Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death worldwide, and coronary heart disease (CHD) is a prevalent cardiovascular condition and a significant health burden for the population. […] Nurses play an indispensable role in managing and caring for patients with CHD. Indeed, they possess a deep understanding of the disease and its complexities, enabling them to provide comprehensive care to patients. Nurses monitor vital signs, administer medications, and perform diagnostic tests, ensuring patients receive timely and appropriate interventions. […] They also educate patients and their families about CHD, emphasizing lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and self-care practices. Moreover, nurses offer emotional support, guiding patients through the physical and psychological challenges associated with CHD. Their expertise, compassion, and dedication significantly improve patient outcomes and overall quality of life.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nurses are responsible for assessing, diagnosing, and counseling patients on how to manage their disease, making them the front line of defense in preventing and addressing this serious condition. […] Nursing care plays a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of CHD. […] Through health promotion and education, nurses empower patients with knowledge about lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, and managing stress. […] By implementing preventive measures, nurses can potentially reduce the incidence of CHD and its associated complications. […] Nurses provide ongoing support and counseling, addressing patients concerns, promoting adherence to treatment plans, and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices. […] Moreover, nursing care plays a vital role in the emotional and psychological support of patients.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Practical nursing care is crucial for improving patient outcomes and enhancing the QoL for patients with CHD. […] Nursing assessment and diagnosis play a vital role in providing comprehensive patient care by systematically gathering and analyzing data to identify health-related problems and formulate appropriate interventions.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nurses are responsible for ensuring the safe administration and monitoring of medications for CHD and should consider the following aspects: […] Nurses collaborate with other healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, etc. […] These interventions involve ongoing support and education for patients and collaboration with the healthcare team. […] Nurses play a vital role in patient education, helping patients understand their condition, treatment options, and lifestyle modifications necessary for optimal recovery. […] During ACS, nursing care encompasses timely assessment, vigilant monitoring, prompt intervention, and effective collaboration among interdisciplinary teams to provide comprehensive cardiac care, optimize patient outcomes, and prevent complications in this critical CVDs emergency.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Hence, nurses provide a compassionate and empathetic presence, actively listen to patients concerns, and address their emotional needs. […] By providing holistic care, nurses contribute significantly to enhancing patients overall well-being and improving their quality of life (QoL) in the face of disease. […] One important CHD-related nursing diagnosis is decreased cardiac output. […] Appropriate interventions to improve cardiac output include administering medications to enhance heart function. […] Therefore, preventive measures such as monitoring and managing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, promoting smoking cessation, providing patient education on cardiac-healthy diet, and ensuring adherence to prescribed medications can reduce the risk of further tissue damage and improve overall perfusion in patients with CHD.

• #2

  https://www.nursearcher.com/index.php/nrs/article/view/89

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels, and encompass a broad range of conditions which may lead to severe complications like heart attack, stroke and heart failure. […] Nurses play a great role in the prevention, management, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) across various healthcare settings and are at the forefront to drive transformative initiatives that revolutionize care delivery and elevate standards of practice. […] Nurses play an important role in CVD prevention by educating individuals and communities about risk factors and supporting healthy lifestyle choices such as regular exercise, a well-balanced diet, smoking cessation, and stress management. […] In addition, Nurses conduct comprehensive health assessments to identify individuals at risk for CVDs based on factors such as family history, lifestyle habits, and medical history.

• #2

  https://www.nursearcher.com/index.php/nrs/article/view/89

  Furthermore, they foster collaboration among healthcare team members from diverse disciplines, including physicians, pharmacists, therapists, and social workers. […] All in all, nurses are the linchpin in reshaping the future of CVD management environment as they foster innovation, cooperation, and advocacy to improve outcomes and quality of life for people living with these illnesses.

• #2

  https://www.nursearcher.com/index.php/nrs/article/view/89

  They perform screenings for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and other risk factors, facilitating early detection and intervention to prevent or delay the onset of CVDs. […] Moreover, they provide tailored education and counseling to patients diagnosed with CVDs, empowering them to understand their condition, adhere to treatment plans, and make informed decisions about their health. […] Nursing leaders, who often hold positions such as nurse managers, clinical nurse specialists, or nurse practitioners, are instrumental in optimizing the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). […] They are responsible for ensuring that patients with CVDs receive timely access to evidence-based interventions for both acute episodes and long-term management. […] By staying abreast of the latest research and clinical evidence, nursing leaders ensure that their teams deliver high-quality care that aligns with current standards and recommendations.

• #3 CAD Nursing Care Plan | Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis & Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/cad-nursing-care-plan/

  Nurses should assess their clients by taking the patient’s pulse, vital signs, and auscultating heart and lung sounds. A prescribed electrocardiogram may need to be administered and reported to the HCP. […] The main goal of nursing interventions for CAD is reducing the risk of complications and death. Nurses can help patients by administering medications that reduce cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, improving circulation, and reducing other risk factors associated with the condition. […] Provide education on lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Clients should be taught the controllable or modifiable risk factors for CAD, including stress, obesity, inactivity, diet (including alcohol intake), and smoking. This will help prevent the most common cause of CAD, atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of cholesterol and other substances that can narrow the arteries and decrease blood supply in the arteries. […] Clients should be instructed to avoid abrupt position changes in order to prevent acute drops in blood pressure and falls; therefore, this client statement indicates a correct understanding of the safety instruction provided by the home care nurse related to the use of furosemide, a loop diuretic.

