Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries. Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin. […] At least three-quarters of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. People living in low- and middle-income countries often do not have the benefit of primary health care programmes for early detection and treatment of people with risk factors for CVDs. People in low- and middle-income countries who suffer from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases have less access to effective and equitable health care services which respond to their needs. As a result, for many people in these countries detection is often late in the course of the disease and people die at a younger age from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases, often in their most productive years.

• #2 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. One person dies every 33 seconds from cardiovascular disease. In 2022, 702,880 people died from heart disease. That’s the equivalent of 1 in every 5 deaths. Heart disease cost about $252.2 billion from 2019 to 2020. […] Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease. It killed 371,506 people in 2022. In 2022, about 1 out of every 5 deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) was among adults younger than 65 years old. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial and ethnic groups in the United States. For women from the Pacific Islands and Asian American, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Hispanic women, heart disease is second only to cancer.

• #3 Cardiovascular Disease – A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/

  Epidemiological data on heart disease, stroke, and associated risk factors are compiled and published annually in the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. This publication is a collaborative effort of the American Heart Association (AHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. This chapter draws from the most recent edition of the report, the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update, in addition to other resources to provide an overview of the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the United States. […] The AHA reports that approximately 82.6 million people in the United States currently have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a leading cause of death for both men and women.

• #4 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Epidemiological data on heart disease, stroke, and associated risk factors are compiled and published annually in the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. This publication is a collaborative effort of the American Heart Association (AHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. This chapter draws from the most recent edition of the report, the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update, in addition to other resources to provide an overview of the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the United States. […] The AHA reports that approximately 82.6 million people in the United States currently have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a leading cause of death for both men and women.

• #5 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. […] CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. […] According to the World Health Organization, CVD is responsible for the majority of the global loss of disability adjusted life-years. […] EUROASPIRE has documented that cardiovascular risk factors still go undiagnosed and that risk factor control in secondary prevention remains suboptimal. […] Thus, while preventive cardiology has been a great success measured by the age-adjusted decline in CVD mortality, there is still ample room for improvement.

• #6 Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in Europe | Public Health Nutrition | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/epidemiology-of-cardiovascular-diseases-in-europe/D73F685C3DF0505C50AD5881D91643C5

  Within Europe large differences exist in mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke. These diseases show a clear West-East gradient with high rates in Eastern Europe. […] In spite the decreasing trend in age-adjusted cardiovascular disease mortality in Western European countries an increase in the number of cardiovascular patients is expected because of the ageing of the population. Consequently the health care cost for these diseases will increase. […] Blood pressure is a major determinant of coronary heart disease and stroke. Historically salt is viewed as the most important dietary determinant of blood pressure. Recent research shows that also a low-fat diet rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium lowers blood pressure substantially. This suggests a multifactorial influence of different nutrients on blood pressure. […] It can be concluded that a diet low in saturated and trans fatty acids and rich in plant foods in combination with regular fish consumption is associated with a low risk of cardiovascular mortality.

• #7 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases cover all diseases of the heart and blood vessels including heart attacks and strokes, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive diseases, cardiomyopathy, and others. […] Together, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death globally. […] In 2000, around 14 million people died from cardiovascular diseases globally, while in 2019, close to 18 million died. […] The rising death toll is largely due to a growing and aging global population. […] Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have actually fallen in many countries as our ability to prevent and treat them has improved. […] Yet large disparities remain globally. […] The impact of cardiovascular diseases can be reduced much further with greater understanding and public health efforts.

• #8 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

• #9 Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-psychiatric-behavioral-aspects-cardiovascular-disease-articulo-S1885585711004683

  Mortality data suggest that CVD was the underlying cause in 36.3% of deaths in 2004, with current estimates that a death occurs from CVD every 36s. […] Estimates from the American Heart Association suggest that 38% of people who experience an MI in a given year will die from it. […] Data from prospective cohort studies have found that CVD risk factors (eg, hypertension, diabetes, physical inactivity, etc.) play a major role in the development of CHD. […] Case-control studies from 52 countries report that modifiable risk factors account for more than 90% of the risk of initial CHD. […] The direct and indirect cost of CHD alone, ignoring other CVD factors, was estimated in 2007 to be $151.6 billion. […] Although traditional risk factors explain a substantial amount of CVD risk, psychological factors have also been shown to predict adverse CVD outcomes. […] The relationship between depression and CVD has been well established, with numerous studies linking depression to increased risk of cardiac mortality and morbidity.

