Materiały źródłowe

• #1 CVD Prevention | What We Do | World Heart Federation

  https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/prevention/

  Despite being largely preventable, cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes more than 20.5 million deaths every year. […] An estimated 80% of cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke, is preventable. […] The main elements of CVD prevention are healthy diet, physical activity, avoiding tobacco, and knowing your numbers. […] Having a healthy, active lifestyle can help prevent CVD. […] According to the World Health Organization, as many as 80% of all heart attacks and strokes are preventable. […] The majority of deaths due to CVD are precipitated by risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, or diabetes, which can, to a large extent, be prevented or controlled through the consumption of a healthy diet, regular exercise and avoiding tobacco. […] Eating a healthy, balanced diet is crucial to maintaining a healthy heart and circulation system.

• #2 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331469/

  Cardiovascular disease is a significant and ever-growing problem in the United Kingdom, accounting for nearly one-third of all deaths and leading to significant morbidity. […] The burden of cardiovascular disease can be ameliorated by careful risk reduction and, as such, primary prevention is an important priority for all developers of health policy. Strong consensus exists between international guidelines regarding the necessity of smoking cessation, weight optimisation and the importance of exercise, whilst guidelines vary slightly in their approach to hypertension and considerably regarding their approach to optimal lipid profile which remains a contentious issue. […] The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimate that over 75% of premature CVD is preventable and risk factor amelioration can help reduce the growing CVD burden on both individuals and healthcare providers.

• #3 Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378495/

  Daily habits and actions powerfully affect the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in general, and coronary heart disease, in particular. Regular physical activity, sound nutrition, weight management, and not smoking cigarettes have all been demonstrated to significantly reduce the risk of CVD. […] The study of the impact of lifestyle factors on CVD risk has coalesced under the framework of lifestyle medicine. […] The American Heart Association estimates that only 5% of individuals follow all of these lifestyle factors as components of a strategy to achieve ideal cardiovascular health. […] What each of us does in our daily lives profoundly affects the likelihood of developing chronic diseases, in general, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), in particular. Thousands of studies support the concept that regular physical activity, maintenance of a proper weight, sound nutritional practices, and avoiding tobacco products all significantly reduce the risk of CVD.

• #4 CVD Prevention | What We Do | World Heart Federation

  https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/prevention/

  Primary prevention mainly targets people who are at high risk of CVD but who have not yet developed a cardiovascular condition. […] Secondary prevention targets people with established cardiovascular disease. […] Tertiary prevention targets people who are already affected by cardiovascular disease and who are already experiencing its long-term effects, and aim to increase life expectancy and improve quality of life. […] The aim of primordial prevention is to prevent CVD at a very early stage. […] Most instances of CVD can be prevented by addressing risk factors before they create health problems, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution.

• #5 Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378495/

  While improvements in lifestyle measures have been cited as the major reason for the reduction in CVD in the past 20 years, major challenges remain. […] Despite overwhelming evidence that lifestyle factors significantly affect short- and long-term health and quality of life, it has been frustratingly difficult to help patients adopt these habits and practices. […] Within the past decade, the AHA and the ACC have been leaders in promoting the power of lifestyle habits and practices as key factors in promoting cardiovascular health. […] The strategic plan also introduced the concept of primordial prevention, which incorporates strategies to avoid developing adverse levels of cardiovascular risk factors in the first place. […] The overall strategy was based on 3 pillars: (a) primordial prevention, (b) evidence that risk factors for CVD develop early in life, and (c) balancing individualized risk approaches with population level approaches.

• #6 Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease – The Role of Blood Pressure | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/primordial-prevention-cardiovascular-disease-role-blood-pressure?language_content_entity=en

  In 1978, Strasser suggested that prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) should go beyond the concept of primary prevention. He coined the term primordial prevention to denote activities that prevented the penetration of risk factors into the population by intervening to stop the appearance of the risk factors. […] Primordial prevention has important implications in the relationship between socioeconomic circumstances and adult risk factors. A life-course approach to primordial prevention means ensuring the availability of cheap healthy food and promoting desirable eating habits in school-age children in order to ensure they develop into adults aged 30 years with favourable risk profiles who can control their lipid levels without the need for statin drugs. […] Policy actions that influence structural characteristics of the environment, such as food patterns, physical activity, smoking and alcohol availability, may have important consequences in the future. Therefore, primordial and primary prevention suggest different targets for intervention. Primordial prevention prevents the appearance of the mediating risk factors in the population, focusing on aspects of social organisation and aiming to modify the conditions that generate and structure the unequal distribution of health-damaging exposures, susceptibilities and health-protective resources among the population.

• #7 14 Strategies To Prevent Heart Disease

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17385-heart-disease-prevention-and-reversal

  You can do a lot to prevent or delay heart disease. You can start by changing what you eat and getting more physical activity. Avoiding tobacco products and limiting alcohol helps, too. Making small changes to your daily life can add up, giving you a healthier heart. Talk with your healthcare provider about a plan that works for you. […] Yes, in many cases, you can prevent heart disease or delay its progression. Heart disease refers to conditions that impact your hearts function or structure. The most common form of heart disease is coronary artery disease (CAD). […] There are many things you can do to prevent heart disease. Some involve changes you can make in your daily life. In some cases, you may need medications, too. […] Tobacco use is the most preventable risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Quitting isnt easy. But its one of the most important things you can do to protect your heart and blood vessels. If you use tobacco products, talk with your healthcare provider about how to quit.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] The key to cardiovascular disease reduction lies in the inclusion of cardiovascular disease management interventions in universal health coverage packages, although in a high number of countries health systems require significant investment and reorientation to effectively manage CVDs.

