Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/kyphosis-roundback-of-the-spine/

  Kyphosis is a spinal disorder in which an excessive curve of the spine results in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. The condition is sometimes known as roundback or in the case of a severe curve as hunchback. Kyphosis can occur at any age but is common during adolescence. […] Although the thoracic spine should have a natural kyphosis of 20 to 45 degrees, postural or structural abnormalities can result in a curve that is outside this normal range. […] Although the medical term for a curve that is greater than normal (more than 50 degrees) is actually hyperkyphosis, the term kyphosis is commonly used by doctors to refer to the clinical condition of excessive curvature in the thoracic spine that leads to a rounded upper back. […] Scheuermann’s kyphosis is caused by a structural abnormality in the spine. In a patient with Scheuermann’s kyphosis, an X-ray from the side will show that, rather than the normal rectangular shape, three or more consecutive vertebrae have a more triangular shape.

• #2 Kyphosis (Forward Curvature of the Spine) | HSS Spine

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_kyphosis-overview.asp

  Kyphosis is a term used to describe the direction of the spines curvature as seen from the side-view of the body. Namely, kyphosis refers to a forward (anterior) curvature of the spine. […] The most common causes of thoracic kyphosis are years of poor posture in childhood (postural kyphosis) and structural changes of the vertebrae (Scheuermanns kyphosis). Both issues usually become noticeable by adolescence. […] Kyphosis can also develop after spine trauma or spine surgery. Less common causes of kyphosis include skeletal dysplasias (such as achondroplasia), abnormalities in vertebral development (congenital kyphosis), and neuromuscular disorders. […] Postural kyphosis is caused by poor posture in childhood which, over time, affects the muscles and soft tissues of the back, allowing the thoracic spine to curve forward excessively.

• #3 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] Postural kyphosis usually starts to show up in adolescents, with more females being affected compared to males. […] Scheuermann disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, is a structural deformity of the thoracic/thoracolumbar spine that usually occurs before puberty. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis. […] In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies.

• #4 Kyphosis Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://spineconnection.org/back-pain-conditions/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis is a spinal disorder which can look like a person has a humpback or hunchback. […] The condition can be due to poor posture or a structural abnormality in the intervertebral discs, muscles, bones, nerves, and ligaments. […] Causes of kyphosis include: Postural round-back, Scheuermann’s Disease, Congenital Kyphosis, Osteoporosis, Kyphosis associated with neuromuscular disorders, Kyphosis secondary to trauma, tumours, infection, and arthritis. […] Hyperkyphosis is usually due to osteoporosis and is an excessive curvature involving several vertebrae of the thoracic spine. […] Congenital is a structural disorder found at birth. […] Scheuermann’s Disease is an adolescent thoracic kyphosis. It tends to run in families and is a stiff vertebral wedging of greater than 5 degrees involving three vertebrae.

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/

  In kyphosis, the normal curve in the middle section of vertebral column (the thoracic vertebrae) is more curved than normal. There are a number of reasons why this might happen, including: […] poor posture (postural kyphosis) slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy bags can stretch supporting muscles and ligaments, which can increase spinal curvature […] abnormally shaped vertebrae (Scheuermann’s kyphosis) if the vertebrae don’t develop properly, they can end up being out of position […] abnormal development of the spine in the womb (congenital kyphosis) if something disrupts the spine’s normal development, two or more vertebrae sometimes fuse together […] age as people get older, their spinal curvature can increase. Kyphosis can also develop as a result of a spinal injury.

• #6 Kyphosis: Guide To Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments

  https://www.hudsonvalleyscoliosis.com/what-is-scoliosis/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis occurs when the vertebrae in the upper back become more wedge-shaped, excessively curving the mid spine. This results in a bowing of the back, seen as a slouching posture. […] Hyperkyphosis can develop due to aging alone but about one third of the most severe hyperkyphosis often occurs after osteoporosis (a condition that thins and weakens the bones) weakens spinal bones to the point that they crack and compress. […] Scheuermanns Kyphosis is caused by an interruption to the normal blood supply to the spinal bones and can cause varying degrees of pain. […] Congenital Kyphosis occurs in rare cases of infants whose spinal column has not developed correctly in the womb. […] Nutritional kyphosis can result from vitamin deficiencies, especially during childhood. One example is vitamin D deficiency which causes Rickets, a softening of the bones that results in curving of the spine and limbs under the child’s body weight.

• #7

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Kyphosis may be caused by poor posture during childhood or be the result of abnormally shaped vertebrae or developmental problems with the spine. […] Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy schoolbags, can cause the ligaments and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This can pull the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position, resulting in kyphosis. Kyphosis caused by poor posture is known as postural kyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also be caused when the vertebrae don’t develop correctly. They can take on a wedged, triangular shape, rather than the normal rectangular, box-like shape. This leads to the vertebrae being out of position and is known as Scheuermann’s kyphosis. […] Congenital kyphosis is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the spine before birth. In many cases, two or more of the vertebrae fuse together.

• #8 Kyphosis: Symptoms, causes, exercises, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324071

  Kyphosis refers to an excessive forward curvature in the upper back. Posture, age, and spinal features can cause it. […] Postural imbalance, irregularities in the spine, or age-related conditions can cause kyphosis. […] The factors that contribute to kyphosis vary depending on the type someone has. […] Postural kyphosis: This is the most common form of kyphosis. It often starts in adolescence, when the muscles surrounding the spine develop differently due to a postural imbalance, such as slouching. Slouching increases the forward curvature, stretching the extensor muscles and posterior ligaments of the spine, which weaken over time. This can also occur in older adults, due to decreased muscle strength. […] Scheuermanns kyphosis: This also tends to develop during adolescence. However, it can become more severe than postural kyphosis. Doctors do not know what causes this form of kyphosis.

• #9 Kyphosis: Symptoms, causes, exercises, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324071

  Kyphosis refers to an excessive forward curvature in the upper back. Posture, age, and spinal features can cause it. […] Postural imbalance, irregularities in the spine, or age-related conditions can cause kyphosis. […] The factors that contribute to kyphosis vary depending on the type someone has. […] Postural kyphosis: This is the most common form of kyphosis. It often starts in adolescence, when the muscles surrounding the spine develop differently due to a postural imbalance, such as slouching. Slouching increases the forward curvature, stretching the extensor muscles and posterior ligaments of the spine, which weaken over time. This can also occur in older adults, due to decreased muscle strength. […] Scheuermanns kyphosis: This also tends to develop during adolescence. However, it can become more severe than postural kyphosis. Doctors do not know what causes this form of kyphosis.

• #10 Kyphosis Causes, Symptoms, Surgery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/kyphosis/article.htm

  Kyphosis is the abnormal forward curve up the upper spine, leading to a hunchback appearance. There are three main types of abnormal kyphosis: postural kyphosis, Scheuermann’s kyphosis (Scheuermann’s disease), and congenital kyphosis. […] Postural kyphosis is the most common type of kyphosis. This is more common in girls than in boys and typically appears during adolescence. Poor posture (slouching) and a weakening of the muscles and ligaments in the back (paraspinous muscles) cause postural kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s kyphosis also first appears during adolescence. This type of kyphosis is the result of a structural deformity of the vertebrae. […] Congenital kyphosis is the least common type of abnormal kyphosis. Abnormal development of the vertebrae during development prior to birth causes congenital kyphosis.

• #11 Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/kyphosis-roundback-of-the-spine/

  Kyphosis is a spinal disorder in which an excessive curve of the spine results in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. The condition is sometimes known as roundback or in the case of a severe curve as hunchback. Kyphosis can occur at any age but is common during adolescence. […] Although the thoracic spine should have a natural kyphosis of 20 to 45 degrees, postural or structural abnormalities can result in a curve that is outside this normal range. […] Although the medical term for a curve that is greater than normal (more than 50 degrees) is actually hyperkyphosis, the term kyphosis is commonly used by doctors to refer to the clinical condition of excessive curvature in the thoracic spine that leads to a rounded upper back. […] Scheuermann’s kyphosis is caused by a structural abnormality in the spine. In a patient with Scheuermann’s kyphosis, an X-ray from the side will show that, rather than the normal rectangular shape, three or more consecutive vertebrae have a more triangular shape.

