Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cervicitis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Often, cervicitis results from a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Cervicitis can develop from noninfectious causes, too. Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation. […] Possible causes of cervicitis include: […] Sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. Cervicitis can result from common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes. […] Allergic reactions. An allergy, either to contraceptive spermicides or to latex in condoms, may lead to cervicitis. A reaction to feminine hygiene products, such as douches or feminine deodorants, also can cause cervicitis. […] Bacterial overgrowth. An overgrowth of some of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina (bacterial vaginosis) can lead to cervicitis.

• #2 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/cervicitis/

  Cervicitis is typically caused by infection, most commonly by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] STIs that may cause cervicitis include: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis an infection with a microscopic parasite. […] Less commonly, cervicitis may be caused by factors such as: Bacterial vaginosis, an imbalance of normal bacteria in the vagina, An allergy to the chemicals found in condoms, spermicides or douches, Injury or irritation caused by things such as diaphragms, tampons or pessaries, A hormonal imbalance, Cancer or cancer treatment. […] Yes, in some cases, cervicitis is not caused by an STI. Sexually transmitted infections are the most common cause of the condition, but it can also be caused by allergies, injury, and vaginal bacteria imbalance (bacterial vaginosis), among other things.

• #3 Acute cervicitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-cervicitis

  Cervicitis refers to inflammation of the uterine cervix. The inflammation primarily affects the columnar epithelial cells of the endocervical glands but can also affect the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix. It may be due to an infectious or noninfectious etiology and may be acute or chronic. Acute cervicitis is often due to infection (eg, chlamydia, gonorrhea), although a specific infection cannot be determined in a large proportion of cases. Chronic cervicitis usually has a noninfectious source.

• #4 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of your cervix due to infection or other irritants. […] The most common cause of cervicitis is sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Most cases of cervicitis happen due to a bacterial infection, but you can get it anytime something irritates your cervix. […] Acute cervicitis starts suddenly. Sexually transmitted infection (STIs) or other infectious bacteria are the most common causes of it. […] Chronic cervicitis lasts several months. Its usually not caused by STIs or infection. Rather, the causes are irritants (or allergens) in things like feminine products and latex condoms, or from leaving things like cervical caps inside your vagina too long. […] Infections that pass from person to person through sexual activity cause most cases of acute cervicitis.

• #5 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. […] It is usually caused by an infectious agent, generally transmitted sexually. […] There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] C. trachomatis is the most frequently identified cause in women with cervicitis, with a frequency of isolation that varies from 10 to 50% in the published studies. […] The percentage of cases of cervicitis due to N. gonorrhoeae is highly variable in relation to the marked differences in the prevalence of this infection in the populations studied. […] Other pathogens which typically cause STIs may also lead to cervicitis. Among them, T. vaginalis has been associated with cervical inflammation and with an increased risk of HIV transmission.

• #6 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. […] Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. […] There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] C. trachomatis is the most frequently identified cause in women with cervicitis, with a frequency of isolation that varies from 10 to 50% in the published studies. […] The percentage of cases of cervicitis due to N. gonorrhoeae is highly variable in relation to the marked differences in the prevalence of this infection in the populations studied.

• #7 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Common causes of acute or infectious cervicitis include: Chlamydia (About 40% of cervicitis cases are related to chlamydia), Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis. […] Causes of noninfectious or chronic cervicitis have little or nothing to do with sexual activity. Common causes are: Chemical irritation from spermicides or douches, or the latex in condoms, Reaction to things that go inside your vagina like diaphragms, tampons or vaginal pessaries, Bacterial imbalance or bacterial vaginosis. […] An STI isn’t the only cause of cervicitis. Allergies, irritants and bacteria that naturally occur in your vagina (noninfectious cervicitis) can cause some cases. […] People who have multiple partners or who don’t use condoms or dental dams during sex are at a higher risk for cervicitis. […] Those with a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or who have partners with a history of STIs, are also more likely to get cervicitis.