• #9 14 Strategies To Prevent Heart Disease

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17385-heart-disease-prevention-and-reversal

  Drinking too much alcohol can lead to heart and blood vessel problems, including: Atrial fibrillation, Heart failure, High blood pressure, Stroke. […] Heart-healthy foods give you nutrients that support your heart. Healthy eating plans limit or get rid of ingredients that can raise your blood pressure or clog your arteries. The Mediterranean diet is one such plan with proven benefits. […] LDL cholesterol is bad because it contributes to plaque buildup in your arteries (atherosclerosis). Plus, scientists have linked high total cholesterol and high triglycerides with a higher risk for heart disease. […] HDL helps your body get rid of the extra LDL (bad) cholesterol circulating in your blood. High HDL levels may protect you against heart disease. Low levels may put you at risk. […] Blood pressure is a measurement of the force inside your arteries each time your heart beats. High blood pressure makes your heart and kidneys work harder. Over time, this raises your risk of: Heart attack, Heart failure, Kidney disease, Stroke.

• #10 Heart Disease Prevention | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventheartdisease.html

  High levels of cholesterol can clog your arteries and raise your risk of coronary artery disease and heart attack. Lifestyle changes and medicines (if needed) can lower your cholesterol. […] Being overweight or having obesity can increase your risk of heart disease. This is mostly because they are linked to other heart disease risk factors, including high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Controlling your weight can lower these risks. […] Try to limit saturated fats, foods high in sodium (salt), and added sugars. Instead, eat plenty of fresh fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. The DASH diet is an example of an eating plan that can help you to lower your blood pressure and cholesterol, two things that can lower your risk of heart disease. […] Regular physical activity has many benefits, including strengthening your heart and improving your circulation. It can also help you maintain a healthy weight and lower cholesterol and blood pressure. All of these can lower your risk of heart disease.

• #11 Recommendation: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/healthy-diet-and-physical-activity-counseling-adults-with-high-risk-of-cvd

  This recommendation does not apply to adults with other known modifiable cardiovascular risk factors such as abnormal blood glucose levels, obesity, and smoking; these populations are incorporated in other USPSTF recommendations. […] Behavioral counseling interventions usually combine counseling on a healthy diet and physical activity and are usually intensive, with multiple contacts that include either individual or group counseling sessions over extended periods. […] Common dietary counseling advice includes reductions in saturated fats, sodium, and sweets/sugars and increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. […] Physical activity counseling focuses on patients achieving 90 to 180 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous activity. […] Primary care clinicians can deliver in-person behavioral counseling interventions, refer patients to behavioral counseling interventions in other settings, or inform patients about media-based interventions.

• #12 Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378495/

  The guidelines further recommend that those who consume alcohol (among adults) do so in moderation and are consistent in recommending diets lower in red and processed meats, refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, and saturated and trans fats. […] It is important to recognize that the key therapeutic modalities to treat weight gain and obesity are lifestyle based; namely, increased physical activity and sound nutrition. […] Overwhelming evidence exists from multiple sources that cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of both heart disease and stroke. […] Lifestyle therapies constitute the core intervention for individuals with the metabolic syndrome. These include proper nutrition (following DASH or Mediterranean or comparable diet), regular physical activity (30 minutes or more on most if not all days of moderate intensity) and weight loss, if necessary.

• #13 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with a Mediterranean diet: systematic review and meta-analysis | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/109/16/1208

  Dietary modification is a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. A Mediterranean diet has been associated with a lower risk of CVD but no systematic reviews have evaluated this relationship specifically in women. […] This study supports a beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet on primary prevention of CVD and death in women, and is an important step in enabling sex specific guidelines. […] A Mediterranean diet is a key recommendation for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. […] This is the first meta-analysis focused on the association between a Mediterranean diet and incident CVD and death, specific to women. […] We found that a Mediterranean diet was beneficial in women, with a 24% lower risk of CVD and a 23% lower risk of total mortality.

• #14 Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0601/p919.html

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. One-third of these deaths may be preventable through healthy lifestyle choices including diet and physical activity. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends behavioral counseling to promote healthy diet and physical activity in adults at high risk of CVD. Evidence of benefit for counseling patients at average risk is less established. […] Benefits of combined lifestyle interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease risk may be more pronounced in groups at higher risk, such as patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension. […] Any physical activity is associated with lower cardiovascular risk, and the benefit increases with increasing amounts of weekly physical activity. […] Adults should follow an eating plan consistent with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet or the Mediterranean diet.

• #15 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable. Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. […] Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Currently practised measures to prevent cardiovascular disease include: […] Maintaining a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, a vegetarian, vegan or another plant-based diet. […] Replacing saturated fat with healthier choices: Clinical trials show that replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by 30%. […] Limit alcohol consumption to the recommended daily limits. […] Stopping smoking and avoidance of second-hand smoke. […] At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate exercise per week.