• #12 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Disk degeneration. Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s disease. Also called Scheuermann’s kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence. […] Other problems. Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions.

• #13 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] Postural kyphosis usually starts to show up in adolescents, with more females being affected compared to males. […] Scheuermann disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, is a structural deformity of the thoracic/thoracolumbar spine that usually occurs before puberty. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis. […] In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies.

• #14

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2061/scheuermanns-kyphosis

  Scheuermann’s Kyphosis is a rigid form of spinal kyphosis caused by anterior wedging of 5 degrees across three consecutive vertebrae, most commonly in the thoracic spine. […] exact pathophysiology is unknown but several theories: osteonecrosis of anterior apophyseal ring, herniation of disc material leading to loss of anterior disc height, relative osteoporosis leading to compression deformity, altered biomechanics leading to anterior wedging and subsequent growth arrest. […] most widely accepted theory suggests that the kyphosis and vertebral wedging are caused by a developmental error in collagen aggregation which results in an abnormal end plate. […] autosomal dominant inheritance pattern now accepted.

• #15 Kyphosis – Causes, Types & Treatment Options – ScoliCare

  https://scolicare.com/patients-what-is-kyphosis/

  Kyphosis describes the rounded shape of the mid-back. A moderate amount of kyphosis is normal however, in some people, they develop too much kyphosis which is called hyperkyphosis. […] Hyperkyphosis (also known as kyphosis) can be caused by functional problems such as poor posture, low muscle tone and pain. Hyperkyphosis can also be caused by structural problems such as a fracture of one of the vertebrae or when the vertebrae grow in a deformed manner (the back of the bone grows taller than the front of the bone creating a wedge shape). Sometimes multiple vertebrae develop a wedge shape and this creates a special condition called Scheuermann’s hyperkyphosis. […] The causes of hyperkyphosis may include: Poor posture, Uneven growth of the vertebrae causing a wedge (Scheuermann’s kyphosis), Low bone density (Osteoporosis) causing compression fracture in the spine, Spinal infections, Neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy, Chronic diseases such as arthritis.

• #16 Scheuermann Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266349-overview

  Scheuermann’s disease refers to osteochondrosis of the secondary ossification centers of the vertebral bodies. The etiology and pathogenesis are a matter of debate. Many theories have been advanced, including mechanical, metabolic, and endocrinologic causes. […] A definite hereditary component is involved in the development of the condition, but the mode of inheritance has been debated. […] According to some authors, the presence of an adjacent area of lordoscoliosis below the region of hyperkyphosis testifies to the common nature of the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis and Scheuermann’s disease.

• #17 Scheuermann Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266349-overview

  Scheuermann’s disease refers to osteochondrosis of the secondary ossification centers of the vertebral bodies. The etiology and pathogenesis are a matter of debate. Many theories have been advanced, including mechanical, metabolic, and endocrinologic causes. […] A definite hereditary component is involved in the development of the condition, but the mode of inheritance has been debated. […] According to some authors, the presence of an adjacent area of lordoscoliosis below the region of hyperkyphosis testifies to the common nature of the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis and Scheuermann’s disease.

• #18 Adult Kyphosis – Types and Causes -Redlands, Loma Linda, Highland | Bones and Spine Surgery Inc.

  https://www.waynecheng.com/adult-kyphosis-types-and-causes/

  Postural kyphosis-sometimes called „round back”-is the result of poor posture. […] Researchers are unsure what causes Scheuermann’s kyphosis. Genetics appear to have a role, meaning it runs in families. […] Congenital kyphosis means a person is born with some sort of defect, such as incomplete formation of the spine. […] Conditions that cause paralysis can lead to kyphosis. […] Injury to the spine can lead to progressive kyphosis and nerve problems in the spine. […] Kyphosis can develop after spine surgery has been done to correct other problems. […] There are cases of kyphosis that are caused by degeneration (wear and tear of the spine). […] Different types of systemic (whole body) diseases can cause a kyphosis to develop over time.

• #19 Kyphosis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17671-kyphosis

  Kyphosis is a condition where your spine curves outward more than it should. This causes your upper back around the thoracic region (the part of your spine between your neck and ribs) to bend forward. […] The cause of kyphosis varies depending on the type but could include: Poor posture, Structural abnormalities of the bones in your spine, Bone growth abnormalities (shape of the bone), Spinal injury, Your age. […] A kyphosis diagnosis is common between ages 13 and 16 for postural and Scheuermanns kyphosis. This is because teenagers bones are growing rapidly. But it can develop in anyone at any age. As humans age, the vertebrae lose flexibility, and the spine may begin to tilt forward. […] You can also be born with the congenital form of kyphosis. This can happen in addition to other underlying health conditions that affect your growth and development in the uterus. […] Complications arent common for mild cases of kyphosis but they can happen when you have a severe spine curve. Complications may include: Back pain, Difficulty walking, Lung compression (difficulty breathing), Neurological issues (pinched nerves).

• #20 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558945/

  Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane. […] The three main types of kyphosis usually seen in individuals are postural kyphosis, Scheuermann disease, and congenital deformities. […] Postural kyphosis usually starts to show up in adolescents, with more females being affected compared to males. […] Scheuermann disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, is a structural deformity of the thoracic/thoracolumbar spine that usually occurs before puberty. […] Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon cause of hyperkyphosis but can be severely disabling, rapidly progressive, and is more commonly associated with neurological complications compared to the other causes of kyphosis. […] In addition to the three causes listed above, there are many other causes, such as an increase in age, injuries inflicted on the spine, osteoporosis, slipped disc, infections in the spine, and malignancies.

• #21 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Osteoporosis-related kyphosis. The most common cause of kyphosis in adults is from vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis. This can occur in both men and women, but is more common in females than in males. As osteoporosis weakens the vertebral bones in the spine, the vertebrae are susceptible to fracture that typically occurs in a wedge shape with the front of the vertebra collapsing and losing its height and the back of the vertebra maintaining its height. As the front of the bone is crushed, that segment of the spine tips forward, resulting in an excessive kyphotic curve and forward stooped posture. Treatment typically will address the underlying osteoporosis (to prevent future fractures) as well as pain reduction and possibly surgical repair of the fracture. […] Congenital kyphosis. This form of kyphosis typically presents itself in infants and young children, due to a malformation of the spinal column in the womb. Unlike other forms of kyphosis, this form most often requires surgery (at a young age) to re-align the spine and prevent progression of the deformity.

• #22 Kyphosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosis

  Kyphosis (from Greek (kyphos)’hump’) is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions. […] It can result from degenerative disc disease; developmental abnormalities, most commonly Scheuermann’s disease; Copenhagen disease, osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebra; multiple myeloma; or trauma. […] Scheuermann’s kyphosis is the most classic form of hyperkyphosis and is the result of wedged vertebrae that develop during adolescence. The cause is not currently known and the condition appears to be multifactorial and is seen more frequently in males than females. […] Congenital kyphosis (Q76.4) can result in infants whose spinal column has not developed correctly in the womb. Vertebrae may be malformed or fused together and can cause further progressive kyphosis as the child develops.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Kyphosis may be caused by poor posture during childhood or be the result of abnormally shaped vertebrae or developmental problems with the spine. […] Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in chairs and carrying heavy schoolbags, can cause the ligaments and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This can pull the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position, resulting in kyphosis. Kyphosis caused by poor posture is known as postural kyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also be caused when the vertebrae don’t develop correctly. They can take on a wedged, triangular shape, rather than the normal rectangular, box-like shape. This leads to the vertebrae being out of position and is known as Scheuermann’s kyphosis. […] Congenital kyphosis is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the spine before birth. In many cases, two or more of the vertebrae fuse together.

• #24 Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/kyphosis-roundback-of-the-spine/

  Congenital kyphosis occurs when the spinal column fails to develop normally while the baby is in the womb. The bones may not form as they should, or several vertebrae may be fused together. Congenital kyphosis typically worsens as the child ages. […] Surgery may also be recommended for patients with Scheuermann’s kyphosis who have curves greater than 70 to 75 degrees or those with severe back pain.