• #10 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. […] The global death toll from cardiovascular diseases has grown. […] Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have declined in many countries. […] There are large disparities in death rates from cardiovascular diseases worldwide. […] A range of factors heighten the risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the number one risk factor. Its estimated that it causes almost 10 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases annually.

• #11 Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-psychiatric-behavioral-aspects-cardiovascular-disease-articulo-S1885585711004683

  Psychosocial and behavioral factors, including mood (depression, anxiety, anger, and stress), personality (Type A, Type D, and hostility), and social support, are associated with both the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major public health burden in the industrialized countries, including the United States and Europe. […] For decades CVD has been the leading cause of mortality and disability in the Western world and only recently, with improvements in non-surgical treatments such as angioplasty and advances in medical management, has the impact of CVD begun to fall behind cancer in terms of its associated mortality. […] The most recent estimates from the American Heart Association suggest that one third of American adults, nearly 80 million individuals, have some form of CVD, the most common forms including hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), chest pain, heart failure, and stroke.

• #12 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. […] Developing and implementing effective disease prevention and control strategies requires surveillance that tracks the burden of disease in the population; leads to hypotheses about etiologic factors that cause CVD; and provides information about the levels of modifiable risk factors across the entire population of the United States and within its various subpopulations. […] Strengthening surveillance systems will enable timely and appropriate delivery of public health and clinical policy, and it will allow monitoring of trends in CVD risk factors and health status.

• #13 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke […] Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to several conditions resulting from plaque building up in arteries, including coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke. Heart disease and stroke were the first- and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States in 2022, respectively. […] Risk factors for CVDs include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and family history of heart disease or stroke. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease for the 2019-2020 fiscal year totaled approximately $422.3 billion.

• #14 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance involves quantifying the evolving population-level burden of cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors as a data-driven initial step followed by the implementation of interventional strategies designed to alleviate this burden in the target population. […] Despite widespread acknowledgement of its potential value, a national surveillance system dedicated specifically to cardiovascular disease does not currently exist in the United States. […] Key strengths discussed include the: (1) ubiquity of EHRs and consequent ability to create a more national surveillance system, (2) existence of a common data infrastructure underlying the health care enterprise with respect to data domains and the nomenclature by which these data are expressed, (3) longitudinal length and detail that define EHR data when individuals repeatedly patronize a health care organization, and (4) breadth of outcomes capable of being surveilled with EHRs.

• #15 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/establishing-a-national-cardiovascular-disease-surveillance-system-in-the-united-states-using-electronic-health-record-data-key-strengths-and-limitations/

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance involves quantifying the evolving population-level burden of cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors as a data-driven initial step followed by the implementation of interventional strategies designed to alleviate this burden in the target population. […] Despite widespread acknowledgement of its potential value, a national surveillance system dedicated specifically to cardiovascular disease does not currently exist in the United States. […] Accordingly, this article elaborates on some key strengths and limitations of using EHR data for establishing a national cardiovascular disease surveillance system. Key strengths discussed include the: (1) ubiquity of EHRs and consequent ability to create a more national surveillance system, (2) existence of a common data infrastructure underlying the health care enterprise with respect to data domains and the nomenclature by which these data are expressed, (3) longitudinal length and detail that define EHR data when individuals repeatedly patronize a health care organization, and (4) breadth of outcomes capable of being surveilled with EHRs.

• #16 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Continuous surveillance efforts allow assessing the collective impact of applied interventions on the metrics they are designed to improve. […] The ideal national CVD surveillance system would cost-efficiently follow a large, representative set of US residents over extended periods while tracking a broad range of metrics such that a comprehensive picture of the nation’s cardiovascular health emerges. […] Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time.

• #17 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Key limitations discussed include the: (1) incomplete ascertainment of health information related to health care-seeking behavior and the disconnect of health care data generated at separate health care organizations, (2) suspect data quality resulting from the default information-gathering processes within the clinical enterprise, (3) questionable ability to surveil patients through EHRs in the absence of documented interactions, and (4) the challenge in interpreting temporal trends in health metrics, which can be obscured by changing clinical and administrative processes. […] Despite multiple exhortations for a dedicated national CVD surveillance system over the past 15 years, such a system does not currently exist. […] Population-level surveillance of the appropriate metrics serves to quantify this burden at the national level and enables contrasts between metrics such that prioritizations can be made and impactful public health and/or clinical interventions can be planned and applied.