• #16 14 Strategies To Prevent Heart Disease

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17385-heart-disease-prevention-and-reversal

  People with diabetes have a higher risk of heart disease. Thats because diabetes makes you more likely to have: High blood pressure, High cholesterol, High LDL (bad) cholesterol, High triglycerides, Low HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Carrying extra weight (especially around your waist) can put a burden on your heart and blood vessels. It may cause you to develop: High blood pressure, High cholesterol, High triglycerides, Increased risk for diabetes. […] Physical activity is important in preventing heart disease because it: Improves how well your heart pumps blood through your body, Helps you prevent or manage many heart disease risk factors. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol and overweight/obesity. […] Sometimes, you need medications to help manage conditions like high blood pressure or high cholesterol that put you at risk. If so, talk with your provider about the medications you need and why you need them.

• #17 CVD Prevention | What We Do | World Heart Federation

  https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/prevention/

  It only takes 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, five days a week, to improve and maintain your health. […] Lowering your risk of overweight and obesity normally involves reducing the number of calories consumed from fats and sugars, increasing the portion of daily intake of fruit, vegetables, whole grains and nuts, and exercising regularly. […] If you stop smoking, your risk of coronary heart disease will be halved within a year and will return to a normal level over time. […] As with tobacco, there is no safe level for drinking alcohol, and the detrimental effects of alcohol far outweigh any potential protective benefits. […] Knowing your numbers is an important part of keeping your heart healthy. […] If you have a higher risk of developing heart disease or stroke, you may need to take medication to reduce your risk.

• #18 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331469/

  The INTERHEART study elucidated the effect of CVD risk factors including dyslipidaemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, whilst it demonstrated the protective effects of consumption of fruits and vegetables, and regular physical activity. […] NICE recommend 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity. […] The guidelines all state that any form of exercise provides CVD risk reduction, with those newly starting exercise achieving greatest benefit and any subsequent increases providing significant but diminishing returns. […] Stopping smoking is the single most cost-effective intervention in CVD prevention, and some benefits are seen within months of cessation. […] All guidelines recommend cessation, with short and long-term benefits seen irrespective of length or intensity of smoking habit.

• #19 Lifestyle Changes to Prevent a Heart Attack | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/life-after-a-heart-attack/lifestyle-changes-for-heart-attack-prevention

  Those numbers need to get down and stay down. […] At least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol. […] Eating too many calories and getting too little physical activity can increase your risk of becoming overweight or obese. […] But even modest weight loss (5% to 10% of body weight) can help reduce your risk. […] Diabetes is a lifelong condition. […] Even when blood glucose levels are kept under control, diabetes greatly increases heart attack and stroke risk. […] Getting a good night’s sleep every night is vital to your heart health. […] Stress can lead to unhealthy habits, such as smoking or smoking more, overeating and not being physically active. […] Chronic stress may lead to high blood pressure. […] Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure. […] If you don’t drink, don’t start. […] If you drink, limit yourself to one drink per day if you’re a woman, two drinks if you’re a man.

• #20 What doctors wish patients knew about heart-disease prevention | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-heart-disease-prevention

  One person dies every 34 seconds in the U.S. from heart disease with about 697,000 deaths in 2020. […] Yet heart disease is not inevitablethere are ways to reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease. […] So, particularly women under the age of 50 and men under the age of 60 in your family who are having heart disease or stroke problems increase your risk, Dr. Egan added, noting that other traditional risk factors for heart disease include high blood pressure and cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. […] The whole concept of lifes simple seven is really to make heart-disease prevention very simple so that it would be easy for individuals and their physicians to think about and implement, said Dr. Egan. […] In terms of physical activity, what the American Heart Association generally recommends is 75 minutes per week of high intensity physical activity, which means youre typically getting your heart rate up around 70% of maximum, 15 minutes a day at least five days a week, Dr. Egan said.

• #21 Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0601/p919.html

  Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat is recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk. […] Adults healthy enough to exercise should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, or an equivalent combination, each week. […] Physically inactive adults should be counseled that any increase in physical activity is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular risk. […] Muscle-strengthening activity at least twice per week in previously inactive adults is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. […] Adults without a significant history of cardiovascular disease can gradually increase their activity level to moderate intensity safely without consulting a physician. […] The benefits of physical activity on reducing cardiovascular events and mortality have also been demonstrated in men with diabetes.

• #22 Heart Disease Prevention Program – Human Performance Clinical Research Laboratory

  https://www.chhs.colostate.edu/hes-hpcrl/heart-disease-prevention-program/

  The program goals include: […] Assessment of known risk factors for cardiovascular disease […] Reduction of the likelihood of developing heart and vascular disease […] Use of cardiovascular risk factor status in the development of individualized strategies for lifestyle changes. […] The Heart Disease Prevention Program involves two visits to the Human Performance Clinical Research Lab. […] During your follow-up visit, we review your results with you and provide suggestions for lifestyle changes. […] Review of results and lifestyle suggestions. […] The CSU employees’ preventative care benefits for Cigna plan primary subscribers and Anthem primary subscribers for those with CSU Green, CSU Ram, Aggie Orange and Colorado Pathways plans cover the Stalwart evaluation in the Heart Disease Prevention Program.

• #23 Heart Disease Prevention | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventheartdisease.html

  Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure. It also adds extra calories, which may cause weight gain. Both of those raise your risk of heart disease. […] Cigarette smoking raises your blood pressure and puts you at higher risk of heart attack and stroke. […] Stress is linked to heart disease in many ways. It can raise your blood pressure. Extreme stress can be a „trigger” for a heart attack. […] Having diabetes doubles your risk of diabetic heart disease. That is because over time, high blood glucose (blood sugar) from diabetes can damage your blood vessels and the nerves that control your heart and blood vessels. […] If you don’t get enough sleep, you raise your risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. Those three things can raise your risk of heart disease.