• #4 Nursing care plans cardiac complaints | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/ABHIJITBHOYAR1/nursing-care-plans-cardiac-complaints

  NURSING CARE PLAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM NURSING ASSESSMENT Ask patient to describe anginal attacks. When do attacks tend to occur? After a meal? After engaging in certain activities? After physical activities in general? After visits of family/others? Where is the pain located? Does it radiate? Was the onset of pain sudden? Gradual? How long did it last seconds? Minutes? Hours? Was the pain steady and unwavering in quality? Is the discomfort accompanied by other symptoms? Sweating? Light-headedness? Nausea? Palpitations? Shortness of breath? How is the pain relieved? How long does it take for pain relief? […] Obtain a baseline 12-lead ECG. Assess patient’s and family’s knowledge of disease. Identify patient’s and family’s level of anxiety and use of appropriate coping mechanisms. Gather information about the patient’s cardiac risk factors. Use the patient’s age, total cholesterol level, HDL level, systolic BP, and smoking status to determine the patient’s 10-year risk for development of CHD according to the Framingham risk scoring method (Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program

• #4 Nursing care plans cardiac complaints | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/ABHIJITBHOYAR1/nursing-care-plans-cardiac-complaints

  Evaluate patient’s medical history for such conditions as diabetes, heart failure, previous MI, or obstructive lung disease that may influence choice of drug therapy. Identify factors that may contribute to noncompliance with prescribed drug therapy. Review renal and hepatic studies and complete blood count. Discuss with patient current activity levels. (Effectiveness of antianginal drug therapy is evaluated by patient’s ability to attain higher activity levels.) Discuss patient’s beliefs about modification of risk factors and willingness to change. […] Nursing Diagnoses 1. Acute Pain related to an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand 2. Decreased Cardiac Output related to reduced preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate secondary to hemodynamic effects of drug therapy 3. Anxiety related to chest pain, uncertain prognosis, and threatening environment.

• #4 Nursing care plans cardiac complaints | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/ABHIJITBHOYAR1/nursing-care-plans-cardiac-complaints

  Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Gas Exchange related to pulmonary congestion due to elevated left ventricular pressures Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (renal, cerebral, cardiopulmonary, GI, and peripheral) related to decreased blood flow […] Subjective data patient says that I have chest pain, breathing problem Acute Pain related to an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand Short term goal= Relieving Pain Long term goals= To improve oxygenation Assess general condition of patient Assessment is done To know the baseline data and for patients cooperation Verbalizes relief of pain. Oxygen saturation is 98 % Position patient for comfort Fowlers position given to patients Fowler’s position promotes ventilation. Administer oxygen Oxygen provided to the patients To fulfill the need of oxygen Objective data= restlessness, tiredness while walking, anxiety. Provide diversionsional therapy Diversional therapy provided that is music To divert the mind Check vital signs of patient Vitals checked every two hourly To know the normal values of vitals Obtain a 12-lead ECG as directed ECG taken To know the cardiac changes of the patient Administer antianginal drug as prescribed Antianginal drugs administered to reduce pain intensity

• #4 Nursing care plans cardiac complaints | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/ABHIJITBHOYAR1/nursing-care-plans-cardiac-complaints

  Subjective data Patient says that I have irregular breath Decreased Cardiac Output related to reduced preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate secondary to hemodynamic effects of drug therapy Short Term Goal- Maintaining Cardiac Output Assess general condition of patient Assessment is done To know the baseline data and for patients cooperation Blood pressure and heart rate stable Carefully monitor the patient’s response to drug therapy. Patient is under the observation To know the side effects as early as possible Monitor ECG continuously Continuously ECG monitored To know the cardiac changes Report adverse drug effects to health care provider. All report given to doctor To take immediate action on plan Objective data- vitals are unstable Long Term Goal- To stable vitals Teach slow, pursed-lip breathing Breathing exercises taught To reduce airway obstruction. Administer I.V. Fluids as per doctors order Administered intravenous fluids To maintained cardiac volume Transfuse blood if required 1 bag blood is given as per doctors order It helps to maintain the cardiac output level Maintain intake and output of the patient Intake and output is maintained To know the cardiac output of the patient

• #4 Nursing care plans cardiac complaints | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/ABHIJITBHOYAR1/nursing-care-plans-cardiac-complaints

  Subjective data – Anxiety related to chest pain, uncertain prognosis, and threatening environment. Short term goal to reduce anxiety level Assess general condition of patient Assessment is done To know the baseline data and for patients cooperation Pain is reducing as per verbalization of patient and patient knows importance to reduce anxiety Allow patient to ask the questions Patient is asking questions regarding disease condition It helps to relieve the anxiety Encourage patient to verbalize fear and concern. Patients asking their doubts to staff and dr. It helps to reduce fear. Objective data – Check vital signs regularly Vitals are stable To know the changes in patient condition Long term goal to reduce pain Administer medication Administered antianxinal medication. It helps to relieve from anxiety. Explain patient about importance to reduce anxiety. Educate the patient about anxiety To aware about its importance

