Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #2 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Kyphosis refers to the normal apical-dorsal sagittal contour of the thoracic and sacral spine. Normal kyphosis is defined as a Cobb angle of 20-40 measured from T2 to T12. […] As a pathologic entity, kyphosis is an accentuation of this normal curvature. Many potential etiologies of kyphosis have been identified. Kyphosis can occur as a deformity solely in the sagittal plane, or it can occur in association with an abnormality in the coronal plane, resulting in kyphoscoliosis. Although pathologic kyphosis can affect the cervical and lumbar spine as well the thoracic spine, cervical and lumbar involvement is uncommon; any kyphosis in these areas is abnormal. […] The pathophysiology of kyphosis depends on the etiologic factor. The exact cause of Scheuermann disease is still imprecisely defined. Scheuermann postulated that the condition resulted from avascular necrosis of the apophyseal ring. Other theories include histologic abnormalities at the endplate, osteoporosis, and mechanical factors that affect spinal growth. A Danish study demonstrated an important genetic component to the entity.

• #3 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Kyphosis refers to the normal apical-dorsal sagittal contour of the thoracic and sacral spine. Normal kyphosis is defined as a Cobb angle of 20-40 measured from T2 to T12. […] As a pathologic entity, kyphosis is an accentuation of this normal curvature. Many potential etiologies of kyphosis have been identified. Kyphosis can occur as a deformity solely in the sagittal plane, or it can occur in association with an abnormality in the coronal plane, resulting in kyphoscoliosis. Although pathologic kyphosis can affect the cervical and lumbar spine as well the thoracic spine, cervical and lumbar involvement is uncommon; any kyphosis in these areas is abnormal. […] The pathophysiology of kyphosis depends on the etiologic factor. The exact cause of Scheuermann disease is still imprecisely defined. Scheuermann postulated that the condition resulted from avascular necrosis of the apophyseal ring. Other theories include histologic abnormalities at the endplate, osteoporosis, and mechanical factors that affect spinal growth. A Danish study demonstrated an important genetic component to the entity.

• #4 What is Kyphosis? Causes & Treatment of Kyphosis Scoliosis

  https://clear-institute.org/blog/what-is-kyphosis/

  The spine is naturally curved at the neck, chest, and lower back, but if one of these curves becomes under- or over-pronounced, it can disrupt the biomechanics of the entire spine. […] With kyphosis, the upper backs natural front-to-back curvature becomes excessive, often giving the appearance of rounded shoulders and slouching posture. Treatment options include proactively working towards a reduction of the spines kyphotic curve. […] A healthy kyphotic range of the thoracic spine would fall between 20 and 50 degrees, and when the sections curvature exceeds 50 degrees, this is commonly diagnosed as hyperkyphosis, or simply kyphosis. […] While there are unique challenges involved with treating infants and young children, here at the CLEAR Scoliosis Institute, our treatment approach is fully customized and integrative; we can design a treatment plan that accounts for the specifics of working with young children, including monitoring for progression and working towards a curvature reduction.

• #5 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #6 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #7 Kyphosis Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://spineconnection.org/back-pain-conditions/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis is a spinal disorder which can look like a person has a humpback or hunchback. […] The condition can be due to poor posture or a structural abnormality in the intervertebral discs, muscles, bones, nerves, and ligaments. […] Kyphosis results in a pitched forward head, rather than aligned with the pelvis, which keeps a better distribution of mechanical stress during movement. […] Scheuermann’s Disease is an adolescent thoracic kyphosis. It tends to run in families and is a stiff vertebral wedging of greater than 5 degrees involving three vertebrae. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the curvature, the degree, the severity of the symptoms, and the rate of progression. […] When kyphosis is caused by a complication of osteoporosis or cancer such as a vertebral compression fracture, a procedure called kyphoplasty can be done with minimal downtime.

• #8 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/scheuermanns-kyphosis/

  Kyphotic deformities of the spine are defined as curves with abnormally increased posterior convex angulation. […] Causes of increased thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphosis are many and include changes associated with Scheuermanns disease, osteoporosis, post-traumatic kyphosis, postinfection kyphosis, tumor, ankylosing spondylitis, paralytic kyphosis, and others. […] The posterior elements of the spine primarily resist tension, and the anterior elements are best adapted to resist compression. Factors that may subsequently contribute to development of a kyphotic deformity include either disruption of the posterior tether (e.g., multilevel laminectomies and facetectomies) or loss of the anterior buttress (e.g., osteoporotic fracture, infection, trauma, or tumor). […] Once a kyphotic deformity develops, the patients center of gravity is displaced anteriorly. This results in an increased bending moment acting across the apex of the kyphotic deformity (initiating a cycle of increasing progression until physiologic balance is restored).

• #9 Kyphosis After Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1203

  Thoracolumbar fractures change the biomechanics of the spine. Load distribution causes kyphosis by the time. […] The loss of height in the vertebral body and disruption of the posterior tension band may lead to kyphosis in the spine. As a result of the existing deformity, compensatory mechanisms try to achieve a sagittal balance. […] Kyphosis developing in any part of the spine causes compression of the vertebral body due to gravity force-the height loss of the vertebra increases due to gravity forces. Kyphosis may increase progressively as the line of gravity shifts forward. […] Disc injury during trauma increases disc degeneration. It is known that disc degeneration and loss of disc height increase the development of kyphosis. […] Osteoporosis is one of the main factors that increase posttraumatic kyphosis. The low quality of bone is unable to resist the vertebras loads and causes vertebral body height loss.

• #10 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  An increased front-to-back curve of the spine is called kyphosis. […] In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens. These types are due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time. […] The bones that make up a healthy spine look like cylinders stacked in a column. These bones are called vertebrae. Kyphosis happens when the vertebrae in the back become more wedge shaped. […] The shape of vertebrae can be changed by: Fractures. Broken vertebrae can result in curvature of the spine. Compression fractures, which can happen in weakened bone, are the most common. Mild compression fractures may not produce noticeable symptoms. […] Osteoporosis. Weak bones can cause spinal curvature, especially if weakened vertebrae develop compression fractures. Osteoporosis is most common in older women and people who have taken corticosteroids for long periods of time.

• #11 What Is Kyphosis? Kyphosis Causes and Treatment Options

  https://drtonynalda.com/kyphosis-treatment/

  The spines health and function are largely determined by its natural curves and alignment; kyphosis refers to an outward spinal curve that bends away from the bodys center. […] If a persons thoracic kyphosis becomes over-pronounced, the middle/upper back curve is excessive, and this also affects the health of the other spinal sections and curves. […] Postural kyphosis is caused by chronic poor posture and slouching that, over time, and particularly during growth, can excessively stretch the ligaments and muscles that surround and support the spine. […] Scheuermanns kyphosis is caused by a structural abnormality within the spine itself, which can involve the fronts of the vertebrae not forming as quickly as the backs, or being more triangular in shape, than healthy rectangular-shaped vertebrae.

• #12 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Disk degeneration. Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s disease. Also called Scheuermann’s kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence. […] Other problems. Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions. […] The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome. […] In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause: Limited physical functions. Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.

• #13 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/scheuermanns-kyphosis/

  Kyphotic deformities of the spine are defined as curves with abnormally increased posterior convex angulation. […] Causes of increased thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphosis are many and include changes associated with Scheuermanns disease, osteoporosis, post-traumatic kyphosis, postinfection kyphosis, tumor, ankylosing spondylitis, paralytic kyphosis, and others. […] The posterior elements of the spine primarily resist tension, and the anterior elements are best adapted to resist compression. Factors that may subsequently contribute to development of a kyphotic deformity include either disruption of the posterior tether (e.g., multilevel laminectomies and facetectomies) or loss of the anterior buttress (e.g., osteoporotic fracture, infection, trauma, or tumor). […] Once a kyphotic deformity develops, the patients center of gravity is displaced anteriorly. This results in an increased bending moment acting across the apex of the kyphotic deformity (initiating a cycle of increasing progression until physiologic balance is restored).