• #24 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331469/

  Having a body mass index (BMI)25 is a risk factor for CVD with lowest all-cause mortality seen at BMI 2025 but, due to increased all-cause mortality with BMI20,28 reductions below this level are not routinely recommended. […] Alcohol consumption is a controversial subject given the known sequelae of regular and excess alcohol use. […] The ESC guidelines recommend no safe level of alcohol intake. […] The AHA recommend statins for primary prevention in all patients with a serum LDL-C4.9mmol/L regardless of risk profile, whilst the ESC recommend statins in high-risk patients or those with cholesterol levels raised to4.9mmol/L. […] Hypertension is an independent risk factor for the development of CVD. […] Given that hypertension acts as an independent risk factor for CVD, and synergistically with other risk factors, it is the consensus opinion that the threshold for treatment of hypertension in those at risk of CVD should be lower.

• #25 Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease – The Role of Blood Pressure | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/primordial-prevention-cardiovascular-disease-role-blood-pressure?language_content_entity=en

  Blood pressure is a strong, consistent, continuous, independent and aetiologically relevant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. […] High blood pressure is largely an invisible disorder in the community since only its direct complications are clinically apparent. However, epidemiological studies reveal its true extent and its impact on the health of populations. Viewed in light of its possible consequences, high blood pressure must be regarded as a widespread epidemic. […] Currently recommended dietary measures for lowering blood pressure include achieving caloric balance in order to avoid overweight, reducing alcohol intake, lowering salt intake, increasing potassium intake and consuming a diet high in fruit, vegetables and low-fat dietary products and reduced in overall fat content.

• #26 Heart Disease Prevention | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventheartdisease.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of the death in the United States. It is also a major cause of disability. But you can take steps to improve your health and help prevent heart disease. The first step is understanding your risk of heart disease. Your risk depends on many factors, some of which are changeable and others that are not. Learning about them and working on the things that you can change can lower your risk of heart disease. […] There are many heart disease risk factors that you can change. If you make these changes, you don’t just help protect your heart. You can also improve your overall health and well-being. […] High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease. It is important to get your blood pressure checked regularly – at least once a year for most adults, and more often if you have high blood pressure. You can also take steps, including lifestyle changes, to prevent or control high blood pressure.

• #27 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Lower blood pressure, if elevated. A 10 mmHg reduction in blood pressure reduces risk by about 20%. […] Not enough sleep also raises the risk of high blood pressure. Adults need about 7-9 hours of sleep. Sleep apnea is also a major risk as it causes breathing to stop briefly, which can put stress on the body which can raise the risk of heart disease.

• #28 What doctors wish patients knew about heart-disease prevention | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-heart-disease-prevention

  Data suggests that each additional serving of fruit and vegetables reduces your risk for cardiovascular disease by 5%, said Dr. Egan. […] But you can really reduce your risk very rapidly if you stop smoking, Dr. Egan said. […] The blood pressure consistently needs to be less than 140/90. […] Seventy percent of people with high blood pressure have an indication to take something to lower their cholesterol. […] Americans are getting two hours less of sleep per day than they were 100 years ago, Dr. Egan said. […] That hope and optimism, as silly as it sounds, reduces your risk for cardiovascular disease by about 30%. It’s significant.

• #29 Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease – The Role of Blood Pressure | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/primordial-prevention-cardiovascular-disease-role-blood-pressure?language_content_entity=en

  The challenge now is to find ways to help the public achieve a healthy diet and then adhere to it. […] Interventions that effectively lower blood pressure include physical activity, weight loss, reduced sodium intake, increased potassium intake, limited alcohol consumption and an overall healthy dietary pattern, called the DASH diet. […] In view of increasing blood pressure in children and adults and the continuing epidemic of blood pressure related to CVD, efforts to reduce blood pressure in individuals and the general population are necessary.

• #30 Best practices for cardiovascular disease prevention programs : a guide to effective health care system interventions and community programs linked to clinical services

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80072

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States. Together, heart disease, stroke, and other vascular diseases claim over 800,000 lives each year. […] Several modifiable risk factors for CVD are well known, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, being overweight, being inactive, and eating an unhealthy diet. […] Although individuals can take steps to reduce their own risks of CVD, public health approaches have the potential to reduce risks among entire populations. Changes to policies, practices, and health systems that are designed to lower uncontrolled high blood pressure and cholesterol levels among populations can significantly improve access to health care, quality of care, and patient adherence to treatments. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP) is guided by its mission to provide public health leadership to improve cardiovascular health for all, reduce the burden of CVD, and eliminate disparities associated with heart disease and stroke.

• #31

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cardiovascular-disease-prevention-applying-all-our-health/cardiovascular-disease-prevention-applying-all-our-health

  There are several opportunities to identify CVD risk factors: access training to become more confident in identifying and managing high risk conditions for CVD especially high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation; support patients with information to lower their risk of CVD; check if patients have been offered an NHS health check, if aged between 40 to 74 years of age; ask patients if they know their recent blood pressure reading and offer a blood pressure check; ask patients if they have recently had their cholesterol checked and offer testing where appropriate; discuss with patients the importance of knowing and understanding their CVD risk. […] Provide information to patients on the benefits of treating and managing CVD high-risk factors. […] It is also helpful to discuss with patients the benefits of behaviour change in reducing CVD risk this includes lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical activity, obesity and alcohol consumption; provide support for behaviour change on the lifestyle factors identified above.