• #5 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/coronary-artery-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOorkezG1nRBIO-cGKJ57Z-VUSZQa_QF2j2lmU3QYxL_7C2BNH3FI

  Coronary artery disease or coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease in the U.S., and it is caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries. […] The management and treatment of CAD will depend on the physical presentation of the individual, their medical history, and the healthcare providers preferences on treatment. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] Assess for signs and symptoms, such as: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For […] Acute pain related to decreased myocardial blood flow, evidenced by: […] Decreased cardiac output related to alteration in heart rate and rhythm, evidenced by: […] Anxiety related to situational crisis, evidenced by: […] Coronary Artery Disease Interventions […] Maintain ABCs: Airway, breathing, and circulation

• #5 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/coronary-artery-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOorkezG1nRBIO-cGKJ57Z-VUSZQa_QF2j2lmU3QYxL_7C2BNH3FI

  Pain medications, as ordered […] Non-pharmacological interventions for pain control […] Provide comfortable stress-free environment […] Oxygen, as ordered […] Monitor ventilation and oxygenation […] Monitor vital signs […] Monitor neurological status […] Anti-anxiety medications, as ordered […] Administer cardiac medications, as ordered […] Provide supportive environment for individual and family […] Provide wound care post-surgery, as ordered […] Monitor response to medications administered […] Expected Outcomes […] Achieves and maintains adequate pain control […] Achieves and maintains increased cardiac output […] Demonstrates decreased episodes of anxiety […] Verbalizes understanding of coping strategies […] Individual/Caregiver Education […] Condition, treatment, and outcomes

• #6 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/coronary-artery-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with coronary artery disease. […] Cholesterol medications (such as statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants) can decrease bad cholesterol and lessen plaque formation in the arteries. […] Aspirin thins the blood to avoid blood clots. Daily low-dose aspirin therapy is the primary prevention against CAD. Anticoagulant medications may be added if the patient is at an increased risk. […] Coronary angioplasty and stent placement open the clogged heart arteries via a stent (small tube acting as a passageway). It is also known as balloon angioplasty. This procedure may also be called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

• #6 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/coronary-artery-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) builds an additional pathway for blood in the heart to bypass the blocked or constricted coronary artery. It is indicated for patients with multiple vessel CAD damage. […] Patient education improves adherence to medications and treatments. It also encourages patient-centered care and continuity of care. Effective CAD management and prevention result from increased patient motivation and adherence. […] Cardiac rehabilitation helps the patient recover after CAD. It lowers their risk of developing complications and readmissions to the hospital. […] Improving risk factors, exercise ability, medication adherence, and diet control following percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgery are benefits of cardiac rehabilitation for a patient with coronary artery disease.

• #7 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Nurses greatly influence the outcomes of patients with heart failure through education and monitoring despite high morbidity and mortality rates. Education empowers patients, improving adherence and preventing complications. Vigilant monitoring enables early intervention, reducing risks. Nurses play a crucial role in reducing HF morbidity and mortality. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with congestive heart failure: Improve myocardial contractility and perfusion. Enhance hearts pumping function to ensure adequate blood flow to organs through medications, monitoring vital signs, and optimizing fluid balance. Manage fluid volume. Monitor fluid balance, assess for signs of retention, administer diuretics, monitor weight, and promote adherence to a low-sodium diet. Prevent complications. Monitor for and manage complications such as pulmonary edema, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism through close monitoring, medication administration, and patient education. Promote activity tolerance. Encourage 30 minutes of daily physical activity (as tolerated), collaborate on a schedule, and prioritize activities. Reduce anxiety. Provide comfort, psychological support, and teach anxiety management techniques. Minimize powerlessness. Encourage patient expression of concerns and involve them in decision-making. Provide disease information and prevention education. Educate patients about heart failure, its impact, prognosis, lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and seeking timely care to prevent worsening of symptoms.

• #7 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Patients with heart failure may display signs and symptoms of anxiety. Alongside psychosocial factors contributing to anxiety, there are also physiological compensatory mechanisms involved, such as the activation of neurohormones, including catecholamines. […] Treating heart failure involves intricate therapeutic regimens that necessitate substantial lifestyle adjustments for both the patient and their family. Hospital readmissions are frequently caused by noncompliance with prescribed diet, fluid restrictions, and medications.

• #7 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Maintaining or improving respiratory function is necessary for the care of patients with heart failure. As heart failure progresses, it can lead to fluid accumulation in the lungs, causing respiratory symptoms and compromising breathing. Nurses play a vital role in maintaining and improving respiratory function in patients with heart failure. […] The patients fluid status is closely monitored through methods like auscultating the lungs, tracking daily body weight, and supporting the patient in following a low-sodium diet. […] Maintaining skin integrity is a critical aspect of care for patients with heart failure. Heart failure can lead to various physiological changes and complications that can impact the health and integrity of the skin. […] Managing decreased tolerance to activity and fatigue in congestive heart failure is important to improve the patients quality of life.

