Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kyphosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23963/

  Hyperkyphosis, in general, increases with age, especially after the age of 40, and the prevalence is about 20% to 40% in adults 60 years or older. […] Although both females and males are affected, females have a greater rate of increase, especially during menopause. […] Age-related kyphosis is usually from underlying osteoporosis and/or fractures, although upon radiographic examination, we only see vertebral fractures in one-third of those with severe kyphosis. […] In a longitudinal study that included 100 healthy participants, including both males and females at least the age of 50, the average thoracic kyphotic angle was noted to increase about 3 degrees per decade. […] In Scheuermanns disease, the prevalence is about 0.4% to 8% in the United States, with males being twice as likely to have it compared to females.

• #2 The relationship between thoracic kyphosis and age, and normative values across age groups: a systematic review of healthy adults | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-021-02592-2

  Thoracic kyphosis is reported to increase with ageing. […] The prevalence of hyperkyphosis increases with age; 20-40% of people older than 60 years of age and 55% of those older than 70 years have a kyphosis exceeding 40. […] Consequently, hyperkyphosis has been associated with ageing. […] A positive moderate correlation between kyphosis and age was found (Spearman 0.52, p 0.05, T5-T12). […] Kyphosis increases with ageing, varying significantly between x 40 and x 60. […] Furthermore, kyphosis appears to be influenced by ethnicity, but not gender. […] The normative values surpassed 40 in 65% of the analysis. This finding challenges the accuracy of the current threshold used for defining normality (i.e. 40). […] Thoracic kyphosis does not seem to be influenced by gender, since the between-group mean difference never reached statistical significance. […] Significant differences in kyphosis between the ethnic groups were seen, with Europeans and North Americans showing a greater kyphosis than Asians.

• #3 Kyphosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kyphosis?lang=us

  Kyphosis increases with age, with a kyphosis angle of ~25 (range 20-29) in adolescents and young adults to ~38.5 (range 35-42) in adults aged over 65 years 5,7. […] Using the 40 threshold, the incidence of hyperkyphosis in 60-year-olds and over is ~30% (range 20-40%), and in 70-year-olds and over is ~55% 7. […] Hyperkyphosis is associated with reduced physical performance, increased falls, and increased vertebral body fracture risk as well as increased all-cause mortality 5,7.

• #4 Kyphosis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17671-kyphosis

  Less than 8% of school-aged children in the United States experience Scheuermanns kyphosis. […] Hyperkyphosis (severe kyphosis) affects an estimated 20% to 40% of adults over age 60. On average, the forward angle of your upper spine increases about 3 degrees each decade (10 years). […] A kyphosis diagnosis is common between ages 13 and 16 for postural and Scheuermanns kyphosis. This is because teenagers bones are growing rapidly. But it can develop in anyone at any age. As humans age, the vertebrae lose flexibility, and the spine may begin to tilt forward. […] An early kyphosis diagnosis leads to the best outcome. Most people who receive an early diagnosis dont need surgery and can manage the condition with nonsurgical options. Kyphosis can get worse if left untreated. This can cause health problems like difficulty breathing. […] Its important to monitor kyphosis regularly with a healthcare provider throughout your life, even after treatment.

• #5 Aging of the Spine: Characterizing genetic and physiological determinants of spinal curvature | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.24303450v1.full-text

  Our analysis extends to the study of underlying pathological conditions, physiological, blood biochemistry, and genetic risk factors. […] We assessed contributions to spine angle from 415 diseases, 15 musculoskeletal traits, 59 biomarkers, and all common genetic variants. […] Among the 41,212 UKBB participants included in this study, 48.3% were male. […] A total of 3,702 (9.0%) participants had hyperkyphosis (angle 40), and 3,109 (7.5%) had hyperlordosis (angle 30), of which 1,057 (2.6%) participants had both. […] By age 75+, the prevalence of hyperkyphosis and hyperlordosis was 15.4% and 10.4%, respectively. […] Participants with hyperkyphosis were 5.22 (4.89, 5.58) times more likely to also have hyperlordosis than those without hyperkyphosis and, relatedly, participants with hyperlordosis were 4.90 (4.61, 5.21) times more likely to also have hyperkyphosis.

