments can become contaminated by raw materials, water, soil, and incoming air. […] As people age, their immune system becomes less effective at recognizing and eliminating harmful germs that may cause infections. This delay gives harmful germs, like L. monocytogenes, an opportunity to grow and spread within their victim. […] Unlike most bacteria, L. monocytogenes can grow at refrigeration temperatures and freezing will not eliminate or reduce the pathogen.

• #3 Listeria Monocytogenes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

  Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors include but are not limited to intracellular mobility via actin polymerization and the ability to replicate at refrigerator temperatures. […] L. monocytogenes has cell-surface galactose residues, lipoteichoic acids, and surface proteins called „internalins” (internalin A and B) that binds primarily to gastrointestinal epithelial cells via host protein cadherin, allowing entry into the cell. […] Once free of the vacuole, the bacteria can disrupt the normal cellular processes by moving through the cell via actin polymerization. The bacterium surface protein, ActA, is stimulated by host intracellular proteins that innately regulate actin filaments. […] Cadherin is an epithelial attachment protein that is found in abundance in the blood-brain barrier as well as the placental-fetus barrier which may explain why the bacteria can infect neonates and cause meningitis. […] L. monocytogenes forms „rocket tails” via actin polymerization that allows the bacteria to move rapidly between cells, avoid antibody detection, and spread hematogenously.

• #4 Listeria monocytogenes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes

  Invasive infection by L. monocytogenes causes the disease listeriosis. […] The pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes centers on its ability to survive and multiply in phagocytic host cells. […] This process is known as the „Trojan Horse mechanism”. […] Once inside the cell, L. monocytogenes rapidly acidifies the lumen of the vacuole formed around it during cell entry to activate listeriolysin O, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin capable of disrupting the vacuolar membrane. […] The ability of L. monocytogenes to successfully infect depends on its resistance to the high concentrations of bile encountered throughout the gastrointestinal tract. […] Following internalization, the bacterium must escape from the vacuole/phagosome before fusion with a lysosome can occur. […] Three main virulence factors that allow the bacterium to escape are listeriolysin O (LLO encoded by hly), phospholipase A (encoded by plcA), and phospholipase B (plcB). […] Once in the cytoplasm, L. monocytogenes exploits host actin for the second time. […] The protrusion formed may then be internalized by a neighboring cell, forming a double-membrane vacuole from which the bacterium must escape using LLO and PlcB.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Listeria-Pathogenesis.aspx

  Factors involved in the intracellular cycle are tightly controlled by a specific PrfA protein, which is in turn regulated by different mechanisms operating at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Additionally, other regulatory mechanisms have also been described, such as sigma factor, antisense RNA and system VirR/S (although PrfA is still the most important control mechanism).

• #6 Listeria monocytogenes—How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1491

  Listeriosis is a serious food-borne illness, especially in susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderlies. […] The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of listeriosis and L. monocytogenes virulence mechanisms that are involved in host infection, with a special focus on their molecular and cellular aspects. […] Listeriosis is mainly a result of ingestion of contaminated food, and it is a typical food-borne disease, where the gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of entry of the microorganism into the host. […] The infective dose of L. monocytogenes for humans is difficult to experimentally assess, but it has been estimated at 10^4 to 10^7 cells in susceptible persons (e.g., immunocompromised people), to more than 10^7 bacteria in healthy individuals.

• #7 Listeria monocytogenes—How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1491

  L. monocytogenes can colonize the gastrointestinal tract due to its resistance to gastric and biliary acids. […] Several studies have shown that in vitro adaptation of L. monocytogenes to acidic pH of 5.5 for 2 h induces the tolerance to higher acid concentrations, including resistance to lethal acidic shock. […] The whole GAD mechanism is encoded by five genes, responsible for expression of decarboxylases and production of antiporters. […] Another important cell system that protects L. monocytogenes from adverse environmental low pH is connected with the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway. […] A further adverse gastrointestinal component to overcome by L. monocytogenes during host infection is bile, which is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. […] After overcoming host gastrointestinal barriers related to low pH and adverse bile activity, L. monocytogenes adheres to respective epithelial cell receptors and enters non-phagocytic epithelial cells.