• #32 Heart Disease | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/chronic-disease-prevention/heart-disease

  To Prevent Cardiovascular Disease […] Know and control your blood pressure […] Aim for 30 minutes of physical activity each day (this can be broken into 5- or 10-minute bouts) […] Self-manage your diabetes […] Know and control your cholesterol and triglyceride levels […] Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables […] Choose lean meats rather than red meat […] Reduce your sodium intake […] Choose not to use tobacco products […] Maintain a healthy weight […] Limit alcohol consumption.

• #33 Prevention of cardiovascular disease events in those with established disease (secondary prevention) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease-events-in-those-with-established-disease-secondary-prevention

  Prevention of cardiovascular disease events in those with established disease (secondary prevention) […] Patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) have a high risk of subsequent ASCVD events, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death. For all patients with ASCVD, therapeutic lifestyle changes of proven benefit, which include increased physical activity, dietary modification/weight loss, and smoking cessation, improve outcomes, some beginning within a matter of weeks. Adjunctive drug therapies of proven benefit include statins and aspirin, whose benefits are at least additive. Additional measures include treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension and management of diabetes mellitus. […] Management of dyslipidemia, particularly reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is essential in individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We treat virtually all these patients with evidence-based doses of a high-potency statin and add nonstatin agents, such as ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, for LDL management when indicated.

• #34 About the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/divisions-offices/about-the-division-for-heart-disease-and-stroke-prevention.html

  Improve the ABCS of cardiovascular health (Aspirin or Anticoagulant use as appropriate, Blood pressure control, Cholesterol management, Smoking cessation). […] These efforts have helped more than 700,000 patients lower their risk for heart attack or stroke by improving the control of high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

• #34 About the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/divisions-offices/about-the-division-for-heart-disease-and-stroke-prevention.html

  CDC’s Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP) supports programs that help millions of Americans control their high blood pressure and reduce other risk factors for heart disease and stroke, the first and fifth leading causes of death in the United States. […] In addition to high blood pressure, the leading preventable risk factors for heart disease and stroke are high LDL (bad) cholesterol, smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. […] DHDSP works to improve prevention and control of high blood pressure and high cholesterol, especially for groups affected by health disparities, which are differences in health across sex, geographic, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. […] DHDSP’s newest area of focus is improving women’s cardiovascular health by raising awareness of heart disease as women’s number one health threat and improving control of high blood pressure, including during and following pregnancy.

• #35

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/prevention/

  There are several ways you can reduce your risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), such as lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. […] You should also try to avoid too much sugar in your diet, as this can increase your chances of developing diabetes, which is proven to significantly increase your chances of developing CHD. […] Regular exercise will make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient, lower your cholesterol level, and also keep your blood pressure at a healthy level. […] If you smoke, giving up will reduce your risk of developing CHD. […] You have a greater chance of developing CHD if you have diabetes. You can help lower your risk of heart problems by being physically active and controlling your weight. […] If you do not have CHD but have high cholesterol, high blood pressure or a history of family heart disease, your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent you developing heart-related problems.

• #36 PREVENT Online Calculator – Professional Heart Daily | American Heart Association

  https://professional.heart.org/en/guidelines-and-statements/prevent-calculator

  Welcome to the American Heart Association Predicting Risk of cardiovascular disease EVENTs (PREVENTTM). This app should be used for primary prevention patients (those without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or heart failure) only. […] Intended Use of PREVENT: This calculator is intended for primary prevention patients (those without coronary heart disease, stroke, or heart failure) who are between the ages of 30-79 years. Estimating absolute risk may assist and guide clinicians and patients in shared decision-making for interventions targeting lifestyle behaviors and consideration of pharmacotherapies. […] The calculator provides 10-year risk estimates for individuals 30-79 years of age and provides 30-year risk estimates for individuals 30-59 years of age. […] Patients with risk factor values outside the validated ranges of this tool require individualized assessment and management.

• #37 Overview of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease-in-adults

  Overview of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults […] Cardiovascular disease (CVD), predominantly atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), is the leading cause of global mortality and a major cause of morbidity. CVD encompasses a wide variety of acquired and congenital conditions, including heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, disease of the aorta, and peripheral artery disease. ASCVD is a subset of CVD caused by atherosclerosis, including coronary heart disease as well as atherosclerotic cerebrovascular, aortic, and peripheral artery disease. […] This topic reviews the primary prevention of ASCVD, with a focus on modifiable risk factors and their management. […] Secondary prevention of CVD, a detailed discussion of ASCVD risk assessment, and other established and possible CVD risk factors are discussed separately. […] […] […] Aspirin (75 to 100 mg) compared with no aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

• #38 Recommendation: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/healthy-diet-and-physical-activity-counseling-adults-with-high-risk-of-cvd

  Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. […] The USPSTF recommends offering or referring adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors to behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthy diet and physical activity. […] For adults 18 years or older at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD): Provide behavioral counseling to promote a healthy diet and physical activity. […] This recommendation applies to adults 18 years or older at increased risk of CVD, defined as those with 1 or more of the following: Hypertension or elevated blood pressure, Dyslipidemia, Mixed or multiple risk factors such as the metabolic syndrome or an estimated 10-year CVD risk of 7.5%.

