Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

• #2 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. […] One person dies every 33 seconds from cardiovascular disease. […] In 2022, about 1 out of every 5 deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) was among adults younger than 65 years old. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. […] Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

• #3 About Heart Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/index.html

  The term „heart disease” refers to several types of heart conditions. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. About half of people in the United States (47%) have at least one of these three risk factors. […] Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.

• #4 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease can refer to a number of conditions: […] Heart and blood vessel disease, also called heart disease, includes numerous problems, many of which are related to atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. […] This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. […] If a blood clot forms, it can block the blood flow. […] This can cause a heart attack or stroke. […] A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked by a blood clot. […] An ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke, occurs when a blood vessel that feeds the brain gets blocked, usually from a blood clot. […] A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel within the brain bursts.

• #5 Cardiovascular disease: impacts and risks • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/cardiovascular-disease-impacts-and-risks

  There is no singular cause of CVD. However, the primary cause of CVD is atherosclerosis the build-up of fatty plaques on the walls of the arteries. These plaques are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances. Over time, the plaques harden, narrowing the opening of the arteries and restricting blood flow. These atherosclerotic plaques can break, forming a thrombus (blood clot) that can further limit, or even block the flow of blood throughout the body. […] The primary cause of CVD is atherosclerosis – the build-up of fatty plaques on the walls of the arteries that over time hardens, narrowing the opening of the arteries and restricting blood flow. […] The number of people dying or suffering disability from CVD has been increasing in recent years. This is in part due to the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity and diabetes major risk factors for CVD. […] Making lifestyle changes such as these can prevent up to 80 per cent of premature CVD, stroke and diabetes. […] People living with diabetes are over twice as likely to develop CVD. In some cases, diabetes can be managed through diet and a healthy lifestyle.

• #6 Cardiovascular Disease – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/cardiovascular-disease-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-treatment-prevention

  Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), also called heart or circulatory disease, is an umbrella term which refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart or blood vessels (veins and arteries). It is frequently caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) in the arteries, which can increase the risk of blood clots, and are often associated with damage to arteries in various organs, including the brain, heart, kidneys, and eyes. […] The causes of coronary heart disease include: Plaque buildup: It is the main cause of coronary heart disease. The buildup of plaque in the arteries refers to atherosclerosis, which leads to hardening and narrowing of the arteries. This can decrease or block blood flow to the heart muscle, preventing the heart from receiving adequate oxygen-rich blood.

• #7 Atherosclerosis: causes and risk factors • HRI

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/atherosclerosis-causes-and-risk-factors

  Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. […] Atherosclerosis is a complex process, often starting in childhood and progressing with age. While the exact cause of atherosclerosis is not known, it may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. It is linked to certain risk factors, including a family history of CVD and increasing age, which cannot be changed. A higher risk also affects those with the following risk factors that can be managed or changed. […] As the underlying cause of CVD the worlds number one killer as well as playing a key role in heart attack and stroke, atherosclerosis can have devastating and life-threatening consequences.

• #8 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  According to the INTERHEART study that included subjects from 52 countries, including high, middle, and low-income countries, 9 modifiable risks factors accounted for 90% of the risk of having a first MI: smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. […] Other large cohort studies like the Framingham Heart Study and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) have also found a strong association and predictive value of dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, smoking, and glucose intolerance. […] These findings have been translated into health promotion programs by the American Heart Association with emphasis on seven recommendations to decrease the risk of CVD: avoiding smoking, being physically active, eating healthy, and keeping normal blood pressure, body weight, glucose, and cholesterol levels.

• #9 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. […] The exact cause of CVD isn’t clear, but there are lots of things that can increase your risk of getting it. These are called „risk factors”. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels. […] Smoking and other tobacco use is also a significant risk factor for CVD. The harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels. […] Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk of developing a blood clot. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more likely to become narrowed.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

• #11 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. […] The exact cause of CVD isn’t clear, but there are lots of things that can increase your risk of getting it. These are called „risk factors”. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels. […] Smoking and other tobacco use is also a significant risk factor for CVD. The harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels. […] Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk of developing a blood clot. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more likely to become narrowed.

• #12 What is CVD? | CVD Causes & Conditions | World Heart Day

  https://world-heart-federation.org/world-heart-day/cvd-causes-conditions/what-is-cvd/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the worlds number one killer, causing over 20.5 million deaths per year. […] CVD is a class of diseases that affect the heart or blood vessels (veins and arteries). […] Of these deaths, 85% are due to coronary heart diseases (e.g heart attacks) and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g. strokes) and mostly affect low- and middle-income countries. […] However, although impressive and strong, your heart can also become vulnerable from habitual risk factors like smoking, diabetes, cholesterol, eating an unhealthy diet, or living with high blood pressure. […] The system can also be weakened from a pre-existing heart condition and other physiological factors, including hypertension or high blood cholesterol. […] Raised cholesterol is estimated to cause 2.6 million deaths and is implicated in heart diseases and stroke. […] Globally, more than 1 in 10 cardiovascular deaths are caused by smoking. Around 1.2 million deaths are due to exposure to second-hand smoke. […] From conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, to our lifestyles there are lots of risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• #13 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Coronary artery disease is characterized by heart problems that result from atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis which is the „chronic inflammation of the arteries which causes them to harden and accumulate cholesterol plaques (atheromatous plaques) on the artery walls”. CAD has several well-determined risk factors contributing to atherosclerosis. These risk factors for CAD include „smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), abnormal (high) amounts of cholesterol and other fat in the blood (dyslipidemia), type 2 diabetes and being overweight or obese (having excess body fat)” due to lack of exercise and a poor diet. Some other risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, depression, family history, psychological stress and excessive alcohol. About half of cases are linked to genetics. Apart from these classical risk factors, several unconventional risk factors have also been studied including high serum fibrinogen, high c-reactive protein (CRP), chronic inflammatory conditions, hypovitaminosis D, high lipoprotein A levels, serum homocysteine etc. Smoking and obesity are associated with about 36% and 20% of cases, respectively. Smoking just one cigarette per day about doubles the risk of CAD. Lack of exercise has been linked to 712% of cases. Exposure to the herbicide Agent Orange may increase risk. Rheumatologic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis are independent risk factors as well.