• #8 Listeria monocytogenes—How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1491

  L. monocytogenes possesses the ability to pass through intestinal, blood–brain, and fetoplacental host physiological barriers, but the gastrointestinal tract is the primary route of infection. […] The bacteria may use different routes to pass through the intestinal mucosa. […] The second important internalin responsible for L. monocytogenes binding to host cells is internalin B, encoded by the inlB gene located downstream of the inlA sequence. […] L. monocytogenes, unlike other bacteria, is not destroyed inside the host cell vacuoles due to the production of endogenic factors, mainly listeriolysin O (LLO). […] After release from the vacuole, Listeria multiplies and then passes through the host cytosol by polymerizing host actin in an actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA)-dependent manner.

• #9 Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/virulence-factors-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-listeria-monocytogenes/

  In the host cell cytoplasm, where bacterial growth occurs, ActA, another listerial surface protein, induces host cell actin polymerization, which propels them to the cell membrane. […] The ability to polymerize actin preferentially on the older pole of the listeria cell with a surface protein (ActA) subverts the host cells cytoskeleton and confers intracellular motility to the bacterium. […] The resulting comet tail-like structure pushes the bacterium into an adjacent mammalian cell, where it again becomes encapsulated in a vacuole. […] Pushing against the host cell membrane, they cause formation of elongated protrusions called filopods. […] These filopods are ingested by adjacent epithelial cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes, the listeriae are released, and the cycle begins again.

• #10 Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes

  https://microbenotes.com/virulence-factors-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-listeria-monocytogenes/

  L monocytogenes can move from cell to cell without being exposed to antibodies, complement, or polymorphonuclear cells. […] Iron is an important virulence factor and hence Listeria produce siderophores and are able to obtain iron from transferrin. […] If the T cellmediated immune response of the host is inadequate, Listeria monocytogenes can multiply in hepatocytes and macrophages freely, able to reach various organs via blood particularly the brain or uterus right through the bloodbrain barrier or the placental barrier. […] Immunity to L monocytogenes is primarily cell mediated, as demonstrated by the intracellular location of infection and by the marked association of infection with conditions of impaired cell-mediated immunity such as pregnancy, advanced age, AIDS, lymphoma, and organ transplantation. […] Immunity can be transferred by sensitized lymphocytes but not by antibodies.

• #11 Listeria monocytogenes—How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1491

  The novel L. monocytogenes internalins InlP1 and InlP4, as well as internalin-like protein InlP3, have been identified in strains responsible for a serious listeriosis outbreak. […] The internalin proteins are secreted through the SecYEG translocase that transports proteins across and into the cytoplasmic membrane. […] The main role of LLO is the destruction of the cell vacuoles to release L. monocytogenes into the cytoplasm. […] Direct cell-to-cell transfer of L. monocytogenes allows the pathogen to resist the humoral and the cytotoxic T cell host immune responses.

• #12 Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis: The Role of Stress Adaptation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1522

  The high tropism of L. monocytogenes for these tissues is unclear. […] The transition of L. monocytogenes from an environmental saprophyte to an intracellular pathogen is facilitated by changes in gene expression patterns from environmental survival-related genes to intracellular survival-related genes. […] The regulatory overlap between the stress response and virulence serves as a point of coordination that facilitates a smooth transition from the avirulent saprophytic survival state to a virulent pathogenic state once inside the host.

• #12 Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis: The Role of Stress Adaptation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1522

  Adaptive stress tolerance responses are the driving force behind the survival ability of Listeria monocytogenes in different environmental niches, within foods, and ultimately, the ability to cause human infections. […] Some aspects of the stress responses are linked to bacterial pathogenesis. […] Food stress-induced adaptive tolerance responses to acid and osmotic stresses can protect the pathogen against similar stresses in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and, thus, directly aid its virulence potential. […] Once in the GIT, the reprogramming of gene expression from the stress survival-related genes to virulence-related genes allows L. monocytogenes to switch from an avirulent to a virulent state. […] This transition is controlled by two overlapping and interlinked transcriptional networks for general stress response (regulated by Sigma factor B, (SigB)) and virulence (regulated by the positive regulatory factor A (PrfA)).