• #14 Kyphosis Causes, Symptoms, Surgery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/kyphosis/article.htm

  Kyphosis is the abnormal forward curve up the upper spine, leading to a hunchback appearance. There are three main types of abnormal kyphosis: postural kyphosis, Scheuermann’s kyphosis (Scheuermann’s disease), and congenital kyphosis. […] The official medical term for an abnormal curvature of the thoracic spine is hyperkyphosis. However, abnormal kyphosis and hyperkyphosis are commonly referred to as kyphosis by the medical community, so in this discussion, the term kyphosis will be used to discuss abnormal kyphosis. In other words, kyphosis is a deformity of the spine of the upper back causing an exaggerated outward curve. […] Postural kyphosis is the most common type of kyphosis. This is more common in girls than in boys and typically appears during adolescence. Poor posture (slouching) and a weakening of the muscles and ligaments in the back (paraspinous muscles) cause postural kyphosis.

• #15 Kyphosis Causes, Symptoms, Surgery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/kyphosis/article.htm

  Kyphosis is the abnormal forward curve up the upper spine, leading to a hunchback appearance. There are three main types of abnormal kyphosis: postural kyphosis, Scheuermann’s kyphosis (Scheuermann’s disease), and congenital kyphosis. […] The official medical term for an abnormal curvature of the thoracic spine is hyperkyphosis. However, abnormal kyphosis and hyperkyphosis are commonly referred to as kyphosis by the medical community, so in this discussion, the term kyphosis will be used to discuss abnormal kyphosis. In other words, kyphosis is a deformity of the spine of the upper back causing an exaggerated outward curve. […] Postural kyphosis is the most common type of kyphosis. This is more common in girls than in boys and typically appears during adolescence. Poor posture (slouching) and a weakening of the muscles and ligaments in the back (paraspinous muscles) cause postural kyphosis.

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Kyphosis may be caused by poor posture during childhood or be the result of abnormally shaped vertebrae or developmental problems with the spine. […] In cases of kyphosis, the middle section of vertebrae, known as the thoracic vertebrae, are curved out of position. […] Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy schoolbags, can cause the ligaments and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This can pull the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position, resulting in kyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also be caused when the vertebrae don’t develop correctly. They can take on a wedged, triangular shape, rather than the normal rectangular, box-like shape. This leads to the vertebrae being out of position and is known as Scheuermann’s kyphosis.

• #17

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Kyphosis may be caused by poor posture during childhood or be the result of abnormally shaped vertebrae or developmental problems with the spine. […] In cases of kyphosis, the middle section of vertebrae, known as the thoracic vertebrae, are curved out of position. […] Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy schoolbags, can cause the ligaments and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This can pull the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position, resulting in kyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also be caused when the vertebrae don’t develop correctly. They can take on a wedged, triangular shape, rather than the normal rectangular, box-like shape. This leads to the vertebrae being out of position and is known as Scheuermann’s kyphosis.

• #18 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Postural kyphosis is present when accentuated kyphosis is observed without the characteristic 5 of wedging over three consecutive vertebral segments that defines Scheuermann kyphosis. This is felt to be due to muscular imbalance leading to the round-back appearance of these individuals. […] It is noteworthy that hyperkyphosis in persons older than 60 years is usually not due to underlying vertebral fractures, which are only found in a minority (37%) of patients with hyperkyphosis; it is more often due to disk degeneration, muscle imbalance, and overall change in the shape of the aging spine. This kyphosis is associated with increased fracture risk, poorer pulmonary function, poorer physical function, and increased risk of death, even in those without fracture and osteoporosis. […] Familial hyperkyphosis may be related to the inherited pattern of disk degeneration. As disk height is lost, as part of normal aging and degeneration of a disk, the kyphosis increases. As more disks become involved, the effect is potentiated, and the overall kyphosis becomes more significant.

• #19 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Postural kyphosis is present when accentuated kyphosis is observed without the characteristic 5 of wedging over three consecutive vertebral segments that defines Scheuermann kyphosis. This is felt to be due to muscular imbalance leading to the round-back appearance of these individuals. […] It is noteworthy that hyperkyphosis in persons older than 60 years is usually not due to underlying vertebral fractures, which are only found in a minority (37%) of patients with hyperkyphosis; it is more often due to disk degeneration, muscle imbalance, and overall change in the shape of the aging spine. This kyphosis is associated with increased fracture risk, poorer pulmonary function, poorer physical function, and increased risk of death, even in those without fracture and osteoporosis. […] Familial hyperkyphosis may be related to the inherited pattern of disk degeneration. As disk height is lost, as part of normal aging and degeneration of a disk, the kyphosis increases. As more disks become involved, the effect is potentiated, and the overall kyphosis becomes more significant.

• #20 Kyphosis: Symptoms, causes, exercises, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324071

  Kyphosis refers to an excessive forward curvature in the upper back. Posture, age, and spinal features can cause it. […] Doctors call an excessive forward curvature kyphosis or sometimes hyperkyphosis. Postural imbalance, irregularities in the spine, or age-related conditions can cause kyphosis. […] The factors that contribute to kyphosis vary depending on the type someone has. […] Slouching increases the forward curvature, stretching the extensor muscles and posterior ligaments of the spine, which weaken over time. […] Age-related kyphosis causes a curve in the spine that progressively gets worse in older age, often as a result of conditions that affect the bones in the spine. […] If an older adult has osteoporosis, or another condition that is causing the spine to weaken or change shape, then treating the underlying disorder may stop the progression of the curve.

• #21 Kyphosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23963

  The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] Postural kyphosis usually starts to show up in adolescents, with more females being affected compared to males. […] Scheuermann disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, is a structural deformity of the thoracic/thoracolumbar spine that usually occurs before puberty. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #22 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Kyphosis is a condition in which there is excessive curvature of the spine. […] Depending on the severity and type of kyphosis, the condition might be reversible. This might be the case if bad posture is the cause and kyphosis is not structural. Bone abnormalities, disc problems, and issues with nerves, ligaments, and muscles can lead to structural kyphosis. […] The most common causes of kyphosis are years of poor posture (postural kyphosis) and structural changes of the vertebrae (Scheuermann’s kyphosis). The condition also develops after a spinal injury or surgery. […] Some rare causes include skeletal dysplasias, neuromuscular disorders, and abnormalities in vertebral development (congenital kyphosis). The most common cause of adult kyphosis is osteoporosis. […] Scheuermann’s kyphosis is named after the Danish radiologist who first revealed the condition. With this type of kyphosis, the vertebrae are wedge-shaped. These wedge-shaped bones will curve the spine forward and cause it to appear rounded.

• #23 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #24 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #25 Scheuermann’s Disease (Kyphosis) | Rothman Orthopaedics

  https://rothmanortho.com/specialties/conditions/kyphosis

  Kyphosis is classified as either postural or structural. […] Structural kyphosis is caused by an abnormality affecting the bones, intervertebral discs, nerves, ligaments, or muscles. […] Kyphosis with a structural pathology may require medical intervention because the patient alone cannot control curve progression. […] Scheuermann’s Disease is juvenile (adolescent) thoracic kyphosis. […] Although the cause is unknown, it may be familial. […] This disease can cause decreased intervertebral disc space and vertebral wedging resulting in an excessive curve described as stiff or rigid. […] The classic definition of Scheuermann’s is anterior (front) vertebral wedging of at least 5 degrees involving three consecutive vertebrae. […] Kyphosis in the thoracic spine means exaggerated kyphotic angle from the spine’s normal kyphotic curve. […] Normal lordotic curves in the cervical and lumbar regions may also be diminished to contribute to the overall pitched-forward posture.

• #26

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2061/scheuermanns-kyphosis

  Scheuermann’s Kyphosis is a rigid form of spinal kyphosis caused by anterior wedging of 5 degrees across three consecutive vertebrae, most commonly in the thoracic spine. […] exact pathophysiology is unknown but several theories […] most widely accepted theory suggests that the kyphosis and vertebral wedging are caused by a developmental error in collagen aggregation which results in an abnormal end plate. […] autosomal dominant inheritance pattern now accepted.