• #8 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Cervicitis, also known as endocervicitis, is an inflammation of the columnar epithelium of the uterine endocervix, which can be acute, often caused by infections, or chronic, typically linked to noninfectious sources. […] Infectious causes include sexually transmitted infections and viruses like HSV. Noninfectious triggers include mechanical trauma, chemical irritants, and systemic inflammatory conditions. […] The etiology of cervicitis can be broadly classified into infectious and noninfectious categories. […] In 30% to 50% of infectious cases, Neisseria gonorrhea or Chlamydia trachomatis are present. […] Chlamydia cervicitis is 4 to 5 times more common than gonococcal cervicitis. […] Other less common infectious agents that can cause cervicitis include human papillomavirus, HSV, Trichomonas vaginalis, syphilis, tuberculosis, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

• #9 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. […] It is usually caused by an infectious agent, generally transmitted sexually. […] There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] C. trachomatis is the most frequently identified cause in women with cervicitis, with a frequency of isolation that varies from 10 to 50% in the published studies. […] The percentage of cases of cervicitis due to N. gonorrhoeae is highly variable in relation to the marked differences in the prevalence of this infection in the populations studied. […] Other pathogens which typically cause STIs may also lead to cervicitis. Among them, T. vaginalis has been associated with cervical inflammation and with an increased risk of HIV transmission.

• #10 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Acute cervicitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection; the most common infectious cause of cervicitis is Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by Neisseria gonorrhea. […] Other causes include herpes simplex virus (HSV), Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include gynecologic procedures, foreign bodies (eg, pessaries, barrier contraceptive devices), chemicals (eg, in douches or contraceptive creams or gels), and allergens (eg, latex). […] If the cause is the herpes simplex virus, infection usually persists for life. […] M. genitalium has been associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility and should be investigated in patients with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial cervicitis if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available.

• #11 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. […] Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. […] There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] C. trachomatis is the most frequently identified cause in women with cervicitis, with a frequency of isolation that varies from 10 to 50% in the published studies. […] The percentage of cases of cervicitis due to N. gonorrhoeae is highly variable in relation to the marked differences in the prevalence of this infection in the populations studied.

• #12 Cervicitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-overview

  The most common etiologies of cervicitis are infectious, with sexual transmission of organisms such as with C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae being the primary means by which it is spread. […] Other etiologic organisms include Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus (HSV), especially primary type 2 HSV. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include local trauma, radiation, chemical irritation, systemic inflammation, and malignancy. Limited data exist to suggest frequent douching, as well as Mycoplasma genitalium infection and bacterial vaginosis, as potential causes. […] M genitalium infections have been implicated in cervicitis, PID, and female infertility. […] A study by Dehon et al found a high prevalence of M genitalium (7.4%) among the HIV-infected women and also found that chronic M genitalium infection was associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and marked inflammatory cervical infiltrates in the cervix with enrichment of HIV target cells. The study concluded that not only was M genitalium implicated as an etiologic agent of cervicitis in HIV-infected women but that it also provided a potential mechanism for enhanced HIV transmission to an uninfected partner.

• #13 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Other pathogens which typically cause STIs may also lead to cervicitis. Among them, T. vaginalis has been associated with cervical inflammation and with an increased risk of HIV transmission. […] Another possible aetiological agent involved in cervicitis is M. genitalium. […] Cervicitis can persist or recur after completing one or several cycles of antibiotic treatment. […] The importance of chronic cervicitis lies in the fact that it can result in complications such as endometritis, salpingitis, PID, chorioamnionitis and other adverse effects in pregnancy. […] The etiology in a high percentage of women in whom none of the known pathogens are found is still unknown. […] In addition to the aetiological agents mentioned, there is a variety of systemic inflammatory processes, both infectious and non-infectious, as well as some agents or local factors that can cause endocervical inflammation, resulting in the onset of clinical signs of cervicitis.

• #14 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Acute cervicitis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection; the most common infectious cause of cervicitis is Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by Neisseria gonorrhea. […] Other causes include herpes simplex virus (HSV), Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include gynecologic procedures, foreign bodies (eg, pessaries, barrier contraceptive devices), chemicals (eg, in douches or contraceptive creams or gels), and allergens (eg, latex). […] If the cause is the herpes simplex virus, infection usually persists for life. […] M. genitalium has been associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility and should be investigated in patients with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial cervicitis if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available.