• #14 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. […] The exact cause of CVD isn’t clear, but there are lots of things that can increase your risk of getting it. These are called „risk factors”. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels. […] Smoking and other tobacco use is also a significant risk factor for CVD. The harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels. […] Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk of developing a blood clot. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more likely to become narrowed.

• #15 What is CVD? | CVD Causes & Conditions | World Heart Day

  https://world-heart-federation.org/world-heart-day/cvd-causes-conditions/what-is-cvd/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the worlds number one killer, causing over 20.5 million deaths per year. […] CVD is a class of diseases that affect the heart or blood vessels (veins and arteries). […] Of these deaths, 85% are due to coronary heart diseases (e.g heart attacks) and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g. strokes) and mostly affect low- and middle-income countries. […] However, although impressive and strong, your heart can also become vulnerable from habitual risk factors like smoking, diabetes, cholesterol, eating an unhealthy diet, or living with high blood pressure. […] The system can also be weakened from a pre-existing heart condition and other physiological factors, including hypertension or high blood cholesterol. […] Raised cholesterol is estimated to cause 2.6 million deaths and is implicated in heart diseases and stroke. […] Globally, more than 1 in 10 cardiovascular deaths are caused by smoking. Around 1.2 million deaths are due to exposure to second-hand smoke. […] From conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, to our lifestyles there are lots of risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

• #16 Heart disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

  If there’s too much cholesterol in the blood, the cholesterol and other substances may form deposits called plaque. Plaque can cause an artery to become narrowed or blocked. If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form. Plaque and blood clots can reduce blood flow through an artery. […] Many things can cause a damaged or diseased heart valve. Some people are born with heart valve disease. If this happens, it’s called congenital heart valve disease. Other causes of heart valve disease can include: Rheumatic fever. Infection in the lining of the heart valves, called infectious endocarditis. Connective tissue disorders.

• #17 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. […] The exact cause of CVD isn’t clear, but there are lots of things that can increase your risk of getting it. These are called „risk factors”. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels. […] Smoking and other tobacco use is also a significant risk factor for CVD. The harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels. […] Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk of developing a blood clot. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more likely to become narrowed.

• #18

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease. […] Diabetes is also a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. In diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin or doesnt use it correctly. […] Sleep apnea is often associated with high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias and heart failure. […] If a family member has or had heart disease or another heart condition, it increases your risk for coronary artery disease. […] As you get older, your risk of heart disease increases. Adults over 65 are more likely to develop coronary artery disease, especially if they also have other risk factors. […] Knowing your risk factors is the first step in preventing coronary artery disease.

• #19 Understanding Cardiovascular Disease: Causes, Risks & Prevention

  https://avicennacardiology.com/blog/understanding-cardiovascular-disease/

  Smoking damages blood vessels and raises blood pressure, making it a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. […] High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels, and many individuals with diabetes also have high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, compounding their risk. […] Lack of exercise is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol. […] Diets high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar can elevate blood cholesterol and blood pressure, raising cardiovascular risk. […] Excess weight places additional strain on the heart and blood vessels, raising blood pressure and increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. […] A family history of cardiovascular disease can raise an individual’s risk. […] Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

• #20 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. […] The exact cause of CVD isn’t clear, but there are lots of things that can increase your risk of getting it. These are called „risk factors”. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels. […] Smoking and other tobacco use is also a significant risk factor for CVD. The harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels. […] Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk of developing a blood clot. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more likely to become narrowed.

• #21 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular disease in a person’s parents increases their risk by ~3 fold, and genetics is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Genetic cardiovascular disease can occur either as a consequence of single variant (Mendelian) or polygenic influences. […] Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life. […] Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers. […] Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.

• #22 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. […] The exact cause of CVD isn’t clear, but there are lots of things that can increase your risk of getting it. These are called „risk factors”. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important risk factors for CVD. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your blood vessels. […] Smoking and other tobacco use is also a significant risk factor for CVD. The harmful substances in tobacco can damage and narrow your blood vessels. […] Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in the blood. If you have high cholesterol, it can cause your blood vessels to narrow and increase your risk of developing a blood clot. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, making them more likely to become narrowed.

• #23

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Obesity is defined as excess body fat. When you carry too much body weight, it can place extra stress on your blood vessels, making your heart work harder to pump blood through your body. Obesity is also linked to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes, which are all significant risk factors for coronary artery disease. […] Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Several conditions can increase your risk of coronary artery disease. You may be able to manage these conditions through lifestyle changes. Or your health care provider may prescribe medicines to treat them.

• #24 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  Although CVD may directly arise from different etiologies such as emboli in a patient with atrial fibrillation resulting in ischemic stroke, rheumatic fever causing valvular heart disease, among others, addressing risks factors associated to the development of atherosclerosis is most important because it is a common denominator in the pathophysiology of CVD. […] The industrialization of the economy with a resultant shift from physically demanding to sedentary jobs, along with the current consumerism and technology-driven culture that is related to longer work hours, longer commutes, and less leisure time for recreational activities, may explain the significant and steady increase in the rates of CVD during the last few decades. Specifically, physical inactivity, intake of a high-calorie diet, saturated fats, and sugars are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and other metabolic disturbances like metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension that are highly prevalent in people with CVD.

