Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  Cervicitis, which is caused by infection, triggers an immune response. This triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, recruitment of neutrophils, and subsequent tissue damage, characterized by epithelial cell disruption, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release. This immune response disrupts the cervical mucus barrier, impairing its protective function against ascending infections. Noninfectious causes of cervicitis (eg, chemical or mechanical irritants) can also alter the local microenvironment, leading to epithelial injury and inflammation of the cervix. […] The histopathology of cervicitis reveals inflammation of the cervical epithelium and stroma, with varying degrees of cellular infiltration, depending on the duration and cause of the condition. When viewed microscopically, cervical gram stains with 30 white blood cells (WBCs) per high power field (HPF) are labeled as cervicitis.

• #2 Cervicitis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. […] Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. […] C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammtory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis. […] Inflammation and ulceration of the ectocervix is evident in herpetic cervicitis.

• #3 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Acute cervicitis is usually caused by an infection; chronic cervicitis is usually not infectious. Cervicitis may ascend and cause endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Acute cervicitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection; the most common infectious cause of cervicitis is Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by Neisseria gonorrhea. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include gynecologic procedures, foreign bodies (eg, pessaries, barrier contraceptive devices), chemicals (eg, in douches or contraceptive creams or gels), and allergens (eg, latex). […] Cervicitis is diagnosed if women have a cervical exudate (purulent or mucopurulent) or cervical friability. […] Once the cause or causes are identified based on the results of microbiologic testing, subsequent treatment is adjusted accordingly.

• #4 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. For its diagnosis, there are commercial systems based on molecular techniques that include almost all of the known pathogens associated with cervicitis, although cultures should not be abandoned due to the need to conduct studies of susceptibility to antibiotics. It is recommended to initiate an empirical antibiotic therapy that covers Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the case of women at high risk of infection by these pathogens, especially if the follow-up is not assured or adequate diagnostic tests are not available.

• #5

  https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R21-AI130686-02

  Cervicitis is an inflammatory condition of the cervix, characterized by infiltration of neutrophils, friability, and production of mucopus. […] Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most plausible viral candidate suspected of contributing to NS cervicitis. CMV reactivates frequently in the cervix in response to STIs or hormonal changes and induces a florid inflammatory response, specifically enhancing production of cytokines involved in cervicitis (IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8). […] An alternative hypothesis is that CMV could function as a co-pathogen for cervicitis, reactivating coincidentally to STIs, and further augmenting inflammation. […] Aim 3 will assess inflammatory cytokines as mediators of the association between CMV reactivation and cervicitis to better understand the pathogenesis of cervicitis, and its relationship to CMV. […] Together, these data are expected to strengthen the case for, or against, CMV as a causative agent of cervicitis.

• #6 Cervicitis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. […] Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. […] C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammtory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis. […] Inflammation and ulceration of the ectocervix is evident in herpetic cervicitis.

• #7 Cervicitis overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_overview

  Cervicitis means inflammation of the tissues of the cervix. Cervicitis may be classified according to the etiology, anatomical location and disease duration, such as infectious, non-infectious, acute, subacute and chronic cervicitis. C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea is the most common etiology of cervicitis. […] The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. The endocervix is lined by columnar epithelium which is susceptible to infectious agents leading to cervicitis. Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammatory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis.

• #8 Cervicitis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. […] Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. […] C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammtory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis. […] Inflammation and ulceration of the ectocervix is evident in herpetic cervicitis.

• #9 Cervicitis overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_overview

  Cervicitis means inflammation of the tissues of the cervix. Cervicitis may be classified according to the etiology, anatomical location and disease duration, such as infectious, non-infectious, acute, subacute and chronic cervicitis. C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea is the most common etiology of cervicitis. […] The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. The endocervix is lined by columnar epithelium which is susceptible to infectious agents leading to cervicitis. Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammatory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis.