• #15 Cervicitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-overview

  The most common etiologies of cervicitis are infectious, with sexual transmission of organisms such as with C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae being the primary means by which it is spread. […] Other etiologic organisms include Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus (HSV), especially primary type 2 HSV. […] Noninfectious causes of cervicitis include local trauma, radiation, chemical irritation, systemic inflammation, and malignancy. Limited data exist to suggest frequent douching, as well as Mycoplasma genitalium infection and bacterial vaginosis, as potential causes. […] M genitalium infections have been implicated in cervicitis, PID, and female infertility. […] A study by Dehon et al found a high prevalence of M genitalium (7.4%) among the HIV-infected women and also found that chronic M genitalium infection was associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and marked inflammatory cervical infiltrates in the cervix with enrichment of HIV target cells. The study concluded that not only was M genitalium implicated as an etiologic agent of cervicitis in HIV-infected women but that it also provided a potential mechanism for enhanced HIV transmission to an uninfected partner.

• #16 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Other pathogens which typically cause STIs may also lead to cervicitis. Among them, T. vaginalis has been associated with cervical inflammation and with an increased risk of HIV transmission. […] Another possible aetiological agent involved in cervicitis is M. genitalium. […] Cervicitis can persist or recur after completing one or several cycles of antibiotic treatment. […] The importance of chronic cervicitis lies in the fact that it can result in complications such as endometritis, salpingitis, PID, chorioamnionitis and other adverse effects in pregnancy. […] The etiology in a high percentage of women in whom none of the known pathogens are found is still unknown. […] In addition to the aetiological agents mentioned, there is a variety of systemic inflammatory processes, both infectious and non-infectious, as well as some agents or local factors that can cause endocervical inflammation, resulting in the onset of clinical signs of cervicitis.

• #17 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Cervicitis, also known as endocervicitis, is an inflammation of the columnar epithelium of the uterine endocervix, which can be acute, often caused by infections, or chronic, typically linked to noninfectious sources. […] Infectious causes include sexually transmitted infections and viruses like HSV. Noninfectious triggers include mechanical trauma, chemical irritants, and systemic inflammatory conditions. […] The etiology of cervicitis can be broadly classified into infectious and noninfectious categories. […] In 30% to 50% of infectious cases, Neisseria gonorrhea or Chlamydia trachomatis are present. […] Chlamydia cervicitis is 4 to 5 times more common than gonococcal cervicitis. […] Other less common infectious agents that can cause cervicitis include human papillomavirus, HSV, Trichomonas vaginalis, syphilis, tuberculosis, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

• #18 Inflammation of the Cervix (Cervicitis)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cervicitis

  Like any tissue in the body, the cervix can become inflamed for a variety of reasons. Inflammation of the cervix is known as cervicitis. […] The most common cause of this inflammation is an infection. Infections that lead to cervicitis may be spread during sexual activity, but this isn’t always the case. Cervicitis is either acute or chronic. Acute cervicitis involves a sudden onset of symptoms. Chronic cervicitis lasts for several months. […] Acute cervicitis is typically due to a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as: herpes simplex or genital herpes, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea. […] Infection with HPV that has progressed may cause cervical inflammation, which is usually a later sign of cervical cancer or precancer. […] It can also be the result of an infection due to other factors that could include: an allergy to spermicide or condom latex, a cervical cap or diaphragm, sensitivity to the chemicals found in tampons, regular vaginal bacteria.

• #19 Cervicitis: Causes & Treatment in Turkey – Bimaristan

  https://bi-maristan.com/en/gynecology-obstetrics/gynecology/cervicitis/

  Cervicitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cervix and is caused by infection with viruses or bacteria transmitted through sexual contact. […] Some of the underlying factors that can cause cervicitis have been identified, and they are classified into viruses and bacteria as follows: […] Viral cervicitis: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervicitis. This virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and may cause changes in cervical cells that can lead to the development of cervical cancer. […] Bacterial cervicitis: Certain germs, such as Chlamydia and Gonorrhea, can cause inflammation in the cervix. These germs can also be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse. […] In some cases, the exact cause of cervicitis may be unknown, but certain factors may play a significant role in its development.