• #25 Kyphosis – Causes | Health Information from Mediclinic Pharmacy

  https://mediclinicpharmacy.com/nhs_conditions_kyphosis_causes

  Congenital kyphosis is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the spine before birth. In many cases, two or more of the vertebrae fuse together. […] However, some cases of congenital kyphosis run in families, so it seems genetics also play a role in this type of kyphosis. […] Conditions that can cause kyphosis include osteoporosis where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture), cervical spondylosis a term that describes the general „wear and tear” that occurs in the bones, discs and ligaments of the spine as a person gets older, spina bifida a condition where the spine hasn’t formed properly, Paget’s disease of bone a condition in which the development of new bone cells is disrupted, resulting in the bones becoming weak, neurofibromatosis type 1 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscular dystrophy a genetic condition that causes progressive weakening of the muscles, tuberculosis (TB) a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, cancer that develops inside the spine or spreads to the spine from another part of the body. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #26 KYPHOSIS – Texas Orthopedic and Spine Associates

  https://txosa.com/kyphosis/

  Congenital kyphosis is a variation of this condition that occurs during fetal development. Typically, present at birth and is caused by anomalies in the spines formation. These include malformed vertebrae or fused spinal segments. […] The exact causes of congenital kyphosis are not always clear. However, factors like genetic predisposition, maternal smoking, and certain medications can influence its development during pregnancy. […] Postural kyphosis is primarily caused by poor posture and habits that place excessive strain on the spine. These include slouching, carrying heavy backpacks, and prolonged sitting with a rounded back. Risk factors include sedentary lifestyles, lack of physical activity, and occupations that require prolonged sitting or standing in unfavorable positions. Poor ergonomics and inadequate back support can also contribute to its development. […] The exact causes are not fully understood. However, factors such as genetics, imbalanced growth, and abnormal vertebral bone development are believed to play a role.

• #27 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Adult kyphosis often affects the thoracic spine but can also affect the lumbar and cervical spine. Symptoms and severity will vary based on the shape of the back, how significant the deformity might be, if there are nerve problems, and the extent of pain symptoms. […] Osteoporosis is the leading cause of adult kyphosis, especially after menopause. Trauma or injury to the spine, spinal surgery, or other spinal treatments might also contribute to the condition. Adult kyphosis might also be congenital (present at birth). […] Degenerative spine changes (wear and tear) are another cause of adult kyphosis. The underlying cause is typically spinal arthritis or disk degeneration. […] While rare, kyphosis can result from a spinal or soft tissue tumor. […] Kyphosis can also occur after a spinal surgery. For example, someone who has had lumbar fusion surgery may experience kyphosis above the fusion because of stress between the fused and non-fused spine areas.

• #28 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Osteoporosis-related kyphosis. The most common cause of kyphosis in adults is from vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis. This can occur in both men and women, but is more common in females than in males. As osteoporosis weakens the vertebral bones in the spine, the vertebrae are susceptible to fracture that typically occurs in a wedge shape with the front of the vertebra collapsing and losing its height and the back of the vertebra maintaining its height. As the front of the bone is crushed, that segment of the spine tips forward, resulting in an excessive kyphotic curve and forward stooped posture. Treatment typically will address the underlying osteoporosis (to prevent future fractures) as well as pain reduction and possibly surgical repair of the fracture. […] Congenital kyphosis. This form of kyphosis typically presents itself in infants and young children, due to a malformation of the spinal column in the womb. Unlike other forms of kyphosis, this form most often requires surgery (at a young age) to re-align the spine and prevent progression of the deformity.

• #29 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  The causes of hyperkyphosis have yet to be fully elucidated. However, multiple musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and sensory impairments are significant predictors of age-related hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis increases with the number of vertebral fractures and is more strongly related to thoracic fractures than lumbar fractures. Hyperkyphosis is most prominent in women with multiple thoracic anterior wedge fractures. […] Many people consider vertebral fractures to be the underlying cause of age-related hyperkyphosis, although studies of older adults report only approximately 40% of men and women with the most severe hyperkyphosis have vertebral compression or wedge fractures. A common radiographic finding associated with hyperkyphosis among older adults is degenerative disc disease. […] Several studies confirm that hyperkyphosis is associated with spinal extensor muscle weakness. […] Decreased spinal extension mobility occurs with aging, interfering with the ability to stand erect and maintain normal postural alignment. […] Age-related deficits in the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems likely contribute to the loss of upright postural control.

• #30 Kyphosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kyphosis?lang=us

  An increased kyphosis angle is associated with the following: […] normal aging: the degree of kyphosis is mainly related to intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral body shape with a minor component related to decreased muscle strength 5,7 […] vertebral body fracture […] spinal compression or wedge fracture, usually related to osteoporosis 5 […] traumatic vertebral body fracture 6 […] pathological fracture […] present in ~40% of patients with hyperkyphosis 5 […] each vertebral body fracture increases the kyphosis angle by ~4 degrees 5 […] Scheuermann disease […] spondyloarthropathies.

• #31 What Causes Kyphosis? – Space City Pain Specialists

  https://spacecitypain.com/what-causes-kyphosis/

  Kyphosis is a spinal condition characterized by an abnormal curvature forward in the upper spine, which causes a hunchback. […] The most common causes of kyphosis include osteoporosis, disc degeneration, Scheuermanns disease, poor posture, and others. […] Osteoporosis is the most common cause of kyphosis, and this condition is characterized by weak and porous bones. […] Vertebrae become softer because of osteoporosis, which causes them to compress and leads to the onset of kyphosis. […] Discs are soft cushions positioned between vertebrae to reduce the pressure on the spine. Unfortunately, these discs can shrink and flatten as you age, contributing to the onset of kyphosis. […] Spinal injuries and fractures can result in an abnormal curvature of the spine. […] Scheuermanns disease or Scheuermanns kyphosis usually occurs in teens during growth spurts, when the vertebrae dont develop a regular shape. […] Poor posture during childhood and teenage years can lead to kyphosis.

• #32 Why Women Are More Prone to Kyphosis: The Spine Institute of Southeast Texas: Orthopedic Surgeons

  https://www.southeasttexasspine.com/blog/why-women-are-more-prone-to-kyphosis

  Kyphosis is a postural condition that most often affects older women. In fact, its commonly known as Dowagers hump due to the frequency with which women are affected. […] Degenerative diseases like arthritis and bone loss are the most common causes of kyphosis. However, injury and poor posture contribute to the development of kyphosis in some cases. […] Degenerative disease is the most common reason kyphosis develops. Arthritis can cause progressive changes to the upper back that causes kyphosis. Fractures caused by osteoporosis can lead to kyphosis as well. Other causes include hormonal disease, tumors, and scoliosis. […] Because bone loss speeds up, this leaves older women at risk for a host of bone and degenerative issues, such as kyphosis.

• #33 Kyphosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kyphosis?lang=us

  An increased kyphosis angle is associated with the following: […] normal aging: the degree of kyphosis is mainly related to intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral body shape with a minor component related to decreased muscle strength 5,7 […] vertebral body fracture […] spinal compression or wedge fracture, usually related to osteoporosis 5 […] traumatic vertebral body fracture 6 […] pathological fracture […] present in ~40% of patients with hyperkyphosis 5 […] each vertebral body fracture increases the kyphosis angle by ~4 degrees 5 […] Scheuermann disease […] spondyloarthropathies.

• #34 Risk Factors | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/back-neck-and-spine/kyphosis/risks.html

  Kyphosis associated with bone thinning (osteoporosis), often seen in older people, is called a dowager’s hump. […] Risk factors for kyphosis include: Osteoporosis: the condition where bones are weak and brittle, Scoliosis: a severe curve of the spine, Arthritis or other conditions that cause disc degeneration, Ankylosing spondylitis: a type of arthritis that affects the spine, Marfan syndrome and other connective tissue disorders, Spondylolisthesis, where one vertebral bone slips on top of another, Neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy (a disorder involving the brain and muscles that affect a persons movement and balance) and spina bifida (a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord dont form properly), Neurofibromatosis, where tumors form on nerves, Pagets disease, which is a form of abnormal bone growth, Spinal tuberculosis, an infection in the spine that causes deformity, Polio, the infection caused by a virus that can lead to nerve injury and paralysis, Muscular dystrophy, the inherited disease that causes muscle wasting, Spinal tumors, Traumatic injury, Poor posture in teenage years.