• #27 Scheuermann’s kyphosis: update on pathophysiology and surgical treatment in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 7 Issue 11 (2022)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/7/11/EOR-22-0063.xml

  Scheuermanns Kyphosis (SK) is a rigid spinal kyphosis. Several theories have been proposed concerning its pathogenesis, but it is, to this day, still unknown. […] Until now, the exact etiology of SK is still unknown. Several theories were proposed concerning its pathophysiology. The first one was by Scheuermann et al. stating that an osteonecrosis of the ring apophysis in the vertebral bodies caused an arrest in anterior growth, thus causing this disease. This theory was rapidly rejected by Bick et al. showing that the ring apophysis has no effect on anterior longitudinal growth since it is not a part of the cartilaginous physis. On the other hand, Schmorl et al. postulated that herniated disks cause a loss of anterior disk height and result in growth disturbance and ultimately SK. This theory is not proven till now, but it is likely to be erroneous due to the fact that not only Schmorl nodes are common among normal people but also they are present in areas that are not involved in the deformity. Finally, Bradford et al. proposed a third theory that is based on the idea that osteoporotic vertebra are more prone to collapse under compression. Studies showed no significative difference in bone density between people with SK and the normal population resulting in a rejection of this theory.

• #28 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/scheuermanns-kyphosis/

  Various mechanical theories have been put forth that implicate the anterior longitudinal ligament and anterior column pressure changes with the spinal deformity developing as dictated by Wolffs law. […] The specific etiology of Scheuermanns kyphosis remains unclear. […] Scheuermanns initial description included that the condition results from avascular necrosis of the vertebral ring apophyses, which leads to a premature growth arrest with resultant wedging of the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies. […] This theory, however, was weakened by the identification of Schmorls nodes in vertebrae outside the kyphotic area and in patients without spinal deformity. […] Scheuermanns disease has been associated with endocrine abnormalities, inflammatory diseases, and neuromuscular disorders.

• #29 Scheuermann’s kyphosis: update on pathophysiology and surgical treatment in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 7 Issue 11 (2022)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/7/11/EOR-22-0063.xml

  The most accepted theory is the biomechanical theory. Ogden et al. suggested that there is a biomechanical process behind this kyphosis implying that biomechanical stresses alter the remodeling response in the vertebral bodies resulting in increased compressive forces on the anterior part of the vertebral body which will stop the growth and cause SK. Other biomechanical theories came out such as the presence of tight hamstrings in patient with SK increasing the pelvic tilt when bending forward. A smaller sternum was also associated with SK due to it increasing compression in the anterior part of the thoracic vertebral bodies leading to kyphosis. Bracing supports the mechanical origin of this disease by being a successful way of management. […] Genetics was also used as a way to explain this deformity. Halal et al. showed an autosomal dominant transmission with high penetration of this disease but with variable expression. Other authors supported the presence of a genetic basis behind this deformity implying that family history of hyperkyphosis should be taken into consideration to exclude the possibility of SK. Candidate genes linked to SK such as IHH, SOX9 and PAX 1 were identified by Zaidman et al. Damborg et al. showed a higher concordance by pairs and probands for monozygotic twins than for bizygotic twins indicating a higher genetic contribution to Scheuermanns disease. Findlay et al. also described a family where SK was present in three consecutive generations with a male to male transmission.

• #30 Kyphosis – OrthopaedicsOne ArticlesClick to open the search input fieldScroll to top

  https://www.orthopaedicsone.com/orthopaedicsone-articles-kyphosis/

  Scheuermann’s kyphosis has a strong hereditary tendency, but the etiology is not known (may be autosomal dominant). In 1920, Scheuermann postulated that this form of kyphosis may be caused by avascular necrosis of the cartilage ring apophysis of the vertebral body, but this has not been substantiated. Other possible etiologies include weakening of the cartilaginous end plate, juvenile osteoporosis, abnormal cartilaginous matrix of the vertebral bodies, or abnormal growth hormone levels. […] Postural kyphosis is normally related to slouching in the young and old with weakened back extensor muscles. The etiology of congenital kyphosis involves either a failure of segmentation or a defect in the formation of the vertebral body elements. Iatrogenic kyphosis is commonly caused by a fracture of the thoracolumbar spine treated non-operatively (especially if the posterior ligaments are disrupted) or extensive laminectomies with or without fusion.

• #31 Scheuermann’s kyphosis: update on pathophysiology and surgical treatment in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 7 Issue 11 (2022)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/7/11/EOR-22-0063.xml

  The most accepted theory is the biomechanical theory. Ogden et al. suggested that there is a biomechanical process behind this kyphosis implying that biomechanical stresses alter the remodeling response in the vertebral bodies resulting in increased compressive forces on the anterior part of the vertebral body which will stop the growth and cause SK. Other biomechanical theories came out such as the presence of tight hamstrings in patient with SK increasing the pelvic tilt when bending forward. A smaller sternum was also associated with SK due to it increasing compression in the anterior part of the thoracic vertebral bodies leading to kyphosis. Bracing supports the mechanical origin of this disease by being a successful way of management. […] Genetics was also used as a way to explain this deformity. Halal et al. showed an autosomal dominant transmission with high penetration of this disease but with variable expression. Other authors supported the presence of a genetic basis behind this deformity implying that family history of hyperkyphosis should be taken into consideration to exclude the possibility of SK. Candidate genes linked to SK such as IHH, SOX9 and PAX 1 were identified by Zaidman et al. Damborg et al. showed a higher concordance by pairs and probands for monozygotic twins than for bizygotic twins indicating a higher genetic contribution to Scheuermanns disease. Findlay et al. also described a family where SK was present in three consecutive generations with a male to male transmission.

• #32 THE CORRELATION OF THE GROWTH HORMONE AND SEVERITY OF THE KYPHOSIS IN THE PATIENTS WITH SCHUERMANN KYPHOSIS – The Journal of Turkish Spinal Surgery

  https://www.jtss.org/articles/the-correlation-of-the-growth-hormone-and-severity-of-the-kyphosis-in-the-patients-with-schuermann-kyphosis/doi/28203

  Scheuermanns structural kyphosis is the most common cause of kyphotic deformity in adolescents. The etiology of Scheuermanns kyphosis remains unclear. Histologic studies have revealed abnormal vertebral endplate cartilage, irregular mineralization, disorders in vertebral ossification, and alterations in collagen aggregation with abnormal collagen-proteoglycan ratios. Growth hormone hypersecretion also has been related to the pathogenesis of Scheuermanns kyphosis. […] The aim of the that study was to research the effecting of the growth hormone on the occurrence of the Scheuermann disease and also to evaluate of the correlation between the severity of the kyphotic curve of the Scheuermann Kyphosis and Growth Hormone. […] In conclusion, according to the results of this study, growth hormone levels and severity of the kyphotic deformity are not statistically correlated. In other words, there was no correlation between Scheuermann kyphosis and level of growth hormone being close to the upper limit or higher than normal.

• #33 Scheuermann’s kyphosis: update on pathophysiology and surgical treatment in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 7 Issue 11 (2022)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/7/11/EOR-22-0063.xml

  Other theories were suggested as an etiology of SK such as high levels of growth hormone, juvenile idiopathic osteoporosis, hypovitaminosis D, dural cysts, spondylolysis, infections, spinal malformations, etc. It is possible that Scheuermanns disease is the result of the simultaneous action of several factors.

• #34 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #35 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The biomechanics that influences the curvature lies in the shape of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc, with an anterior wedge increasing the angle of kyphosis. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] It is thought that the discordant mineralization of the vertebral endplate and ossification during growth and development causes an anteriorly wedged vertebral body. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis.

• #36

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  It’s not known what disrupts the normal formation of the spine. One idea is that the blood supply to the vertebrae becomes disrupted, affecting the growth of the vertebrae. […] Congenital kyphosis is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the spine before birth. […] However, some cases of congenital kyphosis run in families, so it seems genetics also play a role in this type of kyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #37 Kyphosis | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis is a curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane in which the convexity of the curve is directed posteriorly. […] The degree of kyphosis or lordosis that is considered normal or abnormal depends on the location of the curvature and the age of the patient. […] Alteration in function resulting from paralysis, surgery, tumor, infection, or alteration in growth potentials can cause a progressive kyphotic deformity in a child. […] These forces of compression and tension on the spinal physes can cause changes in normal growth, and a growth deformity can be added to a biomechanical deformity to cause a pathologic kyphosis. […] Congenital kyphosis occurs because of abnormal development of the vertebrae, including a failure of developing segments of the spine to form or to separate properly.