• #20 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Over half of all cases of cervicitis are STI-negative cervicitis. […] The noninfectious causes include mechanical or traumatic irritation and chemical irritants. […] The exact etiology cannot be determined in more than half of all cases of cervicitis. […] Many such studies have proven that we cannot determine the etiological agent for cervicitis in a large proportion of cases.

• #21 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is the most common etiology of cervicitis defined by diagnostic testing. […] However, in many cases of cervicitis, no organism is isolated, especially among women at relatively low risk for recent acquisition of these STIs (e.g., women aged 30 years) (769). […] The majority of persistent cases of cervicitis are not caused by reinfection with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae; other factors might be involved (e.g., persistent abnormality of vaginal flora, M. genitalium, douching or exposure to other types of chemical irritants, dysplasia, or idiopathic inflammation in the zone of ectopy). […] Limited data indicate that BV and frequent douching might cause cervicitis (770772).

• #22 Cervicitis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Often, cervicitis results from a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Cervicitis can develop from noninfectious causes, too. Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation. […] Possible causes of cervicitis include: […] Sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. Cervicitis can result from common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes. […] Allergic reactions. An allergy, either to contraceptive spermicides or to latex in condoms, may lead to cervicitis. A reaction to feminine hygiene products, such as douches or feminine deodorants, also can cause cervicitis. […] Bacterial overgrowth. An overgrowth of some of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina (bacterial vaginosis) can lead to cervicitis.

• #23 Cervicitis – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/cervicitis

  Irritation and allergy can also cause cervicitis. Irritation may be due to a vaginal device, such as a diaphragm, cervical cap, or uterine support device (pessary) rubbing on the cervix, or due to chemicals or components of spermicides or lubricants. Latex is a common cause of cervicitis due to an allergic reaction.

• #24 Cervicitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-overview

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the uterine cervix, characteristically diagnosed by: (1) a visible, purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen and/or (2) sustained, easily induced endocervical bleeding when a cotton swab is gently passed through the cervical os. […] Noninfectious cervicitis can be caused by the following: Local trauma – eg, cervical irritation caused by tampons, a cervical cap, the string from an intrauterine contraceptive device, a pessary, or a diaphragm; Radiation; Chemical irritation – eg, vaginal douches, latex exposure, or contraceptive creams; Systemic inflammation – eg, Behet syndrome; Malignancy. […] The infectious etiologies of cervicitis, all of which are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are significantly more common than the noninfectious causes.

• #25 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Common causes of acute or infectious cervicitis include: Chlamydia (About 40% of cervicitis cases are related to chlamydia), Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis. […] Causes of noninfectious or chronic cervicitis have little or nothing to do with sexual activity. Common causes are: Chemical irritation from spermicides or douches, or the latex in condoms, Reaction to things that go inside your vagina like diaphragms, tampons or vaginal pessaries, Bacterial imbalance or bacterial vaginosis. […] An STI isn’t the only cause of cervicitis. Allergies, irritants and bacteria that naturally occur in your vagina (noninfectious cervicitis) can cause some cases. […] People who have multiple partners or who don’t use condoms or dental dams during sex are at a higher risk for cervicitis. […] Those with a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or who have partners with a history of STIs, are also more likely to get cervicitis.

• #26 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is common. It may be caused by a number of factors, including infections, chemical or physical irritations, and allergies. […] Severe cases of inflammation are usually caused by infections that are passed during sexual activity. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that may cause cervicitis include: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. […] But many women with cervicitis don’t test positive for any type of infection. Other causes of the inflammation may include: Allergies to chemicals in spermicides, douches, or to the latex rubber in condoms, Irritation or injury from tampons, pessaries, or from birth control devices like diaphragms, Bacterial imbalance; normal, healthy bacteria in the vagina are overwhelmed by unhealthy or harmful bacteria. This is also called bacterial vaginosis, Hormonal imbalance; having relatively low estrogen or high progesterone may interfere with the body’s ability to maintain healthy cervical tissue, Cancer or cancer treatment; rarely, radiation therapy or cancer may cause changes to the cervix consistent with cervicitis.