• #10 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  Cervicitis, which is caused by infection, triggers an immune response. This triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, recruitment of neutrophils, and subsequent tissue damage, characterized by epithelial cell disruption, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release. This immune response disrupts the cervical mucus barrier, impairing its protective function against ascending infections. Noninfectious causes of cervicitis (eg, chemical or mechanical irritants) can also alter the local microenvironment, leading to epithelial injury and inflammation of the cervix. […] The histopathology of cervicitis reveals inflammation of the cervical epithelium and stroma, with varying degrees of cellular infiltration, depending on the duration and cause of the condition. When viewed microscopically, cervical gram stains with 30 white blood cells (WBCs) per high power field (HPF) are labeled as cervicitis.

• #11 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Acute cervicitis is usually caused by an infection; chronic cervicitis is usually not infectious. Cervicitis may ascend and cause endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Acute cervicitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection; the most common infectious cause of cervicitis is Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by Neisseria gonorrhea. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include gynecologic procedures, foreign bodies (eg, pessaries, barrier contraceptive devices), chemicals (eg, in douches or contraceptive creams or gels), and allergens (eg, latex). […] Cervicitis is diagnosed if women have a cervical exudate (purulent or mucopurulent) or cervical friability. […] Once the cause or causes are identified based on the results of microbiologic testing, subsequent treatment is adjusted accordingly.

• #12 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of your cervix due to infection or other irritants. When the tissue of your cervix is inflamed, it becomes swollen and may bleed more easily. […] Most cases of cervicitis happen due to a bacterial infection, but you can get it anytime something irritates your cervix. […] Infections that pass from person to person through sexual activity cause most cases of acute cervicitis. Common causes of acute or infectious cervicitis include: Chlamydia (About 40% of cervicitis cases are related to chlamydia). […] Causes of noninfectious or chronic cervicitis have little or nothing to do with sexual activity. Common causes are: Chemical irritation from spermicides or douches, or the latex in condoms. […] Cervicitis treatment usually includes antibiotics to eliminate any bacterial infections or STIs that may be causing the condition. Antibiotics successfully treat cervicitis in most cases.

• #13 Cervicitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370814

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Often, cervicitis results from a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Cervicitis can develop from noninfectious causes, too. Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation. […] Possible causes of cervicitis include: Sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. Cervicitis can result from common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes. […] Your cervix acts as a barrier to keep bacteria and viruses from entering your uterus. When the cervix is infected, there’s an increased risk that the infection will travel into your uterus.

• #14 Cervicitis: Inflammation of the Cervix

  https://www.brooklynabortionclinic.nyc/cervicitis-inflammation-of-the-cervix/

  Cervicitis is characterized by inflammation of the cervix. Anything from an infection to an injury involving the cervical tissue may cause cervicitis. This kind of disease is a common gynecological condition in women and tends to recur in 8-25% of the women who have had it before. It also requires prompt treatment as the inflammation is likely to spread from the cervix to the rest of the female reproductive tract. […] Hormonal imbalances that lead to lower estrogen levels and higher progesterone levels in the blood stream may harm the cervical tissue to result in inflammatory changes and cervicitis. […] Entry of harmful bacteria into the vagina that results in a higher number of harmful bacteria as compared to the healthy vaginal flora may result in bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis. […] Sexually transmitted diseases like Gonorrhea, genital herpes, Chlamydia, and trichomonas may also result in this condition.

• #15 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Hormonal imbalance; having relatively low estrogen or high progesterone may interfere with the body’s ability to maintain healthy cervical tissue. […] Cancer or cancer treatment; rarely, radiation therapy or cancer may cause changes to the cervix consistent with cervicitis. […] Treatment is especially important if you are HIV positive. That’s because cervicitis increases the amount of virus that is shed from the cervix. This may increase your chances of infecting a partner. Also, having cervicitis can make it easier for you to get HIV from an HIV-positive partner.

• #16 Cervicitis overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_overview

  Cervicitis means inflammation of the tissues of the cervix. Cervicitis may be classified according to the etiology, anatomical location and disease duration, such as infectious, non-infectious, acute, subacute and chronic cervicitis. C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea is the most common etiology of cervicitis. […] The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. The endocervix is lined by columnar epithelium which is susceptible to infectious agents leading to cervicitis. Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammatory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis.

