Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. The sooner you detect cardiovascular disease, the easier it is to treat. […] Your healthcare provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms, personal health and family health history. They may also order tests to help diagnose cardiovascular disease. […] Some common tests to diagnose cardiovascular disease include: Blood work measures substances that indicate cardiovascular health, such as cholesterol, blood sugar levels and specific proteins. […] Treatment plans can vary depending on your symptoms and the type of cardiovascular disease you have. Cardiovascular disease treatment may include: Lifestyle changes: Examples include changing your diet, increasing your aerobic activity and quitting smoking or tobacco products (including vaping).

• #1 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124

  To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history. […] Many different tests are used to diagnose heart disease. […] Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. Other blood tests may be done to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels. […] A chest X-ray shows the condition of the lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged. […] An ECG is a quick and painless test that records the electrical signals in the heart. It can tell if the heart is beating too fast or too slow. […] A Holter monitor is a portable ECG device that’s worn for a day or more to record the heart’s activity during daily activities. This test can detect irregular heartbeats that aren’t found during a regular ECG exam.

• #1 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  The clinical presentation of cardiovascular diseases can range from asymptomatic (e.g., silent ischemia, angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease without symptoms, among others) to classic presentations as when patients present with typical anginal chest pain consistent of myocardial infarction and/or those suffering from acute CVA presenting with focal neurological deficits of sudden onset. […] A thorough physical examination is paramount for the diagnosis of CVD. Starting with a general inspection to look for signs of distress as in patients with angina or with decompensated heart failure, or chronic skin changes from PAD. […] Thorough clinical history and physical exam directed but not limited to the cardiovascular system are the hallmarks for the diagnosis of CVD. Specifically, a history compatible with obesity, angina, decreased exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, syncope or presyncope, and claudication should prompt the clinician to obtain a more detailed history and physical exam and, if pertinent, obtain ancillary diagnostic test according to the clinical scenario (e.g., electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes for patients presenting with chest pain).

• #1 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease

  Various tests are used to diagnose heart disease. Your doctor will start by taking your personal and family medical history, recording your current and past symptoms, doing laboratory tests and sending you for an electrocardiogram. Based on the results, they may order further tests. […] The main lab tests used to evaluate you for heart disease are run on blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm. […] Your doctor may request some or all the following blood tests to check for heart disease. […] A lipid profile measures your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Abnormal levels can elevate the risk of heart disease. […] A high level of one particular type, called lipoprotein (a), is considered a risk factor for heart disease.

• #1 What Blood Tests Detect Heart Problems?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16792-blood-tests-to-determine-risk-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Research suggests ApoB may be a better overall marker of risk than LDL alone. High levels of ApoB are a sign of small, dense LDLs. […] High levels increase your risk of heart and blood vessel disease. […] This test looks for a protein in your blood. Fibrinogen helps your blood clot, but too much increases your risk of a heart attack. […] Higher levels mean a higher risk of heart and blood vessel disease. […] High levels are linked to a higher risk of heart attack, stroke and the need for coronary artery bypass surgery. […] High levels in your blood increase your risk of heart disease, heart attack, stroke and clogged arteries (atherosclerosis). […] High levels are linked to a higher risk of heart and blood vessel disease and may signal a decrease in heart function. […] Chronic kidney dysfunction could mean a higher heart disease risk.

• #1 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease

  A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diagnosis.aspx

  Cardiovascular diseases are diagnosed using an array of laboratory tests and imaging studies. The primary part of diagnosis is medical and family histories of the patient, risk factors, physical examination and coordination of these findings with the results from tests and procedures. […] Some of the common tests used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases include: […] Laboratory tests are used to detect the risk factors for heart diseases. These include detection of the fats, cholesterol and lipid components of blood including LDL, HDL, Triglycerides. […] Blood tests can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. High levels of these proteins are a sign of a recent heart attack. […] One of the markers of heart attack is the Cardiac Troponin-T. Other biomarkers include fibrinogen and PAI-1, high levels of homocysteine, elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine and elevated brain natriuretic peptide (also known as B-type) (BNP).

• #1 Heart Disease: Tests and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/tests-diagnosis

  A B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is helpful to diagnose heart failure. BNP is a protein released when there is stretching of the heart. BNP is elevated in heart failure but can be elevated for other reasons as well. A BNP test alone cannot diagnose heart failure. Other tests needed to diagnose heart failure include a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests.

• #1 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124

  This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.

• #1 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Extremity arterial mapping uses non-invasive duplex ultrasound technology to examine blood flow in the arteries in the arms and legs. […] Event recorder (or loop recorder) a device that records irregular heart rhythm episodes over extended periods of time. […] HeartFlow Analysis a noninvasive test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease. […] Heart stress test a screening test used to diagnose the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) during exercise. […] Holter monitor a device that records heart rhythms over 24-48 hours. […] Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) a type of echocardiography that provides ultrasound images from inside the heart muscle; a tiny ultrasound probe is mounted on the tip of a catheter so it can be moved through the blood vessels directly into the heart.

• #1 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) a test in which an ultrasound transducer, which emits sound waves, is placed on the chest in the area of the heart; a TTE may be done to detect a problem in a heart valve, determine the size and functioning of the ventricles, evaluate the heart after a stroke, check for fluid collection in and around the heart, and look for congenital defects of the heart. […] Treadmill exercise test a variety of heart and vascular tests can be conducted while a patient walks on a treadmill to assess the heart during exercise; also called heart stress test and exercise stress test. […] Vascular and interventional radiology the diagnosis and treatment of blocked blood vessels using minimally invasive image-guided procedures. […] Venous duplex ultrasound combines Doppler (high-frequency sound waves) flow and conventional ultrasound imaging to assess the structure of blood vessels, how blood is flowing through the vessels and the speed at which blood flows.

• #1 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Nuclear medicine stress test a test that evaluates coronary arteries by determining changes in blood flow to the heart during exercise; also called myocardial perfusion imaging. […] Stress echo/doppler exams used specifically for evaluating valve disease, an echocardiogram is done before, during, and sometimes after the heart is stressed, usually through exercise. […] Supine bicycle stress test a stress test performed while a person, lying flat in bed, pedals a bike which is attached to the bed. […] Tilt table test a procedure to determine the cause of blood pressure drop and fainting; the patient is placed on a table which is tilted upward by degrees to a vertical position; blood pressure, pulse and symptoms are recorded with the patient in each position. […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) a test in which an ultrasound probe is placed close to the heart to provide clearer pictures.