• #39 WHF Roadmap for Secondary Prevention of CVD – 2023 Update

  https://world-heart-federation.org/news/roadmap-for-secondary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/

  Through my secondary prevention programme, I have discovered the power of self-care and prioritising my health. Such valuable patient testimony reflects the crucial need for access to follow-up treatment after a cardiac event such as a heart attack or stroke. […] Secondary Prevention involves drug therapy, support with lifestyle management, and counselling, all geared to help reduce the probability of a recurrent cardiovascular event in patients with known ASCVD. […] Solutions include ensuring available and affordable secondary prevention medications and improving their access and use at hospital discharge and in cardiac rehabilitation programmes. […] The latest Roadmap on Secondary Prevention guides the uptake of practical tools and changes in policy, to ultimately improve the lives of the 300 million people living with ASCVD worldwide and promote cardiovascular health for all. […] This Roadmap is part of the WHFs Roadmap series, developed to help guide healthcare professionals, health authorities and policymakers towards reducing the burden of CVD and saving lives.

• #40

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Evidence from 18 countries has shown that hypertension programmes can be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively at the primary care level which will ultimately result in reduced coronary heart disease and stroke. […] Target 8: At least 50% of eligible people should receive drug therapy and counselling (including glycaemic control) to prevent heart attacks and strokes by 2025.

• #41 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

  https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/CVD-Prevention-Guidelines

  The present guidelines have been developed to support healthcare professionals in their efforts to reduce the burden of ASCVD in both individual patients, as well as at a population level. […] The current guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice concentrate principally but not exclusively on the risk factors, risk classification, and prevention of ASCVD. […] The current guidelines provide recommendations on ASCVD prevention to support shared decision-making by the patient and their healthcare professional based on individual patient characteristics. Special considerations have been given to differences in age, sex and gender, life expectancy, risk factor profiles, ethnic, and geographic differences.

• #42

  https://www.acc.org/Guidelines/Hubs/Prevention

  Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease […] These items break the guidelines down into easy-to-use summaries. […] Access additional guidelines related to the primary document. […] Increase patient knowledge and motivation with these resources.

• #43 Causes and Prevention of Heart Disease | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/about-heart-disease-in-women/facts/causes-and-prevention-of-heart-disease

  Knowing your family history is also a key step in prevention. Talk to your health care professional about your family medical history and any known risk factors. Don’t be afraid to ask questions about your health and your risk. The more you know about what caused health issues or even the death of family members can help you prevent the same thing from happening to you! […] Learn more about how you can prevent heart disease and stroke today.

• #43 Causes and Prevention of Heart Disease | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/about-heart-disease-in-women/facts/causes-and-prevention-of-heart-disease

  It’s time to focus on finding and becoming the solution. Here’s what you need to know about the causes of heart disease and stroke — and ways you can prevent it. […] For women, certain life stages such as pregnancy or menopause may impact your cardiovascular health, making it even more important to understand the causes, your personal risk factors and how to prevent heart disease and stroke. […] Many things can put you at risk – some you can control, and others you can’t. But the key takeaway is that with the right information, education and care, cardiovascular disease in women can be treated, prevented and even ended. […] In fact, the majority of cardiovascular events can be prevented through education and lifestyle changes. […] Life’s Essential 8 is your guide to improving and maintaining cardiovascular health. Here are the lifestyle changes you should make to live a longer, healthier life: Eat healthy, Stay active, Lose or manage your weight, Get healthy sleep, Manage your blood pressure, Manage your blood sugar, Lower your cholesterol, Don’t smoke.

• #44 14 Strategies To Prevent Heart Disease

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17385-heart-disease-prevention-and-reversal

  You can lower your heart disease risk through your own actions, but a desire to make changes isnt always enough. Limited access to healthy food and other resources can impact your ability to make heart-healthy choices. […] Keeping up with your appointments allows your provider to catch signs of heart disease early. As with most health conditions, early diagnosis gives you the best chance of successful treatment. […] Your blood pressure can go up when youre feeling stressed. […] A lack of sleep puts you at risk for conditions that lead to heart disease, like diabetes, a high BMI and high blood pressure.

• #45 Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/care-services/center-for-the-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease

  We screen for the earliest signs of cardiovascular disease and create tailored care plans to help reduce your risk. […] We collaborate with your primary care doctor to address and lower any of your cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, with the appropriate medical treatments and lifestyle changes. […] We also offer nutrition and fitness consultations with our registered dietitian and exercise physiologist, who can help you adopt lifestyle changes to improve your overall health. […] Through these programs, we help you adopt lifestyle changes to improve your overall health. […] We care for people who are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease and provide treatment for people who have already experienced a heart attack, stroke, or heart or vascular surgery, or received a stent in the legs, heart, or neck arteries.

• #46 Heart Disease Prevention Programs NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/heart/services/prevention/programs

  At Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, we believe in keep heart problems from happening in the first place. To that end, we have established a number of prevention programs, in New York, around the country, and around the world. We offer both diagnostic activities as well as ones to help you make important lifestyle changes. […] The Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program is designed for people at risk of heart disease, who display evidence of heart disease, or who have already experienced a cardiac event such as heart attack or stroke. Because the majority of people with heart disease do not realize they have it, the program is open to anyone interested. Program features include behavioral risk assessment, medical risk assessment, lifestyle modifications, and development of a comprehensive, personalized treatment plan.

• #47 Heart Disease Prevention | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/heart/cardiac-prevention

  If you want to reduce your risk of developing or worsening heart disease, our preventive cardiology team will design a personalized care plan to improve your heart health. Your plan will factor in your current health status, goals, and personal preferences. […] Heart disease prevention is available for people with a wide range of goals and risk profiles, including those who have: […] Depending on your current health status and goals, you may choose to contact a heart disease prevention specialist yourself, or you may be referred by another doctor. […] We review the behaviors that affect your heart health — such as smoking, exercise, psychological stress, and eating habits — and work with you to create personalized treatment plans designed to improve your health and reduce your risk.