• #17 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  Cervicitis, which is caused by infection, triggers an immune response. This triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, recruitment of neutrophils, and subsequent tissue damage, characterized by epithelial cell disruption, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release. This immune response disrupts the cervical mucus barrier, impairing its protective function against ascending infections. Noninfectious causes of cervicitis (eg, chemical or mechanical irritants) can also alter the local microenvironment, leading to epithelial injury and inflammation of the cervix. […] The histopathology of cervicitis reveals inflammation of the cervical epithelium and stroma, with varying degrees of cellular infiltration, depending on the duration and cause of the condition. When viewed microscopically, cervical gram stains with 30 white blood cells (WBCs) per high power field (HPF) are labeled as cervicitis.

• #18 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  Cervicitis, which is caused by infection, triggers an immune response. This triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, recruitment of neutrophils, and subsequent tissue damage, characterized by epithelial cell disruption, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release. This immune response disrupts the cervical mucus barrier, impairing its protective function against ascending infections. Noninfectious causes of cervicitis (eg, chemical or mechanical irritants) can also alter the local microenvironment, leading to epithelial injury and inflammation of the cervix. […] The histopathology of cervicitis reveals inflammation of the cervical epithelium and stroma, with varying degrees of cellular infiltration, depending on the duration and cause of the condition. When viewed microscopically, cervical gram stains with 30 white blood cells (WBCs) per high power field (HPF) are labeled as cervicitis.

• #19 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  Cervicitis, which is caused by infection, triggers an immune response. This triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, recruitment of neutrophils, and subsequent tissue damage, characterized by epithelial cell disruption, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release. This immune response disrupts the cervical mucus barrier, impairing its protective function against ascending infections. Noninfectious causes of cervicitis (eg, chemical or mechanical irritants) can also alter the local microenvironment, leading to epithelial injury and inflammation of the cervix. […] The histopathology of cervicitis reveals inflammation of the cervical epithelium and stroma, with varying degrees of cellular infiltration, depending on the duration and cause of the condition. When viewed microscopically, cervical gram stains with 30 white blood cells (WBCs) per high power field (HPF) are labeled as cervicitis.

• #20 Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_157-1

  Cervicitis is inflammation of the uterine cervix that primarily affects the columnar epithelial cells of the endocervical glands but may also affect the squamous epithelial cells of the ectocervix. There are two major diagnostic signs characteristic of cervicitis in which either one or both may be present. These signs include a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab and sustained endocervical bleeding induced by gentle palpation or passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os.

• #21 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  In chronic cervicitis, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages predominate, with less neutrophilic activity. Hyperplasia of the endocervical epithelium and squamous metaplasia may occur as a reparative response to chronic irritation. Infectious agents, eg, Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhea, often induce epithelial vacuolization or necrosis. The presence of mucopurulent exudate and stromal edema is also a common histologic finding. Histopathology and gram staining have no clinical utility in diagnosing women with physical findings of cervicitis because they show nonspecific inflammatory infiltrates.

• #22 Cervicitis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_pathophysiology

  The pathophysiology of cervicitis depends on the etiological agent and the physiological state of the patient. Under the influence of estrogen, the normal vaginal epithelium cornifies, making it somewhat resistant to infectious agents. […] Gonococcal cervicitis results after the exposure of the cervix to N. gonorrhea in seminal fluid during sexual intercourse. N. gonorrhea infectivity is facilitated by type IV pilus-mediated motility of the bacterium. In the presence of seminal fluid, the bacterial motility is characterized by high velocity, low directional persistence and enhanced microcolony formation. Once the pili are attached, local inflammation results from the release of neutrophilic cytokines, leading to purulent or mucopurulent discharge. […] C. trachomatis infection is often associated with intense lymphocytic and neutrophilic inflammtory reactions in the affected areas, and is occasionally associated with follicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The chronic course of chlamydial cervicitis is associated with low content of cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-1, and TNF, and an elevated concentration of IL-8 in the pathogenesis. […] Inflammation and ulceration of the ectocervix is evident in herpetic cervicitis.