• #35 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Degenerative kyphosis. This form of deformity develops due to wear and tear on the spine over time. The underlying cause of the kyphosis typically is spinal arthritis with degeneration of the discs. Non-surgical treatments, such as pain medication, exercise and physical therapy are typically helpful treatments for pain. Surgery may be an option, but is uncommon for this diagnosis. […] Neuromuscular kyphosis. This form of the deformity can occur in children with certain neuromuscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy. Surgery can be an option to improve quality of life. […] Nutritional kyphosis. This condition is caused by certain vitamin deficiencies during childhood, such as a vitamin D deficiency. […] Postural kyphosis. This form of kyphosis is attributed to poor posture and slouching. It occurs in both young and older patients, is more prominent in females than in males, and rarely causes pain.

• #36 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  Disk degeneration. Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis. […] Scheuermann’s disease. Also called Scheuermann’s kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence. […] Other problems. Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions.

• #37 What Causes An Exaggerated Thoracic Spine Kyphosis? | Sydney Physio

  https://www.sydneyphysioclinic.com.au/back-and-joint-pain/what-causes-an-exaggerated-thoracic-spine-kyphosis/?srsltid=AfmBOopdo0NBMQ7aWGapewEIzkaxFbXqVWBjgjWQHJkbuLC9bM1jvBdJ

  Aside from the common postural kyphosis there are a number of other causes of kyphosis of the thoracic spine. […] The exact cause of the condition is unknown however is believed to be related to abnormal bone growth and development during periods of rapid bone growth such as in adolescence. […] An increased kyphotic thoracic spine can result from any condition that causes a decreased height of the anterior (front) part of the spinal vertebra. Compression fractures due to trauma, or osteoporosis can cause a decrease in the anterior vertebral body height and subsequently an increase in the normal mid back kyphosis. […] Osteoporotic fractures causing an increased kyphosis is relatively common in post menopausal females. […] A degenerative kyphosis may be related to age and activity related wear and tear on the spine over many years can cause degeneration of the intervertebral discs, degenerative disc disease and degenerative arthritis, causing an increased thoracic kyphosis in some individuals.

• #38 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  The causes of hyperkyphosis have yet to be fully elucidated. However, multiple musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and sensory impairments are significant predictors of age-related hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis increases with the number of vertebral fractures and is more strongly related to thoracic fractures than lumbar fractures. Hyperkyphosis is most prominent in women with multiple thoracic anterior wedge fractures. […] Many people consider vertebral fractures to be the underlying cause of age-related hyperkyphosis, although studies of older adults report only approximately 40% of men and women with the most severe hyperkyphosis have vertebral compression or wedge fractures. A common radiographic finding associated with hyperkyphosis among older adults is degenerative disc disease. […] Several studies confirm that hyperkyphosis is associated with spinal extensor muscle weakness. […] Decreased spinal extension mobility occurs with aging, interfering with the ability to stand erect and maintain normal postural alignment. […] Age-related deficits in the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems likely contribute to the loss of upright postural control.

• #39 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  Age-related postural hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, sometimes referred to as Dowagers hump or gibbous deformity. This condition impairs mobility, and increases the risk of falls and fractures. The natural history of hyperkyphosis is not firmly established. Hyperkyphosis may develop from either muscle weakness and degenerative disc disease, leading to vertebral fractures and worsening hyperkyphosis, or from initial vertebral fractures that precipitate its development. […] It is also possible that different individuals may develop the same magnitude of hyperkyphosis from different processes, some from vertebral fractures and others from muscle weakness, degenerative disc disease, or other genetically determined processes. Regardless, there are significant negative consequences of hyperkyphosis, and early intervention and treatment of hyperkyphosis could have important clinical and public health benefits.

• #40 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Adult kyphosis often affects the thoracic spine but can also affect the lumbar and cervical spine. Symptoms and severity will vary based on the shape of the back, how significant the deformity might be, if there are nerve problems, and the extent of pain symptoms. […] Osteoporosis is the leading cause of adult kyphosis, especially after menopause. Trauma or injury to the spine, spinal surgery, or other spinal treatments might also contribute to the condition. Adult kyphosis might also be congenital (present at birth). […] Degenerative spine changes (wear and tear) are another cause of adult kyphosis. The underlying cause is typically spinal arthritis or disk degeneration. […] While rare, kyphosis can result from a spinal or soft tissue tumor. […] Kyphosis can also occur after a spinal surgery. For example, someone who has had lumbar fusion surgery may experience kyphosis above the fusion because of stress between the fused and non-fused spine areas.

• #41 Kyphosis – Ortho Illinois

  https://www.orthoillinois.com/spine-neck/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis is the term for an exaggerated curvature or rounding of the upper/ mid (thoracic) spine of greater than 50 degrees. […] This spinal deformity has many causes. […] A birth defect that alters the normal development of the spine. It is a common cause of paralysis of the lower body. […] Traumatic kyphosis is caused by a major injury to the spine that fractures one or more vertebrae. […] Kyphosis can result from spine surgery such as a laminectomy. […] Age-related kyphosis is the result of underlying fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. Degenerative disc disease compresses the vertebrae and worsens kyphosis. […] Poor posture. […] Wedge-shaped vertebrae caused by Scheuermanns kyphosis (caused by a genetic or inherited condition). It affects adolescents during growth spurts and halts when growth is complete. […] Neuromuscular disorders like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy can cause kyphosis. […] A tumor in the spine and treatment with chemotherapy and radiation.

• #42 Kyphosis: Guide To Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments

  https://www.hudsonvalleyscoliosis.com/what-is-scoliosis/kyphosis/

  Gibbus Deformity is a form of structural kyphosis, where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged. Gibbus deformity can result from advanced skeletal tuberculosis and is caused by collapsed vertebral bodies. […] This form of kyphosis occurs from untreated or ineffectively treated vertebral fractures. It can result from failing to manage or recognize an injury or from inadequate surgical treatment.

• #43 Kyphosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosis

  Nutritional kyphosis can result from nutritional deficiencies, especially during childhood, such as vitamin D deficiency (producing rickets), which softens bones and results in the curving of the spine and limbs under the child’s body weight. […] Post-traumatic kyphosis (M84.0) can arise from untreated or ineffectively treated vertebral fractures.

• #44

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Conditions that can cause kyphosis include: osteoporosis where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture), cervical spondylosis a term that describes the general „wear and tear” that occurs in the bones, discs and ligaments of the spine as a person gets older, spina bifida a condition where the spine hasn’t formed properly, Paget’s disease of bone a condition in which the development of new bone cells is disrupted, resulting in the bones becoming weak, neurofibromatosis type 1 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscular dystrophy a genetic condition that causes progressive weakening of the muscles, tuberculosis (TB) a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, cancer that develops inside the spine or spreads to the spine from another part of the body. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #45 Kyphosis: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/kyphosis

  Kyphosis can affect the young and the old. It is brought on by different problems and can affect each patient differently. […] Some excessive curves can be passed on by parents. Some are brought on from bad posture, while others can develop from a disorder which causes abnormal shape, size, or loss of bone to the vertebrae (bone blocks) of the spine. […] In the older patient, it may be brought on from weak bones (osteoporosis) or from fractures in the spine causing the bone blocks to collapse. […] This type typically develops from various disorders where the body does not process the use of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and other important minerals in making bone hard and strong. […] This occurs when a vertebrae (spinal bone) is injured and breaks (fractures) after a severe fall, car crash, or other types of high energy accidents to the spinal column (back bones). […] This is a disease process causing the vertebrae to become trapezoid shaped instead of rectangular shaped.

• #46 Kyphosis: Guide To Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments

  https://www.hudsonvalleyscoliosis.com/what-is-scoliosis/kyphosis/

  Gibbus Deformity is a form of structural kyphosis, where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged. Gibbus deformity can result from advanced skeletal tuberculosis and is caused by collapsed vertebral bodies. […] This form of kyphosis occurs from untreated or ineffectively treated vertebral fractures. It can result from failing to manage or recognize an injury or from inadequate surgical treatment.