• #1 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  When it comes to uncovering the cause or extent of heart and vascular problems, all of the latest tools and techniques are available to our heart and vascular physicians. […] As physicians examine each patients condition to pinpoint its cause and plan for treating the problem, they have access to many tests and procedures for diagnosing heart disease and vascular disease. […] 3-D echocardiogram uses ultrasound waves to investigate the action of the heart, presented in a three-dimensional (3-D) image. […] 64-Slice LightSpeed Volume Computed Tomography (VCT) Scan a powerful medical CT scanner that is unique in its ability to produce clear, three-dimensional images of blood vessels to detect coronary artery disease (CAD); VCT combines rapid X-ray scanning with multiple CT to produce highly detailed images of the heart and vessels.

• #1 Cardiac Imaging Tests – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiovascular-tests-and-procedures/cardiac-imaging-tests

  Noncontrast CT can be used to look for coronary artery calcification; the calcium load is sometimes used to refine estimates of cardiac risk. […] MDCT, a noninvasive alternative to coronary angiography, is used mainly for patients with stable angina to identify obstructive coronary artery disease or patients with chest pain and a low to intermediate probability of acute coronary syndrome. […] Standard MRI is useful for evaluating areas around the heart, particularly the mediastinum and great vessels (eg, for studying aneurysms, dissections, congenital heart disease, and stenoses). […] MRI is generally considered the most accurate and reliable measure of ventricular volumes as well as ejection fraction. […] When MRI is done with contrast, 3-dimensional information on infarct size and location can be obtained, and blood flow velocities in cardiac chambers can be measured.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diagnosis.aspx

  An EKG/ECG can help detect a heart attack, attacks of angina, arrhythmias etc. […] The test detects the effects of the exercise on the heart. […] The EKG/ECG pattern, arrhythmias etc. also show the possibility of a coronary artery disease. […] Echocardiography may also be combined with Doppler to show the areas of poor blood supply to the heart. […] Coronary angiography detects blockages in the large coronary arteries. […] EBCT helps to detect the calcium deposits or calcifications in the walls of the coronary arteries. These are early markers of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of the heart.

• #1 Diagnostics for cardiovascular diseases, heart disease | IAEA

  https://www.iaea.org/topics/cardiovascular-diseases

  Nuclear cardiology studies assess the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle, also known as myocardial blood flow. Among the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the most widely used. […] Myocardial perfusion studies can identify areas of the heart muscle that have inadequate blood supply and those regions that might be scarred from a heart attack. This provides the necessary information to help identify which patients carry an increased heart attack risk and may be candidates for invasive procedures such as coronary angiography, angioplasty (a procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries) or heart surgery.

• #1 Coronary Heart Disease – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/diagnosis

  Your healthcare provider will diagnose coronary heart disease based on your symptoms, your medical and family history, your risk factors, and the results of heart tests. […] To help diagnose coronary heart disease, your provider may also order some of the following heart tests: […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart and determines whether the heart’s rhythm is steady or irregular. […] A coronary calcium scan measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. […] Stress tests check your heart while it is working hard and beating quickly. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] A cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan assesses blood flow through the coronary blood vessels and into the heart muscle. […] Coronary CT angiography is an imaging test that looks at blood flow through the coronary arteries using a special X-ray machine that takes multiple pictures of the heart. […] Invasive coronary angiography uses contrast dye to detect blockages in the coronary arteries.

• #1 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease | Detection, Medical Treatment, and Prevention | MrMed

  https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/heart-care/diagnosis-of-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOoqX4NP4RPIQvD4nXstaduB-mY_k1hz-RimeoHA7bCW6QLZyccWL

  This test is to examine how your heart recovers from an exercise. […] In this test, Ultrasound is done with the help of a handheld device placed on your chest to get detailed and moving images of your heart’s valves and chambers. […] Chest X-ray is for the image of the heart, the orientation of the heart, pericardium. […] The catheter will help your doctor to see the flow of blood. It is also for measuring the pressure of the blood in vessels and the heart for different heart conditions like hypertrophy. […] Angiography detects blockage in the arteries that supply the heart (coronary arteries). […] Your cardiologist will tell you what’s best for you. […] If lifestyle changes and medications do not cure you, then your cardiologist may suggest surgery for your recovery. […] Angioplasty is a method to open a blocked coronary artery by stenting. […] Cardiologists use this method to cure any faulty pathway of electrical signals in the heart.

• #1 Tests for Heart Disease and Diagnosis | Heart Tests Your Doctor May Recommend

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/cardiovascular-diseases/diagnosis-tests

  Your doctor may recommend the following tests: […] ECG (electrocardiogram): This records electrical impulses of the heart and can help the doctor detect irregularities in your hearts rhythm and structure. […] Chest X-ray: Reveals whether the heart is enlarged or not. […] Echocardiogram: To see images of the hearts structure and function. […] Cardiac catheterisation (coronary angiogram): This involves running a slim catheter in to the heart. The doctor then uses this to diagnose the condition of the heart and even carry out treatments. […] Heart biopsy: Sometimes a heart biopsy will be done as a part of cardiac catheterisation if your doctor suspects that you have heart inflammation. A tiny sample of your heart tissue will be removed and sent to the lab for testing. […] Pericardiocentesis (Pericardial tap): This involves using a needle to get a sample of fluid in the sac surrounding the heart. This is done to check whether the fluid collection in the pericardium is due to infection, spread of cancer or possibly an autoimmune condition.

• #1 Cardiovascular Diagnostic Tools and Tests | Gleneagles Hospitals

  https://gleneagles.com.my/medical-specialties/cardiology/cardiovascular-diagnostic-tools-and-tests

  Cardiovascular diseases, comprising various conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, can cause significant health hazards if left unchecked or untreated. […] Gleneagles Hospitals offer a spectrum of diagnostic and screening procedures to detect cardiovascular diseases at an early stage so that suitable lifestyle changes or medical treatments can be implemented to prevent complications. […] Your doctor will conduct an electrocardiogram or ECG test if you are suspected to be experiencing symptoms of a heart attack, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia (irregularities in heart rhythm), or if you have received a diagnosis of a heart condition, and also before and during the administration of certain medications. […] If you exhibit heart disease symptoms, your cardiologist may suggest a nuclear stress test to provide a coronary artery disease diagnosis or design an effective treatment strategy. […] Electrophysiology studies (EP studies) are tests conducted to help doctors comprehend the underlying cause of abnormal heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias.