• #6 Scheuermann Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/311959-overview

  The prevalence rate of Scheuermann’s disease is thought to be 0.4-8%. […] A study by Armbrecht et al using found the prevalence of Scheuermanns disease in Europe to be 8% in persons aged 50 years and above, with no difference between males and females. The sample, consisting of more than 10,000 individuals, came from 27 centers across Europe that participated in the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. […] Many authors believe that there are few adverse long-term sequelae of Scheuermann’s disease, despite a paucity of available natural history data. […] Using the exercise tolerance test, a prospective, comparative study by Lorente et al found that adolescent Scheuermanns disease patients with kyphosis of over 75 displayed significant respiratory inefficiency, with ventilation capacity and maximum oxygen uptake being lower than in healthy controls.

• #7 Scheuermann disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/scheuermann-disease-2?lang=us

  occurs in ~5% (range 0.4-8%) of the general population 2 […] typical age of presentation is 12-17 years 13 […] slight male predominance

• #8

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2061/scheuermanns-kyphosis

  Scheuermann’s Kyphosis is a rigid form of spinal kyphosis caused by anterior wedging of 5 degrees across three consecutive vertebrae, most commonly in the thoracic spine. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: 0.4% to 8.3%, most common type of structural kyphosis in adolescents, typical age of onset is from 10-12 years age with small subset adult onset. […] Demographics: M:F ratio between 2:1 and 7:1. […] Anatomic location: usually in thoracic spine, less common form occurs in thoracolumbar/lumbar region.

• #9 Scheuermann’s Disease | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/scheuermanns-disease/

  The prevalence rate of Scheuermann disease in the United States is between 1% and 8%.1 […] The sex ratio is 2:1 for male to female.1 […] Patients generally are affected between ages 12 and 17 years, and the diagnosis is rarely made in patients younger than 10 years.1

• #10 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/scheuermanns-kyphosis/

  The prevalence of Scheuermanns kyphosis is believed to be somewhere between 2 and 8%. […] One of the most recent series by Makurthou et al showed an overall rate of 4% in the Dutch population. […] The disease was found in 4.5% of men compared to 3.6% of women, though this difference was not significant. […] Despite these findings, the majority of spine surgeons would agree that the typical Scheuermann patient is an adolescent male, as originally was described. […] The popular belief of what comprises a typical Scheuermann patient—namely, an adolescent boy with a high thoracic curve—may lead clinicians to miss atypical presentations of the disease worldwide. […] The etiology of Scheuermanns disease is still unknown, but is postulated to be multifactorial, due to a combination of biological and mechanical factors.

• #11 Kyphosis | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/kyphosis

  Kyphosis is more common in people assigned female at birth. […] Finding kyphosis early is important for successful treatment. Healthcare providers, and even some school programs, regularly look for signs of kyphosis in children.

• #12 Scheuermann Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/311959-overview

  A study by Liu et al suggested that a link exists between Scheuermanns disease and thoracolumbar disk herniation (disk herniation between T10/11 and L1/2). […] A study by Garrido et al of patients with untreated kyphosis in Scheuermanns disease found, at mean 27-year follow-up, that a correlation existed between increases in the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and declining health-related quality of life. […] Scheuermann’s disease affects boys more frequently than it does girls. […] Scheuermann’s disease affects children aged 13-16 years, and the diagnosis is rarely made in patients younger than 10 years.

• #13 Scheuermann’s kyphosis | The Bone School

  http://www.boneschool.com/spine/miscellaneous/kyphosis/scheuermanns-kyphosis

  Prevalence 0.5 to 8% […] M:F 2:1 […] High familial predilection […] AD with high penetrance and variable expression.