• #47

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Conditions that can cause kyphosis include: osteoporosis where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture), cervical spondylosis a term that describes the general „wear and tear” that occurs in the bones, discs and ligaments of the spine as a person gets older, spina bifida a condition where the spine hasn’t formed properly, Paget’s disease of bone a condition in which the development of new bone cells is disrupted, resulting in the bones becoming weak, neurofibromatosis type 1 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscular dystrophy a genetic condition that causes progressive weakening of the muscles, tuberculosis (TB) a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, cancer that develops inside the spine or spreads to the spine from another part of the body. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #48 Kyphosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001240.htm

  Kyphosis can occur at any age, although it is rare at birth. […] A type of kyphosis that occurs in young teens is known as Scheuermann disease. It is caused by the wedging together of several bones of the spine (vertebrae) in a row. The cause of this condition is unknown. Kyphosis can also occur in young teens who have cerebral palsy. […] In adults, kyphosis can be caused by: Degenerative diseases of the spine (such as arthritis or disk degeneration), Fractures caused by osteoporosis (osteoporotic compression fractures), Injury (trauma), Slipping of one vertebra forward on another (spondylolisthesis), Previous surgeries or fusion on the spine. […] Other causes of kyphosis include: Certain hormone (endocrine) diseases, Connective tissue disorders, Infection (such as tuberculosis), Muscular dystrophy (group of inherited disorders that cause muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue), Neurofibromatosis (disorder in which nerve tissue tumors form), Paget disease (disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth), Polio, Scoliosis (curving of the spine often looks like a C or S when viewed from behind), Spina bifida (birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal don’t close before birth), Tumors of the spine or the area nearby.

• #49 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Scheuermann’s kyphosis is named after the Danish radiologist who first revealed the condition. With this type of kyphosis, the vertebrae are wedge-shaped. These wedge-shaped bones will curve the spine forward and cause it to appear rounded. […] Congenital kyphosis is a type of kyphosis a person is born with. According to the Scoliosis Research Society, there are two types—failure of formation and failure of segmentation. Congenital kyphosis does not appear to have a genetic or inherited component and occurs without any known cause. […] „Skeletal dysplasia” is the medical term for disorders that affect bone development, neurological function, and cartilage growth. These conditions can lead to abnormal growth of the spine and kyphosis. […] Kyphosis is sometimes the result of neuromuscular disorders. Such conditions include cerebral palsy and Parkinson’s disease.

• #50 Kyphosis in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/kyphosis

  Kyphosis can be caused by different things. In many cases, the exact cause is not known. […] One type, Scheuermanns kyphosis, tends to run in families. Other types of kyphosis can be caused by neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida. Spinal infections and tumors can weaken the vertebrae, causing the spine to collapse forward. Treatments for spinal tumors, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, can also lead to kyphosis. […] Factors that increase a childs risk of developing kyphosis include: Poor posture (slouching), A family history of spine problems, Neuromuscular conditions, like spina bifida, cerebral palsy, osteogenesis imperfecta, and muscular dystrophy, Metabolic conditions, such as diabetes, Trauma resulting in a spinal fracture that goes untreated or heals poorly, Spinal infections such as osteomyelitis, Spinal tumors, either cancerous or benign.

• #51 Kyphosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/kyphosis

  Kyphosis can occur at any age, although it is rare at birth. […] A type of kyphosis that occurs in young teens is known as Scheuermann disease. It is caused by the wedging together of several bones of the spine (vertebrae) in a row. The cause of this condition is unknown. Kyphosis can also occur in young teens who have cerebral palsy. […] In adults, kyphosis can be caused by degenerative diseases of the spine (such as arthritis or disk degeneration). Kyphosis can also be caused by fractures caused by osteoporosis (osteoporotic compression fractures). […] Other causes of kyphosis include certain hormone (endocrine) diseases, connective tissue disorders, infection (such as tuberculosis), muscular dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, Paget disease, polio, scoliosis, spina bifida, and tumors.

• #52 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  The causes of hyperkyphosis have yet to be fully elucidated. However, multiple musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and sensory impairments are significant predictors of age-related hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis increases with the number of vertebral fractures and is more strongly related to thoracic fractures than lumbar fractures. Hyperkyphosis is most prominent in women with multiple thoracic anterior wedge fractures. […] Many people consider vertebral fractures to be the underlying cause of age-related hyperkyphosis, although studies of older adults report only approximately 40% of men and women with the most severe hyperkyphosis have vertebral compression or wedge fractures. A common radiographic finding associated with hyperkyphosis among older adults is degenerative disc disease. […] Several studies confirm that hyperkyphosis is associated with spinal extensor muscle weakness. […] Decreased spinal extension mobility occurs with aging, interfering with the ability to stand erect and maintain normal postural alignment. […] Age-related deficits in the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems likely contribute to the loss of upright postural control.

• #53 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Many potential causes of kyphosis have been described. Scheuermann disease and postural round back are often identified in adolescents and are the most common causes of hyperkyphosis in that age group. Congenital abnormalities, such as failure of formation or failure of segmentation of the spinal elements, can cause a pathologic kyphosis. Autoimmune arthropathy, such as ankylosing spondylitis, can cause rigid kyphosis to develop as the spinal elements coalesce. Genetic conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Marfan syndrome, can also lead to hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also develop as a result of trauma, a spinal tumor, or an infection. Iatrogenic causes of kyphosis include the effects of laminectomy and irradiation, which lead to incompetence of the anterior or posterior column. Finally, metabolic disorders and dwarfing conditions can lead to kyphosis. This is theorized to be due to ligamentous laxity that develops and lead to accentuation of the kyphosis.

• #54

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Conditions that can cause kyphosis include: osteoporosis where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture), cervical spondylosis a term that describes the general „wear and tear” that occurs in the bones, discs and ligaments of the spine as a person gets older, spina bifida a condition where the spine hasn’t formed properly, Paget’s disease of bone a condition in which the development of new bone cells is disrupted, resulting in the bones becoming weak, neurofibromatosis type 1 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscular dystrophy a genetic condition that causes progressive weakening of the muscles, tuberculosis (TB) a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, cancer that develops inside the spine or spreads to the spine from another part of the body. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #55 Kyphosis: Symptoms, causes, exercises, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324071

  Age-related kyphosis: This type of kyphosis causes a curve in the spine that progressively gets worse in older age, often as a result of conditions that affect the bones in the spine. A common example is osteoporosis, which causes the bones to lose density and become weaker. […] Congenital kyphosis: This occurs when the spine does not develop properly before birth, causing kyphosis at birth. It can rapidly worsen with age. […] The causes of cervical kyphosis include developmental problems with the spine, osteoporosis, cancer, muscular dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, Pagets disease, injury to the cervical spine, infection, multilevel spondylosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. […] A common and benign cause is postural imbalance.

• #56 Kyphosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001240.htm

  Kyphosis can occur at any age, although it is rare at birth. […] A type of kyphosis that occurs in young teens is known as Scheuermann disease. It is caused by the wedging together of several bones of the spine (vertebrae) in a row. The cause of this condition is unknown. Kyphosis can also occur in young teens who have cerebral palsy. […] In adults, kyphosis can be caused by: Degenerative diseases of the spine (such as arthritis or disk degeneration), Fractures caused by osteoporosis (osteoporotic compression fractures), Injury (trauma), Slipping of one vertebra forward on another (spondylolisthesis), Previous surgeries or fusion on the spine. […] Other causes of kyphosis include: Certain hormone (endocrine) diseases, Connective tissue disorders, Infection (such as tuberculosis), Muscular dystrophy (group of inherited disorders that cause muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue), Neurofibromatosis (disorder in which nerve tissue tumors form), Paget disease (disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth), Polio, Scoliosis (curving of the spine often looks like a C or S when viewed from behind), Spina bifida (birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal don’t close before birth), Tumors of the spine or the area nearby.

• #57

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Conditions that can cause kyphosis include: osteoporosis where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture), cervical spondylosis a term that describes the general „wear and tear” that occurs in the bones, discs and ligaments of the spine as a person gets older, spina bifida a condition where the spine hasn’t formed properly, Paget’s disease of bone a condition in which the development of new bone cells is disrupted, resulting in the bones becoming weak, neurofibromatosis type 1 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscular dystrophy a genetic condition that causes progressive weakening of the muscles, tuberculosis (TB) a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, cancer that develops inside the spine or spreads to the spine from another part of the body. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #58 Kyphosis: Causes, Reversal, Therapies, and Surgery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/kyphosis-7965349

  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an inflammatory autoimmune bone disease that might cause spinal bone fusion, can lead to kyphosis. This is mainly due to spinal stiffness, leading the spine to curve forward. People with AS might also experience lesions on the spinal bones that can affect spinal alignment. Spinal fractures that weaken the spine are another cause of kyphosis in people with AS.