• #13 Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis: The Role of Stress Adaptation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1522

  The review gives a detailed background on the currently known mechanisms of pathogenesis and stress adaptation. […] The mechanisms responsible for the development of L. monocytogenes adaptive tolerance responses against the common environmental and food-related stresses (acid, osmotic, heat, cold, oxidative stress) have been elucidated. […] The first step in the pathogenesis of invasive listeriosis is the ability of the pathogen to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier. […] The InlA-mediated pathway is the primary route by which L. monocytogenes invades intestinal cells. […] The binding of InlA induces the recruitment of other junctional proteins, α-catenin and β-catenin, as well as actin and p120 catenin, which facilitate E-cadherin clustering at the site of bacterial entry. […] The ability to cross the intestinal barrier provides the main gate of L. monocytogenes entry into the bloodstream.

• #14 Discovery of an immune escape mechanism promoting Listeria infection of the central nervous system

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/discovery-immune-escape-mechanism-promoting-listeria-infection-central-nervous-system?language=fr

  Some „hypervirulent” strains of Listeria monocytogenes have a greater capacity to infect the central nervous system. Scientists from the Institut Pasteur, Universit Paris Cit, Inserm and the Paris Public Hospital Network (AP-HP) have discovered a mechanism that enables cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes to escape immune responses. This mechanism provides infected cells circulating in the blood with a higher probability of adhering to and infecting cells of cerebral vessels, thereby enabling bacteria to cross the blood-brain barrier and infect the brain. […] The research team then demonstrated that InIB, a Listeria monocytogenes surface protein, enables the bacteria to evade the immune system and survive in the protective niche provided by the infected monocytes. The interaction between InlB and its cellular receptor c-Met blocks the cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which specifically target Listeria-infected cells. InIB therefore enables infected cells to survive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

• #15 Discovery of an immune escape mechanism promoting Listeria infection of the central nervous system

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/discovery-immune-escape-mechanism-promoting-listeria-infection-central-nervous-system?language=fr

  This mechanism extends the life span of infected cells, raising the number of infected monocytes in the blood and facilitating bacterial spread to host tissues, including the brain. It also favors the persistence of Listeria in the gut tissue, its fecal excretion and transmission back to the environment. […] „We discovered a specific, unexpected mechanism by which a pathogen increases the life span of the cells it infects by specifically blocking an immune system function that is crucial for controlling infection,” explains Marc Lecuit (Universit Paris Cit and Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP)), head of the Biology of Infection Unit at the Institut Pasteur (Universit Paris Cit, Inserm).

• #16 Listeria monocytogenes | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-7349-1_13

  Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen. […] The intestinal phase of infection is a complex process, and the mechanism is not fully understood. […] L. monocytogenes crossing of the intestinal epithelial barrier, invasion into mammalian cells, survival inside the phagosome, and escape into the cytoplasm, growth, and cell-to-cell spread is well understood. […] These events are orchestrated by numerous virulence factors such as Listeria adhesion protein (LAP), internalin A (InlA), InlB, listeriolysin O (LLO), actin polymerization protein (ActA), phospholipase C (PLC), metalloprotease (Mpl), hexose phosphate transport permease (Hpt), and lipoprotein ligase (LpL). […] Immune response to L. monocytogenes is largely dependent on the innate immunity involving neutrophils, dendritic cells, NK cells, and macrophages and cell-mediated immunity involving \( {\mathrm{CD}}_8^{+} \) T-cell subsets. […] Risk analysis study has identified several ready-to-eat foods to be of the high-risk category: hotdogs, sliced deli meats, soft cheeses especially those made with unpasteurized milk and pt and meat spread, and smoked seafood.

• #17 Listeriosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis

  As the disease continues to escalate, bacteremia occurs when the L. monocytogenes that enter host cells within the gastrointestinal tract enter the bloodstream and translocate to other major organs of the body. In healthy individuals, L. monocytogenes bacterium in the bloodstream are taken up by macrophages and eliminated from the body, however, in immunocompromised individuals the pathogen permeates through the body, inducing numerous conditions leading to the fatal nature of listeriosis infection. In the liver, this condition causes subclinical pyogranulomatous hepatitis, in the central nervous system this causes meningoencephalitis, in pregnant individuals this causes placentitis, and the state of bacteremia escalates to sepsis.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. […] Eating contaminated food with high numbers of L. monocytogenes is the main route of infection. […] L. monocytogenes are ubiquitous in nature and found in soil, water and animal digestive tracts. […] Noninvasive listeriosis (febrile listerial gastroenteritis) is a mild form of the disease affecting mainly otherwise healthy people. […] Invasive listeriosis is a more severe form of the disease and affects certain high risk groups of the population. […] The initial diagnosis of listeriosis is made based on clinical symptoms and detection of the bacteria in a smear from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meconium of newborns (or the fetus in abortion cases), as well as from faeces, vomitus, foods or animal feed.