• #8 11.2 Cardiovascular System – Nursing Assistant

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nurseassist/chapter/11-2-cardiovascular-system/

  As the body ages, the strength and elasticity of the heart and blood vessels decrease, resulting in a decreased ability to regulate blood pressure, distribute oxygen, and remove wastes from the body. These changes can lead to dizziness (and a higher fall risk), fluid retention, edema, fatigue, and decreased stamina to complete daily functions. […] Because the cardiovascular system is vital for health, any symptoms related to chest pain, shortness of breath, or lack of oxygenation should be immediately reported to the nurse. Cyanosis is a common cardiovascular symptom that refers to bluish discoloration around the mouth and in the extremities (i.e., feet and hands). It occurs when there is decreased oxygenated blood flow to the tissues and should be immediately reported to the nurse. Common nursing assistant interventions for all cardiovascular conditions include encouraging activity as tolerated; promoting a low fat, low cholesterol diet; motivating individuals to quit smoking; and helping individuals make healthy food choices to maintain a healthy weight.

• #8 11.2 Cardiovascular System – Nursing Assistant

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nurseassist/chapter/11-2-cardiovascular-system/

  If an individual is experiencing sudden chest pain or shortness of breath, obtain emergency assistance from the nurse or call 911 in outpatient settings. […] Immediately notify the nurse of symptoms of a suspected DVT. Seek emergency assistance or call 911 in outpatient settings for signs of a PE such as sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood.

• #9 Heart Failure (CHF): Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/heart-failure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nurses play a pivotal role not only in treating patients with heart failure but educating them on lifestyle modifications to prevent disease progression or complications. […] The nurse must understand the mechanism of the heart and the pathophysiology of HF in order to effectively treat patients, monitor for impending changes, and prevent worsening effects on other body systems. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with heart failure. […] Promote Perfusion […] Relax the blood vessels. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) improve blood flow by relaxing the blood vessels. It also lowers blood pressure and cardiac muscle strain.

• #9 Heart Failure (CHF): Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/heart-failure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Lower the heart rate and pressure. Administer beta-blockers to reduce the heart rate and blood pressure, which can improve heart function. […] Induce diuresis. Diuretics cause an increase in urination to remove excess fluid from the body. […] Strengthen the heart contraction. […] Inotropes are typically given IV while hospitalized. These are designed to increase the effectiveness of the heart pumping and maintain blood pressure. […] Digoxin increases the strength of the hearts contractions. Monitor closely for digoxin toxicity through lab testing. […] Treat the underlying condition. […] Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) builds an additional pathway for blood in the heart. The blocked or constricted coronary artery is bypassed using an artery from another part of the body, such as the leg.

• #9 Heart Failure (CHF): Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/heart-failure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Heart valve repair or replacement fixes or replaces the defective heart valve causing heart failure. […] Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) uses a biventricular pacemaker to correct electrical signals in the heart that causes arrhythmias. […] Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are mechanical pumps that improve heart contraction and pumping in heart failure. […] Heart transplant is recommended for patients with severe heart failure when treatments are no longer effective. […] Cardiac rehab enhances the patients health and quality of life by supporting the patient in restoring strength and preventing HF recurrence and complications. […] Educate on normal heart function compared to the patients current heart function. Understanding the disease process can help the patient understand the goals of treatment and improve adherence.

• #10 6.3 Common Cardiac Disorders – Nursing Pharmacology

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/pharmacology/chapter/6-3-common-cardiac-disorders/

  Cholesterol is a fat (also called a lipid) that your body needs to work properly. However, too much bad cholesterol can increase the risk for heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The medical term for high blood cholesterol is hyperlipidemia. In addition to lifestyle modifications such as a low-fat diet and exercise, hyperlipidemia is treated with antilipidemic medication such as atorvastatin (Lipitor) to help prevent long-term complications. […] Chronically elevated blood pressure is known clinically as hypertension. High blood pressure is treated with lifestyle changes and medication. Many cardiovascular medications are commonly used to treat hypertension such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. […] Medications such as aspirin and warfarin are used to prevent the formation of clots in people who are at risk. Heparin is a medication that can be used to prevent or treat clots, and tPA is used to dissolve severe clots causing ischemia in the brain, heart, or lungs.

• #10 6.3 Common Cardiac Disorders – Nursing Pharmacology

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/pharmacology/chapter/6-3-common-cardiac-disorders/

  Treatment of atherosclerosis includes lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, smoking cessation, regular exercise, and adoption of a diet low in sodium and saturated fats. Antilipemic medications such as atorvastatin are prescribed to reduce cholesterol and help prevent atherosclerosis. […] Treatments may include medication, changes to diet and exercise, a coronary angioplasty with a balloon catheter, insertion of a stent, or coronary bypass procedure. […] Immediate treatments for MI are required and include administering supplemental oxygen, aspirin, and nitroglycerin. Longer-term treatments may include injections of thrombolytic agents such as tPA that dissolve the clot, along with the anticoagulant heparin, a balloon angioplasty with stents to open blocked vessels, or bypass surgery to allow blood to pass around the site of blockage. […] Many patients are treated with diuretics to manage the symptoms of fluid overload and with antihypertensives to manage the blood pressure. Other medications such as digoxin and dobutamine may also be used to increase the contractility of the heart.