• #1 Screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease using artificial intelligence-enabled cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02971-2

  Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is the gold standard for cardiac function assessment and plays a crucial role in diagnosing cardiovascular disease (CVD). […] We developed and validated computerized CMR interpretation for screening and diagnosis of 11 types of CVD in 9,719 patients. […] The screening and diagnostic models achieved high performance (area under the curve of 0.9880.3% and 0.9910.0%, respectively) in both internal and external datasets. […] The ability of deep learning to learn distinctive features and recognize motion patterns from raw input images and videos without requiring hand-crafted feature engineering and extensive data preprocessing makes it highly effective for interpreting CMR data. […] The proposed automatic pipeline consists of two serial VST-based artificial intelligence (AI) models: the screening model and the diagnostic model.

• #1 Cardiac Diagnostics | DAIC

  https://www.dicardiology.com/channel/cardiac-diagnostics

  The American College of Cardiology has released a workbook on remote patient management (RPM), which aims to guide CV care professionals on definitions, clinical uses, benefits and limitations. […] FibriCheck is now the only FDA-cleared smartphone application for heart rhythm monitoring with ECG equivalence in the U.S. […] Advances in the technology of wearable cardiac monitors are improving both the experience of the patient and the clinician.

• #1 Recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases through artificial intelligence and other innovative approaches.

  https://www.probiologists.com/article/recent-developments-in-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-of-cardiovascular-diseases-through-artificial-intelligence-and-other-innovative-approaches

  Advances in imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revolutionized the diagnosis and management of CVDs. These imaging modalities can provide detailed information about the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels, allowing for early detection of CVDs and guiding treatment decisions. […] The current state of research on blood biomarkers in CVDs, focusing on biomarkers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. The article highlights the potential of novel biomarkers such as galectin-3, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles for improving the accuracy of CVD diagnosis and predicting disease progression. […] Imaging tools for early detection of CVDs include their clinical utility and limitations. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as an accurate and safe tool for diagnosing various cardiovascular conditions, including myocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and stress-induced cardiomyopathy, among others.

• #1 Coronary artery disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350619

  To diagnose coronary artery disease, a healthcare professional examines you. You are usually asked questions about your medical history and any symptoms. If you have symptoms of coronary artery disease such as chest pain or shortness of breath, tests may be done to check your overall health. […] Tests to help diagnose or watch coronary artery disease include: […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] This quick test checks the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] If your symptoms usually occur during exercise, your healthcare professional may recommend this test.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis/

  If you have symptoms of heart failure, your GP should offer you some checks and a blood test to see how well your heart is working. […] If your blood test shows you might have heart failure, your GP should refer you to a specialist heart failure team and you may be offered further tests. […] Tests you may have to diagnose heart failure include: blood tests to check whether there’s anything in your blood that might indicate heart failure or another illness, an electrocardiogram (ECG) this records the electrical activity of your heart to check for problems, an echocardiogram a type of ultrasound scan where sound waves are used to examine your heart, breathing tests you may be asked to blow into a tube to check whether a lung problem is contributing to your breathlessness; common tests include spirometry and a peak flow test, a chest X-ray to check whether your heart’s bigger than it should be, whether there’s fluid in your lungs (a sign of heart failure), or whether a lung condition could be causing your symptoms. […] When you’re diagnosed with heart failure, your doctor will usually be able to tell you what stage it is. […] The stage describes how severe your heart failure is. […] Knowing the stage of your heart failure will help your doctors decide which treatments they think are best for you.

• #1 Invasive & Non-Invasive Tests | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/invasive-non-invasive-tests

  Cardiac catheterization involves the insertion of a long, thin tube into a blood vessel in your groin or arm. […] An implantable loop recorder is a small device about the size of an average-sized man’s thumb that is placed under the skin to diagnose causes of syncope (or passing out) or recurrent palpitations (heart pounding) that have remained elusive or could not be diagnosed after monitoring with a Holter and external loop recorder and/or even after an EP test. […] An electrophysiology study or EPS is an invasive test that examines the electrical properties of the heart by the placement of special catheters inserted via the leg, arm, or neck.

• #1 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Advanced lipid profile testing a more sophisticated test that goes beyond standard screening to further identify the various components of cholesterol. […] Angiography a procedure performed to view blood vessels after injecting them with a dye that outlines them on X-ray. […] Ankle brachial index (ABI) a simple, non-invasive, painless test that compares blood pressure readings in a persons ankles with blood pressure readings in the arms. […] Cardiac catheterization the process of inserting a catheter into a vein or artery and guiding it through the heart chambers and surrounding vessels for purposes of examination or treatment. […] Cardiac mapping, 3-D computerized electro-anatomical mapping used to locate abnormal areas in the hearts electrical system; electrode catheters are inserted into the heart to track the hearts electrical signals.

• #1 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular diseases are conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. Without appropriate treatment, heart disease can lead to heart attacks or strokes. You can make lifestyle changes or take medications to manage cardiovascular disease. Earlier diagnosis can help with effective treatment. Many people live a full and active life with a cardiovascular disease.

• #1 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular

  An estimated 80% of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart disease and stroke, is preventable. However, CVD remains the leading cause of death and the most expensive disease, costing nearly $1 billion a day. […] Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Quest offers advanced biomarker testing to help prevent heart failure in your at-risk patients. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, taking the lives of over 300,000 women in the US in 2020. […] CVD is strongly associated with T2DM, CKD, and NAFLD. Through significant investments in novel technology, the Cleveland HeartLab is fostering innovation to detect these conditions in their early stages, providing the opportunity for stage-targeted intervention and improved clinical outcomes.

• #1 Manifesto – Global Heart Hub

  https://globalhearthub.org/manifesto/

  Achieving early detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease can dramatically reduce the burden of illness, improve quality of life for patients and their families, reduce the overall societal burden of chronic disease and substantially enhance population health. […] For too long, patients and their families have faced the substantial impact of missed and late detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, which delays treatment initiation and often results in worsened health outcomes. […] Action 2: Implement targeted early detection programmes for CVD, at different stages of life. […] Action 3: Adapt clinical processes to enhance the early detection and diagnosis of CVD. […] Action 4: Leverage digital technologies to increase access to the early detection and diagnosis of CVD.

• #1 Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease 101: What Women Should Know – Society for Women’s Health Research

  https://swhr.org/diagnosing-cardiovascular-disease-101-what-women-should-know/

  In the United States, a person dies every 33 seconds from cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death for women and men across the country. A diagnosis of CVD can refer to a number of different conditions, including heart disease, heart attack, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmia, heart valve problems and more. […] Understanding womens CVD risk and prioritizing early diagnoses are crucial for healthy aging and better patient outcomes. […] Eighty percent of women ages 40 to 60 have one or more risk factors for IHD. […] Because heart attack symptoms have been studied mostly in men, it has led to improper education and awareness about heart attack presentation in women. […] Women are also more likely to report mild symptoms or symptoms without chest pain related to a heart attack, which often leads to missed or delayed diagnoses.