• #18 Population surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in low-income to middle-income countries should leverage existing international collaborations | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/5/e000866

  Most LMICs are yet to develop the best strategies and tools for monitoring the changing patterns of diseases and the effects of potential interventions. […] The significance of using these frameworks in CVD surveillance includes cross-country learning, resources and expertise sharing, and performance. […] In general, NCDs and more specifically CVD surveillance in LMICs is largely driven by WHO-led efforts, or bilateral collaborations between countries. […] The spectrum of CVD surveillance includes various aspects such as determinants, events, health service utilisation and outcomes of care. […] Population-based data are essential to surveillance and provide valuable information for planning and evaluating disease prevention and control strategies. […] The use of technology may potentially help in improving disease surveillance.

• #19 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Although EHR data possess some obvious strengths as a potential resource for surveillance and some work has been done in this area, some inherent features of EHR data cast uncertainty on its value as a surveillance data source. […] The promise of a national CVD surveillance system built around EHR data lies in the ubiquity of EHRs in the United States, the large number of US residents with available EHR data, wide geographic reach, and cost-efficiency relative to prospective alternatives.

• #20 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/establishing-a-national-cardiovascular-disease-surveillance-system-in-the-united-states-using-electronic-health-record-data-key-strengths-and-limitations/

  Key limitations discussed include the: (1) incomplete ascertainment of health information related to health care-seeking behavior and the disconnect of health care data generated at separate health care organizations, (2) suspect data quality resulting from the default information-gathering processes within the clinical enterprise, (3) questionable ability to surveil patients through EHRs in the absence of documented interactions, and (4) the challenge in interpreting temporal trends in health metrics, which can be obscured by changing clinical and administrative processes.

• #21 Cardiovascular Diseases in Central and Eastern Europe: A Call for More Surveillance and Evidence-Based Health Promotion | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2713

  The WHO Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) Project was launched in 1980s to study 10-year trends in CVD on mortality, morbidity and risk factors across 38 populations in 21 countries. […] The persisting East-West CVD mortality gap indicates that the current efforts are insufficient to address this problem. There is an urgent need to increase surveillance of CVD and its risk factors, to improve awareness of the problem among local politicians and the public, to prioritize funding for CVD prevention and to implement population-based interventions to reduce the burden of CVD.

• #22 Surveillance of heart diseases and conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/heart-health/heart-diseases-conditions/surveillance-heart-diseases-conditions.html

  Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada, claiming more than 50,000 lives each year. […] According to 20172018 data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), about 8.5% of Canadian adults were living with diagnosed ischemic heart disease. This is the most common type of heart disease, and the figure comprises about: […] About 25% of Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with diagnosed hypertension (20172018 CCDSS). Men and women were equally affected. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada uses provincial and territorial health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. This system helps the federal government better understand chronic conditions by estimating: […] The system aims to make the collection of surveillance data consistent and comparable across jurisdictions. Since the provinces and territories share population-level summaries only, patient privacy is protected. Pan-Canadian data can be found on the system’s website. […] Information is reported to support the planning and evaluation of policies and programs.

• #23 Incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in English primary care: a cross-sectional and follow-up study of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/8/e020282

  Objectives To describe incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), its risk factors, medication prescribed to treat CVD and predictors of CVD within a nationally representative dataset. […] The RCGP RSC database provides comprehensive information on risk factors, medical diagnosis, physiological measurements and prescription history that could be used in CVD research or pharmacoepidemiology. With the exception of MI, the prevalence of CVDs was higher than in other national data, possibly reflecting data quality. RCGP RSC is an underused resource for research into NCDs and their management and welcomes collaborative opportunities. […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Improved preventive strategies could reduce the burden of disease.

• #24 Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/Health-Information-Systems–Reporting/Hisrhome/Heart-Disease–Stroke-Surveillance-System

  Public health tracking of heart disease and stroke is an essential part of reducing the disease burden in Connecticut, identifying high-risk groups, formulating health care policy, and evaluating our states progress in preventing this disease. […] The objective of the Connecticut Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System (CHDSS) is to provide timely and relevant information about heart disease, stroke and their complications in Connecticut, as well as related risk factor information. […] Please see the Mortality Statistics page heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease-related death counts; age-adjusted mortality and premature mortality rates; and mortality disparities by gender, race, and ethnicity. […] Identifying Connecticut Census Tracts for National Cardiovascular Health Program Recruitment, September 2023.

• #25 Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/chronic-disease-prevention/cardiovascular-disease-surveillance

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance is responsible for monitoring health outcomes, behaviors, and policies at regular intervals in worksite, community, and health care settings. […] To collect information on cardiovascular disease (CVD) for the State of Georgia. […] To develop tools and collect data on prevention policies and environments affecting preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease: lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, and tobacco use. […] To provide cardiovascular disease morbidity, mortality and prevention policies and environments data to the cardiovascular health program to assist them in developing strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. […] The report summarizes the methods, results, and implications.