• #25 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. […] Untreated celiac disease can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a gluten-free diet and intestinal healing. […] A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. […] Cardiovascular disease has a greater impact on low- and middle-income countries compared to those with higher income. […] Particulate matter has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure effects on cardiovascular disease.

• #26 27 causes of heart disease you should know | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-heart-disease/

  CKD is linked to heart disease due to the interconnected nature of the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. […] Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases increase the risk of heart disease due to chronic inflammation. […] Sleep apnea, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, is a sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. […] It refers to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can block blood flow to the heart, leading to a heart attack or stroke. […] Diets high in sodium, refined carbohydrates, sugars, and unhealthy fats contribute to high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity—the three most common causes of heart disease. […] Physical inactivity is one of the most significant causes of heart disease.

• #27 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys do not work as well as they should. People with chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of developing other serious problems, including CVD. […] If you don’t exercise regularly, it’s more likely that you’ll have high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and be overweight. All of these are risk factors for CVD. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for CVD. […] If you have a family history of CVD, your risk of developing it is also increased. […] In the UK people of south Asian and Black African or African Caribbean background have an increased risk of getting CVD. […] Other factors that affect your risk of developing CVD include: age CVD is most common in people over 50 and your risk of developing it increases as you get older, gender men are more likely to develop CVD at an earlier age than women, diet an unhealthy diet can lead to high cholesterol and high blood pressure, alcohol excessive alcohol consumption can also increase your cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and contribute to weight gain.

• #28 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. […] Untreated celiac disease can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a gluten-free diet and intestinal healing. […] A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. […] Cardiovascular disease has a greater impact on low- and middle-income countries compared to those with higher income. […] Particulate matter has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure effects on cardiovascular disease.

• #29 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Existing cardiovascular disease or a previous cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, is the strongest predictor of a future cardiovascular event. […] There is evidence that mental health problems, in particular depression and traumatic stress, is linked to cardiovascular diseases.

• #30 27 causes of heart disease you should know | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-heart-disease/

  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, all of which are linked to heart disease. […] Smoking and vaping are major causes of heart disease and are also linked to premature death. […] Excessive alcohol consumption increases blood pressure and can lead to heart arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and other heart-related issues. […] Chronic stress, anxiety, and depression have been shown to be one of the common causes of heart disease. […] The misuse of drugs, particularly stimulants such as cocaine, can lead to serious heart problems, including arrhythmias, heart attacks, and stroke. […] Certain hormonal therapies, including birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk of blood clots, which may lead to heart attack, stroke, and deep vein thrombosis. […] Women are generally at a higher risk of developing heart disease, especially after menopause. […] The risk of heart disease increases as you get older. […] If someone in your family, especially a close relative, had heart disease at a young age, you may have a higher risk of developing it too.

• #31 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #32 10.2: What Causes CVD? – Medicine LibreTexts

  https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Health_and_Fitness/Concepts_of_Fitness_and_Wellness_3e_(Flynn_et_al.)/10%3A_Cardiovascular_Disease/10.02%3A_What_Causes_CVD

  The 4 conditions listed below, all of which are beyond a persons control, can be linked to cardiovascular disease: […] Age There is a strong correlation between CVD and age. As a person ages, the risk for CVD increases also. Although, with males, the risk seems to be when they are younger and females seem to be at higher risk post-menopausal. […] Sex Males have a higher risk for CVD, especially at younger ages. Women experience higher risk later in their lives. […] Race African Americans have the highest risk factor for CVD. […] Family History/ Race A persons genes can be one of the strongest predictors of CVD, but also has the smallest correlation to to CVD overall. […] The 4 conditions listed below are also linked to cardiovascular disease but are within a persons power to change:

• #33 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular disease in a person’s parents increases their risk by ~3 fold, and genetics is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Genetic cardiovascular disease can occur either as a consequence of single variant (Mendelian) or polygenic influences. […] Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life. […] Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers. […] Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.

• #34 10.2: What Causes CVD? – Medicine LibreTexts

  https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Health_and_Fitness/Concepts_of_Fitness_and_Wellness_3e_(Flynn_et_al.)/10%3A_Cardiovascular_Disease/10.02%3A_What_Causes_CVD

  The 4 conditions listed below, all of which are beyond a persons control, can be linked to cardiovascular disease: […] Age There is a strong correlation between CVD and age. As a person ages, the risk for CVD increases also. Although, with males, the risk seems to be when they are younger and females seem to be at higher risk post-menopausal. […] Sex Males have a higher risk for CVD, especially at younger ages. Women experience higher risk later in their lives. […] Race African Americans have the highest risk factor for CVD. […] Family History/ Race A persons genes can be one of the strongest predictors of CVD, but also has the smallest correlation to to CVD overall. […] The 4 conditions listed below are also linked to cardiovascular disease but are within a persons power to change:

• #35 Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24129-heart-disease

  Heart disease includes many diseases that affect your heart, but coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common and familiar one. […] Different types of heart disease have different causes. Heart disease causes include: Heart muscle scarring. Coronary artery disease. Genetic issues. Problems with kidney function. Infections, including severe infections outside of your heart. Thyroid problems. Rheumatic disease. Aging. Injury to part of your heart. Heart attacks. Certain diseases, like autoimmune diseases. Pregnancy. Certain medications, like specific kinds of chemotherapy. Substance use, including alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine and others. High blood pressure. Abnormal heart rhythm. […] Heart disease is the top cause of death in the United States. In 2021, heart disease caused 1 in 5 deaths.