• #59 Kyphosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kyphosis?lang=us

  An increased kyphosis angle is associated with the following: […] normal aging: the degree of kyphosis is mainly related to intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral body shape with a minor component related to decreased muscle strength 5,7 […] vertebral body fracture […] spinal compression or wedge fracture, usually related to osteoporosis 5 […] traumatic vertebral body fracture 6 […] pathological fracture […] present in ~40% of patients with hyperkyphosis 5 […] each vertebral body fracture increases the kyphosis angle by ~4 degrees 5 […] Scheuermann disease […] spondyloarthropathies.

• #60

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

  Conditions that can cause kyphosis include: osteoporosis where the bones become weak and fragile and more likely to break (fracture), cervical spondylosis a term that describes the general „wear and tear” that occurs in the bones, discs and ligaments of the spine as a person gets older, spina bifida a condition where the spine hasn’t formed properly, Paget’s disease of bone a condition in which the development of new bone cells is disrupted, resulting in the bones becoming weak, neurofibromatosis type 1 a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, muscular dystrophy a genetic condition that causes progressive weakening of the muscles, tuberculosis (TB) a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs, cancer that develops inside the spine or spreads to the spine from another part of the body. […] Kyphosis can also sometimes develop as a result of an injury to the spine.

• #61 Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kyphosis

  Kyphosis is an exaggerated forward curve of the spine, often caused by poor posture, genetics, or injury. […] Kyphosis can be present at birth or develop later in life. Other than poor posture, congenital factors, or Scheuermanns disease, other common causes for kyphosis include: spinal fractures, osteoporosis, or the loss of bone density, degenerative diseases of the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration, scoliosis, or atypical spinal curvature, injury or trauma to the spine, misaligned vertebrae, also known as slipped discs. […] Less common causes of kyphosis include: infection in the spine, congenital abnormalities, such as spina bifida, spinal tumors, connective tissue diseases, Paget disease, which leads to the rapid formation of large, fragile, and misshapen bones, muscular dystrophy, polio.

• #62 The Causes And Complications Of Kyphosis

  https://ccchclinic.com/causes-and-complications-of-kyphosis/

  Kyphosis can be caused by: […] Osteoporosis can lead to bone loss and curvature of the spine, especially if weakened vertebrae lead to compression fractures. […] Crushed or broken vertebrae can lead to the curvature of the spine. […] Soft discs are present between the spinal vertebrae and they act as cushions between the vertebrae. These discs can dry out and shrink with age and this can worsen the problem of kyphosis. […] This is a disease that starts at the growth spurt occurring before puberty. This disease affects boys more than girls and can result in kyphosis. […] Spinal bones might not develop properly before birth and this can result in kyphosis. […] Certain syndromes like Marfan syndrome and Ehlers Danlos syndrome can lead to kyphosis in children. […] Spinal cancer can weaken vertebrae and can result in compression fractures. Compression fractures and kyphosis can also be the aftermath of certain cancer treatments such as chemo and radiation.

• #63 Kyphosis – Ortho Illinois

  https://www.orthoillinois.com/spine-neck/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis is the term for an exaggerated curvature or rounding of the upper/ mid (thoracic) spine of greater than 50 degrees. […] This spinal deformity has many causes. […] A birth defect that alters the normal development of the spine. It is a common cause of paralysis of the lower body. […] Traumatic kyphosis is caused by a major injury to the spine that fractures one or more vertebrae. […] Kyphosis can result from spine surgery such as a laminectomy. […] Age-related kyphosis is the result of underlying fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. Degenerative disc disease compresses the vertebrae and worsens kyphosis. […] Poor posture. […] Wedge-shaped vertebrae caused by Scheuermanns kyphosis (caused by a genetic or inherited condition). It affects adolescents during growth spurts and halts when growth is complete. […] Neuromuscular disorders like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy can cause kyphosis. […] A tumor in the spine and treatment with chemotherapy and radiation.

• #64 Kyphosis: Guide To Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments

  https://www.hudsonvalleyscoliosis.com/what-is-scoliosis/kyphosis/

  Gibbus Deformity is a form of structural kyphosis, where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged. Gibbus deformity can result from advanced skeletal tuberculosis and is caused by collapsed vertebral bodies. […] This form of kyphosis occurs from untreated or ineffectively treated vertebral fractures. It can result from failing to manage or recognize an injury or from inadequate surgical treatment.

• #65 The Causes And Complications Of Kyphosis

  https://ccchclinic.com/causes-and-complications-of-kyphosis/

  Kyphosis can be caused by: […] Osteoporosis can lead to bone loss and curvature of the spine, especially if weakened vertebrae lead to compression fractures. […] Crushed or broken vertebrae can lead to the curvature of the spine. […] Soft discs are present between the spinal vertebrae and they act as cushions between the vertebrae. These discs can dry out and shrink with age and this can worsen the problem of kyphosis. […] This is a disease that starts at the growth spurt occurring before puberty. This disease affects boys more than girls and can result in kyphosis. […] Spinal bones might not develop properly before birth and this can result in kyphosis. […] Certain syndromes like Marfan syndrome and Ehlers Danlos syndrome can lead to kyphosis in children. […] Spinal cancer can weaken vertebrae and can result in compression fractures. Compression fractures and kyphosis can also be the aftermath of certain cancer treatments such as chemo and radiation.

• #66 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Scheuermann’s Disease. It is estimated that 4 to 8% of the general population may suffer from Scheuermann’s kyphosis. This condition occurs in adolescents due to abnormal growth of the spine and discs. […] Traumatic kyphosis. This can occur from mis-aligned healing of a spinal fracture or injury to the supporting ligaments of the spine. […] Latrogenic kyphosis. „Iatrogenic” means „as a result of medical intervention,” and refers to kyphosis developing as a complication of surgical treatment of the spine.

• #67 Kyphosis | Texas Spine and Scoliosis

  https://texasspineandscoliosis.com/spine_problems/kyphosis.html

  Kyphosis can also be an acquired condition. Teenagers in particular may develop kyphosis due to bad posture, especially girls between the ages of 12 and 15. Adolescent and adult kyphosis is called Scheuermann’s disease. […] Compression fractures are often linked to the development of many cases of adult kyphosis, because they cause vertebrae to become wedged, reducing the amount of space between each vertebra. These fractures can occur as the result of degenerating discs, arthritis, osteoporosis and spondylolisthesis. Individuals with osteoporosis may develop kyphosis due to a weakening and compression in the vertebrae. […] Other causes may include previous lumbar surgery with fusion for back pain, scoliosis or stenosis. This lumbar fusion may lead to flatback or permanent stooping. In these patients spinal balance issues can go unnoticed and a flatback result. A previous failed surgery on the spine may also lead to kyphosis.

• #68 Kyphosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264959-overview

  Many potential causes of kyphosis have been described. Scheuermann disease and postural round back are often identified in adolescents and are the most common causes of hyperkyphosis in that age group. Congenital abnormalities, such as failure of formation or failure of segmentation of the spinal elements, can cause a pathologic kyphosis. Autoimmune arthropathy, such as ankylosing spondylitis, can cause rigid kyphosis to develop as the spinal elements coalesce. Genetic conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Marfan syndrome, can also lead to hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis can also develop as a result of trauma, a spinal tumor, or an infection. Iatrogenic causes of kyphosis include the effects of laminectomy and irradiation, which lead to incompetence of the anterior or posterior column. Finally, metabolic disorders and dwarfing conditions can lead to kyphosis. This is theorized to be due to ligamentous laxity that develops and lead to accentuation of the kyphosis.