• #11 Nurse-led intervention in the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases: a brief literature review | | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-023-01422-6

  In order to prevent or reduce cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle modifications including healthy eating habits, sufficient daily physical activities, smoking cessation should be implemented. […] Specialized nurses have been trained to counsel patients on the prevention and avoidance of cardiovascular risk factors. […] The key roles of nurses are to educate patients on this lifestyle modification aspect. […] Nurse-facilitated interventions were successfully shown to have reduced angina attacks, a number of physical disabilities and have reduced depression among the patients with CAD. […] The study demonstrated that after a 1 year time period, significant improvements in health behaviors, quality of life, better control of cardiac risk factors including smoking cessation, decreased low density lipoproteins, and significant improvement in body mass index were observed among participants who were assigned to the nurse-led interventional group thus supporting nurse interventions in cardiac catheterization.

• #11 Nurse-led intervention in the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases: a brief literature review | | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-023-01422-6

  The implication of nursing interventions in CABG has also shown to be effective. […] The authors concluded that a nurse-led clinic for patients who were recovering from CABG was safely and efficaciously introduced in a Dutch non-cardiac surgery hospital. […] Nurse-led interventions are vital, and should be implemented in clinical practice for the treatment and management of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

• #11 Nurse-led intervention in the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases: a brief literature review | | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-023-01422-6

  Nurses play a vital role in cardiovascular care by fostering and promoting healthy lifestyles and thus helping in reducing cardiovascular risks among the population. […] Those clinics were independently run only by nursing staffs, and they were intended to mainly provide supportive, educational, preventive measures and psychological support to the patients, which were completely different from therapeutic clinics. […] Therefore, through this brief literature review, we aimed to show the implication of nurses and their interventions in the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. […] Nurse-led clinics are small outpatient clinics which are monitored by experienced nurses in specific departments. […] Several nurse-led clinics have been set up for the management of patients with CVD.

• #12 Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure) (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574497/

  Heart failure is a serious disorder best managed by an interprofessional team that includes the primary care physician, emergency department physician, cardiologist, radiologist, cardiac nurses, internist, and cardiac surgeons. It is imperative to treat the cause of heart failure. Healthcare workers who look after these patients must be familiar with current guidelines on treatment. The risk factors for heart disease must be modified, and the clinical nurse should educate the patient on the importance of medication compliance and lifestyle modifications. When the condition is not managed appropriately, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality, including poor quality of life. […] Nursing care plans for patients with HF must include patient education to improve clinical outcomes and reduce hospital readmissions. Patients need education and guidance on self-monitoring of symptoms at home, medication compliance, daily weight monitoring, dietary sodium restriction to 2 to 3 g/day, and daily fluid restriction to 2 L/day. In addition, patients with HF need aggressive treatment for underlying risk factors and the potential triggers for HF exacerbations.

• #12 Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure) (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574497/

  Heart failure is a common and complex clinical syndrome that results from any functional or structural heart disorder, impairing ventricular filling or ejection of blood to the systemic circulation to meet the body’s needs. Heart failure can be caused by several different diseases. Most patients with heart failure have symptoms due to impaired left ventricular myocardial function. Patients usually present with dyspnea, fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and fluid retention, seen as pulmonary and peripheral edema. […] The nursing care plan for patients with HF should include: relieving fluid overload symptoms, relieving symptoms of anxiety and fatigue, promoting physical activity, increasing medication compliance, decreasing adverse effects of treatment, teaching patients about dietary restrictions, teaching patient about self-monitoring of symptoms, and teaching patients about daily weight monitoring.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions.

• #14 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease can refer to a number of conditions: […] Heart failure can get worse if left untreated. If your loved one has heart failure, it’s very important to follow their health care professional’s treatment plan. […] The medications prescribed after a cardiovascular event can aid in recovery and help prevent another heart attack or stroke. […] If you’re a caregiver, make sure your loved one takes their medications as directed and on time. Learn about the medications that your loved takes. Know what those medicines do, and what their goal is. […] It’s important to follow your health care professional’s directions closely, so ask questions and take notes.

• #15 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your heart disease-related health concerns […] Heart disease treatment depends on the cause and type of heart damage. Treatment for heart disease may include: […] Lifestyle changes are an important part of heart disease treatment and prevention. The following changes are recommended to improve heart health: […] Cardiac rehabilitation. This is a personalized program of education and exercise. It includes exercise training, emotional support and education about a heart-healthy lifestyle. The supervised program is often recommended after a heart attack or heart surgery. […] Seeing your healthcare professional regularly helps make sure you’re properly managing your heart disease. […] It’s never too early to make healthy-lifestyle changes. Eat a healthy diet, get more exercise and don’t smoke. A healthy lifestyle is the best protection against heart disease and its complications.