• #23 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  In chronic cervicitis, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages predominate, with less neutrophilic activity. Hyperplasia of the endocervical epithelium and squamous metaplasia may occur as a reparative response to chronic irritation. Infectious agents, eg, Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhea, often induce epithelial vacuolization or necrosis. The presence of mucopurulent exudate and stromal edema is also a common histologic finding. Histopathology and gram staining have no clinical utility in diagnosing women with physical findings of cervicitis because they show nonspecific inflammatory infiltrates.

• #24 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  In chronic cervicitis, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages predominate, with less neutrophilic activity. Hyperplasia of the endocervical epithelium and squamous metaplasia may occur as a reparative response to chronic irritation. Infectious agents, eg, Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhea, often induce epithelial vacuolization or necrosis. The presence of mucopurulent exudate and stromal edema is also a common histologic finding. Histopathology and gram staining have no clinical utility in diagnosing women with physical findings of cervicitis because they show nonspecific inflammatory infiltrates.

• #25 NJLM – Cervicitis, Histopathology, HPV, Squamous metaplasia

  https://njlm.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2016&month=April&volume=5&issue=2&page=39&id=2110

  Cervical lesions are more frequent and commonly encountered day today problem of gynaecological lesions in women. Cervical lesions, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic, are prime reason for morbidity and mortality in women. […] Of all the non-neoplastic lesions, a total of 291(92.38%) of cervical specimens shows cervicitis. Chronic nonspecific cervicitis was the most commonly encountered lesions in 85.56 % of all inflammatory lesions. However, acute or chronic cervicitis was found in only 18 cases (6.185%) and tuberculosis cervicitis was encountered in only one patient (0.343 %%). Cervicitis with koilocytic changes in HPV is present in (7.90%). […] The inflammatory lesions of cervix are acute cervicitis, chronic cervicitis and chronic granulomatous cervicitis. The chronic cervicitis is the commonest lesion. The term chronic in chronic cervicitis implies more for the duration of symptoms. Chronic Cervicitis is characterized histologicaly by the infiltration of heavy mixed chronic inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and occasional neutrophills.

• #26 NJLM – Cervicitis, Histopathology, HPV, Squamous metaplasia

  https://njlm.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2016&month=April&volume=5&issue=2&page=39&id=2110

  Cervical lesions are more frequent and commonly encountered day today problem of gynaecological lesions in women. Cervical lesions, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic, are prime reason for morbidity and mortality in women. […] Of all the non-neoplastic lesions, a total of 291(92.38%) of cervical specimens shows cervicitis. Chronic nonspecific cervicitis was the most commonly encountered lesions in 85.56 % of all inflammatory lesions. However, acute or chronic cervicitis was found in only 18 cases (6.185%) and tuberculosis cervicitis was encountered in only one patient (0.343 %%). Cervicitis with koilocytic changes in HPV is present in (7.90%). […] The inflammatory lesions of cervix are acute cervicitis, chronic cervicitis and chronic granulomatous cervicitis. The chronic cervicitis is the commonest lesion. The term chronic in chronic cervicitis implies more for the duration of symptoms. Chronic Cervicitis is characterized histologicaly by the infiltration of heavy mixed chronic inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and occasional neutrophills.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpm/fulltext/2008/51030/xanthogranulomatous_cervicitis.50.aspx

  Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a well-established histologic entity characterized by xanthogranuloma composed of foamy histiocytes, hemosiderin laden macrophages and foreign body giant cells. […] Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the female genital tract is rare. It most often affects the endometrium, but involvement of the cervix, vagina, Fallopian tube and ovary may also rarely occur. […] With the above findings, a histological diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous cervicitis was rendered. […] The proposed mechanism of development may involve a complex interaction of elements such as obstruction, inflammation and a lipid source as well as generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation, which are unique to the irradiated tissues. […] In our case, we found Gram-negative bacilli on Gram staining of the cervical sections.