• #1 Recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases through artificial intelligence and other innovative approaches.

  https://www.probiologists.com/article/recent-developments-in-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-of-cardiovascular-diseases-through-artificial-intelligence-and-other-innovative-approaches

  Telemedicine has the potential to revolutionize the field of cardiovascular disease by improving patient outcomes and increasing access to care. Recent studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing hospitalizations and improving outcomes in heart failure patients, as well as reducing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CVD. […] Overall, the use of AI in CVD research and clinical practice is an exciting and rapidly evolving field that has the potential to improve patient outcomes and advance our understanding of these complex diseases. However, there are also challenges that need to be addressed, such as ensuring the accuracy and reliability of AI algorithms, protecting patient privacy, and integrating AI into clinical workflows in a meaningful way. […] Novel biomarkers and imaging modalities have improved early detection and risk stratification. Advances in pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, cell therapy, and AI offer promising opportunities to develop personalized therapies and improve patient outcomes. However, challenges remain in validating biomarkers, making advanced technologies accessible, and integrating new approaches into clinical practice.

• #1 Cardiometabolic diseases

  https://diagnostics.roche.com/gb/en/products/product-category/cardiac-cardiac-markers.html

  Cardiometabolic diseases present a major healthcare burden and cardiovascular diseases are a significant cause of premature death; 18.5 million deaths per year, one-third of all deaths globally. […] Diagnostic tests play a crucial part in healthcare. They account for only a fraction of the total healthcare spending (2%), while informing ~70% of clinical decisions. […] As the global market leader in in vitro diagnostics, Roche continuously invests in evidence generation on new uses of biomarkers to improve cardiometabolic care and outcomes for patients. […] With biomarkers and digital solutions, Roche enables earlier diagnosis, reducing time to discharge, and providing information for personalised treatment plans. […] At Roche we are the global market leader in in vitro diagnostics for cardiac indications. With continuous investment for the past 30 years, we remain committed to optimising cardiometabolic (CMD) care, developing and improving diagnostic tests essential in CMD decision-making.

• #1 Technique Improves Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis

  https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2024/11/19/technique-improves-coronary-artery-disease-diagnosis/

  A new technology which allows doctors to quantify blood flow in the heart can improve their ability to diagnose potentially deadly coronary artery disease (CAD), an international study led by School of Medicine investigators has found. […] CMR stress testing is a useful way to spot coronary artery disease, but the new research from Patel and colleagues suggests that quantitative CMR with blood-flow data is even better. […] The researchers found that adding data on blood flow significantly improved CMRs ability to identify obstructive coronary artery disease. […] The enhanced CMR proved more effective at detecting obstructive CAD than both traditional CMR and human physicians reading scans. […] Although this study focused on improving the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease, future studies will be needed to determine how the blood flow measurements will be beneficial for patients with other heart conditions such as heart failure.

• #1 Screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease using artificial intelligence-enabled cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02971-2

  This proof-of-concept study shows an automatic pathway to CMR analysis. […] The high performance of the developed screening models derived from cine MRI suggests a fast, noninvasive and accurate screening technique for detecting CVDs. […] The diagnostic model derived from cine and LGE yielded an average class-weighted AUC of 0.991 over 11 classes. […] The findings were consistent with that of the primary dataset: the combination of SAX and 4CH cine provides the best performance for detecting cardiac anomalies; integrating cine and LGE yields the optimal diagnostic performance.

• #1 Genetics in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/jtgg.2023.59

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with genetics being a major risk factor. […] Timely screening, diagnosis, and management of ICC can not only provide life-saving treatment to a patient, but also identify at-risk family members. […] The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a high-level overall review of the current role of genetics in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, including the benefits, limitations, and approved testing options and guidelines by society experts. […] Genetic counseling plays a vital role as a bridge between physicians and patients, helping both to understand genetic testing options and the implications of results. […] Timely screening, diagnosis, and management of inherited CVDs can not only provide life-saving treatment to a patient but also identify at-risk family members. […] The current review provides a concise summary of the major influences of genetics in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs.

• #1 Recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases through artificial intelligence and other innovative approaches.

  https://www.probiologists.com/article/recent-developments-in-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-of-cardiovascular-diseases-through-artificial-intelligence-and-other-innovative-approaches

  Current guidelines for the treatment of CVDs emphasize the importance of lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet, in addition to pharmacologic therapies. […] Emerging therapies for the treatment of CVDs include novel anticoagulants and gene therapies. […] Gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of CVD, with the potential to treat a range of diseases, including heart failure, inherited lipid disorders, and inherited arrhythmias. […] Pharmacogenomic approaches have emerged as a promising tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), with the potential to improve medication efficacy and reduce adverse drug reactions in patients with CVD. […] Telemedicine has shown great promise in the field of CVD, particularly in improving access to care, reducing healthcare costs, and improving patient outcomes.

• #2 Diagnostics for cardiovascular diseases, heart disease | IAEA

  https://www.iaea.org/topics/cardiovascular-diseases

  According to the WHO, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. Diagnostic procedures using ionizing radiation play a central role in managing these diseases and have significantly contributed to the decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with them in the last two decades. […] Almost all diagnostic imaging methods for cardiovascular diseases require radiation. They can be divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. […] This procedure, called cardiac catheterization, is the „gold standard” to evaluate the cardiac anatomy and the severity of a physiological dysfunction. […] Instead, non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques are increasingly used. These methods can delineate cardiac structures and assess coronary arteries patency and myocardial perfusion (showing how well blood flows through heart muscles) as well as their function and metabolism.

• #2 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  The clinical presentation of cardiovascular diseases can range from asymptomatic (e.g., silent ischemia, angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease without symptoms, among others) to classic presentations as when patients present with typical anginal chest pain consistent of myocardial infarction and/or those suffering from acute CVA presenting with focal neurological deficits of sudden onset. […] A thorough physical examination is paramount for the diagnosis of CVD. Starting with a general inspection to look for signs of distress as in patients with angina or with decompensated heart failure, or chronic skin changes from PAD. […] Thorough clinical history and physical exam directed but not limited to the cardiovascular system are the hallmarks for the diagnosis of CVD. Specifically, a history compatible with obesity, angina, decreased exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, syncope or presyncope, and claudication should prompt the clinician to obtain a more detailed history and physical exam and, if pertinent, obtain ancillary diagnostic test according to the clinical scenario (e.g., electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes for patients presenting with chest pain).