• #16 Heart and Vascular Care | AdventHealth

  https://www.adventhealth.com/our-services/heart-and-vascular-care

  You’ll have access to ongoing heart care programs, including cardiac rehab services, support groups, nutrition and lifestyle counseling, and more throughout your heart disease treatment. […] Our team personalizes your care plan using state-of-the-art treatments and techniques. […] At our advanced AdventHealth Cardiovascular Institutes, we’re actively developing new ways to diagnose, treat and heal the most common and uncommon heart conditions. […] Our dedication to advanced heart and vascular care has been recognized by many leading health organizations. […] At AdventHealth Cardiovascular Institutes, we treat more patients with cardiovascular and vascular disease and female cardiac patients than any other hospital in the United States. […] Our AdventHealth Transplant Institute was the first facility in Central Florida to perform a heart transplant and today remains the only comprehensive center to offer this heart surgery in the area.

• #17 Cardiovascular Care & Treatment | Tufts Medicine

  https://www.tuftsmedicine.org/services-treatments/cardiovascular-care

  Each of our hospitals has a catheterization lab to diagnose and treat heart and vascular issues close to home. No matter where you are in your health journey, we’re here to help you stay strong and feel your best. […] We create personalized treatment plans to fit your needs and goals, using the latest technology and techniques to help you feel your best. […] After diagnosing your cardiovascular condition, we’ll create a treatment plan just for you. Whether it involves lifestyle changes, medication, or advanced procedures, we’re here to help you on your journey to better heart health. […] With cardiac rehabilitation, our team of experts provides skills and guidance to help get your heart health back on track. This includes stretches and exercises similar to physical therapy. We also support you in making lifestyle changes—like quitting tobacco, eating a healthy diet and managing stress—your new normal.

• #18 The Role of Nursing Care in Heart Disease Management

  https://www.cedarhillcare.org/the-role-of-nursing-care-in-heart-disease-management.html

  Overall, nursing care plays a crucial role in providing emotional support and psychological care to patients with heart disease. […] Nurses create a caring and empathetic environment to make patients feel supported and understood. […] Nurses offer guidance and counseling to help patients cope with the emotional challenges that come with heart disease. […] Recognizing the importance of family support, nurses involve patients families in the care process. […] Nurses assess and address patients anxiety, fear, depression, and stress related to their heart disease. […] Nurses educate patients about the emotional aspects of living with heart disease, helping them understand the potential impact on their mental health. […] Nurses provide support and education to patients regarding their home environment.

• #18 The Role of Nursing Care in Heart Disease Management

  https://www.cedarhillcare.org/the-role-of-nursing-care-in-heart-disease-management.html

  Effective medication therapy is crucial in managing heart disease. Nurses closely monitor the effectiveness of prescribed medications and assess for any adverse reactions or side effects. […] Nurses monitor and track the overall progress of patients heart disease. They assess symptoms, functional capacity, and the impact of treatment interventions. […] Nurses collaborate closely with the interdisciplinary healthcare team, including physicians, cardiologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in the patients care. This collaborative approach ensures comprehensive and coordinated care. […] Nurses play a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive the necessary diagnostic tests and treatments for heart disease management. […] In addition to monitoring physical health, nurses educate patients about their condition and encourage self-care practices.

• #18 The Role of Nursing Care in Heart Disease Management

  https://www.cedarhillcare.org/the-role-of-nursing-care-in-heart-disease-management.html

  By fostering effective collaboration and communication among interdisciplinary teams, nurses help maximize the effectiveness of care and minimize the risk of complications. […] Nurses prioritize cleanliness and organization to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated infections and promote overall patient well-being. […] Part of creating a safe environment involves educating patients on home safety measures. […] Ensuring continuity of care for patients with heart disease is a vital aspect of nursing care. […] By coordinating appointments, referrals, and home healthcare services, providing ongoing support and education, and collaborating with community resources, nurses ensure that patients with heart disease receive the necessary follow-up care to maintain their well-being and manage their condition effectively.

• #19 Hospice for Heart Disease | Three Oak Hospice

  https://www.threeoakshospice.com/hospice-for-heart-disease/

  Our hospice care staff works with cardiac patients and their families to develop an individualized plan that addresses the patient’s specific symptoms and abilities. […] Managing pain and symptoms helps hospice patients maintain their normal activities for as long as possible and reduces the likelihood of future hospital admissions. […] The Three Oaks hospice and palliative care team works with the patient’s cardiologist to develop a comprehensive medical care plan. […] The hospice team includes counselors and clergy to help patients and families deal with their emotional and spiritual needs during a serious illness and at the end of life. […] Hospice care providers are there for families who need more information about providing care for their loved one. […] Respite care is a type of temporary full-time care provided on a short-term basis to give regular caretakers a break. […] End-of-life care through hospice enrollment is covered by Medicare, Medicaid and many private insurance plans. […] After the death of a hospice patient with heart failure, family members can receive up to 13 months of bereavement counseling from Three Oaks Hospice if desired.