• #28 NJLM – Cervicitis, Histopathology, HPV, Squamous metaplasia

  https://njlm.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2016&month=April&volume=5&issue=2&page=39&id=2110

  Cervical lesions are more frequent and commonly encountered day today problem of gynaecological lesions in women. Cervical lesions, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic, are prime reason for morbidity and mortality in women. […] Of all the non-neoplastic lesions, a total of 291(92.38%) of cervical specimens shows cervicitis. Chronic nonspecific cervicitis was the most commonly encountered lesions in 85.56 % of all inflammatory lesions. However, acute or chronic cervicitis was found in only 18 cases (6.185%) and tuberculosis cervicitis was encountered in only one patient (0.343 %%). Cervicitis with koilocytic changes in HPV is present in (7.90%). […] The inflammatory lesions of cervix are acute cervicitis, chronic cervicitis and chronic granulomatous cervicitis. The chronic cervicitis is the commonest lesion. The term chronic in chronic cervicitis implies more for the duration of symptoms. Chronic Cervicitis is characterized histologicaly by the infiltration of heavy mixed chronic inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes and occasional neutrophills.

• #29

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/12540

  Russell body cervicitis has been rarely reported in the literature. […] Heightened awareness of the existence of this entity may result in reporting of similar cases, which may assist in concluding its pathogenesis and causative agent.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpm/fulltext/2008/51030/xanthogranulomatous_cervicitis.50.aspx

  Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a well-established histologic entity characterized by xanthogranuloma composed of foamy histiocytes, hemosiderin laden macrophages and foreign body giant cells. […] Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the female genital tract is rare. It most often affects the endometrium, but involvement of the cervix, vagina, Fallopian tube and ovary may also rarely occur. […] With the above findings, a histological diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous cervicitis was rendered. […] The proposed mechanism of development may involve a complex interaction of elements such as obstruction, inflammation and a lipid source as well as generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation, which are unique to the irradiated tissues. […] In our case, we found Gram-negative bacilli on Gram staining of the cervical sections.

• #31 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Acute cervicitis is usually caused by an infection; chronic cervicitis is usually not infectious. Cervicitis may ascend and cause endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Acute cervicitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection; the most common infectious cause of cervicitis is Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by Neisseria gonorrhea. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include gynecologic procedures, foreign bodies (eg, pessaries, barrier contraceptive devices), chemicals (eg, in douches or contraceptive creams or gels), and allergens (eg, latex). […] Cervicitis is diagnosed if women have a cervical exudate (purulent or mucopurulent) or cervical friability. […] Once the cause or causes are identified based on the results of microbiologic testing, subsequent treatment is adjusted accordingly.

• #32 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is a process characterised by inflammation of the cervix. It was recognised for the first time as an important clinical condition in 1984, described as the counterpart in women of urethritis in men. Inflammation is localised mainly in the columnar epithelial cells of the endocervical glands, but it can also affect the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix. […] On many occasions it does not cause noticeable symptoms and the importance of its detection and correct treatment lies in the fact that silent infection can result in complications such as salpingitis, endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and have severe consequences in pregnant women. […] Despite the fact that there are not many studies which have evaluated the frequency of cervicitis, it is estimated that it is a common condition, with prevalences as high as 20-40% in women seen in consultations for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

• #33 Cervicitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370814

  Cervicitis that’s caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia can spread to the uterine lining and the fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause fertility problems if left untreated. […] Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner.

• #34 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/cervicitis/

  Cervicitis is typically caused by infection, most commonly by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] STIs that may cause cervicitis include: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis an infection with a microscopic parasite. […] If cervicitis spreads to the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries, this is a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] If cervicitis is caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea and it spreads to the uterus or fallopian tubes, this can result in a condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Symptoms of PID include abdominal pain and fever, and can in some cases lead to fertility problems. […] Yes, in cases, where cervicitis is caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea and it spreads to the uterus or fallopian tubes via mechanisms not yet fully understood, but probably related to various inflammatory processes in infections with trichomonas, or when pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a related condition, develops.

• #35 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] The main complications of cervicitis are endometritis, PID and possible adverse effects in pregnancy. The clinical signs of cervicitis and/or endometritis may be the only ones present in patients with PID. […] Furthermore, it is accepted that the presence of cervical inflammation may play a role in the transmission of HIV, increasing both the susceptibility to the infection by the virus and the excretion of it. […] There is also evidence of the involvement of chronic inflammation of the cervix in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Some genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly 16 and 18, are involved in the development of most of the genital cancers.