• #2 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease | Detection, Medical Treatment, and Prevention | MrMed

  https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/heart-care/diagnosis-of-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOoqX4NP4RPIQvD4nXstaduB-mY_k1hz-RimeoHA7bCW6QLZyccWL

  Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases related to the heart and blood vessels. CVDs are the most prevalent diseases in India and are endemic to India. […] A Cardiologist is a doctor who does the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (heart and Vascular diseases) and specialize in its treatment. […] Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases is done by various methods that gives you a clear idea. […] Your cardiologist will examine you for any asymmetry in your chest, for cyanosis (bluish colouration due to lack of oxygen), Oedema. […] They take your blood sample to test for cholesterol level, C-reactive protein (CRP), other cardiac biomarkers that indicate any heart or vascular diseases. […] ECG tells about the rhythm of the heart, strength and timing of your heartbeats. It detects arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), angina, heart attack.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diagnosis.aspx

  Cardiovascular diseases are diagnosed using an array of laboratory tests and imaging studies. The primary part of diagnosis is medical and family histories of the patient, risk factors, physical examination and coordination of these findings with the results from tests and procedures. […] Some of the common tests used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases include: […] Laboratory tests are used to detect the risk factors for heart diseases. These include detection of the fats, cholesterol and lipid components of blood including LDL, HDL, Triglycerides. […] Blood tests can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. High levels of these proteins are a sign of a recent heart attack. […] One of the markers of heart attack is the Cardiac Troponin-T. Other biomarkers include fibrinogen and PAI-1, high levels of homocysteine, elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine and elevated brain natriuretic peptide (also known as B-type) (BNP).

• #2 What Blood Tests Detect Heart Problems?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16792-blood-tests-to-determine-risk-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Certain elements in your blood, like your cholesterol, triglycerides, or fibrinogen, are like a window to your heart health. Using blood tests to understand your risk of coronary artery disease is a proactive approach to a healthier heart. […] Your healthcare provider may order blood and urine lab tests to determine your risk of heart and blood vessel disease. Certain results, like high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), indicate a higher risk of heart disease. […] Your healthcare provider may recommend blood tests to determine your risk of heart disease such as coronary artery disease (CAD) if you: […] When detecting heart disease risk, healthcare providers pay close attention to: […] High levels of Lp(a) increase your risk of heart attack, stroke, blood clots, fatty buildup in veins after coronary artery bypass surgery and narrowing of coronary arteries after angioplasty.

• #2 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease

  A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.

• #2 Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics and Testing | Clinical Lab Products

  https://clpmag.com/disease-states/cardiovascular-disease-diagnostics-testing/

  The current interest in high-sensitivity (hs) methods for detecting troponin extends to both troponin I and troponin T, and there are hs-troponin assays for detecting both proteins. Although hs-troponin tests have been shown to have impressive capabilities, they are not entirely new tests, as sometimes described in the lay press. The high-sensitivity assays detect the same biomarkers as conventional troponin assays, but with greatly improved sensitivity and precision at low concentrations. […] High-sensitivity troponin tests offer several advantages over older troponin tests. To begin with, they make it possible to identify a greater number of patients who are not experiencing an AMI, providing physicians with greater confidence in ruling-out AMI for a patient presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. High-sensitivity troponin assays should clear up some of the uncertainties that physicians are faced with today. With an improved ability to detect significant change between serial measurements, it becomes possible to achieve higher diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of AMI.

• #2 Cardiovascular Diagnostic Solutions and Assay Menu | Beckman Coulter

  https://www.beckmancoulter.com/solutions/cardiovascular-disease

  Successful management of cardiovascular diseases means mitigating adverse events by making the right decisions. Clinicians want to diagnose and initiate appropriate treatment quickly to improve patient outcomes. […] Clinical laboratories can improve care for patients experiencing, or at risk for, cardiovascular disease. The speed and accuracy of the information your laboratory delivers are critical to improving patient outcomes and reducing the cost of care. […] Natriuretic peptides are proteins secreted by the heart in response to volume or pressure overload. They are important biomarkers in the diagnosis of heart failure. […] High-sensitivity troponin tests support more rapid decision making, which can help detect, triage and manage at-risk patients sooner and send acute myocardial infarction (AMI) low risk patients home faster.

• #2 Coronary Heart Disease – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/diagnosis

  Your healthcare provider will diagnose coronary heart disease based on your symptoms, your medical and family history, your risk factors, and the results of heart tests. […] To help diagnose coronary heart disease, your provider may also order some of the following heart tests: […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart and determines whether the heart’s rhythm is steady or irregular. […] A coronary calcium scan measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. […] Stress tests check your heart while it is working hard and beating quickly. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] A cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan assesses blood flow through the coronary blood vessels and into the heart muscle. […] Coronary CT angiography is an imaging test that looks at blood flow through the coronary arteries using a special X-ray machine that takes multiple pictures of the heart. […] Invasive coronary angiography uses contrast dye to detect blockages in the coronary arteries.

• #2 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Extremity arterial mapping uses non-invasive duplex ultrasound technology to examine blood flow in the arteries in the arms and legs. […] Event recorder (or loop recorder) a device that records irregular heart rhythm episodes over extended periods of time. […] HeartFlow Analysis a noninvasive test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease. […] Heart stress test a screening test used to diagnose the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) during exercise. […] Holter monitor a device that records heart rhythms over 24-48 hours. […] Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) a type of echocardiography that provides ultrasound images from inside the heart muscle; a tiny ultrasound probe is mounted on the tip of a catheter so it can be moved through the blood vessels directly into the heart.

• #2 Heart Disease – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/heart-disease

  Your doctor will do a physical exam and ask about your and your familys medical history. In addition to a detailed interview, blood tests, and chest X-ray, additional cardiac tests may be in order. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a quick and painless test. […] Ambulatory ECG Monitoring or Holter ECG is a wearable device to record the heart rate for 24-72 hours to detect irregular heart rhythms not found during the electrocardiogram. […] Echocardiogram uses sound waves to echo or scan and create detailed images and assesses the hearts structure and size and the function of the heart muscle, valves, walls, and lining. […] Stress test measures the heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac contraction, and electrical abnormality during exercise or after a drug is given to stress the heart. In some cases, a stress echocardiogram can help diagnose cardiovascular disease and heart arrhythmia or assess the hearts wall motions and arteries.