• #20 Managing acute and chronic care for cardiovascular patients

  https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/articles/2023/managing-cardiovascular-diseases.html

  Other physicians, such as primary care physicians (PCPs), may see at-risk CV disease patients before cardiologists, so education and awareness of CV risk factors is critical. Although prevention is key for these patients and clinicians, an early diagnosis is the next most important step. After a diagnosis, coordinated care and communication between different clinicians can lead to safer, and more effective patient care. […] Clinicians should also anticipate challenges their patients may face in following their care plans so they can help remove any barriers in the current healthcare environment. Barriers to treatment adherence may include cultural beliefs, lack of access to care, low health education and more. If clinicians anticipate these needs, they can work with their patients and identify other resources that can help set a strong foundation to ensure chronic care measures are in place to keep CV disease from progressing.

• #20 Managing acute and chronic care for cardiovascular patients

  https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/articles/2023/managing-cardiovascular-diseases.html

  Millions of people suffer from cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Managing care for these patients can be complex since they have an increased risk of developing related complications and comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), heart failure (HF) and other conditions. Identifying risk factors and intervening early with a focus on lifestyle changes can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. […] Without proper risk management and preventative care, the rates of CV disease and related events may continue to rise. Many risk factors contribute to this spike including an aging population and other interrelated health issues such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia (high cholesterol). Managing these risks early on, however, can help prevent or slow the onset of CV disease and events.

• #21 Preventing Heart Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/prevention/index.html

  You can choose healthy habits to help prevent heart disease. […] By living a healthy lifestyle, you can help keep your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels normal and lower your risk for heart disease and heart attack. […] If you have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes, you can take steps to lower your risk for heart disease. […] Your health care team should test your blood levels of cholesterol at least once every 4 to 6 years. […] If you have high blood pressure, your health care team might recommend some changes in your lifestyle, such as lowering the sodium in your diet. […] If you have diabetes, monitor your blood sugar levels carefully. […] You and your health care team can work together to prevent or treat the medical conditions that lead to heart disease. […] If you’ve already had a heart attack, your health care team will work with you to prevent another one.

• #22 Observing American Heart Month: Answering the Call to Improve Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.aanp.org/news-feed/observing-american-heart-month-answering-the-call-to-improve-cardiovascular-health

  Find out what nurse practitioners (NPs) can do to help improve the cardiovascular health of their patients across the United States (U.S.). […] The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) is proud to stand by numerous partners in the health care field by sharing various resources, initiatives and information to help NPs improve the cardiovascular health of their patients. […] NPs can do their part to help achieve this goal by helping to build healthy communities, optimizing care and focusing on health equity. […] People with and at risk for CVD should also ask their NP about the ABCS of CVD prevention: Appropriate aspirin or anticoagulant use, Blood pressure control, Cholesterol management and Smoking cessation. […] Understanding how these determinants can affect a patients quality of life by increasing financial stress, creating distrust in the health care profession, limiting access to care and segregating populations into unhealthy and unsafe communities is the first step to advance health equity and improve heart health.

• #22 Health Equity: Cardiovascular Nurses’ Role – PCNA

  https://pcna.net/health-equity-cardiovascular-nurses-role/

  Cardiovascular nurses should recognize the impact of structural racism on cardiovascular disease risks and outcomes, specifically among individuals who identify as racial and ethnic minorities. […] Cardiovascular nurses can improve health equity from the individual to system level by assessing and addressing social needs. […] Cardiovascular nurses should be emboldened to advocate for health care access for people, families, and communities worldwide. […] Cardiovascular nurses should reflect the rich diversity of the populations they serve. […] As the most trusted profession, nurses are well-positioned and morally obligated to be strong advocates for cardiovascular health equity.

• #23 Cardiovascular Nursing: Critical Care & Heart Disease Plan

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/types-of-nursing/cardiovascular-nursing/

  Cardiovascular nursing is a specialized area of nursing that focuses on patients with heart-related complications. Within this fascinating and diverse field, you learn, understand and apply various concepts and skills related to heart health. […] Cardiovascular nurses play a critical role in providing and coordinating care for patients with various cardiac issues. Cardiovascular Nurses conduct patient evaluations, administer medications, establish care plans and provide education on heart health. It’s crucial for them to have in-depth knowledge about cardiovascular system functions, heart-related conditions, and corresponding interventions. […] Cardiovascular nursing holds a vital place in the healthcare system, primarily due to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. It’s a specialty that focuses on preventing, intervening in, and managing heart diseases to improve patients’ quality of life.

• #24 Discover Ways to Improve Heart Disease Care With NKU Online

  https://onlinedegrees.nku.edu/programs/healthcare/post-masters-dnp/improvement-in-heart-disease-care/

  Schools should ensure that nurses from bedside nurses to APRNs can teach patients about self-measured blood pressure and healthy lifestyle habits that reduce cardiovascular risk. […] With concerns over cardiovascular health growing, the medical community has begun looking for other ways to combat hypertension and heart failure. […] In this dedicated role, nurses manage and support heart failure patients, developing tailored care and interventions to optimize their quality of life and outcomes. […] Treatment for coronary heart disease aims to manage symptoms, reduce the risk of complications and slow or stop the progression of the disease. […] As the medical community learns more about heart disease, the approach to quality cardiac care is shifting. […] Through advanced technology, training initiatives, evidence-based interventions and specialized roles, nurses with advanced degrees and training are proactively mitigating patients heart-related issues.