• #14 Scheuermann juvenile kyphosis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/scheuermann-juvenile-kyphosis/

  Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: 18% in the US […] Peak incidence: 13-16 years. […] Taller boys are at increased risk of severe disease.

• #15 Kyphosis (Roundback) Treatment in Singapore 2025 – Singapore Sports And Orthopaedic Clinic

  https://www.orthopaedicclinic.com.sg/dictionary/kyphosis/

  Kyphotic deformity development is associated with NF, mucopolysaccharidosis, achondroplasia, myelomeningocele, AS, benign and malignant tumors. […] Kyphotic deformity secondary to osteoporotic fractures occur in 15% of Caucasian females. […] Spinal tuberculosis complicates 3-5% of the 8 million new cases of tuberculosis reported worldwide per year. […] In those with HIV, spine involvement may be as high as 60%. […] Postural kyphosis is seen in young girls self-conscious of their breast development and in young patients who are taller than their peers. […] Scheuermann kyphosis has been reported in 0.4-8.3% of the general population, and males are affected slightly more often than females. […] Osteoporosis is more common in patients who are female, elderly, of Caucasian or Asian descent, or taking steroids chronically.

• #16 Aging of the Spine: Characterizing genetic and physiological determinants of spinal curvature | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.24303450v1.full-text

  Increased spinal curvature is one of the most recognizable aging traits in the human population. However, despite high prevalence, the etiology of this condition remains poorly understood. […] Increased spinal curvature was strongly associated with decreased muscle mass and bone mineral density. […] Increased spinal curvature is a frequently observed phenomenon during aging in humans and in other species. […] Hyperkyphosis is known to have a significant heritable component and affects females more than males. […] In the general population, increases in spine curvature develop largely in the absence of severe events. […] While the negative consequences of an aging spine on health outcomes are clear, the genetic risk factors and underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon remain poorly understood.

• #17 Etiology and treatment of cervical kyphosis: state of the art review—a narrative review – Ogura – Journal of Spine Surgery

  https://jss.amegroups.org/article/view/5409/html

  Cervical spine kyphosis has been increasingly common due to the growing elderly population. […] Major etiologies of cervical kyphosis include degenerative, post-laminectomy, and ankylosing spondylitis. […] The primary etiologies of cervical kyphosis include degenerative, infection, post-laminectomy, and ankylosing spondylitis. […] Comprehensive preoperative planning is required, which includes (I) symptom pattern; (II) neurologic status and presence of neural compression; (III) etiology of the deformity; (IV) location, flexibility and characteristics of the deformity; (V) previous surgeries; (VI) presence of ankylosis and fusion mass; (VII) presence of degenerative changes at the proximal/distal end vertebral levels and the cervicothoracic junction; (VIII) patient medical comorbidities; (IX) vertebral artery anatomy (especially at C1 C2) and (X) bone quality. […] Current treatment options include anterior discectomy and fusion, ATO, Smith-Peterson osteotomy, PSO, or a combination of these based on careful preoperative evaluation.

• #18 Aging of the Spine: Characterizing genetic and physiological determinants of spinal curvature | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.24303450v1.full-text

  Various pathological pre-existing conditions were associated with increased spine angles. […] The majority of pre-existing conditions associations (multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, and gastroesophageal diseases) were the same between kyphosis and lordosis, matching in both direction and effect sizes. […] Our analysis of physiological measures suggested that the loss of muscle mass (and relatedly muscle strength) and decreased bone mineral density were the factors most strongly associated with increased spinal curvature. […] Overall, our study identifies that declines in muscle and bone maintenance processes are greatly involved in age-related increases in spinal curvature.

• #19 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/scheuermanns-kyphosis/

  The Dutch Twin Registry, a longitudinal database of all twins born in Denmark over the last 130 years, has been crucial in establishing a genetic component of the disease. […] Damborg et al showed that concordance of the disease was two to three times higher in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] They concluded that their findings supported a multifactorial inheritance pattern with a heritability of 74%.