• #36 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys do not work as well as they should. People with chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of developing other serious problems, including CVD. […] If you don’t exercise regularly, it’s more likely that you’ll have high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and be overweight. All of these are risk factors for CVD. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for CVD. […] If you have a family history of CVD, your risk of developing it is also increased. […] In the UK people of south Asian and Black African or African Caribbean background have an increased risk of getting CVD. […] Other factors that affect your risk of developing CVD include: age CVD is most common in people over 50 and your risk of developing it increases as you get older, gender men are more likely to develop CVD at an earlier age than women, diet an unhealthy diet can lead to high cholesterol and high blood pressure, alcohol excessive alcohol consumption can also increase your cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and contribute to weight gain.

• #37 10.2: What Causes CVD? – Medicine LibreTexts

  https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Health_and_Fitness/Concepts_of_Fitness_and_Wellness_3e_(Flynn_et_al.)/10%3A_Cardiovascular_Disease/10.02%3A_What_Causes_CVD

  The 4 conditions listed below, all of which are beyond a persons control, can be linked to cardiovascular disease: […] Age There is a strong correlation between CVD and age. As a person ages, the risk for CVD increases also. Although, with males, the risk seems to be when they are younger and females seem to be at higher risk post-menopausal. […] Sex Males have a higher risk for CVD, especially at younger ages. Women experience higher risk later in their lives. […] Race African Americans have the highest risk factor for CVD. […] Family History/ Race A persons genes can be one of the strongest predictors of CVD, but also has the smallest correlation to to CVD overall. […] The 4 conditions listed below are also linked to cardiovascular disease but are within a persons power to change:

• #38 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys do not work as well as they should. People with chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of developing other serious problems, including CVD. […] If you don’t exercise regularly, it’s more likely that you’ll have high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and be overweight. All of these are risk factors for CVD. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for CVD. […] If you have a family history of CVD, your risk of developing it is also increased. […] In the UK people of south Asian and Black African or African Caribbean background have an increased risk of getting CVD. […] Other factors that affect your risk of developing CVD include: age CVD is most common in people over 50 and your risk of developing it increases as you get older, gender men are more likely to develop CVD at an earlier age than women, diet an unhealthy diet can lead to high cholesterol and high blood pressure, alcohol excessive alcohol consumption can also increase your cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and contribute to weight gain.

• #39 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #40 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular disease in a person’s parents increases their risk by ~3 fold, and genetics is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Genetic cardiovascular disease can occur either as a consequence of single variant (Mendelian) or polygenic influences. […] Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life. […] Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers. […] Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.

• #41 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #42 Cardiovascular disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys do not work as well as they should. People with chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of developing other serious problems, including CVD. […] If you don’t exercise regularly, it’s more likely that you’ll have high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and be overweight. All of these are risk factors for CVD. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for CVD. […] If you have a family history of CVD, your risk of developing it is also increased. […] In the UK people of south Asian and Black African or African Caribbean background have an increased risk of getting CVD. […] Other factors that affect your risk of developing CVD include: age CVD is most common in people over 50 and your risk of developing it increases as you get older, gender men are more likely to develop CVD at an earlier age than women, diet an unhealthy diet can lead to high cholesterol and high blood pressure, alcohol excessive alcohol consumption can also increase your cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and contribute to weight gain.

• #43 27 causes of heart disease you should know | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-heart-disease/

  CKD is linked to heart disease due to the interconnected nature of the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. […] Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases increase the risk of heart disease due to chronic inflammation. […] Sleep apnea, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, is a sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. […] It refers to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can block blood flow to the heart, leading to a heart attack or stroke. […] Diets high in sodium, refined carbohydrates, sugars, and unhealthy fats contribute to high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity—the three most common causes of heart disease. […] Physical inactivity is one of the most significant causes of heart disease.

• #44 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #45 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #46 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #47 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. […] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. […] The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, microalbuminuria, increased inflammatory markers have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. […] Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. […] Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD. […] Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• #48 27 causes of heart disease you should know | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-heart-disease/

  CKD is linked to heart disease due to the interconnected nature of the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. […] Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases increase the risk of heart disease due to chronic inflammation. […] Sleep apnea, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, is a sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. […] It refers to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can block blood flow to the heart, leading to a heart attack or stroke. […] Diets high in sodium, refined carbohydrates, sugars, and unhealthy fats contribute to high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity—the three most common causes of heart disease. […] Physical inactivity is one of the most significant causes of heart disease.

• #49

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  Sleep apnea is often associated with heart arrhythmias, high blood pressure and heart failure. […] If you have a family member with heart disease or another heart condition, it increases your risk of coronary artery disease. […] Heart disease risk increases with age. Males have a higher overall risk of coronary artery disease. In females, risk significantly increases after menopause. […] Knowing your risk factors is the first step in coronary artery disease prevention.

• #50 27 causes of heart disease you should know | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/causes-of-heart-disease/

  CKD is linked to heart disease due to the interconnected nature of the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. […] Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases increase the risk of heart disease due to chronic inflammation. […] Sleep apnea, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, is a sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. […] It refers to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can block blood flow to the heart, leading to a heart attack or stroke. […] Diets high in sodium, refined carbohydrates, sugars, and unhealthy fats contribute to high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity—the three most common causes of heart disease. […] Physical inactivity is one of the most significant causes of heart disease.