• #38 Kyphosis | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/kyphosis/

  Spinal deformity in congenital kyphosis usually progresses with growth, and the amount of progression is directly proportional to the number of vertebrae involved, the type of involvement, and the amount of remaining normal growth in the affected vertebrae. […] Failure of segmentation has been described as an osseous metaplasia of the annulus fibrosus that acts as a tether against normal growth and causing spinal deformity. […] The natural history of congenital kyphosis is well known and based on the type of kyphosis: failure of formation, failure of segmentation, or mixed anomalies. […] The most frequent location of congenital kyphosis is T10-L1. […] The diagnosis can be made on the basis of plain radiographs, but MRI and CT scans and three-dimensional reconstructions are usually needed to fully show the extent of this condition. […] Early anterior and posterior fusions, with or without decompression, are recommended. […] The use of spinal instrumentation is controversial because of the small size of the patient.

• #39 Kyphosis | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/kyphosis/

  Spinal deformity in congenital kyphosis usually progresses with growth, and the amount of progression is directly proportional to the number of vertebrae involved, the type of involvement, and the amount of remaining normal growth in the affected vertebrae. […] Failure of segmentation has been described as an osseous metaplasia of the annulus fibrosus that acts as a tether against normal growth and causing spinal deformity. […] The natural history of congenital kyphosis is well known and based on the type of kyphosis: failure of formation, failure of segmentation, or mixed anomalies. […] The most frequent location of congenital kyphosis is T10-L1. […] The diagnosis can be made on the basis of plain radiographs, but MRI and CT scans and three-dimensional reconstructions are usually needed to fully show the extent of this condition. […] Early anterior and posterior fusions, with or without decompression, are recommended. […] The use of spinal instrumentation is controversial because of the small size of the patient.

• #40

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  It’s not known what disrupts the normal formation of the spine. One idea is that the blood supply to the vertebrae becomes disrupted, affecting the growth of the vertebrae. […] Congenital kyphosis is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the spine before birth. […] However, some cases of congenital kyphosis run in families, so it seems genetics also play a role in this type of kyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #41 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Osteoporosis-related kyphosis. The most common cause of kyphosis in adults is from vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis. As osteoporosis weakens the vertebral bones in the spine, the vertebrae are susceptible to fracture that typically occurs in a wedge shape with the front of the vertebra collapsing and losing its height and the back of the vertebra maintaining its height. As the front of the bone is crushed, that segment of the spine tips forward, resulting in an excessive kyphotic curve and forward stooped posture. Treatment typically will address the underlying osteoporosis (to prevent future fractures) as well as pain reduction and possibly surgical repair of the fracture. […] Congenital kyphosis. This form of kyphosis typically presents itself in infants and young children, due to a malformation of the spinal column in the womb. Unlike other forms of kyphosis, this form most often requires surgery (at a young age) to re-align the spine and prevent progression of the deformity.

• #42 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Osteoporosis-related kyphosis. The most common cause of kyphosis in adults is from vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis. As osteoporosis weakens the vertebral bones in the spine, the vertebrae are susceptible to fracture that typically occurs in a wedge shape with the front of the vertebra collapsing and losing its height and the back of the vertebra maintaining its height. As the front of the bone is crushed, that segment of the spine tips forward, resulting in an excessive kyphotic curve and forward stooped posture. Treatment typically will address the underlying osteoporosis (to prevent future fractures) as well as pain reduction and possibly surgical repair of the fracture. […] Congenital kyphosis. This form of kyphosis typically presents itself in infants and young children, due to a malformation of the spinal column in the womb. Unlike other forms of kyphosis, this form most often requires surgery (at a young age) to re-align the spine and prevent progression of the deformity.

• #43 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Osteoporosis-related kyphosis. The most common cause of kyphosis in adults is from vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis. As osteoporosis weakens the vertebral bones in the spine, the vertebrae are susceptible to fracture that typically occurs in a wedge shape with the front of the vertebra collapsing and losing its height and the back of the vertebra maintaining its height. As the front of the bone is crushed, that segment of the spine tips forward, resulting in an excessive kyphotic curve and forward stooped posture. Treatment typically will address the underlying osteoporosis (to prevent future fractures) as well as pain reduction and possibly surgical repair of the fracture. […] Congenital kyphosis. This form of kyphosis typically presents itself in infants and young children, due to a malformation of the spinal column in the womb. Unlike other forms of kyphosis, this form most often requires surgery (at a young age) to re-align the spine and prevent progression of the deformity.

• #44 Kyphosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kyphosis?lang=us

  Kyphosis increases with age, with a kyphosis angle of ~25 (range 20-29) in adolescents and young adults to ~38.5 (range 35-42) in adults aged over 65 years 5,7. […] A kyphosis angle 40 has been widely accepted as the threshold for hyperkyphosis, although no published consensus exists 5,7,9. […] An increased kyphosis angle is associated with the following: normal aging: the degree of kyphosis is mainly related to intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral body shape with a minor component related to decreased muscle strength 5,7. […] Each vertebral body fracture increases the kyphosis angle by ~4 degrees 5. […] Hyperkyphosis is associated with reduced physical performance, increased falls, and increased vertebral body fracture risk as well as increased all-cause mortality 5,7.

• #45 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Postural kyphosis is present when accentuated kyphosis is observed without the characteristic 5 of wedging over three consecutive vertebral segments that defines Scheuermann kyphosis. This is felt to be due to muscular imbalance leading to the round-back appearance of these individuals. […] It is noteworthy that hyperkyphosis in persons older than 60 years is usually not due to underlying vertebral fractures, which are only found in a minority (37%) of patients with hyperkyphosis; it is more often due to disk degeneration, muscle imbalance, and overall change in the shape of the aging spine. This kyphosis is associated with increased fracture risk, poorer pulmonary function, poorer physical function, and increased risk of death, even in those without fracture and osteoporosis. […] Familial hyperkyphosis may be related to the inherited pattern of disk degeneration. As disk height is lost, as part of normal aging and degeneration of a disk, the kyphosis increases. As more disks become involved, the effect is potentiated, and the overall kyphosis becomes more significant.

• #46 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Degenerative kyphosis. This form of deformity develops due to wear and tear on the spine over time. The underlying cause of the kyphosis typically is spinal arthritis with degeneration of the discs. Non-surgical treatments, such as pain medication, exercise and physical therapy are typically helpful treatments for pain. Surgery may be an option, but is uncommon for this diagnosis. […] Neuromuscular kyphosis. This form of the deformity can occur in children with certain neuromuscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy. Surgery can be an option to improve quality of life. […] Nutritional kyphosis. This condition is caused by certain vitamin deficiencies during childhood, such as a vitamin D deficiency. […] Postural kyphosis. This form of kyphosis is attributed to poor posture and slouching. It occurs in both young and older patients, is more prominent in females than in males, and rarely causes pain.

• #47 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Degenerative kyphosis. This form of deformity develops due to wear and tear on the spine over time. The underlying cause of the kyphosis typically is spinal arthritis with degeneration of the discs. Non-surgical treatments, such as pain medication, exercise and physical therapy are typically helpful treatments for pain. Surgery may be an option, but is uncommon for this diagnosis. […] Neuromuscular kyphosis. This form of the deformity can occur in children with certain neuromuscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy. Surgery can be an option to improve quality of life. […] Nutritional kyphosis. This condition is caused by certain vitamin deficiencies during childhood, such as a vitamin D deficiency. […] Postural kyphosis. This form of kyphosis is attributed to poor posture and slouching. It occurs in both young and older patients, is more prominent in females than in males, and rarely causes pain.

• #48 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Postural kyphosis is present when accentuated kyphosis is observed without the characteristic 5 of wedging over three consecutive vertebral segments that defines Scheuermann kyphosis. This is felt to be due to muscular imbalance leading to the round-back appearance of these individuals. […] It is noteworthy that hyperkyphosis in persons older than 60 years is usually not due to underlying vertebral fractures, which are only found in a minority (37%) of patients with hyperkyphosis; it is more often due to disk degeneration, muscle imbalance, and overall change in the shape of the aging spine. This kyphosis is associated with increased fracture risk, poorer pulmonary function, poorer physical function, and increased risk of death, even in those without fracture and osteoporosis. […] Familial hyperkyphosis may be related to the inherited pattern of disk degeneration. As disk height is lost, as part of normal aging and degeneration of a disk, the kyphosis increases. As more disks become involved, the effect is potentiated, and the overall kyphosis becomes more significant.