• #36 Cervicitis – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/cervicitis

  Although herpes infections are not curable, antiviral medications can help minimize symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infections are also not curable, but cervical changes due to HPV can be treated with cryotherapy (freezing), electrocautery, or laser surgery. […] Complications of untreated cervicitis can be serious, even life threatening in some cases. You can help minimize your risk of serious complications by following the treatment plan you and your health care professional design specifically for you. Complications of cervicitis include: cervical cancer, ectopic pregnancy (life-threatening pregnancy growing outside the uterus), Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (inflammation around the liver), genital warts, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs), permanent or chronic pelvic pain, tubo-ovarian abscess (abscess of the ovary and fallopian tube).

• #37 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] The main complications of cervicitis are endometritis, PID and possible adverse effects in pregnancy. The clinical signs of cervicitis and/or endometritis may be the only ones present in patients with PID. […] Furthermore, it is accepted that the presence of cervical inflammation may play a role in the transmission of HIV, increasing both the susceptibility to the infection by the virus and the excretion of it. […] There is also evidence of the involvement of chronic inflammation of the cervix in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Some genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly 16 and 18, are involved in the development of most of the genital cancers.

• #38 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  This provides an overview of the management and empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) – associated cervicitis, which is an inflammation of the cervix characterised by purulent or mucopurulent exudate visible in the endocervical canal or easily induced or sustained bleeding or friability at the endocervical os. […] Inflammation caused by cervicitis increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Cervicitis also increases human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shedding at the cervical canal, which increases the risk of HIV transmission. […] Up to 83% of cervicitis cases are of unknown etiology (no pathogen identified) and the cause often remains undetermined despite thorough investigation. […] A „test and wait” approach (versus empiric treatment) may be best in certain circumstances. This is because most cases of cervicitis are of unknown etiology and rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are increasing. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission.

• #39 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Hormonal imbalance; having relatively low estrogen or high progesterone may interfere with the body’s ability to maintain healthy cervical tissue. […] Cancer or cancer treatment; rarely, radiation therapy or cancer may cause changes to the cervix consistent with cervicitis. […] Treatment is especially important if you are HIV positive. That’s because cervicitis increases the amount of virus that is shed from the cervix. This may increase your chances of infecting a partner. Also, having cervicitis can make it easier for you to get HIV from an HIV-positive partner.

• #40 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] The main complications of cervicitis are endometritis, PID and possible adverse effects in pregnancy. The clinical signs of cervicitis and/or endometritis may be the only ones present in patients with PID. […] Furthermore, it is accepted that the presence of cervical inflammation may play a role in the transmission of HIV, increasing both the susceptibility to the infection by the virus and the excretion of it. […] There is also evidence of the involvement of chronic inflammation of the cervix in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Some genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly 16 and 18, are involved in the development of most of the genital cancers.

• #41 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] The main complications of cervicitis are endometritis, PID and possible adverse effects in pregnancy. The clinical signs of cervicitis and/or endometritis may be the only ones present in patients with PID. […] Furthermore, it is accepted that the presence of cervical inflammation may play a role in the transmission of HIV, increasing both the susceptibility to the infection by the virus and the excretion of it. […] There is also evidence of the involvement of chronic inflammation of the cervix in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Some genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly 16 and 18, are involved in the development of most of the genital cancers.

• #42 Cervicitis: Causes & Treatment in Turkey – Bimaristan

  https://bi-maristan.com/en/gynecology-obstetrics/gynecology/cervicitis/

  Inflammation in the cervix can turn into cancer in some cases, and this depends on several factors, such as genetic and environmental factors and the type of inflammation. HPV infection of the cervix is the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] Cervical inflammation may affect a woman’s ability to become pregnant due to congestion and swelling resulting from the inflammation. This leads to the narrowing of the cervical canal, making it difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize the egg.