• #25 A digital health intervention for cardiovascular disease management in primary care (CONNECT) randomized controlled trial | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-00325-z

  This mixed evidence base suggests that contextual factors at multiple levels—health system, service, provider, patient, and community levels—play a role in influencing the effectiveness of these strategies. […] Importantly, in this study there was some misalignment in results in terms of medication prescription and risk factor measurements and qualitative consumer/patient usefulness and perceived value. […] In conclusion, a consumer app integrated with primary health care EHRs was not effective in increasing medication usage in a population at high risk of CVD events with low pre-existing use of recommended medications. Borderline improvements in risk factor control and modest behavioral changes were observed. When considering the current evidence of behavior change strategies for CVD risk reduction, this study affirms that such interventions remain challenging to implement and to achieve clinical effectiveness.

• #26 What might the next century hold for cardiovascular disease prevention and care? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2024/06/28/what-might-the-next-century-hold-for-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-and-care

  Identifying and treating risk factors earlier in life – critical for all populations – will be even more important within these higher-risk groups, Aparicio said. […] Certainly, as the population becomes more diverse, more attention needs to be paid to ensure that all people have the same chance to age with a healthy heart and a healthy brain, he said. […] Research shows health care outcomes improve when people are treated by a more diverse medical workforce.

• #27 Cardiovascular CareInnovating personalized care along the patient journey

  https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/clinical-specialities/cardiology-solutions

  Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide and continue to contribute to increasing costs in healthcare systems. To improve your personalized cardiovascular care delivery, make precise risk assessments, enhance diagnostic confidence, and make well-informed therapy decisions we are committed to partnering with you and providing holistic state-of-the-art solutions. […] Our connected cardiovascular care solutions portfolio empowers you to focus on each individual patient and deliver the precise care they need along the entire patient journey. […] We support you in different fields of cardiovascular diseases. […] To better respond to the needs of the local population, HESE partnered with Siemens Healthineers to implement two integrated solutions: 1. The modernization of the cardiac catheterization laboratory (cath lab), as well as the addition of a new cath lab. 2. The development of a telehealth program for remote care management to serve patients with cardiovascular conditions before and after interventions.

• #28 Cardiovascular Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/nurses-books/cardiovascular-nursing-scope-and-standards-of-practice-2nd-ed/?srsltid=AfmBOop4toq08Ku7LPssDJyqFY0JcbZVogJa2tH_WfFtKczKQiT6UrVd

  Cardiovascular nurses are key contributors when it comes to meeting the challenges of cardiovascular disease and enhancing cardiovascular health. Their evidence-based practice focuses on optimizing cardiovascular health across the life span in all practice settings, improving patient outcomes and quality of life, and enhancing the heart health of communities. Staying up to date on the current scope and standards of practice of this specialty is an essential criteria needed to help save lives. […] The publications scope of practice addresses what is expected of all cardiovascular nurses, specifying the who, what, where, when, why and how of cardiovascular nursing. The 16 standards provide a framework for evaluating cardiovascular nursing outcomes and goals for which all cardiovascular nurses are held accountable in their practice.

• #28 Cardiovascular Nursing: Scope & Standards of Practice | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/nurses-books/cardiovascular-nursing-scope-and-standards-of-practice-2nd-ed/?srsltid=AfmBOop4toq08Ku7LPssDJyqFY0JcbZVogJa2tH_WfFtKczKQiT6UrVd

  Developed by cardiovascular nurse experts from across the profession who are dedicated to cardiovascular health, Cardiovascular Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, 2nd Edition details and discusses all aspects of the competent level of practice and professional performance common to and expected from cardiovascular registered nurses in all practice settings and levels, including the APRN and graduate-prepared RN.

• #29 Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association – Moving Nurses Forward

  https://pcna.net/

  You’ve found your passion for cardiovascular care. Now PCNA helps you make the most of your purpose. […] This organization provides invaluable and current information on cardiac issues. It is a welcome tool to improve patient care for anyone caring for cardiac patients. I wish I had learned of it earlier in my career! […] I love the variety of classes to choose from. I did the cardiovascular certificate, and it was a great refresher class!

• #30

  https://son.rochester.edu/research/cardiac-nursing/index.html

  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death across the U.S. among nearly every race and gender. […] Driven by data science, emerging technologies, and investigators wealth of clinical experiences, this team of nurse scientists is working toward solutions to todays most pressing issues in cardiac care. […] Our internationally recognized work has helped improve treatment and better predict outcomes among patients with heart conditions, and is shaping the future of nursings role in cardiac care. […] A critical care nurse by training, Mary Carey, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN, is a highly respected researcher, educator, and mentor whose work has made significant contributions to the understanding of ECG monitoring to help detect cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia and infarction, and on the ECG’s use in predicting cardiac events and sudden cardiac death. […] No matter what discipline you work in as a nurse, every patient has a heart. Its very important for all nurses to have a high level of competence in cardiac care.

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