• #49 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Postural kyphosis is present when accentuated kyphosis is observed without the characteristic 5 of wedging over three consecutive vertebral segments that defines Scheuermann kyphosis. This is felt to be due to muscular imbalance leading to the round-back appearance of these individuals. […] It is noteworthy that hyperkyphosis in persons older than 60 years is usually not due to underlying vertebral fractures, which are only found in a minority (37%) of patients with hyperkyphosis; it is more often due to disk degeneration, muscle imbalance, and overall change in the shape of the aging spine. This kyphosis is associated with increased fracture risk, poorer pulmonary function, poorer physical function, and increased risk of death, even in those without fracture and osteoporosis. […] Familial hyperkyphosis may be related to the inherited pattern of disk degeneration. As disk height is lost, as part of normal aging and degeneration of a disk, the kyphosis increases. As more disks become involved, the effect is potentiated, and the overall kyphosis becomes more significant.

• #50 Managing Kyphosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Guide

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/managing-kyphosis-symptoms-causes-treatment-guide

  Abnormally shaped vertebrae, often due to congenital factors or conditions like Scheuermann’s disease, can cause spinal deformities like kyphosis. Wedged or irregularly developed vertebrae lead to curvature changes in the spine, affecting posture and mobility. […] Age-related changes, including intervertebral disc degeneration, contribute to kyphosis. Over time, discs lose water content and height, causing vertebrae to shift and the spine to curve outward. Weak discs and osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures exacerbate this curvature. […] Other medical conditions, like neuromuscular disorders or connective tissue disorders, can cause kyphosis. These conditions weaken muscles and ligaments that support the spine, leading to an abnormal curvature. Neurological issues affecting spinal muscles’ control can also contribute.

• #51 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  When focal kyphosis occurs after a fracture, more height is lost in the anterior aspect than in the posterior aspect; this is the typical fracture pattern. The angulation can increase as the fracture heals, placing pressure on the spinal cord and further pressure on the anterior column of the spine. […] Postinfectious kyphosis occurs in a manner similar to that just described. Mechanical integrity of the anterior column is lost as a consequence of the infectious process. Bending forces then accentuate the normal sagittal contour.

• #52 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  When focal kyphosis occurs after a fracture, more height is lost in the anterior aspect than in the posterior aspect; this is the typical fracture pattern. The angulation can increase as the fracture heals, placing pressure on the spinal cord and further pressure on the anterior column of the spine. […] Postinfectious kyphosis occurs in a manner similar to that just described. Mechanical integrity of the anterior column is lost as a consequence of the infectious process. Bending forces then accentuate the normal sagittal contour.

• #53 Kyphosis After Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1203

  The most common reason for posttraumatic kyphosis is untreated, unstable burst fractures. For treatment of posttraumatic kyphosis, there is no definite kyphosis angle to decide for surgery. Instead, the global sagittal balance has to be taken into consideration. […] Surgical treatment of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to unstable burst fractures can be done via a posterior-only approach. Less blood loss and reduced surgery time are the main advantages of posterior surgery.

• #54 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Scheuermann’s Disease. This condition occurs in adolescents due to abnormal growth of the spine and discs. It may become clinically evident in adolescents or adults, and is more common in males. […] Traumatic kyphosis. This can occur from mis-aligned healing of a spinal fracture or injury to the supporting ligaments of the spine. […] Latrogenic kyphosis. „Iatrogenic” means „as a result of medical intervention,” and refers to kyphosis developing as a complication of surgical treatment of the spine. Post-laminectomy kyphosis is the most common type of iatrogenic kyphosis, which can develop following decompressive spine surgery requiring removal of the posterior elements of the spine.

• #55 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Scheuermann’s Disease. This condition occurs in adolescents due to abnormal growth of the spine and discs. It may become clinically evident in adolescents or adults, and is more common in males. […] Traumatic kyphosis. This can occur from mis-aligned healing of a spinal fracture or injury to the supporting ligaments of the spine. […] Latrogenic kyphosis. „Iatrogenic” means „as a result of medical intervention,” and refers to kyphosis developing as a complication of surgical treatment of the spine. Post-laminectomy kyphosis is the most common type of iatrogenic kyphosis, which can develop following decompressive spine surgery requiring removal of the posterior elements of the spine.

• #56 Kyphosis – OrthopaedicsOne ArticlesClick to open the search input fieldScroll to top

  https://www.orthopaedicsone.com/orthopaedicsone-articles-kyphosis/

  Scheuermann’s kyphosis has a strong hereditary tendency, but the etiology is not known (may be autosomal dominant). In 1920, Scheuermann postulated that this form of kyphosis may be caused by avascular necrosis of the cartilage ring apophysis of the vertebral body, but this has not been substantiated. Other possible etiologies include weakening of the cartilaginous end plate, juvenile osteoporosis, abnormal cartilaginous matrix of the vertebral bodies, or abnormal growth hormone levels. […] Postural kyphosis is normally related to slouching in the young and old with weakened back extensor muscles. The etiology of congenital kyphosis involves either a failure of segmentation or a defect in the formation of the vertebral body elements. Iatrogenic kyphosis is commonly caused by a fracture of the thoracolumbar spine treated non-operatively (especially if the posterior ligaments are disrupted) or extensive laminectomies with or without fusion.

• #57 Etiology and treatment of cervical kyphosis: state of the art review—a narrative review – Ogura – Journal of Spine Surgery

  https://jss.amegroups.org/article/view/5409/html

  Cervical kyphosis has been increasingly common due to the growing elderly population. […] Major etiologies of cervical kyphosis include degenerative, post-laminectomy, and ankylosing spondylitis. […] There are multiple causes of cervical kyphosis including degeneration, infection, trauma, inflammation, and iatrogenic. […] Post-laminectomy kyphosis, degenerative kyphosis, kyphosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis are highlighted in this article as they are more common than kyphosis from trauma, infection, neoplasm, and congenital anomalies. […] Post-laminectomy kyphosis develops gradually with disruption of posterior tension band, increasing compressive loads on the anterior elements. […] Degenerative changes in the cervical spine, involving multiple levels, may result in cervical kyphosis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is seronegative spondyloarthropathy with known association with the major histocompatibility complex antigen HLA-B27. […] The primary etiologies of cervical kyphosis include degenerative, infection, post-laminectomy, and ankylosing spondylitis.

• #58 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Degenerative kyphosis. This form of deformity develops due to wear and tear on the spine over time. The underlying cause of the kyphosis typically is spinal arthritis with degeneration of the discs. Non-surgical treatments, such as pain medication, exercise and physical therapy are typically helpful treatments for pain. Surgery may be an option, but is uncommon for this diagnosis. […] Neuromuscular kyphosis. This form of the deformity can occur in children with certain neuromuscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy. Surgery can be an option to improve quality of life. […] Nutritional kyphosis. This condition is caused by certain vitamin deficiencies during childhood, such as a vitamin D deficiency. […] Postural kyphosis. This form of kyphosis is attributed to poor posture and slouching. It occurs in both young and older patients, is more prominent in females than in males, and rarely causes pain.

• #59 Managing Kyphosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Guide

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/managing-kyphosis-symptoms-causes-treatment-guide

  Abnormally shaped vertebrae, often due to congenital factors or conditions like Scheuermann’s disease, can cause spinal deformities like kyphosis. Wedged or irregularly developed vertebrae lead to curvature changes in the spine, affecting posture and mobility. […] Age-related changes, including intervertebral disc degeneration, contribute to kyphosis. Over time, discs lose water content and height, causing vertebrae to shift and the spine to curve outward. Weak discs and osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures exacerbate this curvature. […] Other medical conditions, like neuromuscular disorders or connective tissue disorders, can cause kyphosis. These conditions weaken muscles and ligaments that support the spine, leading to an abnormal curvature. Neurological issues affecting spinal muscles’ control can also contribute.