• #43 Diagnostic challenge of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with concurrent follicular cervicitis: histomorphological features and p16 immunostaining as a diagnostic adjunct – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/ACP/diagnostic-challenge-of-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia-with-concurrent-follicular-cervicitis-histomorphological-features-and-p16-immunostaining-as-a-diagnostic-adjunct.html

  There are diagnostic challenges in identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in squamous epithelium in the presence of dense cervical stromal inflammation. […] The literature acknowledges difficulties in diagnosing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) when it is closely associated with a dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate within the superficial cervical stroma. […] Cervical inflammation plays a part in the pathogenesis of CIN and has been cited as a co-factor in cervical carcinogenesis. […] Increasing levels of inflammation and advancing hrHPV-related CIN grade are correlated. […] However, the interplay between HPV infection, CIN, the local mucosal and systemic immune response, immune dysregulation and the local cervical-vaginal milieu is complex and our understanding is still incomplete. […] Further investigation is needed into the association between cervical inflammation and dysplasia.

• #44 Cervicitis: Causes & Treatment in Turkey – Bimaristan

  https://bi-maristan.com/en/gynecology-obstetrics/gynecology/cervicitis/

  Inflammation in the cervix can turn into cancer in some cases, and this depends on several factors, such as genetic and environmental factors and the type of inflammation. HPV infection of the cervix is the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] Cervical inflammation may affect a woman’s ability to become pregnant due to congestion and swelling resulting from the inflammation. This leads to the narrowing of the cervical canal, making it difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize the egg.

• #45 Diagnostic challenge of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with concurrent follicular cervicitis: histomorphological features and p16 immunostaining as a diagnostic adjunct – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/ACP/diagnostic-challenge-of-cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia-with-concurrent-follicular-cervicitis-histomorphological-features-and-p16-immunostaining-as-a-diagnostic-adjunct.html

  There are diagnostic challenges in identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in squamous epithelium in the presence of dense cervical stromal inflammation. […] The literature acknowledges difficulties in diagnosing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) when it is closely associated with a dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate within the superficial cervical stroma. […] Cervical inflammation plays a part in the pathogenesis of CIN and has been cited as a co-factor in cervical carcinogenesis. […] Increasing levels of inflammation and advancing hrHPV-related CIN grade are correlated. […] However, the interplay between HPV infection, CIN, the local mucosal and systemic immune response, immune dysregulation and the local cervical-vaginal milieu is complex and our understanding is still incomplete. […] Further investigation is needed into the association between cervical inflammation and dysplasia.

• #46 Cervicitis: Causes & Treatment in Turkey – Bimaristan

  https://bi-maristan.com/en/gynecology-obstetrics/gynecology/cervicitis/

  Inflammation in the cervix can turn into cancer in some cases, and this depends on several factors, such as genetic and environmental factors and the type of inflammation. HPV infection of the cervix is the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] Cervical inflammation may affect a woman’s ability to become pregnant due to congestion and swelling resulting from the inflammation. This leads to the narrowing of the cervical canal, making it difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize the egg.

• #47 Cervicitis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cervicitis

  cervicitis, inflammation of the uterine cervix, the small, thick-walled tube that is the protruding extension of the uterus (womb) leading into the vagina. […] The cervix serves as an excellent warm, secluded spot for bacterial invasion and growth. Vaginal infections can easily spread to the cervix. Poor drainage or blockage of the cervix causes a chronic infection. […] Irritation can be caused by trauma incurred during abortions or delivery, by medical instruments, cauterization, radiation therapy, or intrauterine contraceptive devices. […] Infections can be localized in one part of the cervix, or they may affect the whole structure. When the whole cervix is involved in an acute infection, there is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane. […] The chronic infection can spread to surrounding tissue. Common causes of a chronic condition are radiation therapy, surgical operations, deep lacerations, or deep cauterization. […] The excessive discharge can inhibit fertilization. […] Cervicitis may worsen during pregnancy. The eroded surface enlarges, polyps increase in size, and discharges are more prevalent. Infections can cause constrictions of the cervix, which may lead to difficult labour.