• #51 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, is responsible for roughly 28% of deaths from CAD. This varies by region: In highly developed areas, this is approximately 10%, whereas in Southern, East and West Africa, and South Asia, approximately 40% of deaths from CAD can be attributed to unhealthy air. In particular, fine particle pollution (PM2.5), which comes mostly from the burning of fossil fuels, is a key risk factor for CAD. […] The consumption of different types of fats including trans fat (trans unsaturated), and saturated fat, in a diet „influences the level of cholesterol that is present in the bloodstream”. High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, „LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow”. The resultant reduction in the heart’s blood supply due to atherosclerosis in coronary arteries „causes shortness of breath, angina pectoris (chest pains that are usually relieved by rest), and potentially fatal heart attacks (myocardial infarctions)”. […] The heritability of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%. Genome-wide association studies have identified over 160 genetic susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease.

• #52 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. […] Untreated celiac disease can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a gluten-free diet and intestinal healing. […] A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. […] Cardiovascular disease has a greater impact on low- and middle-income countries compared to those with higher income. […] Particulate matter has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure effects on cardiovascular disease.

• #53 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. […] Untreated celiac disease can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a gluten-free diet and intestinal healing. […] A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. […] Cardiovascular disease has a greater impact on low- and middle-income countries compared to those with higher income. […] Particulate matter has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure effects on cardiovascular disease.

• #54 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. […] The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. […] Untreated celiac disease can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a gluten-free diet and intestinal healing. […] A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. […] Cardiovascular disease has a greater impact on low- and middle-income countries compared to those with higher income. […] Particulate matter has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure effects on cardiovascular disease.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

• #56 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) | NCD Alliance

  https://ncdalliance.org/cardiovascular-diseases-cvd

  There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVD, also called „the causes of the causes”. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization, and population ageing. Other determinants of CVD include poverty, stress and hereditary factors. […] Policies that create conducive environments for making healthy choices affordable and available are essential for motivating people to adopt and sustain healthy behaviour.

• #57 Cardiovascular Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/

  Although CVD may directly arise from different etiologies such as emboli in a patient with atrial fibrillation resulting in ischemic stroke, rheumatic fever causing valvular heart disease, among others, addressing risks factors associated to the development of atherosclerosis is most important because it is a common denominator in the pathophysiology of CVD. […] The industrialization of the economy with a resultant shift from physically demanding to sedentary jobs, along with the current consumerism and technology-driven culture that is related to longer work hours, longer commutes, and less leisure time for recreational activities, may explain the significant and steady increase in the rates of CVD during the last few decades. Specifically, physical inactivity, intake of a high-calorie diet, saturated fats, and sugars are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and other metabolic disturbances like metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension that are highly prevalent in people with CVD.

• #58 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular disease in a person’s parents increases their risk by ~3 fold, and genetics is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Genetic cardiovascular disease can occur either as a consequence of single variant (Mendelian) or polygenic influences. […] Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life. […] Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers. […] Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.

• #59 Cardiovascular Disease – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/medicine/cardiology/cvd/

  Atherosclerosis is caused by chronic inflammation and activation of the immune system in the artery wall. […] Medical co-morbidities increase the risk of atherosclerosis and should be carefully managed to minimise the risk. […] Familial hypercholesterolaemia is an autosomal dominant genetic condition causing very high cholesterol levels. Several genes have the potential to cause the disorder. […] Management of familial hypercholesterolaemia involves specialist referral for genetic testing and testing of family members.

• #60 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, is responsible for roughly 28% of deaths from CAD. This varies by region: In highly developed areas, this is approximately 10%, whereas in Southern, East and West Africa, and South Asia, approximately 40% of deaths from CAD can be attributed to unhealthy air. In particular, fine particle pollution (PM2.5), which comes mostly from the burning of fossil fuels, is a key risk factor for CAD. […] The consumption of different types of fats including trans fat (trans unsaturated), and saturated fat, in a diet „influences the level of cholesterol that is present in the bloodstream”. High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, „LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow”. The resultant reduction in the heart’s blood supply due to atherosclerosis in coronary arteries „causes shortness of breath, angina pectoris (chest pains that are usually relieved by rest), and potentially fatal heart attacks (myocardial infarctions)”. […] The heritability of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%. Genome-wide association studies have identified over 160 genetic susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease.

• #61 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease can refer to a number of conditions: […] Heart and blood vessel disease, also called heart disease, includes numerous problems, many of which are related to atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. […] This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. […] If a blood clot forms, it can block the blood flow. […] This can cause a heart attack or stroke. […] A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked by a blood clot. […] An ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke, occurs when a blood vessel that feeds the brain gets blocked, usually from a blood clot. […] A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel within the brain bursts.

• #62 Coronary Artery Disease – Coronary Heart Disease | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to heart attack or ischemic stroke. […] The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking and obesity. […] Research shows that children and youth are increasingly at risk for CAD. So, preventive measures taken early in life can have greater lifetime benefits. Healthy lifestyles will delay the progression of CAD, and there is hope that it can be improved before it causes further health problems. […] Living a healthy lifestyle that combines good nutrition, weight management and getting plenty of physical activity can play a big role in avoiding CAD.

• #63 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the walls of the heart arteries. This condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, causing a blood clot. […] Some causes of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are: Diabetes or insulin resistance. High blood pressure. Lack of exercise. Smoking or tobacco use. […] Risk factors you can control are: Smoking. If you smoke, quit. Smoking is bad for heart health. People who smoke have a much greater risk of heart disease. High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can make arteries hard and stiff. This can lead to atherosclerosis, which causes coronary artery disease. Cholesterol. Too much „bad” cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. „Bad” cholesterol is called low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Not enough „good” cholesterol, called high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, also leads to atherosclerosis. Diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease share some risk factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure.