• #27 Cervicitis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/article_em.htm

  Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix (i.e. the portion of the uterus which protrudes downward into the vagina). […] Causes of the inflammation may be from infection from certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), injury to the cervix from a foreign body inserted into the vagina (for example, birth control devices such as the cervical cap or a diaphragm), or cervical cancer. […] Cervicitis is more commonly due to infection than to non-infectious causes, and there are a variety of cervicitis causes and risk factors including: […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (for example, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Trichomonas) […] Infection with the herpes virus (genital herpes) […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV, genital warts) […] Injury or irritation of the cervix […] Cervical irritation can be due to chemicals contained in douches, as well as forgotten intravaginal foreign bodies such as tampons.

• #28 Cervicitis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Often, cervicitis results from a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Cervicitis can develop from noninfectious causes, too. Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation. […] Possible causes of cervicitis include: […] Sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. Cervicitis can result from common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes. […] Allergic reactions. An allergy, either to contraceptive spermicides or to latex in condoms, may lead to cervicitis. A reaction to feminine hygiene products, such as douches or feminine deodorants, also can cause cervicitis. […] Bacterial overgrowth. An overgrowth of some of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina (bacterial vaginosis) can lead to cervicitis.

• #29 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is the most common etiology of cervicitis defined by diagnostic testing. […] However, in many cases of cervicitis, no organism is isolated, especially among women at relatively low risk for recent acquisition of these STIs (e.g., women aged 30 years) (769). […] The majority of persistent cases of cervicitis are not caused by reinfection with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae; other factors might be involved (e.g., persistent abnormality of vaginal flora, M. genitalium, douching or exposure to other types of chemical irritants, dysplasia, or idiopathic inflammation in the zone of ectopy). […] Limited data indicate that BV and frequent douching might cause cervicitis (770772).

• #30 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is common. It may be caused by a number of factors, including infections, chemical or physical irritations, and allergies. […] Severe cases of inflammation are usually caused by infections that are passed during sexual activity. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that may cause cervicitis include: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. […] But many women with cervicitis don’t test positive for any type of infection. Other causes of the inflammation may include: Allergies to chemicals in spermicides, douches, or to the latex rubber in condoms, Irritation or injury from tampons, pessaries, or from birth control devices like diaphragms, Bacterial imbalance; normal, healthy bacteria in the vagina are overwhelmed by unhealthy or harmful bacteria. This is also called bacterial vaginosis, Hormonal imbalance; having relatively low estrogen or high progesterone may interfere with the body’s ability to maintain healthy cervical tissue, Cancer or cancer treatment; rarely, radiation therapy or cancer may cause changes to the cervix consistent with cervicitis.

• #31 Cervicitis: Inflammation of the Cervix

  https://www.brooklynabortionclinic.nyc/cervicitis-inflammation-of-the-cervix/

  Cervicitis is characterized by inflammation of the cervix. Anything from an infection to an injury involving the cervical tissue may cause cervicitis. This kind of disease is a common gynecological condition in women and tends to recur in 8-25% of the women who have had it before. […] This disease may result from a number of factors. Following is a list of the most common causes of this condition. Hormonal imbalances that lead to lower estrogen levels and higher progesterone levels in the blood stream may harm the cervical tissue to result in inflammatory changes and cervicitis. Entry of harmful bacteria into the vagina that results in a higher number of harmful bacteria as compared to the healthy vaginal flora may result in bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis. Sexually transmitted diseases like Gonorrhea, genital herpes, Chlamydia, and trichomonas may also result in this condition. Generally, unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners increases a woman’s risk of cervicitis from STDs. Allergic reaction of the cervical tissue to douches, spermicides, or latex condoms may also lead to this disease. Similarly, injury from tampons, diaphragms or other intra-uterine birth control devices, and pessaries may also result in the same.