• #2 Coronary artery disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350619

  This test shows how blood moves to the heart at rest and during activity. […] A CT scan of the heart can show calcium deposits and blockages in the heart arteries. […] This test can see blockages in the heart arteries. […] Regular health checkups also are important. Some of the main risk factors for coronary artery disease high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes have no symptoms in the early stages. Early detection and treatment can help you keep your heart healthy.

• #2 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  CT angiography (CTA)/cardiac CTA produces images of the blood vessels and tissues in a particular body structure by combining computerized tomography (CT) scanning with an injection of a special dye. […] CT coronary angiography a noninvasive alternative for cardiac catheterization that looks specifically at the blood vessels in the heart to diagnose coronary artery disease. […] Dobutamine stress echo test an echocardiography test that involves taking a medication called dobutamine while being closely monitored; the medication stimulates the heart as if a person is exercising; the test is used to evaluate a persons heart and valve function when he or she is unable to exercise on a treadmill or stationary cycle. […] Drug stress test a test that involves taking a medication while being closely monitored; the medication stimulates the heart as if a person is exercising; the test is used to evaluate a persons heart and valve function when he or she is unable to exercise on a treadmill or stationary cycle.

• #2 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Cardiac MRI (cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain images of the heart; MRI uses a magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of internal body structures. […] Cardiac nuclear medicine imaging uses radioactive materials (tracers) to obtain diagnostic images of specific parts of the heart and vessels. […] Carotid duplex scan a non-invasive vascular ultrasound test to assess the blood flow of the arteries that supply blood from the heart through the neck to the brain. […] Cholesterol test, lipid panel a commonly used blood test that measures levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). […] Coronary artery calcium scan/scoring a non-invasive test that uses CT imaging to measure the amount of calcium in the arteries.

• #2 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) a procedure in which a tiny ultrasound device is placed into the coronary artery to give a cross-sectional view from inside the artery; IVUS can aid in the selection and sizing of stents and balloons, and can show that a stent has been properly placed. […] Multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) a nuclear imaging test that measures how much blood the heart pumps or ejects with each contraction (called the ejection fraction) and how quickly that blood is ejected. […] Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography (MRI/MRA) cardiac MRI uses radio waves, a magnetic field and a computer to create highly advanced images of the heart. […] Myocardial perfusion imaging a test that evaluates coronary arteries by determining changes in blood flow to the heart during exercise; also called nuclear medicine stress test.

• #2 Cardiac Imaging Tests – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiovascular-tests-and-procedures/cardiac-imaging-tests

  PET with CT (PET-CT) can demonstrate myocardial perfusion and metabolism and is increasingly being used to assess myocardial viability or to assess myocardial perfusion after an equivocal single-photon emission CT (SPECT) study or in patients with severe obesity. […] FDG detects the enhancement of glucose metabolism under ischemic conditions, and can thus distinguish ischemic but still viable myocardium from scar tissue.

• #2 Invasive & Non-Invasive Tests | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/invasive-non-invasive-tests

  Cardiac catheterization involves the insertion of a long, thin tube into a blood vessel in your groin or arm. […] An implantable loop recorder is a small device about the size of an average-sized man’s thumb that is placed under the skin to diagnose causes of syncope (or passing out) or recurrent palpitations (heart pounding) that have remained elusive or could not be diagnosed after monitoring with a Holter and external loop recorder and/or even after an EP test. […] An electrophysiology study or EPS is an invasive test that examines the electrical properties of the heart by the placement of special catheters inserted via the leg, arm, or neck.

• #2 Screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease using artificial intelligence-enabled cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02971-2

  This proof-of-concept study shows an automatic pathway to CMR analysis. […] The high performance of the developed screening models derived from cine MRI suggests a fast, noninvasive and accurate screening technique for detecting CVDs. […] The diagnostic model derived from cine and LGE yielded an average class-weighted AUC of 0.991 over 11 classes. […] The findings were consistent with that of the primary dataset: the combination of SAX and 4CH cine provides the best performance for detecting cardiac anomalies; integrating cine and LGE yields the optimal diagnostic performance.

• #2 Recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases through artificial intelligence and other innovative approaches.

  https://www.probiologists.com/article/recent-developments-in-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-of-cardiovascular-diseases-through-artificial-intelligence-and-other-innovative-approaches

  Current guidelines for the treatment of CVDs emphasize the importance of lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet, in addition to pharmacologic therapies. […] Emerging therapies for the treatment of CVDs include novel anticoagulants and gene therapies. […] Gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of CVD, with the potential to treat a range of diseases, including heart failure, inherited lipid disorders, and inherited arrhythmias. […] Pharmacogenomic approaches have emerged as a promising tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), with the potential to improve medication efficacy and reduce adverse drug reactions in patients with CVD. […] Telemedicine has shown great promise in the field of CVD, particularly in improving access to care, reducing healthcare costs, and improving patient outcomes.

• #2 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Failure | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0615/p1161.html

  Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome characterized by dyspnea, fatigue, and signs of volume overload, which may include peripheral edema and pulmonary rales. […] The initial evaluation includes a history and physical examination, chest radiography, electrocardiography, and laboratory assessment to identify causes or precipitating factors. […] There is no single diagnostic test for heart failure; therefore, it remains a clinical diagnosis requiring a history, physical examination, and laboratory testing. […] Appropriate diagnosis and therapy for heart failure are important given the poor prognosis. […] Echocardiography is the diagnostic standard to confirm systolic or diastolic heart failure through assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction. […] Evaluation for ischemic heart disease is warranted in patients with heart failure, especially if angina is present, given that coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure.

• #2 4.00 – Cardiovascular – Adult | Disability | SSA

  https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/4.00-Cardiovascular-Adult.htm

  4. What is lymphedema and how will we evaluate it? […] a. Lymphedema is edema of the extremities due to a disorder of the lymphatic circulation. […] H. Evaluating Other Cardiovascular Impairments […] 1. How will we evaluate hypertension? Because hypertension generally causes disability through its effects on other body systems, we will evaluate it by reference to the specific body system(s) affected. […] 2. How will we evaluate symptomatic congenital heart disease? Congenital heart disease is any abnormality of the heart or the major blood vessels that is present at birth. […] 3. What is cardiomyopathy and how will we evaluate it? Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle. […] 4. How will we evaluate valvular heart disease? We will evaluate valvular heart disease under the listing appropriate for its effect on you.