• #48 Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/care-services/center-for-the-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease

  Our doctors are dedicated to lowering your risk for heart attack and stroke by creating customized treatment plans based on your individual lifestyle and health history. […] Our experts also perform research and train healthcare professionals. […] We partner with NYU Langone experts in neurology, rheumatology, dermatology, oncology, obstetrics, and ophthalmology to treat conditions that can impact your heart disease risk. […] Experts in our Postpartum Cardiovascular Health Program help support heart health after pregnancy. […] We also partner with NYU Langones interventional cardiologists and electrophysiologists to stop the progression of heart disease and prevent heart attacks and strokes.

• #49 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with a Mediterranean diet: systematic review and meta-analysis | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/109/16/1208

  This study highlights the need to include sex specific analysis in research and translate such findings into clinical practice guidelines. […] In this meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies, women with a high adherence versus a low adherence to a Mediterranean diet had a 24% lower risk of CVD and a 23% lower risk of total mortality. […] The Mediterranean diet is widely known for its protective role against CVD and death. […] This first meta-analysis of female only studies, or studies that performed sex disaggregated analysis, found that a Mediterranean diet is equally beneficial in women as it is in men, with a 24% lower hazard of CVD and 23% lower hazard of total mortality. […] Our study demonstrates the need for dietary cardiovascular studies to report sex disaggregated analyses. Future research should adopt more sex aggregated research designs to develop tailored dietary guidelines for CVD prevention.

• #50 Prevention of Heart and Vascular Disease – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/programs/prevention-of-heart-and-vascular-disease

  Weekly cardiology clinics, as well as a wide range of comprehensive medical services, are provided for the prevention, evaluation and treatment of heart disease. […] The increased risk of heart disease in diabetes and the frequency with which these issues present together led to the establishment of a Diabetes Clinic in Cardiology, held in the Watkins Clinic at Brigham and Womens Hospitals Heart Vascular Center. […] The Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC)/CV Risk Assessment Program integrates expertise in cardiovascular imaging and preventive cardiology. […] Your doctor can use the information from this test, together with other risk factors such as your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, to determine your future risk of having a heart attack or stroke. […] Our dedication to preventing heart attacks and strokes includes community outreach and teaching. […] Community Outreach in Preventive Cardiology provides screenings and educational presentations in local Boston communities. […] The Linda Joy Pollin Women’s Heart Center is one of three select centers in the United States (UCLA, Johns Hopkins, BWH) dedicated to preventing heart disease in women.

• #51 Recommendation: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/healthy-lifestyle-and-physical-activity-for-cvd-prevention-adults-without-known-risk-factors-behavioral-counseling

  The USPSTF found sufficient evidence that behavioral counseling interventions for a healthy diet, physical activity, or both were associated with lower blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and adiposity measures (BMI, weight, and waist circumference) after 6 to 12 months. […] The USPSTF recognizes that clinical decisions involve more considerations than evidence alone. Clinicians should understand the evidence but individualize decision-making to the specific patient or situation.

• #52 About the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/divisions-offices/about-the-division-for-heart-disease-and-stroke-prevention.html

  The WISEWOMAN (Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for WOMen Across the Nation) program works to reduce heart disease and stroke risk factors for women aged 35 to 64 years with low incomes and little or no health insurance. The program aims to help women understand and reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease and benefit from early detection and treatment. […] The program’s preventive services include blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes screenings. Women are counseled about their risk of heart disease and stroke and referred to lifestyle programs and other community resources that can help them control their blood pressure, eat a healthier diet, be physically active, and quit smoking. […] Million Hearts is a national initiative co-led by CDC and the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, with a goal of preventing 1 million heart attacks and strokes within 5 years. It focuses on a small set of priorities selected for their ability to reduce heart disease, stroke, and related conditions:

• #53

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cardiovascular-disease-prevention-applying-all-our-health/cardiovascular-disease-prevention-applying-all-our-health

  The NHS Long Term Plan sets out clear milestones for CVD prevention in Chapter 3: Further progress on care quality and outcomes. […] To complement the NHS Long Term Plan, OHID and over 40 partners launched new CVD ambitions for England to improve the detection and management of AF, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and reduce health inequalities. […] The size of the prize work shows the opportunity to prevent more than 9,000 heart attacks and at least 14,000 strokes over a 3 year period with better detection and management of high blood pressure, high cholesterol and atrial fibrillation.

• #54 Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/AIDS–Chronic-Diseases/Chronic-Disease/Heart-Disease-and-Stroke-Prevention-Program

  Heart disease and stroke are leading causes of death in Connecticut. The Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) partners with state-based and national organizations to decrease the burden of heart disease and stroke in the state. DPH, supported by CDC funding opportunities, promotes the use of evidence-based strategies to prevent and manage high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Other DPH programs work to prevent and control cardiovascular disease-related chronic diseases and risk factors. […] Million Hearts – national initiative to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes within 5 years. It focuses on implementing a small set of evidence-based priorities and targets that can improve cardiovascular health for all.