• #60 Kyphosis (Hyperkyphosis) | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/kyphosis

  Paralytic disorders (conditions that lead to paralysis) and neuromuscular disorders can eventually lead to kyphosis. Polio, cerebral palsy, spinal muscle atrophy (an inherited illness that causes muscle wasting), spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy can cause kyphosis as a secondary effect. […] Post-surgical complications/iatrogenic kyphosis (iatrogenic means as a result of medical intervention) such as when a spinal fusion surgery does not heal properly and the ligaments are not strong enough to support the spine, which causes the vertebrae to collapse often requires a second, revision surgery to correct the kyphosis. […] Trauma that results in injury to the spine, such as a vertebra fracture in the thoracic (upper) or lumbar (lower) spine, will almost always lead to some degree of kyphosis.

• #61 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Disk degeneration. Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s disease. Also called Scheuermann’s kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence. […] Other problems. Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions. […] The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome. […] In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause: Limited physical functions. Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.

• #62 Kyphosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Resurgens Orthopaedics

  https://www.resurgens.com/spine/conditions/kyphosis

  Additionally, congenital disabilities can cause this condition, especially when the spinal column has not developed correctly. Broken or overly compressed vertebrae can cause abnormal spine curvature and lead to rounded back. Other factors that can cause kyphosis include cancer treatment, tumors, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. […] Severe kyphosis may put pressure on your spinal nerves. It may cause your organs to become compressed, which can cause a wide range of problems. […] Over time as the disease progresses, some people may experience breathing difficulties. […] When the spinal cord is pinching the nerve roots or other structures, spinal fusion surgery can alleviate the pressure by stabilizing the spine. During a fusion, your physician joins two or more vertebral bones to secure your spinal structure. Spinal fusion helps prevent further progression of kyphosis and reduce curvature.

• #63 Kyphosis (Hyperkyphosis) | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/kyphosis

  Kyphosis has a range of causes, most of which lead to weakening of the spinal structure and subsequent collapse of the front of the vertebrae as the back of the vertebrae retain their height; this results in the spinal column tipping forward and a person assuming the characteristic round, stooped posture. […] Arthritis can lead to an excessive curve of the spine. Osteoarthritis of the spine erodes the joints connecting the vertebrae, causing joint inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis in which chronic inflammation causes stiffness and pain in the spine. In severe cases, the bones of the spine can fuse together over time, causing rigidity and a hunched posture, or kyphosis. […] Cancers (such as bone cancer, multiple myeloma) or tumors can lead to kyphosis. Chemotherapy and radiation to the spine and skull for cancer treatment can damage the spine as well and make a person more prone to compression fractures, which lead to the vertebrae becoming wedge-shaped.

• #64 Kyphosis (Hyperkyphosis) | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/kyphosis

  Kyphosis has a range of causes, most of which lead to weakening of the spinal structure and subsequent collapse of the front of the vertebrae as the back of the vertebrae retain their height; this results in the spinal column tipping forward and a person assuming the characteristic round, stooped posture. […] Arthritis can lead to an excessive curve of the spine. Osteoarthritis of the spine erodes the joints connecting the vertebrae, causing joint inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis in which chronic inflammation causes stiffness and pain in the spine. In severe cases, the bones of the spine can fuse together over time, causing rigidity and a hunched posture, or kyphosis. […] Cancers (such as bone cancer, multiple myeloma) or tumors can lead to kyphosis. Chemotherapy and radiation to the spine and skull for cancer treatment can damage the spine as well and make a person more prone to compression fractures, which lead to the vertebrae becoming wedge-shaped.

• #65 Etiology and treatment of cervical kyphosis: state of the art review—a narrative review – Ogura – Journal of Spine Surgery

  https://jss.amegroups.org/article/view/5409/html

  Cervical kyphosis has been increasingly common due to the growing elderly population. […] Major etiologies of cervical kyphosis include degenerative, post-laminectomy, and ankylosing spondylitis. […] There are multiple causes of cervical kyphosis including degeneration, infection, trauma, inflammation, and iatrogenic. […] Post-laminectomy kyphosis, degenerative kyphosis, kyphosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis are highlighted in this article as they are more common than kyphosis from trauma, infection, neoplasm, and congenital anomalies. […] Post-laminectomy kyphosis develops gradually with disruption of posterior tension band, increasing compressive loads on the anterior elements. […] Degenerative changes in the cervical spine, involving multiple levels, may result in cervical kyphosis. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is seronegative spondyloarthropathy with known association with the major histocompatibility complex antigen HLA-B27. […] The primary etiologies of cervical kyphosis include degenerative, infection, post-laminectomy, and ankylosing spondylitis.

• #66 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of adult kyphosis, especially after menopause. Trauma or injury to the spine, spinal surgery, or other spinal treatments might also contribute to the condition. Adult kyphosis might also be congenital (present at birth). […] While rare, kyphosis can result from a spinal or soft tissue tumor. […] Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an inflammatory autoimmune bone disease that might cause spinal bone fusion, can lead to kyphosis. This is mainly due to spinal stiffness, leading the spine to curve forward. People with AS might also experience lesions on the spinal bones that can affect spinal alignment. Spinal fractures that weaken the spine are another cause of kyphosis in people with AS.

• #67 Kyphosis (Hyperkyphosis) | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/kyphosis

  Kyphosis has a range of causes, most of which lead to weakening of the spinal structure and subsequent collapse of the front of the vertebrae as the back of the vertebrae retain their height; this results in the spinal column tipping forward and a person assuming the characteristic round, stooped posture. […] Arthritis can lead to an excessive curve of the spine. Osteoarthritis of the spine erodes the joints connecting the vertebrae, causing joint inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis in which chronic inflammation causes stiffness and pain in the spine. In severe cases, the bones of the spine can fuse together over time, causing rigidity and a hunched posture, or kyphosis. […] Cancers (such as bone cancer, multiple myeloma) or tumors can lead to kyphosis. Chemotherapy and radiation to the spine and skull for cancer treatment can damage the spine as well and make a person more prone to compression fractures, which lead to the vertebrae becoming wedge-shaped.

• #68 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Osteoporosis is the leading cause of adult kyphosis, especially after menopause. Trauma or injury to the spine, spinal surgery, or other spinal treatments might also contribute to the condition. Adult kyphosis might also be congenital (present at birth). […] While rare, kyphosis can result from a spinal or soft tissue tumor. […] Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an inflammatory autoimmune bone disease that might cause spinal bone fusion, can lead to kyphosis. This is mainly due to spinal stiffness, leading the spine to curve forward. People with AS might also experience lesions on the spinal bones that can affect spinal alignment. Spinal fractures that weaken the spine are another cause of kyphosis in people with AS.

• #69 Kyphosis (Hyperkyphosis) | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/kyphosis

  Kyphosis has a range of causes, most of which lead to weakening of the spinal structure and subsequent collapse of the front of the vertebrae as the back of the vertebrae retain their height; this results in the spinal column tipping forward and a person assuming the characteristic round, stooped posture. […] Arthritis can lead to an excessive curve of the spine. Osteoarthritis of the spine erodes the joints connecting the vertebrae, causing joint inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis in which chronic inflammation causes stiffness and pain in the spine. In severe cases, the bones of the spine can fuse together over time, causing rigidity and a hunched posture, or kyphosis. […] Cancers (such as bone cancer, multiple myeloma) or tumors can lead to kyphosis. Chemotherapy and radiation to the spine and skull for cancer treatment can damage the spine as well and make a person more prone to compression fractures, which lead to the vertebrae becoming wedge-shaped.

• #70 Kyphosis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17671-kyphosis

  Kyphosis is a condition where your spine curves outward more than it should. This causes your upper back around the thoracic region (the part of your spine between your neck and ribs) to bend forward. The curvature can make it look like youre hunched over or slouching. […] The cause of kyphosis varies depending on the type but could include: Poor posture. Structural abnormalities of the bones in your spine. Bone growth abnormalities (shape of the bone). Spinal injury. Your age. […] Complications arent common for mild cases of kyphosis but they can happen when you have a severe spine curve. Complications may include: Back pain. Difficulty walking. Lung compression (difficulty breathing). Neurological issues (pinched nerves). […] Treatment for kyphosis varies but could include: Physical therapy: Exercises can strengthen abdominal and back muscles to relieve pain and improve posture. Exercise can also stretch tight hamstrings and strengthen other areas of your body. Pain medication: Anti-inflammatory medications relieve back pain. Back brace: Your provider may recommend that you wear a brace. Its most common when children who are still growing have Scheuermanns kyphosis. Your provider will discuss the type of brace and how many hours a day to wear it. Surgery: A surgical procedure can reduce spine curvature. The most common kyphosis surgery is spinal fusion surgery. During this procedure, your surgeon lines up your vertebrae in a straighter position. Theyll fuse them together by using small pieces of bone to fill the spaces between your vertebrae. As your vertebrae heal, they fuse or join together. This procedure reduces the severity of the curve.