• #69 Kyphosis Causes and Treatment

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spinal-deformities/kyphosis-causes-and-treatment

  Scheuermann’s Disease. It is estimated that 4 to 8% of the general population may suffer from Scheuermann’s kyphosis. This condition occurs in adolescents due to abnormal growth of the spine and discs. […] Traumatic kyphosis. This can occur from mis-aligned healing of a spinal fracture or injury to the supporting ligaments of the spine. […] Latrogenic kyphosis. „Iatrogenic” means „as a result of medical intervention,” and refers to kyphosis developing as a complication of surgical treatment of the spine.

• #70 Kyphosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosis

  Nutritional kyphosis can result from nutritional deficiencies, especially during childhood, such as vitamin D deficiency (producing rickets), which softens bones and results in the curving of the spine and limbs under the child’s body weight. […] Post-traumatic kyphosis (M84.0) can arise from untreated or ineffectively treated vertebral fractures.

• #71 Kyphosis: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/kyphosis

  Kyphosis can affect the young and the old. It is brought on by different problems and can affect each patient differently. […] Some excessive curves can be passed on by parents. Some are brought on from bad posture, while others can develop from a disorder which causes abnormal shape, size, or loss of bone to the vertebrae (bone blocks) of the spine. […] In the older patient, it may be brought on from weak bones (osteoporosis) or from fractures in the spine causing the bone blocks to collapse. […] This type typically develops from various disorders where the body does not process the use of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and other important minerals in making bone hard and strong. […] This occurs when a vertebrae (spinal bone) is injured and breaks (fractures) after a severe fall, car crash, or other types of high energy accidents to the spinal column (back bones). […] This is a disease process causing the vertebrae to become trapezoid shaped instead of rectangular shaped.

• #72 Managing Kyphosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Guide

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/managing-kyphosis-symptoms-causes-treatment-guide

  Kyphosis can result from poor posture, degenerative changes, or conditions like Scheuermann’s disease. […] The exact cause of Scheuermann’s kyphosis is unclear, but genetics and growth factors might contribute. […] Congenital kyphosis occurs due to abnormal vertebral development during fetal development. […] Nutritional or metabolic kyphosis is rare and linked to underlying bone health conditions, such as osteomalacia or rickets. […] Age-related kyphosis, or senile kyphosis, develops as the spine naturally changes with aging. […] Poor posture and significantly prolonged slouching or hunching can lead to kyphosis. […] Osteoporosis, a condition causing weakened and brittle bones, is a common cause of kyphosis. […] Abnormally shaped vertebrae, often due to congenital factors or conditions like Scheuermann’s disease, can cause spinal deformities like kyphosis. […] Spine fractures, often due to trauma or conditions like osteoporosis, can cause kyphosis. […] Age-related changes, including intervertebral disc degeneration, contribute to kyphosis. […] Other medical conditions, like neuromuscular disorders or connective tissue disorders, can cause kyphosis.

• #73 Kyphosis: Guide To Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments

  https://www.hudsonvalleyscoliosis.com/what-is-scoliosis/kyphosis/

  Kyphosis occurs when the vertebrae in the upper back become more wedge-shaped, excessively curving the mid spine. This results in a bowing of the back, seen as a slouching posture. […] Hyperkyphosis can develop due to aging alone but about one third of the most severe hyperkyphosis often occurs after osteoporosis (a condition that thins and weakens the bones) weakens spinal bones to the point that they crack and compress. […] Scheuermanns Kyphosis is caused by an interruption to the normal blood supply to the spinal bones and can cause varying degrees of pain. […] Congenital Kyphosis occurs in rare cases of infants whose spinal column has not developed correctly in the womb. […] Nutritional kyphosis can result from vitamin deficiencies, especially during childhood. One example is vitamin D deficiency which causes Rickets, a softening of the bones that results in curving of the spine and limbs under the child’s body weight.

• #74 Kyphosis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20374188

  Kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens. These types are due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time. […] The shape of vertebrae can be changed by fractures. Broken vertebrae can result in curvature of the spine. Compression fractures, which can happen in weakened bone, are the most common. […] Weak bones can cause spinal curvature, especially if weakened vertebrae develop compression fractures. Osteoporosis is most common in older women and people who have taken corticosteroids for long periods of time. […] Spinal bones that don’t develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions. […] The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome.

• #75 Risk Factors | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/back-neck-and-spine/kyphosis/risks.html

  Kyphosis associated with bone thinning (osteoporosis), often seen in older people, is called a dowager’s hump. […] Risk factors for kyphosis include: Osteoporosis: the condition where bones are weak and brittle, Scoliosis: a severe curve of the spine, Arthritis or other conditions that cause disc degeneration, Ankylosing spondylitis: a type of arthritis that affects the spine, Marfan syndrome and other connective tissue disorders, Spondylolisthesis, where one vertebral bone slips on top of another, Neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy (a disorder involving the brain and muscles that affect a persons movement and balance) and spina bifida (a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord dont form properly), Neurofibromatosis, where tumors form on nerves, Pagets disease, which is a form of abnormal bone growth, Spinal tuberculosis, an infection in the spine that causes deformity, Polio, the infection caused by a virus that can lead to nerve injury and paralysis, Muscular dystrophy, the inherited disease that causes muscle wasting, Spinal tumors, Traumatic injury, Poor posture in teenage years.

• #76 Kyphosis Treatment: Is Kyphosis Reversible Or Treatable?

  https://www.scoliosisreductioncenter.com/blog/kyphosis

  While the kyphotic curves in postural kyphosis are flexible, Scheuermanns kyphotic curves are rigid, which is why they are more complex to treat. […] As Scheuermanns kyphosis is structural in nature, treatment is complex and has to, first and foremost, impact the condition on a structural level. […] So the answer to the question, can you completely fix kyphosis, will depend on a number of factors including patient age, whether or not its structural, condition severity, and curvature flexibility. […] However, more severe instances might necessitate kyphosis surgery, which can provide a more significant correction to reverse thoracic kyphosis and enhance spinal alignment. […] One significant risk factor is genetic predisposition. […] Poor posture is another common risk factor. […] Spinal fractures or osteoporosis can also increase the risk of kyphosis.

• #77 What is Kyphosis: Causes and Prevention | Moyer Total Wellness

  https://moyerwellness.com/what-is-kyphosis-causes-and-prevention/

  Kyphosis, also called a hunchback or humpback, is an excessive forward curvature of the spine. […] This is due to the fact that kyphosis often coincides with bone conditions, such as osteoporosis, that are more prevalent among older women than any other demographic. […] What causes kyphosis and what can be done to prevent it? […] When a disruption in spine development occurs before birth, congenital kyphosis may occur. Genetics can play a role in the risk of congenital kyphosis. […] Postural kyphosis is caused by chronic slouching and poor posture. […] When vertebrae develop improperly, taking on a wedge or triangular shape, Scheuermanns kyphosis takes place. […] The following conditions have been shown to cause kyphosis: Osteoporosis, Disk degeneration, Spondylosis, Spina bifida, Muscular dystrophy, Neurofibromatosis, Pagets disease, Tuberculosis, Cancer, Compression fracture.

• #78 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/kyphosis/comments/1fgjjtp/how_did_it_start/

  Ive seen a few other examples of people saying that they used to play video games all day while during their adolescent growth spurt and they noticed the hunchback around the age of 15-16. […] This is my case as well, playing online games from sunrise to sunset for many many years during my adolescence sitting in the same spot for hours and without any proper back support and had a bad posture. I first noticed my hunchback at 16. I got diagnosed with scheurmanns at 16. Im 23 now and the pain is worse than ever. […] Its really depressing if those habits caused wedging of my vertebrae.

• #79 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/kyphosis/comments/1fgjjtp/how_did_it_start/

  Ive seen a few other examples of people saying that they used to play video games all day while during their adolescent growth spurt and they noticed the hunchback around the age of 15-16. […] This is my case as well, playing online games from sunrise to sunset for many many years during my adolescence sitting in the same spot for hours and without any proper back support and had a bad posture. I first noticed my hunchback at 16. I got diagnosed with scheurmanns at 16. Im 23 now and the pain is worse than ever. […] Its really depressing if those habits caused wedging of my vertebrae.