• #2 Secrets of cardiac diagnosis: everything you need to know

  https://www.centrecardiolaval.com/en/2024/02/09/discover-the-secrets-of-cardiac-diagnostics/

  The heart, our body’s vital engine, beats tirelessly to irrigate every cell in our body. But what happens when this biological pump malfunctions? That’s where cardiac diagnostics comes in, an essential medical quest to detect, understand and treat cardiac pathologies. In a world where cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death, the accuracy and efficiency of cardiac diagnostics have become major public health issues. […] Cardiac diagnostics is much more than a simple assessment; it’s a crucial, life-saving procedure. It enables early detection of heart disease, assesses the severity of symptoms and guides treatment decisions. Without accurate diagnosis, treatment would be a blind attempt to solve complex problems, often with fatal consequences. […] Early detection of cardiac disorders through proper diagnosis can also help prevent worsening of the disease, and reduce the risk of complications such as myocardial infarction or heart failure. This is why doctors and researchers are constantly striving to improve diagnostic methods to make them faster, more accurate and less invasive for the patient.

• #2 Manifesto – Global Heart Hub

  https://globalhearthub.org/manifesto/

  Achieving early detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease can dramatically reduce the burden of illness, improve quality of life for patients and their families, reduce the overall societal burden of chronic disease and substantially enhance population health. […] For too long, patients and their families have faced the substantial impact of missed and late detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, which delays treatment initiation and often results in worsened health outcomes. […] Action 2: Implement targeted early detection programmes for CVD, at different stages of life. […] Action 3: Adapt clinical processes to enhance the early detection and diagnosis of CVD. […] Action 4: Leverage digital technologies to increase access to the early detection and diagnosis of CVD.

• #2 Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Tests | Vital Heart & Vein

  https://vitalheartandvein.com/news/the-diagnosis-of-heart-disease/

  Anyone who values their health should understand the importance of diagnostic testing. […] An early diagnosis of heart disease can be the difference between a healthy life and chronic heart disease. […] Diagnostic testing can help you discover early on if you’re at risk for heart disease and give you the chance to improve the health of your heart before more serious events like a heart attack or stroke. […] There are many kinds of diagnostic tests for your heart. […] One of the more invasive types of diagnostic testing is cardiac catheterization. […] This makes the CT a preferred diagnostic tool when determining the health of someone’s heart in both structure and function. […] An ECG involves placing electrodes on your body, which will monitor the electrical activity of your heart muscle.

• #2 Advancing the access to cardiovascular diagnosis and treatment among women with cardiovascular disease: a joint British Cardiovascular Societies’ consensus document | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/110/22/e3

  The main purpose of this document is to advance the access to diagnosis and treatment among women suffering from CVD with provision of disease-specific action points to be implemented by all affiliated societies, mostly referring to a sex-based approach since the pathophysiological differences in CVD are driven by biological sex and the associated reproductive organs/hormones. […] This consensus document put together by representatives from each of the leading UK cardiovascular affiliated societies including the Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, nursing and patient affiliated societies, outlines the key sex-specific differences across the CVD spectrum and the recommendations for addressing cardiovascular health inequalities among women in the UK. […] Women presenting with obstructive CAD are older and have more comorbidities than men with the same condition, and are less likely to be referred for diagnostic assessment in both the acute and chronic setting, despite reporting a higher angina burden.

• #2 Cardiovascular disease diagnosis: a holistic approach using the integration of machine learning and deep learning models | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-024-02044-7

  Accordingly, a combinational model is presented in this paper which makes use of both Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, as the representative of deep learning models, besides K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) as the representative of machine learning models to predict cardiovascular disease. […] This amalgamation of deep learning and machine learning techniques empowers healthcare providers with a powerful toolkit for personalized and precise cardiovascular disease diagnosis, paving the way for more informed treatment strategies and improved patient care outcomes. […] The proposed model leverages the combination of CNN and LSTM from deep learning and KNN and XGB from machine learning as the base classifiers for cardiovascular disease classification.

• #2 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular

  This comprehensive array of tests helps clinicians accurately identify and stratify risk, and guide individualized treatment for cardiovascular disease patients with high levels of confidence. […] Cardio IQ Testing can offer a more complete picture of your patients cardiovascular health, offering a more advanced approach to lipid subclass characterization. […] The 4myheart Program utilizes clinical educators that use the test results to customize each patients education about nutrition, exercise, stress management, and therapy adherence, pursuant to each clinicians treatment plan. […] Our team of genetic counselors is available to guide medical professionals in appropriate test selection and interpretation of results.

• #2 Cardiac Diagnostics | DAIC

  https://www.dicardiology.com/channel/cardiac-diagnostics

  The American College of Cardiology has released a workbook on remote patient management (RPM), which aims to guide CV care professionals on definitions, clinical uses, benefits and limitations. […] FibriCheck is now the only FDA-cleared smartphone application for heart rhythm monitoring with ECG equivalence in the U.S. […] Advances in the technology of wearable cardiac monitors are improving both the experience of the patient and the clinician.

• #2 Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Tests | Vital Heart & Vein

  https://vitalheartandvein.com/news/the-diagnosis-of-heart-disease/

  A heart rhythm monitoring test is any test that records the electrical activity of your heart to locate electrical irregularities and disease from anywhere between 24 hours and 30 days. […] A stress test is used to determine how well your heart can function while doing a reasonable amount of work, for example, when exercising. […] An echocardiogram is a common type of ultrasound used to determine how effectively your heart is pumping blood throughout your body. […] The importance of diagnostic testing cannot be overstated, because even if you suspect your heart is not as healthy as it could be, testing can help to pinpoint exactly what and where the problem is and what can be done to improve your condition.

• #3 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular

  An estimated 80% of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart disease and stroke, is preventable. However, CVD remains the leading cause of death and the most expensive disease, costing nearly $1 billion a day. […] Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Quest offers advanced biomarker testing to help prevent heart failure in your at-risk patients. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, taking the lives of over 300,000 women in the US in 2020. […] CVD is strongly associated with T2DM, CKD, and NAFLD. Through significant investments in novel technology, the Cleveland HeartLab is fostering innovation to detect these conditions in their early stages, providing the opportunity for stage-targeted intervention and improved clinical outcomes.

• #3 Cardiovascular (Heart) Diseases: Types and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/diseases-cardiovascular

  Cardiovascular disease is a group of conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. […] Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. If you have symptoms, its important for you to go to the doctor for a check-up. […] If you have risk factors or symptoms that suggest cardiovascular disease, they will likely do a physical exam and may order some tests. Common tests your doctor may use to diagnose cardiovascular disease include: […] Your doctor will start by asking questions about your symptoms, health history, and family history. […] Treatments for cardiovascular diseases will be based on your symptoms and the condition you have. Common treatments include: […] If you have symptoms that suggest a heart condition, such as chest pain or discomfort or shortness of breath, it’s important for you to go see your doctor because the complications can be life-threatening.