• #20 Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/kyphosis-roundback-of-the-spine/

  Kyphosis can occur at any age but is common during adolescence. […] In the majority of cases, kyphosis causes few problems and does not require treatment. […] Patients with severe kyphosis may need surgery to help reduce the excessive spinal curve and improve their symptoms. […] Although the thoracic spine should have a natural kyphosis of 20 to 45 degrees, postural or structural abnormalities can result in a curve that is outside this normal range. […] The goal of treatment is to stop progression of the curve and prevent deformity. […] Surgery is often recommended for patients with congenital kyphosis. […] Surgery may also be recommended for patients with Scheuermann’s kyphosis who have curves greater than 70 to 75 degrees or those with severe back pain. […] If kyphosis is diagnosed early, many patients can be treated successfully without surgery and go on to lead active, healthy lives.

• #21 Rapid measurement of thoracolumbar kyphosis with the integrated inclinometer of a smartphone: a validity and reliability study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-12690-8

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and time requirements of two methods for measuring thoracolumbar kyphosis: a conventional method using a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and this new method using the integrated inclinometer of a smartphone. […] Accurate measurement of thoracolumbar kyphosis in patients with thoracolumbar OVCFs is helpful for selecting treatment options and predicting prognosis. […] The current gold standard relies on picture archiving and communication systems (PACSs), which are normally rooted in hospital computer systems and lack portability as well as convenient accessibility by a large user base. […] The results indicated that the validity and reliability of this new method are excellent and that the time requirement of this novel method is notably less than that of the PACS method. […] The validity and reliability of this new method using an integrated smartphone inclinometer are satisfactory compared to those of the PACS method.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11657-018-0551-4

  This cohort study conducted in Japan showed that severe age-related kyphosis was visually detected. The visual assessment of kyphosis was associated with declines in ADL, suggesting that we can easily identify people at high risk to develop future ADL reduction in the community setting. […] Age-related kyphosis is related with declines in activities of daily living (ADL). […] Our simple method of having untrained raters use reference pictures to visually classify kyphosis and allowed us to show an association between kyphosis and future ADL decline. […] Our results were consistent with those of studies using conventional methods to classify kyphosis, which generally show the most significant levels of ADL decline in subjects falling into the most severe kyphotic group. […] Therefore, screening for severe kyphosis is important not only so that appropriate support can be provided, but also so that future ADL decline can be prevented.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11657-018-0551-4

  With our visual classification method, 6.6% of the participants were classified in category 4, the most severe kyphosis group, which places them among the 20 to 30% of the elderly population reportedly affected by hyper-kyphosis due to aging; this is the group with the highest risk of developing ADL decline. […] Identifying people at high risk is the first step in prevention, and our simple visual method of kyphosis classification can play a role in this.

• #24 Association of kyphotic posture with loss of independence and mortality in a community-based prospective cohort study: the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcomes in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS) | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e052421

  Kyphotic posture was associated with LOI and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Identifying the population with kyphotic posture using the WOT might help improve community health. […] The primary outcome was mortality and the secondary outcomes were LOI (new long-term care insurance certification levels 15) and a composite of LOI and mortality. […] The results were obtained from a relatively large cohort of a community-based population. […] The cumulative mortality rates according to the degree of kyphosis are presented in figure 2. […] Overall, subjects with mild and severe kyphotic postures had higher rates of LOI than those without kyphotic posture (aHR 1.70 (95% CI 1.13 to 2.55) and 2.08 (95% CI 1.39 to 3.10), respectively). […] The present study suggests that kyphotic posture is associated with LOI and mortality. Therefore, identifying community-dwelling older people with kyphotic posture using the WOT might help identify high-risk populations that would benefit from healthcare interventions.

• #25

  https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1348353

  Thoracic kyphosis tends to increase with age. […] Our objective was to review the literature on the epidemiology, etiology, natural history, management, and outcomes of thoracic hyperkyphosis. […] Hyperkyphosis has a prevalence of 20% to 40% and is more common in the geriatric population. […] Kyphosis is common in older individuals and is associated with adverse health effects and increased mortality. […] Current evidence suggests a role for nonoperative therapies in reducing kyphosis and delaying its progression.