• #26 Cardiovascular Disease – A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] Substantial progress has been made in reducing CVD mortality rates. Even so, this group of diseases remains the leading cause of death in the United States. It also is a leading cause of morbidity and high costs. […] Developing and implementing effective disease prevention and control strategies requires surveillance that tracks the burden of disease in the population; leads to hypotheses about etiologic factors that cause CVD; and provides information about the levels of modifiable risk factors across the entire population of the United States and within its various subpopulations. […] Strengthening surveillance systems will enable timely and appropriate delivery of public health and clinical policy, and it will allow monitoring of trends in CVD risk factors and health status.

• #27 Population surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in low-income to middle-income countries should leverage existing international collaborations | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/5/e000866

  Population surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in low-income to middle-income countries should leverage existing international collaborations. […] The scope of surveillance data needed for NCDs and more specifically cardiovascular diseases and the related risk factors as well as health service utilisation is broad. […] No single data gathering system is sufficient to provide the data required for comprehensive NCD surveillance. Hitherto, LMICs have seldom applied the most appropriate and timely surveillance strategies and tools for monitoring the changing disease patterns and the effects of interventions. […] The global threat of NCDs combined with unplanned urbanisation and unhealthy habits, including sedentary lifestyles and improper dietary pattern, calls for new surveillance methods with direct input from national control programmes to decipher existing health systems programmes in LMICs and design viable policies targeted at population ageing.

• #28 Clinical Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases | RRCC

  https://www.dovepress.com/clinical-profiles-of-cardiovascular-diseases-and-predictors-of-outcome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRCC

  The few studies done in SSA on epidemiology of CVDs so far indicate hypertensive heart disease (HHD), RHD, cardiomyopathy (CMP), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and strokes with or without HF to be the leading disorders of CVDs. […] The lack of complete data is also accompanied by the lack of uniformity in defining and reporting types of CVDs in SSA and Ethiopia and inconsistent utilization of International Classification of Diseases. […] This study found stroke to be the leading cause of CVD (cardiovascular disease) and RHD (rheumatic heart disease) to be the most common cause of heart failure among hospital admissions in Northern Ethiopia, ACSH. […] Hypertension was the leading CVD risk factor. […] This study shows CVD admissions to have contributed to more than a third (36.5%) of the total medical admissions which is consistent with previous studies showing the steady rise of CVD admissions in SSA nations.

• #29 Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model | Epidemiology & Biostatistics

  https://epibiostat.ucsf.edu/cardiovascular-disease-policy-model

  The Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Policy Model is a population-level state-transition computer simulation of cardiovascular disease. It has been used for more than 30 years to represent trends in CVD risk factors, outcomes and healthcare costs in the United States adult population. […] Research using the CVD Policy Model focuses on understanding trends in CVD risk factors and treatments and evaluating the population-level impact of interventions aimed at reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease. […] The model has been used to evaluate the impact and cost effectiveness of CVD prevention and treatment strategies ranging from public health interventions to clinically targeted approaches. […] This work has resulted in several high impact publications in the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine, Circulation and Health Affairs.

• #30 Population surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in low-income to middle-income countries should leverage existing international collaborations | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/5/e000866

  The potential limitations of such an undertaking include limited clinical information and diagnostic misclassification such as underdiagnosis, overdiagnosis and misdiagnosis common with cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases. […] The level of investments required to achieve a comprehensive surveillance can quickly become prohibitive, particularly when there is a lack of a baseline framework to build on. […] It is therefore important for LMICs to make strategic decisions in terms of the scope of their surveillance data needs and possible pathways for making such data available, while accounting for the downstream challenges to process and convert the data collected into outputs that will efficiently inform action. […] In brief, LMICs are still to develop the best approach to surveillance of NCDs. […] This will require the appropriate investment, which can involve developing new initiative but also leverage existing international framework to limit costs.

• #31 Population surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in low-income to middle-income countries should leverage existing international collaborations | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/5/e000866

  Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), are the leading cause of death globally, with approximately 80% of NCD-related deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Consequently, it is imperative to set up viable disease surveillance systems to accurately assess the burden of NCDs in these countries and design appropriate management and prevention strategies. […] Public health surveillance is pivotal in public health by providing useful information for policy and decision-making regarding population-level or individual-level preventive, curative or palliative interventions, and is relevant for healthcare providers and consumers. […] CVD surveillance is still a developing field worldwide, especially in LMICs, compared with infectious diseases.

Zobacz więcej