• #64 Coronary Artery Disease – Coronary Heart Disease | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to heart attack or ischemic stroke. […] The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking and obesity. […] Research shows that children and youth are increasingly at risk for CAD. So, preventive measures taken early in life can have greater lifetime benefits. Healthy lifestyles will delay the progression of CAD, and there is hope that it can be improved before it causes further health problems. […] Living a healthy lifestyle that combines good nutrition, weight management and getting plenty of physical activity can play a big role in avoiding CAD.

• #65 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease can refer to a number of conditions: […] Heart and blood vessel disease, also called heart disease, includes numerous problems, many of which are related to atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. […] This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. […] If a blood clot forms, it can block the blood flow. […] This can cause a heart attack or stroke. […] A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked by a blood clot. […] An ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke, occurs when a blood vessel that feeds the brain gets blocked, usually from a blood clot. […] A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel within the brain bursts.

• #66 17.7: Cardiovascular Disease – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/17%3A_Cardiovascular_System/17.7%3A_Cardiovascular_Disease

  Treatment of atherosclerosis often includes both lifestyle changes and medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, and reduce the risk of blood clot formation. […] Coronary artery diseases are a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. […] Hypertension and atherosclerosis often cause other cardiovascular diseases. […] The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. […] The underlying mechanism is usually atherosclerosis.

• #67 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart failure, means the heart isn’t pumping blood as well as it should. […] Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm. […] An arrhythmia can affect how well your heart works. […] When heart valves don’t open enough to allow the blood to flow through as it should, a condition called stenosis results. […] When the heart valves don’t close properly and thus allow blood to leak through, it’s called regurgitation. […] The medications prescribed after a cardiovascular event can aid in recovery and help prevent another heart attack or stroke.

• #68 Heart Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-disease-types-causes-symptoms

  Heart disease can also be called cardiovascular disease, though that term covers blood vessels problems as well. […] Heart disease is a major killer in the U.S., causing about 1 in 5 deaths, or about 700,000 a year. […] The disease usually starts as a result of atherosclerosis, sometimes called hardening of the arteries. […] Some things that may put you at a higher risk of CAD are: Age (For men, the risk of heart disease goes up after age 55; for women, the risk rises sharply after menopause.), Being inactive, Having diabetes or metabolic syndrome, Family history of coronary heart disease, Genetics, High blood pressure, High levels of LDL „bad” cholesterol or low levels of HDL „good” cholesterol, Obesity, Smoking, Stress. […] With heart failure, your heart doesn’t pump blood as well as it should to meet your body’s needs. It is usually caused by CAD, but it can also happen because you have thyroid disease, high blood pressure, heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), or certain other conditions.

• #69

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/chronic-heart-disease/symptoms-causes

  Chronic heart disease is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects your heart function repeatedly and over time. […] The causes of chronic heart diseases depend on the specific type of heart disease. […] CAD is most commonly caused by a build-up of fatty plaque in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This disease can be attributed to non-modifiable risk factors such as age and gender as well as modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits. […] While the causes of CHD are mostly unknown, several risk factors include chromosomal abnormalities and genetic defects such as Down syndrome. […] Heart arrhythmias are commonly associated with other heart-related conditions such as CAD, congenital heart disease and hypertension (high blood pressure). […] Heart failure often happens in association with other pre-existing heart conditions. It may be sudden or develop over many years.

• #70 Types of heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/what-is-heart-disease/types-of-heart-disease

  Heart disease is an umbrella term for any condition that affects the structure or function of the heart. A heart disease can be any one of a group of related conditions with many different root causes. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Canada and it affects people of all ages, ethnic backgrounds and socioeconomic levels. You can reduce your risk of heart disease by understanding and acting on the factors that can increase your risk. […] Common causes of vascular disease include the narrowing or blockage of blood vessels from plaque build-up (cholesterol fat deposits and other substances), which is also called atherosclerosis. […] The two most common causes of heart failure are heart attack and high blood pressure. […] Medical conditions include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia), and sleep apnea.

• #71 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart failure, means the heart isn’t pumping blood as well as it should. […] Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm. […] An arrhythmia can affect how well your heart works. […] When heart valves don’t open enough to allow the blood to flow through as it should, a condition called stenosis results. […] When the heart valves don’t close properly and thus allow blood to leak through, it’s called regurgitation. […] The medications prescribed after a cardiovascular event can aid in recovery and help prevent another heart attack or stroke.

• #72 Heart disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

  Heart disease causes depend on the specific type of heart disease. […] A buildup of fatty substances in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. Risk factors include an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking. Healthy-lifestyle choices can help lower the risk of atherosclerosis. […] Common causes of arrhythmias or conditions that can lead to them include: Heart muscle disease, called cardiomyopathy. Coronary artery disease. Diabetes. Illegal drugs such as cocaine. Emotional stress. Too much alcohol or caffeine. Heart conditions present at birth, called congenital heart defects. High blood pressure. Smoking. Heart valve disease. Some medicines, herbs and supplements. […] A congenital heart defect happens while a baby is growing in the womb. Healthcare professionals aren’t sure exactly what causes most congenital heart defects. But gene changes, some medical conditions, some medicines, and environmental or lifestyle factors may play a role.