• #26 ClinMed International Library | Kyphosis and Sleep Characteristics in Older Persons: The Rancho Bernardo Study | Journal of Sleep Disorders and Management

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jsdm/journal-of-sleep-disorders-and-management-jsdm-1-004.php?jid=jsdm

  To investigate whether hyperkyphosis is associated with sleep quality in older persons, we used data from a large community-dwelling sample of older adults. […] Results from this study suggest that there is an association between greater kyphosis curvature and self-reported poor sleep quality among older women, but not older men. […] Furthermore, when examining specific components of the PSQI, women with worse kyphosis were more likely to sleep 7 hours or less and to report frequent use of sleep medications. […] These associations remained significant even after further adjustment for age, marital status, height, general health, calcium supplement use, exercise, arthritis, depression, and estrogen use. […] It is plausible that greater degrees of kyphosis cause chest wall restriction and impaired muscle mobility, ultimately resulting in impaired pulmonary function that could in turn, affect sleep quality. […] In conclusion, our results provide preliminary confirmation that worse degrees of kyphosis may be associated with sleep problems in older women. Additional research using objective sleep measures to explore the association between kyphosis and sleep quality is needed.

• #27 Cervical kyphosis in asymptomatic populations: incidence, risk factors, and its relationship with health-related quality of life | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1351-2

  Cervical kyphosis has been pointed out in asymptomatic populations. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the incidence of cervical kyphosis in asymptomatic populations, (2) to identify risk factors related to cervical kyphosis, and (3) to assess the relationship between cervical kyphosis and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). […] CK was observed in 90 of 235 (38.3%) participants. […] The incidence of CK in normal populations is 38.3%. […] This study reported a 38.3% (90/235) incidence of CK in asymptomatic volunteers. […] CK had an adverse effect on HRQOL.

• #28 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/bones/scheuermanns-kyphosis/

  1-10% prevalence in adolescent population. […] Usually detected at puberty in skeletally immature adolescents. […] Males are twice as likely to develop SK than females; […] SK patients have an increased risk for elevated BMI: […] Clinical diagnosis may be delayed in patients with higher BMI. […] Patients with SK have significantly lower scores in all domains on the Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire (SRS-22) than in AIS and normal adolescents. […] VAS (pain score) in the SK population correlates negatively to pain, self-image and mental health domains of the SRS-22. […] Increasing kyphosis magnitude has been correlated most strongly with worse self-image. […] Thoracolumbar kyphosis apex in SK had greater association with pain than thoracic kyphosis apex at T7, T8, T9.

• #29 JMIR Aging – Feasibility and Acceptability of Technology-Based Exercise and Posture Training in Older Adults With Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Pre-Post Study

  https://aging.jmir.org/2019/1/e12199/

  Hyperkyphosis is common among older adults and is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. […] The primary purpose was to assess the feasibility of subject recruitment, short-term retention and adherence, and acceptability of a technology-based exercise and posture training program disseminated as video clip links and text messaging prompts via a mobile phone. […] A total of 64 potential participants were recruited, 17 were enrolled, and 12 completed postintervention testing at 6 weeks. […] Kyphosis, OTW distance, and physical activity significantly improved after the 6-week intervention. […] Technology-based exercise and posture training using video clip viewing and text messaging reminders is feasible and acceptable for a small cohort of older adults with hyperkyphosis. […] A technology-based kyphosis exercise and posture training program, disseminated through a mobile phone, may be an acceptable alternative to in-person training for older adults with hyperkyphosis, but the feasibility and acceptability of this type of technology-based program have not been tested thus far. […] The study was funded as a pilot study by the NIH/UCSF P30 AG044281 Pepper Center and a grant from the NIH National Center Advancing Translational Science, CTSI-Pilot Awards Project (#127552Q).

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