• #48 What is cervicitis? – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.invitra.com/en/cervicitis/

  The cervix acts as a barrier to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering the uterus. When the cervix is infected, there is an increased risk of the infection moving to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and even the ovaries, leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and causing female infertility in some cases. Therefore, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment for each woman are of vital importance. […] Generally, the treatment of cervicitis is based on antibiotics under medical prescription. If the condition is chronic, it may require the application of ova and may even require other procedures such as cauterization. […] The main difference between the types of cervicitis lies in the cause. Chronic cervicitis is usually not caused by infection and usually presents as redness of the cervix due to other factors, such as allergies. This type of condition can also be caused by pH disturbances.

• #49 Cervicitis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cervicitis

  cervicitis, inflammation of the uterine cervix, the small, thick-walled tube that is the protruding extension of the uterus (womb) leading into the vagina. […] The cervix serves as an excellent warm, secluded spot for bacterial invasion and growth. Vaginal infections can easily spread to the cervix. Poor drainage or blockage of the cervix causes a chronic infection. […] Irritation can be caused by trauma incurred during abortions or delivery, by medical instruments, cauterization, radiation therapy, or intrauterine contraceptive devices. […] Infections can be localized in one part of the cervix, or they may affect the whole structure. When the whole cervix is involved in an acute infection, there is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane. […] The chronic infection can spread to surrounding tissue. Common causes of a chronic condition are radiation therapy, surgical operations, deep lacerations, or deep cauterization. […] The excessive discharge can inhibit fertilization. […] Cervicitis may worsen during pregnancy. The eroded surface enlarges, polyps increase in size, and discharges are more prevalent. Infections can cause constrictions of the cervix, which may lead to difficult labour.

• #50 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis can persist or recur after completing one or several cycles of antibiotic treatment. In these cases, it is recommended that patients be re-assessed after ruling out possible re-exposure or treatment failure. […] As has been mentioned in previous sections, the importance of chronic cervicitis lies in the fact that it can result in complications such as endometritis, salpingitis, PID, chorioamnionitis and other adverse effects in pregnancy. It can also play a role in the initiation or promotion of cervical cancer.

• #51 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  If cervicitis persists despite treatment, reinfection with chlamydiae and N. gonorrhoeae should be ruled out, and empiric treatment with moxifloxacin 400 mg orally once a day for 7 to 14 days (eg, for 10 days) should be started to cover possible M. genitalium infection. M. genitalium has been associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility and should be investigated in patients with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial cervicitis if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available.

• #52 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  It can take up to two weeks for cervicitis to clear up. You should take your antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider to ensure the infection is completely gone. […] Cervicitis is a common and treatable condition that goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment. Noninfectious causes may not need any treatment.

• #53 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  If cervicitis persists despite treatment, reinfection with chlamydiae and N. gonorrhoeae should be ruled out, and empiric treatment with moxifloxacin 400 mg orally once a day for 7 to 14 days (eg, for 10 days) should be started to cover possible M. genitalium infection. M. genitalium has been associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility and should be investigated in patients with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial cervicitis if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available.

• #54 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  If cervicitis persists despite treatment, reinfection with chlamydiae and N. gonorrhoeae should be ruled out, and empiric treatment with moxifloxacin 400 mg orally once a day for 7 to 14 days (eg, for 10 days) should be started to cover possible M. genitalium infection. M. genitalium has been associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility and should be investigated in patients with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial cervicitis if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available.

• #55 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  This provides an overview of the management and empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) – associated cervicitis, which is an inflammation of the cervix characterised by purulent or mucopurulent exudate visible in the endocervical canal or easily induced or sustained bleeding or friability at the endocervical os. […] Inflammation caused by cervicitis increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Cervicitis also increases human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shedding at the cervical canal, which increases the risk of HIV transmission. […] Up to 83% of cervicitis cases are of unknown etiology (no pathogen identified) and the cause often remains undetermined despite thorough investigation. […] A „test and wait” approach (versus empiric treatment) may be best in certain circumstances. This is because most cases of cervicitis are of unknown etiology and rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are increasing. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission.

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