• #3 Coronary artery disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350619

  To diagnose coronary artery disease, a healthcare professional examines you. You are usually asked questions about your medical history and any symptoms. If you have symptoms of coronary artery disease such as chest pain or shortness of breath, tests may be done to check your overall health. […] Tests to help diagnose or watch coronary artery disease include: […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] This quick test checks the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] If your symptoms usually occur during exercise, your healthcare professional may recommend this test.

• #3 Cardiovascular Diagnostic Solutions and Assay Menu | Beckman Coulter

  https://www.beckmancoulter.com/solutions/cardiovascular-disease

  hsTnI tests are primarily used to help determine if an individual has suffered a heart attack (acute myocardial infarction). hsTnI tests detect Troponin I quantities sooner, which helps give clinicians important insights into life-threatening cardiac conditions in patients presenting with chest pains faster.

• #3 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease

  A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.

• #3 Common medical tests to diagnose heart conditions

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Common-medical-tests-to-diagnose-heart-conditions

  Your doctor may order different medical tests to help find out what your heart condition is and the best way to treat it. […] Blood tests can measure the substances and show if, and how much of, your heart muscle has been damaged. […] Your doctor may use an ECG to diagnose a heart attack or abnormal heart rhythms (called arrhythmias). […] A stress test, sometimes called a treadmill or exercise test, is a type of ECG that is done while you are exercising. […] It helps your doctor check if there are any problems with your hearts valves and chambers, and see how strongly your heart pumps blood. […] Your doctor uses this picture to see how much blood flows to your heart muscle and how well your heart pumps blood when you are resting and doing physical activity. This test also helps your doctor to see if your heart muscle is damaged.

• #3 Heart and Vascular Disease Diagnosis

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-care/diagnostics

  Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) a procedure in which a tiny ultrasound device is placed into the coronary artery to give a cross-sectional view from inside the artery; IVUS can aid in the selection and sizing of stents and balloons, and can show that a stent has been properly placed. […] Multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) a nuclear imaging test that measures how much blood the heart pumps or ejects with each contraction (called the ejection fraction) and how quickly that blood is ejected. […] Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography (MRI/MRA) cardiac MRI uses radio waves, a magnetic field and a computer to create highly advanced images of the heart. […] Myocardial perfusion imaging a test that evaluates coronary arteries by determining changes in blood flow to the heart during exercise; also called nuclear medicine stress test.

• #3 Coronary artery disease: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184130

  Coronary catheterization: A specialist will inject dye through a catheter threaded through an artery, often in the leg or arm. The dye shows narrow spots or blockages on an X-ray. […] CT scans: These help a doctor view the arteries, detect calcium within fatty deposits, and identify any heart anomalies. […] Blood tests: Doctors can order these to measure blood cholesterol levels.

• #3 Secrets of cardiac diagnosis: everything you need to know

  https://www.centrecardiolaval.com/en/2024/02/09/discover-the-secrets-of-cardiac-diagnostics/

  Accurate cardiac diagnosis requires a combination of factors: in-depth knowledge of cardiac anatomy and physiology, mastery of state-of-the-art technologies and expert interpretation of clinical data. […] The physical examination is the first step in cardiac diagnosis. It allows the physician to observe, listen and feel the patient’s heart for telltale signs. […] Laboratory tests play an important role in cardiac diagnosis. They can reveal biological markers of heart damage, such as cardiac enzymes, or risk factors such as high cholesterol. Medical imaging, meanwhile, offers a visual window onto the heart and blood vessels. […] When non-invasive methods fail to provide a clear diagnosis, doctors may turn to invasive procedures. […] The field of cardiac diagnostics has seen major technological advances in recent years. Improved medical imaging, for example, has enabled the heart to be visualized with unprecedented resolution and clarity.

• #3 Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis

  At NYU Langone, specialists diagnose and manage coronary artery disease, which is estimated to affect more than 13 million Americans. […] Your NYU Langone cardiologist takes a family and medical history to determine your risk for coronary artery disease. Next, he or she performs a physical exam, asks whether you smoke and how much you exercise, asks about your diet, and determines if you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or unhealthy cholesterol levels. Your doctor also orders tests to help diagnose coronary artery disease. […] Your doctor may take a sample of blood to check the levels of different substances, including cholesterol; triglycerides, or fat in the blood, which can increase the risk of coronary artery disease; proteins that can indicate inflammation in the arteries; and glucose, or sugar, which can help determine if you have diabetes. Elevated levels of these substances can increase your risk for atherosclerosis.

• #3 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Failure | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0615/p1161.html

  The initial evaluation of patients with suspected heart failure should include a history and physical examination, laboratory assessment, chest radiography, and electrocardiography. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis. […] Systolic heart failure can be effectively ruled out with a normal B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide level. […] Echocardiography is the most widely accepted and available method for identifying systolic dysfunction and should be performed after the initial evaluation to confirm the presence of heart failure. […] If angina or chest pain is present with heart failure, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology recommend that the patient undergo coronary angiography, unless there is a contraindication to potential revascularization.

• #3 4.00 – Cardiovascular – Adult | Disability | SSA

  https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/4.00-Cardiovascular-Adult.htm

  F. Evaluating Arrhythmias […] 1. What is an arrhythmia? An arrhythmia is a change in the regular beat of the heart. […] 2. What are the different types of arrhythmias? […] a. There are many types of arrhythmias. […] 3. How do we evaluate arrhythmias using 4.05? […] a. We will use 4.05 when you have arrhythmias that are not fully controlled by medication. […] G. Evaluating Peripheral Vascular Disease […] 1. What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)? Generally, PVD is any impairment that affects either the arteries or the veins in the extremities. […] 2. How do we assess limitations resulting from PVD? We will assess your limitations based on your symptoms together with physical findings. […] 3. What is brawny edema? Brawny edema is swelling that is usually dense and feels firm due to the presence of increased connective tissue.

• #3 Secrets of cardiac diagnosis: everything you need to know

  https://www.centrecardiolaval.com/en/2024/02/09/discover-the-secrets-of-cardiac-diagnostics/

  Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming cardiac diagnostics by enabling rapid and accurate analysis of large quantities of data. […] Future prospects for cardiac diagnostics are promising, and point towards ever greater integration of technology into clinical practice. […] The ultimate goal is to achieve ever earlier, more accurate and non-invasive cardiac diagnosis, for optimal management of cardiac patients.

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