• #19 Get the Facts about Listeria | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-listeria

  Listeriosis occurs almost exclusively in pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems (such as those with cancer or other diseases). […] After a person ingests L. monocytogenes, the bacteria grow quickly in the liver and then move into the bloodstream and can invade many places in the body, including the: […] Pregnant women are 18 times more likely to get listeriosis than other healthy adults, and 16 to 27% of all L. monocytogenes infections are in pregnant women. […] The most common, and sometimes only, symptom of listeriosis in pregnant women is fever. […] While listeriosis in the mother is mild, infection in the fetus and newborn can be severe. […] Listeriosis can develop at any time during pregnancy, and the disease causes miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, and life-threatening infection of the newborn, such as a blood infection, respiratory distress or pneumonia, and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).

• #20 Get the Facts about Listeria | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-listeria

  With a mortality rate of 20 to 30%, newborns suffer the most serious consequences of listeriosis. […] In healthy, non-pregnant people, listeriosis can cause gastroenteritismainly diarrheaaccompanied by a fever. […] The elderly and people with weakened immune systems have a higher risk of getting a more severe form of listeriosis, including: […] Symptoms of listeriosis vary depending on the form and can come on suddenly. […] In contrast to the incubation period for other, more common foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, the incubation period for listeriosis can be long and also varies depending on the form. […] There is also a skin form of listeriosis that results from intact skin coming into direct contact with the bacteria. […] L. monocytogenes can infect many animal species.

• #21 Listeriosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/listeriosis/listeriosis-in-animals

  Listeria organisms that are ingested or inhaled tend to cause septicemia, abortion, and latent infection. […] Those that gain entry to tissues have a predilection to localize in the intestinal wall, medulla oblongata, and placenta or to cause encephalitis via minute wounds in buccal mucosa. […] The various manifestations of listeriosis occur in all susceptible species and are associated with characteristic clinical syndromes: encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in adult ruminants, abortion and perinatal mortality in all species, septicemia in neonatal ruminants and monogastric animals, and septicemia with myocardial or hepatic necrosis (or both) in poultry. […] Listeric encephalitis affects sheep, cattle, goats, and occasionally pigs. It is essentially a localized asymmetric infection of the brain stem that develops when L monocytogenes ascends the trigeminal nerve.

• #22 Listeriosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/listeriosis/listeriosis-in-animals

  The uterus of all domestic animals, especially ruminants, is susceptible to infection with L monocytogenes at all stages of pregnancy, which can result in placentitis, fetal infection and death, abortion, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, metritis, and possibly viable carriers. […] Infections acquired via ingestion tend to localize in the intestinal wall and result in prolonged fecal excretion. […] It has been postulated that contaminated silage results in latent infections, often approaching 100% of the exposed herd or flock; however, clinical signs of listeriosis may be seen in only a few animals.

• #23 Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48z2q5d9

  Cellular respiration is essential for multiple bacterial pathogens and a validated antibiotic target. […] We find here that the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes encodes two respiratory pathways which are partially functionally redundant and indispensable for pathogenesis. […] Loss of respiration decreased NAD+ regeneration, but this could be specifically reversed by heterologous expression of a water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX). […] NOX expression fully rescued intracellular growth defects and increased L. monocytogenes loads 1000-fold in a mouse infection model. […] Consistent with NAD+ regeneration maintaining L. monocytogenes viability and enabling immune evasion, a respiration-deficient strain exhibited elevated bacteriolysis within the host cytosol and NOX expression rescued this phenotype. […] These studies show that NAD+ regeneration represents a major role of L. monocytogenes respiration and highlight the nuanced relationship between bacterial metabolism, physiology, and pathogenesis.