• #55 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Center

  https://www.massgeneral.org/heart-center/treatments-and-services/cardiovascular-disease-prevention

  The Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Center at the Massachusetts General Hospital Corrigan Minehan Heart Center provides a unique, prevention-as-treatment approach for patients who have heart disease or who are at risk for developing heart disease. […] Our specialists aim to: […] Prevent cardiovascular disease among men and women without symptoms, but whose family history, physical condition and other factors place them at higher risk for developing coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or diabetes mellitus type 2 (primary prevention). […] Specialists within the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Center at Mass General work with encourage patients to make lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of developing heart disease or prevent existing conditions from becoming worse. […] The Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Center is committed to supporting and educating patients on ways to improve their cardiovascular health. The center provides strategies and classes on a variety of approaches, including: […] Nutrition counseling […] Smoking cessation […] Weight management.

• #56 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention | Baptist Health South Florida

  https://baptisthealth.net/services/heart-and-vascular-care/services-and-programs/cardiovascular-disease-prevention

  You depend on your heart to get you through your daily activities. So, protecting your cardiovascular health every way you can is important. With the Baptist Health Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program, were committed to helping you reduce your risk for heart disease and stroke. Our heart health experts use the most advanced diagnostic tools to assess such risks and will work closely with you and your other physicians to create a prevention plan that meets your unique needs. We offer a wide range of free or low-cost cardiovascular disease health screenings and prevention services to strengthen your heart. As your healthcare partner, well be with you every step of the journey toward your well-being. […] Heart disease is still the number one killer of males and females in the United States. But, for many people, the first sign of heart disease is a heart attack. Thats why its important to take steps to reduce your risk and prevent disease as early as possible. Our Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program is unique to the South Florida region. We bring together a multidisciplinary team of board-certified cardiologists, lipid specialists and advanced practice providers to evaluate your current condition so we can focus on creating treatment plans that will help you reduce your future risks or manage your existing heart disease. Our goal is early detection and intervention so you can graduate from our program with improved cardiovascular health.

• #57 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/treatments/cardiovascular-disease-prevention

  Prevention is always better than treatment. Temples preventative cardiologists and cardiac nurse practitioners see patients who are concerned about their heart health, evaluating their risk and working with them to produce a personalized heart health or treatment plan. For those with risk factors like high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and family history of heart problems or stroke, we can recommend evidence-based lifestyle changes and provide monitoring, education and support tailored to the patients situation. […] This program reaches across multiple disciplines, incorporating both traditional and alternative techniques to help decrease cardiac risk. With the help of nutritionists, genetic counselors, endocrinologists, exercise specialists, relaxation experts, and others from across Temple, our cardiology staff helps patients lower their risk of heart attack, stroke and other serious events.

• #58 NHS England » Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention recovery

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/clinical-policy/cvd/prevention-recovery/

  Heart and circulatory disease, also known as cardiovascular disease or CVD, causes a quarter of all deaths in the UK and is the largest cause of premature mortality in deprived areas. The NHS Long Term Plan identified CVD as the single biggest area where the NHS can save lives over the next 10 years. […] CVD can often largely be prevented by leading a healthy lifestyle, for example stopping smoking, reducing alcohol intake, maintaining a healthy diet and exercising regularly. Spotting risk factors early reduces the chance of developing potentially life-threatening conditions including heart attacks, stroke and dementia. […] The NHS has urged people to come forward if they are worried about their heart throughout the pandemic, and embraced innovation to deliver monitoring and care safely.

• #59 Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378495/

  The lifestyle strategies presented in this review for reduction of risk for CVD in many instances involve changes in behavior. […] Daily habits and actions profoundly affect the likelihood of developing CVD. Increased physical activity, proper nutrition, weight management, avoidance of tobacco, and stress reduction are all key modalities that both lower the risk of CVD and enhance quality of life. […] If we are to accomplish the goals of the 2020 AHA Strategic Plan of reducing CVD by 20%, lifestyle modalities will play a key role.

• #60 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331469/

  The recommended pharmacotherapy can be seen in Table 3. […] The objective of CVD prevention is to reduce the occurrence of major cardiovascular events thereby reducing premature disability and morbidity whilst prolonging survival and quality of life. […] Primary prevention continues to evolve and with greater availability of long-term data comes improved understanding of the means by which we can reduce CVD risk.

• #61 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: 2019 and beyond | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-019-0213-2

  The global burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality demands increased awareness of effective prevention strategies by patients, communities and health-care providers. […] The new 2019 ACC/AHA guidelines provide evidence-based, preventive recommendations for patients without known cardiovascular disease, focusing on risk estimation, a healthy lifestyle and selective indications for pharmacotherapy.

• #62 Center on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

  https://hsph.harvard.edu/research/cardiovascular-disease-prevention/

  Thus, combining population sciences with basic and clinical research will reveal new insights into the fundamental causes of cardiovascular disease. […] The CAP-CVD center is building on this unique strength to study the changing risk landscape of cardiovascular disease. […] Developing and supporting collaborative research projects that address the underlying causes of metabolic risk for cardiovascular disease. […] Financial support of junior faculty in the Departments of Nutrition and Molecular Metabolism conducting groundbreaking research in metabolism and cardiovascular disease.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547178

  Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world, and contributes substantially to the escalating costs of health care. […] Modification of risk factors has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in people with diagnosed or undiagnosed cardiovascular disease. […] This publication provides guidance on reducing disability and premature deaths from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease in people at high risk, who have not yet experienced a cardiovascular event. […] Several forms of therapy can prevent coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular events. […] Recommendations are made for management of major cardiovascular risk factors through changes in lifestyle and prophylactic drug therapies.

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