• #73

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/chronic-heart-disease/symptoms-causes

  Chronic heart disease is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects your heart function repeatedly and over time. […] The causes of chronic heart diseases depend on the specific type of heart disease. […] CAD is most commonly caused by a build-up of fatty plaque in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This disease can be attributed to non-modifiable risk factors such as age and gender as well as modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits. […] While the causes of CHD are mostly unknown, several risk factors include chromosomal abnormalities and genetic defects such as Down syndrome. […] Heart arrhythmias are commonly associated with other heart-related conditions such as CAD, congenital heart disease and hypertension (high blood pressure). […] Heart failure often happens in association with other pre-existing heart conditions. It may be sudden or develop over many years.

• #74 What is Cardiovascular Disease? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

  Heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart failure, means the heart isn’t pumping blood as well as it should. […] Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm. […] An arrhythmia can affect how well your heart works. […] When heart valves don’t open enough to allow the blood to flow through as it should, a condition called stenosis results. […] When the heart valves don’t close properly and thus allow blood to leak through, it’s called regurgitation. […] The medications prescribed after a cardiovascular event can aid in recovery and help prevent another heart attack or stroke.

• #75 Heart Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-disease-types-causes-symptoms

  The causes of heart valve problems include infections such as rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, high blood pressure, CAD, and damage from a heart attack. […] There are many possible causes of the disease, including genetic heart conditions, reactions to certain drugs or toxins (such as alcohol), and viral infections. […] Congenital heart disease happens when something goes wrong while the heart is forming before birth. […] Heart disease symptoms vary, depending on the kind of heart disease you have. […] Heart disease can have many warning signs. For the most common type, CAD, the two most common symptoms are chest pain and shortness of breath.

• #76

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/chronic-heart-disease/symptoms-causes

  Known causes of cardiomyopathy include: Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection, Family history of cardiomyopathy or other chronic heart disease, Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes, Long-term alcoholism or drug abuse, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Heart valve problems, Pregnancy. […] The exact cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension is unknown. Possible causes include liver cirrhosis, congenital heart abnormalities, and connective tissue disorders such as scleroderma. […] You may be born with valvular heart disease, or your valves may be damaged by: Heart attack, atherosclerosis or high blood pressure, Infections (such as rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis), Tissue degeneration due to ageing, Medication or radiation therapy.

• #77 Heart Disease: Risk Factors, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease

  Heart disease is a collection of diseases and conditions that cause cardiovascular problems. Each type of heart disease is caused by something entirely unique to that condition. […] The causes of an abnormal heart rhythm include: diabetes, CAD, heart defects, high blood pressure (hypertension), certain medications. […] This heart disease occurs while a baby is still developing in the uterus. Some heart defects may be serious and diagnosed and treated early. Some may also go undiagnosed for many years. […] There are several types of cardiomyopathy. Each type is the result of a separate condition: dilated cardiomyopathy (the most common type), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy. The causes range from other medical conditions or comorbidities or genetics. Not all the causes are fully understood. […] Bacteria, parasites, and viruses are the most common causes of heart infections. Uncontrolled infections in the body can also harm the heart if they’re not properly treated.

• #78

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/chronic-heart-disease/symptoms-causes

  Known causes of cardiomyopathy include: Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection, Family history of cardiomyopathy or other chronic heart disease, Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, thyroid disease or diabetes, Long-term alcoholism or drug abuse, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Heart valve problems, Pregnancy. […] The exact cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension is unknown. Possible causes include liver cirrhosis, congenital heart abnormalities, and connective tissue disorders such as scleroderma. […] You may be born with valvular heart disease, or your valves may be damaged by: Heart attack, atherosclerosis or high blood pressure, Infections (such as rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis), Tissue degeneration due to ageing, Medication or radiation therapy.

• #79 Heart disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

  Heart disease causes depend on the specific type of heart disease. […] A buildup of fatty substances in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, is the most common cause of coronary artery disease. Risk factors include an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking. Healthy-lifestyle choices can help lower the risk of atherosclerosis. […] Common causes of arrhythmias or conditions that can lead to them include: Heart muscle disease, called cardiomyopathy. Coronary artery disease. Diabetes. Illegal drugs such as cocaine. Emotional stress. Too much alcohol or caffeine. Heart conditions present at birth, called congenital heart defects. High blood pressure. Smoking. Heart valve disease. Some medicines, herbs and supplements. […] A congenital heart defect happens while a baby is growing in the womb. Healthcare professionals aren’t sure exactly what causes most congenital heart defects. But gene changes, some medical conditions, some medicines, and environmental or lifestyle factors may play a role.

• #80

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/chronic-heart-disease/symptoms-causes

  Chronic heart disease is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects your heart function repeatedly and over time. […] The causes of chronic heart diseases depend on the specific type of heart disease. […] CAD is most commonly caused by a build-up of fatty plaque in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This disease can be attributed to non-modifiable risk factors such as age and gender as well as modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle habits. […] While the causes of CHD are mostly unknown, several risk factors include chromosomal abnormalities and genetic defects such as Down syndrome. […] Heart arrhythmias are commonly associated with other heart-related conditions such as CAD, congenital heart disease and hypertension (high blood pressure). […] Heart failure often happens in association with other pre-existing heart conditions. It may be sudden or develop over many years.

• #81 Heart Disease: Risk Factors, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease

  Heart disease is a collection of diseases and conditions that cause cardiovascular problems. Each type of heart disease is caused by something entirely unique to that condition. […] The causes of an abnormal heart rhythm include: diabetes, CAD, heart defects, high blood pressure (hypertension), certain medications. […] This heart disease occurs while a baby is still developing in the uterus. Some heart defects may be serious and diagnosed and treated early. Some may also go undiagnosed for many years. […] There are several types of cardiomyopathy. Each type is the result of a separate condition: dilated cardiomyopathy (the most common type), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy. The causes range from other medical conditions or comorbidities or genetics. Not all the causes are fully understood. […] Bacteria, parasites, and viruses are the most common causes of heart infections. Uncontrolled infections in the body can also harm the heart if they’re not properly treated.