• #80 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  Age-related postural hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, sometimes referred to as Dowagers hump or gibbous deformity. This condition impairs mobility, and increases the risk of falls and fractures. The natural history of hyperkyphosis is not firmly established. Hyperkyphosis may develop from either muscle weakness and degenerative disc disease, leading to vertebral fractures and worsening hyperkyphosis, or from initial vertebral fractures that precipitate its development. […] It is also possible that different individuals may develop the same magnitude of hyperkyphosis from different processes, some from vertebral fractures and others from muscle weakness, degenerative disc disease, or other genetically determined processes. Regardless, there are significant negative consequences of hyperkyphosis, and early intervention and treatment of hyperkyphosis could have important clinical and public health benefits.

• #81 Kyphosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205

  An increased front-to-back curve of the spine is called kyphosis. […] In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens. These types are due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time. […] The bones that make up a healthy spine look like cylinders stacked in a column. These bones are called vertebrae. Kyphosis happens when the vertebrae in the back become more wedge shaped. […] The shape of vertebrae can be changed by: Fractures. Broken vertebrae can result in curvature of the spine. Compression fractures, which can happen in weakened bone, are the most common. […] Osteoporosis. Weak bones can cause spinal curvature, especially if weakened vertebrae develop compression fractures. Osteoporosis is most common in older women and people who have taken corticosteroids for long periods of time.

• #82 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  The causes of hyperkyphosis have yet to be fully elucidated. However, multiple musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and sensory impairments are significant predictors of age-related hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis increases with the number of vertebral fractures and is more strongly related to thoracic fractures than lumbar fractures. Hyperkyphosis is most prominent in women with multiple thoracic anterior wedge fractures. […] Many people consider vertebral fractures to be the underlying cause of age-related hyperkyphosis, although studies of older adults report only approximately 40% of men and women with the most severe hyperkyphosis have vertebral compression or wedge fractures. A common radiographic finding associated with hyperkyphosis among older adults is degenerative disc disease. […] Several studies confirm that hyperkyphosis is associated with spinal extensor muscle weakness. […] Decreased spinal extension mobility occurs with aging, interfering with the ability to stand erect and maintain normal postural alignment. […] Age-related deficits in the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems likely contribute to the loss of upright postural control.

• #83 What Is Kyphosis? Kyphosis Causes and Treatment Options

  https://drtonynalda.com/kyphosis-treatment/

  Kyphosis is found in the thoracic spine, and a healthy range of kyphosis would fall between 20 and 40 degrees, and lordosis is found in the cervical and lumbar spinal sections with a healthy range of cervical lordosis falling between 20 and 40 degrees. A normal range of lumbar lordosis falls within a 20-to-40-degree range. […] If a person’s thoracic kyphosis becomes over-pronounced, the middle/upper back curve is excessive, and this also affects the health of the other spinal sections and curves. […] Postural kyphosis is caused by chronic poor posture and slouching that, over time, and particularly during growth, can excessively stretch the ligaments and muscles that surround and support the spine. […] Scheuermann’s kyphosis is caused by a structural abnormality within the spine itself, which can involve the fronts of the vertebrae not forming as quickly as the backs, or being more triangular in shape, than healthy rectangular-shaped vertebrae.

• #84 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  Age-related postural hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, sometimes referred to as Dowagers hump or gibbous deformity. This condition impairs mobility, and increases the risk of falls and fractures. The natural history of hyperkyphosis is not firmly established. Hyperkyphosis may develop from either muscle weakness and degenerative disc disease, leading to vertebral fractures and worsening hyperkyphosis, or from initial vertebral fractures that precipitate its development. […] It is also possible that different individuals may develop the same magnitude of hyperkyphosis from different processes, some from vertebral fractures and others from muscle weakness, degenerative disc disease, or other genetically determined processes. Regardless, there are significant negative consequences of hyperkyphosis, and early intervention and treatment of hyperkyphosis could have important clinical and public health benefits.

• #85 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  The causes of hyperkyphosis have yet to be fully elucidated. However, multiple musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and sensory impairments are significant predictors of age-related hyperkyphosis. […] Kyphosis increases with the number of vertebral fractures and is more strongly related to thoracic fractures than lumbar fractures. Hyperkyphosis is most prominent in women with multiple thoracic anterior wedge fractures. […] Many people consider vertebral fractures to be the underlying cause of age-related hyperkyphosis, although studies of older adults report only approximately 40% of men and women with the most severe hyperkyphosis have vertebral compression or wedge fractures. A common radiographic finding associated with hyperkyphosis among older adults is degenerative disc disease. […] Several studies confirm that hyperkyphosis is associated with spinal extensor muscle weakness. […] Decreased spinal extension mobility occurs with aging, interfering with the ability to stand erect and maintain normal postural alignment. […] Age-related deficits in the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems likely contribute to the loss of upright postural control.

• #86 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  Age-related postural hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, sometimes referred to as Dowagers hump or gibbous deformity. This condition impairs mobility, and increases the risk of falls and fractures. The natural history of hyperkyphosis is not firmly established. Hyperkyphosis may develop from either muscle weakness and degenerative disc disease, leading to vertebral fractures and worsening hyperkyphosis, or from initial vertebral fractures that precipitate its development. […] It is also possible that different individuals may develop the same magnitude of hyperkyphosis from different processes, some from vertebral fractures and others from muscle weakness, degenerative disc disease, or other genetically determined processes. Regardless, there are significant negative consequences of hyperkyphosis, and early intervention and treatment of hyperkyphosis could have important clinical and public health benefits.

• #87 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  Age-related postural hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, sometimes referred to as Dowagers hump or gibbous deformity. This condition impairs mobility, and increases the risk of falls and fractures. The natural history of hyperkyphosis is not firmly established. Hyperkyphosis may develop from either muscle weakness and degenerative disc disease, leading to vertebral fractures and worsening hyperkyphosis, or from initial vertebral fractures that precipitate its development. […] It is also possible that different individuals may develop the same magnitude of hyperkyphosis from different processes, some from vertebral fractures and others from muscle weakness, degenerative disc disease, or other genetically determined processes. Regardless, there are significant negative consequences of hyperkyphosis, and early intervention and treatment of hyperkyphosis could have important clinical and public health benefits.

• #88 Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2907357/

  Age-related postural hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, sometimes referred to as Dowagers hump or gibbous deformity. This condition impairs mobility, and increases the risk of falls and fractures. The natural history of hyperkyphosis is not firmly established. Hyperkyphosis may develop from either muscle weakness and degenerative disc disease, leading to vertebral fractures and worsening hyperkyphosis, or from initial vertebral fractures that precipitate its development. […] It is also possible that different individuals may develop the same magnitude of hyperkyphosis from different processes, some from vertebral fractures and others from muscle weakness, degenerative disc disease, or other genetically determined processes. Regardless, there are significant negative consequences of hyperkyphosis, and early intervention and treatment of hyperkyphosis could have important clinical and public health benefits.

• #89 Kyphosis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17671-kyphosis

  Kyphosis is a condition where your spine curves outward more than it should. This causes your upper back around the thoracic region (the part of your spine between your neck and ribs) to bend forward. […] The cause of kyphosis varies depending on the type but could include: Poor posture, Structural abnormalities of the bones in your spine, Bone growth abnormalities (shape of the bone), Spinal injury, Your age. […] A kyphosis diagnosis is common between ages 13 and 16 for postural and Scheuermanns kyphosis. This is because teenagers bones are growing rapidly. But it can develop in anyone at any age. As humans age, the vertebrae lose flexibility, and the spine may begin to tilt forward. […] You can also be born with the congenital form of kyphosis. This can happen in addition to other underlying health conditions that affect your growth and development in the uterus. […] Complications arent common for mild cases of kyphosis but they can happen when you have a severe spine curve. Complications may include: Back pain, Difficulty walking, Lung compression (difficulty breathing), Neurological issues (pinched nerves).

• #90 Kyphosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374209

  Kyphosis treatment depends on the cause and seriousness of your condition. […] Certain medicines may help strengthen your vertebrae and prevent additional spinal fractures that could worsen your kyphosis. […] Severe kyphosis can result in symptoms. Rarely, severe kyphosis can pinch the spinal cord or nerves. This is more common with congenital kyphosis or kyphosis that can occur after previous surgeries. […] To correct the kyphosis, surgery may be needed. The most common procedure is spinal fusion. In this procedure, the surgeon uses metal rods and screws to fasten the spinal bones together in the correct position.

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