• #71 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Disk degeneration. Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s disease. Also called Scheuermann’s kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence. […] Other problems. Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions. […] The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome. […] In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause: Limited physical functions. Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.

• #72 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Digestive problems. Serious kyphosis can compress the digestive tract, causing problems such as acid reflux and difficulty with swallowing. […] Back pain. Some patients with serious kyphosis experience back pain. […] Body image problems. People with kyphosis, especially adolescents, may have poor body image from having a rounded back.

• #73 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Disk degeneration. Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s disease. Also called Scheuermann’s kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence. […] Other problems. Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions. […] The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome. […] In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause: Limited physical functions. Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.

• #74 Kyphosis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17671-kyphosis

  Kyphosis is a condition where your spine curves outward more than it should. This causes your upper back around the thoracic region (the part of your spine between your neck and ribs) to bend forward. The curvature can make it look like youre hunched over or slouching. […] The cause of kyphosis varies depending on the type but could include: Poor posture. Structural abnormalities of the bones in your spine. Bone growth abnormalities (shape of the bone). Spinal injury. Your age. […] Complications arent common for mild cases of kyphosis but they can happen when you have a severe spine curve. Complications may include: Back pain. Difficulty walking. Lung compression (difficulty breathing). Neurological issues (pinched nerves). […] Treatment for kyphosis varies but could include: Physical therapy: Exercises can strengthen abdominal and back muscles to relieve pain and improve posture. Exercise can also stretch tight hamstrings and strengthen other areas of your body. Pain medication: Anti-inflammatory medications relieve back pain. Back brace: Your provider may recommend that you wear a brace. Its most common when children who are still growing have Scheuermanns kyphosis. Your provider will discuss the type of brace and how many hours a day to wear it. Surgery: A surgical procedure can reduce spine curvature. The most common kyphosis surgery is spinal fusion surgery. During this procedure, your surgeon lines up your vertebrae in a straighter position. Theyll fuse them together by using small pieces of bone to fill the spaces between your vertebrae. As your vertebrae heal, they fuse or join together. This procedure reduces the severity of the curve.

• #75 Understanding Kyphosis: Causes, Effects, and Therapeutic Interventions | North Lake Physical Therapy

  https://northlakept.com/kyphosis-causes-effects-therapeutic-interventions/

  Risk factors for developing kyphosis include age, as degenerative diseases affecting the spine become more common with aging, and lifestyle choices, particularly those affecting posture and spinal health. […] Kyphosis can lead to a multitude of health issues if left unaddressed. These include back pain, stiffness, and discomfort, which can significantly impair daily activities and quality of life. Additionally, severe cases of kyphosis can affect lung function, leading to breathing difficulties due to the restricted expansion of the chest. […] Physical therapy plays a crucial role in the management of kyphosis. Tailored therapeutic interventions aim not only to decrease the curvature of the spine but also to enhance overall well–being through improved posture, mobility, strength, and flexibility. In some cases, bracing can help as well. […] Early intervention is key to managing kyphosis effectively. Physical therapy can prevent the progression of the curvature, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life. It’s essential for individuals experiencing signs of kyphosis to seek professional evaluation and treatment.

• #76 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Digestive problems. Serious kyphosis can compress the digestive tract, causing problems such as acid reflux and difficulty with swallowing. […] Back pain. Some patients with serious kyphosis experience back pain. […] Body image problems. People with kyphosis, especially adolescents, may have poor body image from having a rounded back.

• #77 Kyphosis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17671-kyphosis

  Kyphosis is a condition where your spine curves outward more than it should. This causes your upper back around the thoracic region (the part of your spine between your neck and ribs) to bend forward. The curvature can make it look like youre hunched over or slouching. […] The cause of kyphosis varies depending on the type but could include: Poor posture. Structural abnormalities of the bones in your spine. Bone growth abnormalities (shape of the bone). Spinal injury. Your age. […] Complications arent common for mild cases of kyphosis but they can happen when you have a severe spine curve. Complications may include: Back pain. Difficulty walking. Lung compression (difficulty breathing). Neurological issues (pinched nerves). […] Treatment for kyphosis varies but could include: Physical therapy: Exercises can strengthen abdominal and back muscles to relieve pain and improve posture. Exercise can also stretch tight hamstrings and strengthen other areas of your body. Pain medication: Anti-inflammatory medications relieve back pain. Back brace: Your provider may recommend that you wear a brace. Its most common when children who are still growing have Scheuermanns kyphosis. Your provider will discuss the type of brace and how many hours a day to wear it. Surgery: A surgical procedure can reduce spine curvature. The most common kyphosis surgery is spinal fusion surgery. During this procedure, your surgeon lines up your vertebrae in a straighter position. Theyll fuse them together by using small pieces of bone to fill the spaces between your vertebrae. As your vertebrae heal, they fuse or join together. This procedure reduces the severity of the curve.

• #78 Kyphosis: Symptoms, causes, exercises, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324071

  The aim of surgery is to reduce the curve of the spine and any associated symptoms, such as pain. […] Other surgical procedures for severe kyphosis involve inserting rods, metal screws, and plates into the spine. This helps stabilize the spine and increase the fusion rate for bone grafting. […] Complications with kyphosis can occur in more severe cases. These include an irreversible curvature in the back, persistent back pain, respiratory complications, heart problems, and limited quality of life. […] Kyphosis can also compress or pinch the spinal cord, causing problems with the nerves that supply the legs and lower body.

• #79 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Digestive problems. Serious kyphosis can compress the digestive tract, causing problems such as acid reflux and difficulty with swallowing. […] Back pain. Some patients with serious kyphosis experience back pain. […] Body image problems. People with kyphosis, especially adolescents, may have poor body image from having a rounded back.

• #80 Kyphosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kyphosis?lang=us

  Kyphosis increases with age, with a kyphosis angle of ~25 (range 20-29) in adolescents and young adults to ~38.5 (range 35-42) in adults aged over 65 years 5,7. […] A kyphosis angle 40 has been widely accepted as the threshold for hyperkyphosis, although no published consensus exists 5,7,9. […] An increased kyphosis angle is associated with the following: normal aging: the degree of kyphosis is mainly related to intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral body shape with a minor component related to decreased muscle strength 5,7. […] Each vertebral body fracture increases the kyphosis angle by ~4 degrees 5. […] Hyperkyphosis is associated with reduced physical performance, increased falls, and increased vertebral body fracture risk as well as increased all-cause mortality 5,7.

• #81 Post-Traumatic Kyphosis: An Overview

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_post-traumatic-kyphosis-overview.asp

  Post-traumatic kyphosis is a condition that results from serious injury, such as a fall from a height, a motor vehicle accident, a horseback riding accident, or even a bounce off a wave while boating. […] A kyphotic deformity – an abnormal curve of the spine – can develop, especially if the injury is not treated promptly. […] This occurs when fractures of the vertebrae cause wedging and the normally block-shaped vertebrae become angulated, resulting in a spinal deformity, pain, and a limited range of motion. […] Because post-traumatic kyphosis can progress if the injury heals without intervention, the goal for patients in the acute phase is to correct the spinal alignment as soon as it is safe to do so. […] Treatment recommendations are based on a variety of factors, including the type of fracture (some kinds of fractures make the patient more susceptible to kyphosis), the site of the fracture, the extent of angulation in the affected part of the spine, and the size of the patient.