• #82 Cardiology: Common Causes of Heart Disorders – Florida Premier Cardiology Boynton Beach, FL

  https://boyntonbeach.floridapremiercardio.com/blog/cardiology-common-causes-of-heart-disorders/

  Obesity, particularly belly fat, is a significant culprit in causing heart issues. Cardiology patients start getting help after years of being inactive. Regular exercise is critical, as it can regulate the heart rate and blood pressure. […] Anyone who works in cardiology will attest that smoking and the cardiovascular system do not get along well. This activity can contribute to a person’s risk of stroke and heart attack. It can damage the heart and affect its ability to properly pump blood. […] Sometimes, a heart disorder comes about because of another disease or illness. Diabetes, which is commonly found in overweight individuals, can cause heart problems. Rheumatic fever and some infections can also be a factor in damage to the heart valves. […] Heart infections are not a rare occurrence in cardiology. When bacteria reach the heart muscle, they can hinder this organ’s ability to function and send blood throughout the body. Parasites are one of the most common ways this can occur. Other viruses may also play a role in the development of heart infections.

• #83

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

• #84 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) | World Heart Federation

  https://world-heart-federation.org/what-is-cvd/

  According to the World Health Organization, as many as 80% of all heart attacks and strokes are preventable. The majority of deaths due to CVD are precipitated by risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, or diabetes, which can, to a large extent, be prevented or controlled through the consumption of a healthy diet, regular exercise and avoiding tobacco.

• #85 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes

  Coronary heart disease may have more than one cause, including plaque buildup or problems that affect how the heart’s blood vessels work. […] Plaque buildup in the large arteries on the hearts surface is the leading cause of coronary heart disease. […] The cause of these problems is unclear, but it may involve damage or injury to the walls of the arteries or tiny blood vessels from long-term inflammation, high blood pressure, or diabetes. […] Coronary heart disease is largely preventable. Studies show that heart-healthy living quitting smoking or never starting, eating healthy foods, and being physically active throughout life can prevent or delay coronary heart disease and its complications in most people. […] Risk factors for coronary heart disease begin in childhood. Therefore, its important to develop healthy living habits in childhood, including good nutrition and physical activity, to prevent risk factors from developing. […] Some children can develop atherosclerosis or even have a heart attack or stroke if they have a genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia.

• #86

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

• #87

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] At least three-quarters of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are most affected. […] The key to cardiovascular disease reduction lies in the inclusion of cardiovascular disease management interventions in universal health coverage packages. […] Evidence from 18 countries has shown that hypertension programmes can be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively at the primary care level which will ultimately result in reduced coronary heart disease and stroke. […] An acute event such as a heart attack or stroke should be promptly managed.

• #88 Cardiovascular disease: impacts and risks • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/cardiovascular-disease-impacts-and-risks

  There is no singular cause of CVD. However, the primary cause of CVD is atherosclerosis the build-up of fatty plaques on the walls of the arteries. These plaques are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances. Over time, the plaques harden, narrowing the opening of the arteries and restricting blood flow. These atherosclerotic plaques can break, forming a thrombus (blood clot) that can further limit, or even block the flow of blood throughout the body. […] The primary cause of CVD is atherosclerosis – the build-up of fatty plaques on the walls of the arteries that over time hardens, narrowing the opening of the arteries and restricting blood flow. […] The number of people dying or suffering disability from CVD has been increasing in recent years. This is in part due to the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity and diabetes major risk factors for CVD. […] Making lifestyle changes such as these can prevent up to 80 per cent of premature CVD, stroke and diabetes. […] People living with diabetes are over twice as likely to develop CVD. In some cases, diabetes can be managed through diet and a healthy lifestyle.

• #89

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] At least three-quarters of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are most affected. […] The key to cardiovascular disease reduction lies in the inclusion of cardiovascular disease management interventions in universal health coverage packages. […] Evidence from 18 countries has shown that hypertension programmes can be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively at the primary care level which will ultimately result in reduced coronary heart disease and stroke. […] An acute event such as a heart attack or stroke should be promptly managed.

• #90 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis. […] The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor sleep, among other things. High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.

• #91

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. […] An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

• #92 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable. Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial. Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease. […] Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide except Africa. Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. […] There are many risk factors for heart diseases: age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, genetic predisposition and family history of cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), raised blood sugar (diabetes mellitus), raised blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), undiagnosed celiac disease, psychosocial factors, poverty and low educational status, air pollution, and poor sleep.

• #93 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable. Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial. Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease. […] Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide except Africa. Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. […] There are many risk factors for heart diseases: age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, genetic predisposition and family history of cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), raised blood sugar (diabetes mellitus), raised blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), undiagnosed celiac disease, psychosocial factors, poverty and low educational status, air pollution, and poor sleep.

• #94 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. […] The causes of cardiovascular disease can vary depending on the specific type. For example, atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in your arteries) causes coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease. […] You may be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease if you have risk factors such as: High blood pressure (hypertension). […] Cardiovascular diseases are conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. Without appropriate treatment, heart disease can lead to heart attacks or strokes. You can make lifestyle changes or take medications to manage cardiovascular disease. Earlier diagnosis can help with effective treatment. Many people live a full and active life with a cardiovascular disease.

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