• #24 Discovery of an immune escape mechanism promoting Listeria infection of the central nervous system – Inserm Newsroom

  https://presse.inserm.fr/en/discovery-of-an-immune-escape-mechanism-promoting-listeria-infection-of-the-central-nervous-system/60523/

  It is possible that other intracellular pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis use similar mechanisms to infect the brain. Identifying and understanding the immune escape mechanisms of infected cells could give rise to new therapeutic strategies to prevent infection and also pave the way for new immunosuppressive approaches for organ transplantation.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis

  Due to the long incubation period, it is challenging to identify the food which was the actual source of the infection. […] The control of L. monocytogenes is required at all stages in the food chain and an integrated approach is needed to prevent the multiplication of this bacteria in the final food product. […] Modern technologies using genetic fingerprint Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) allow for more rapid identification of the food source of listeriosis outbreaks by linking L. monocytogens isolated from patients with those isolated from foods.

• #26 PrfA-Modulated Listeria Vaccine Platform – Available technology for licensing from the University of California, Berkeley

  https://techtransfer.universityofcalifornia.edu/NCD/25329.html

  Recombinantly modified Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) vaccine platforms which are engineered to encode a designated antigen(s) relevant to a selected targeted pathogenic agent or malignancy have formed the basis for several human clinical trials. […] With respect to the mechanism of action of Lm vaccines, following administration to a subject and upon entry to the host cell cytosol, Listeria monocytogenes coordinates the expression of numerous essential virulence factors through activation of the Crp-Fnr family transcriptional regulator, PrfA. […] While much is known about PrfA and the virulence genes it regulates, the host-derived stimulus that leads to initial activation of PrfA remains unknown. […] This technology enhances antigen expression while maintaining bacterial attenuation, optimizing immunogenicity for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy applications.

• #27 PrfA-Modulated Listeria Vaccine Platform – Available technology for licensing from the University of California, Berkeley

  https://techtransfer.universityofcalifornia.edu/NCD/25329.html

  The platform is based on precise control of PrfA activation, a Crp-Fnr family transcriptional regulator that orchestrates the expression of key virulence determinants upon entry into the host cell cytosol. […] While the host-derived stimuli initiating PrfA activation remain undefined, this innovation enables systematic assessment of PrfA-driven expression constructs within Listerial host cells, facilitating improved vaccine engineering.

• #28 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infection/print

  Listeria is a facultative intracellular parasite. The primary habitat of Listeria is the soil and decaying vegetable matter. Most Listeria infections in adults are thought to result from oral ingestion and subsequent intestinal mucosal penetration and systemic infection.

• #29 Listeria infection (Listeriosis): virulence factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment – Online Biology Notes

  https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/listeria-infection-listeriosis-virulence-factors-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  L. monocytogenes then enter the host cell cytoplasm where they multiply. The growth is rapid in cytoplasm. […] In the cytoplasm, bacteria become surrounded by polymerized host cell actin. […] The ability of polymerize actin confers intracellular mobility of the bacterium and also involved with binding of host cell. The resulting comet tail like structure pushes the bacterial cell into an adjacent mammalian cell where it again become encapsulated in a vacuole. […] In this stage the vacuole is double membrane bounded, resulting encapsulation from the two host cell. […] Lecithinase enzyme then dissolve these membrane. […] Intracellular growth and movement in the newly invaded cell is then repeated.

• #30 Listeriosis: An Overview

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/listeriosis-an-overview

  Listeriosis, which often results from ingestion of contaminated foods containing L monocytogenes, has the ability to cross the intestinal, blood-brain, and fetoplacental barriers. […] Once it enters the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the bacterium internalizes within the hosts epithelial cells, where it multiplies and initiates the processes of infection. Internalization of the bacterium can occur by either phagocytosis (in the case of macrophages) or induced phagocytosis (in the case of normally nonphagocytic cells). Listeria utilizes the cell-wall adhesion proteins internalin A and internalin B to bind to the host-cell membrane receptors E-cadherin and Met. Once the phagocytic vacuole enters the cytoplasm of the cell, a phagolysosome produced by the bacterium, listeriolysin O, lyses the vacuole and allows it to enter the host cytoplasm, where it multiplies.

Zobacz więcej