• #82 Kyphosis After Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1203

  Thoracolumbar fractures change the biomechanics of the spine. Load distribution causes kyphosis by the time. […] The loss of height in the vertebral body and disruption of the posterior tension band may lead to kyphosis in the spine. As a result of the existing deformity, compensatory mechanisms try to achieve a sagittal balance. […] Kyphosis developing in any part of the spine causes compression of the vertebral body due to gravity force-the height loss of the vertebra increases due to gravity forces. Kyphosis may increase progressively as the line of gravity shifts forward. […] Disc injury during trauma increases disc degeneration. It is known that disc degeneration and loss of disc height increase the development of kyphosis. […] Osteoporosis is one of the main factors that increase posttraumatic kyphosis. The low quality of bone is unable to resist the vertebras loads and causes vertebral body height loss.

• #83 Kyphosis After Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1203

  Thoracolumbar fractures change the biomechanics of the spine. Load distribution causes kyphosis by the time. […] The loss of height in the vertebral body and disruption of the posterior tension band may lead to kyphosis in the spine. As a result of the existing deformity, compensatory mechanisms try to achieve a sagittal balance. […] Kyphosis developing in any part of the spine causes compression of the vertebral body due to gravity force-the height loss of the vertebra increases due to gravity forces. Kyphosis may increase progressively as the line of gravity shifts forward. […] Disc injury during trauma increases disc degeneration. It is known that disc degeneration and loss of disc height increase the development of kyphosis. […] Osteoporosis is one of the main factors that increase posttraumatic kyphosis. The low quality of bone is unable to resist the vertebras loads and causes vertebral body height loss.

• #84 Kyphosis After Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1203

  Thoracolumbar fractures change the biomechanics of the spine. Load distribution causes kyphosis by the time. […] The loss of height in the vertebral body and disruption of the posterior tension band may lead to kyphosis in the spine. As a result of the existing deformity, compensatory mechanisms try to achieve a sagittal balance. […] Kyphosis developing in any part of the spine causes compression of the vertebral body due to gravity force-the height loss of the vertebra increases due to gravity forces. Kyphosis may increase progressively as the line of gravity shifts forward. […] Disc injury during trauma increases disc degeneration. It is known that disc degeneration and loss of disc height increase the development of kyphosis. […] Osteoporosis is one of the main factors that increase posttraumatic kyphosis. The low quality of bone is unable to resist the vertebras loads and causes vertebral body height loss.

• #85 Understanding Kyphosis: Causes, Effects, and Therapeutic Interventions | North Lake Physical Therapy

  https://northlakept.com/kyphosis-causes-effects-therapeutic-interventions/

  Risk factors for developing kyphosis include age, as degenerative diseases affecting the spine become more common with aging, and lifestyle choices, particularly those affecting posture and spinal health. […] Kyphosis can lead to a multitude of health issues if left unaddressed. These include back pain, stiffness, and discomfort, which can significantly impair daily activities and quality of life. Additionally, severe cases of kyphosis can affect lung function, leading to breathing difficulties due to the restricted expansion of the chest. […] Physical therapy plays a crucial role in the management of kyphosis. Tailored therapeutic interventions aim not only to decrease the curvature of the spine but also to enhance overall well–being through improved posture, mobility, strength, and flexibility. In some cases, bracing can help as well. […] Early intervention is key to managing kyphosis effectively. Physical therapy can prevent the progression of the curvature, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life. It’s essential for individuals experiencing signs of kyphosis to seek professional evaluation and treatment.

• #86 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies. […] Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] The most obvious sign seen in hyperkyphosis is the cosmetic deformity seen as a rounded back due to the excessive forward curvature of the spine. […] The gold standard for the objective assessment of kyphosis is obtaining a standing lateral spine X-ray. […] The course of treatment for kyphosis will generally be starting conservatively and progressing to surgical intervention as a last resort if the patients symptoms do not improve with conservative management or if the curvature is too significant. […] In congenital kyphosis, surgical treatment will need to be implemented due to the progressive nature of the disease.

• #87 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies. […] Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] The most obvious sign seen in hyperkyphosis is the cosmetic deformity seen as a rounded back due to the excessive forward curvature of the spine. […] The gold standard for the objective assessment of kyphosis is obtaining a standing lateral spine X-ray. […] The course of treatment for kyphosis will generally be starting conservatively and progressing to surgical intervention as a last resort if the patients symptoms do not improve with conservative management or if the curvature is too significant.

• #88 Kyphosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23963

  In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies. […] Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] In Scheuermanns disease, the prevalence is about 0.4% to 8% in the United States, with males being twice as likely to have it compared to females. […] The gold standard for the objective assessment of kyphosis is obtaining a standing lateral spine X-ray. […] For Scheuermann disease, in addition to Cobb’s angle being greater than 40 degrees, there also needs 3 or more of the adjacent vertebral bodies to have an anterior wedge that is measured 5 degrees or more.

• #89 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies. […] Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] The most obvious sign seen in hyperkyphosis is the cosmetic deformity seen as a rounded back due to the excessive forward curvature of the spine. […] The gold standard for the objective assessment of kyphosis is obtaining a standing lateral spine X-ray. […] The course of treatment for kyphosis will generally be starting conservatively and progressing to surgical intervention as a last resort if the patients symptoms do not improve with conservative management or if the curvature is too significant. […] In congenital kyphosis, surgical treatment will need to be implemented due to the progressive nature of the disease.

• #90 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies. […] Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] The most obvious sign seen in hyperkyphosis is the cosmetic deformity seen as a rounded back due to the excessive forward curvature of the spine. […] The gold standard for the objective assessment of kyphosis is obtaining a standing lateral spine X-ray. […] The course of treatment for kyphosis will generally be starting conservatively and progressing to surgical intervention as a last resort if the patients symptoms do not improve with conservative management or if the curvature is too significant.

• #91 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies. […] Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] The most obvious sign seen in hyperkyphosis is the cosmetic deformity seen as a rounded back due to the excessive forward curvature of the spine. […] The gold standard for the objective assessment of kyphosis is obtaining a standing lateral spine X-ray. […] The course of treatment for kyphosis will generally be starting conservatively and progressing to surgical intervention as a last resort if the patients symptoms do not improve with conservative management or if the curvature is too significant. […] In congenital kyphosis, surgical treatment will need to be implemented due to the progressive nature of the disease.

• #92 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  The following are indications when surgery may be the appropriate course of action to take: pain not improving with a conservative approach, progressing curve, neurological deficits, cardiopulmonary compromise, and worsening trunk deformity (usually with kyphosis greater than 75 degrees). […] In congenital kyphosis, surgical treatment will need to be implemented due to the progressive nature of the disease.

• #93 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  The following are indications when surgery may be the appropriate course of action to take: pain not improving with a conservative approach, progressing curve, neurological deficits, cardiopulmonary compromise, and worsening trunk deformity (usually with kyphosis greater than 75 degrees). […] In congenital kyphosis, surgical treatment will need to be implemented due to the progressive nature of the disease.

• #94 Kyphosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23963

  The course of treatment for kyphosis will generally be starting conservatively and progressing to surgical intervention as a last resort if the patients symptoms do not improve with conservative management or if the curvature is too significant. […] The following are indications when surgery may be the appropriate course of action to take: pain not improving with a conservative approach, progressing curve, neurological deficits, cardiopulmonary compromise, and worsening trunk deformity (usually with kyphosis greater than 75 degrees). […] In congenital kyphosis, surgical treatment will need to be implemented due to the progressive nature of the disease.

• #95 Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/kyphosis-roundback-of-the-spine/

  Congenital kyphosis is present at birth. It occurs when the spinal column fails to develop normally while the baby is in the womb. The bones may not form as they should, or several vertebrae may be fused together. Congenital kyphosis typically worsens as the child ages. […] Surgery may also be recommended for patients with Scheuermann’s kyphosis who have curves greater than 70 to 75 degrees or those with severe back pain. Patients with kyphosis in the lower back (thoracolumbar curves) may require surgery for smaller curves of greater than 25 to 30 degrees. […] Spinal fusion is the surgical procedure most commonly used to treat kyphosis. […] The basic idea is to fuse together the affected vertebrae so that they heal into a single, solid bone. Fusing the vertebrae will reduce the degree of the curve and, because it eliminates motion between the affected vertebrae, may also help alleviate back pain. […] If kyphosis is diagnosed early, many patients can be treated successfully without surgery and go on to lead active, healthy lives. However, curve progression could potentially lead to problems during adulthood.

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