• #32 Cervicitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-overview

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the uterine cervix, characteristically diagnosed by: (1) a visible, purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen and/or (2) sustained, easily induced endocervical bleeding when a cotton swab is gently passed through the cervical os. […] Noninfectious cervicitis can be caused by the following: Local trauma – eg, cervical irritation caused by tampons, a cervical cap, the string from an intrauterine contraceptive device, a pessary, or a diaphragm; Radiation; Chemical irritation – eg, vaginal douches, latex exposure, or contraceptive creams; Systemic inflammation – eg, Behet syndrome; Malignancy. […] The infectious etiologies of cervicitis, all of which are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are significantly more common than the noninfectious causes.

• #33 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is common. It may be caused by a number of factors, including infections, chemical or physical irritations, and allergies. […] Severe cases of inflammation are usually caused by infections that are passed during sexual activity. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that may cause cervicitis include: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. […] But many women with cervicitis don’t test positive for any type of infection. Other causes of the inflammation may include: Allergies to chemicals in spermicides, douches, or to the latex rubber in condoms, Irritation or injury from tampons, pessaries, or from birth control devices like diaphragms, Bacterial imbalance; normal, healthy bacteria in the vagina are overwhelmed by unhealthy or harmful bacteria. This is also called bacterial vaginosis, Hormonal imbalance; having relatively low estrogen or high progesterone may interfere with the body’s ability to maintain healthy cervical tissue, Cancer or cancer treatment; rarely, radiation therapy or cancer may cause changes to the cervix consistent with cervicitis.

• #34 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is common. It may be caused by a number of factors, including infections, chemical or physical irritations, and allergies. […] Severe cases of inflammation are usually caused by infections that are passed during sexual activity. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that may cause cervicitis include: Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. […] But many women with cervicitis don’t test positive for any type of infection. Other causes of the inflammation may include: Allergies to chemicals in spermicides, douches, or to the latex rubber in condoms, Irritation or injury from tampons, pessaries, or from birth control devices like diaphragms, Bacterial imbalance; normal, healthy bacteria in the vagina are overwhelmed by unhealthy or harmful bacteria. This is also called bacterial vaginosis, Hormonal imbalance; having relatively low estrogen or high progesterone may interfere with the body’s ability to maintain healthy cervical tissue, Cancer or cancer treatment; rarely, radiation therapy or cancer may cause changes to the cervix consistent with cervicitis.

• #35 Cervicitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-overview

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the uterine cervix, characteristically diagnosed by: (1) a visible, purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen and/or (2) sustained, easily induced endocervical bleeding when a cotton swab is gently passed through the cervical os. […] Noninfectious cervicitis can be caused by the following: Local trauma – eg, cervical irritation caused by tampons, a cervical cap, the string from an intrauterine contraceptive device, a pessary, or a diaphragm; Radiation; Chemical irritation – eg, vaginal douches, latex exposure, or contraceptive creams; Systemic inflammation – eg, Behet syndrome; Malignancy. […] The infectious etiologies of cervicitis, all of which are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are significantly more common than the noninfectious causes.

• #36 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of your cervix due to infection or other irritants. […] The most common cause of cervicitis is sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Most cases of cervicitis happen due to a bacterial infection, but you can get it anytime something irritates your cervix. […] Acute cervicitis starts suddenly. Sexually transmitted infection (STIs) or other infectious bacteria are the most common causes of it. […] Chronic cervicitis lasts several months. Its usually not caused by STIs or infection. Rather, the causes are irritants (or allergens) in things like feminine products and latex condoms, or from leaving things like cervical caps inside your vagina too long. […] Infections that pass from person to person through sexual activity cause most cases of acute cervicitis.

• #37 Can You Get Cervicitis Without an STD? Cervix Inflammation

  https://www.medicinenet.com/can_you_get_cervicitis_without_an_std/article.htm

  Cervicitis may be caused by an infection (such as STIs) or a noninfectious cause (such as allergies). Depending on its duration, the condition may be either acute or chronic. […] Acute cervicitis is usually caused by an infection, although it may also be the result of other conditions, such as irritants or allergies. […] Chronic cervicitis, however, has a gradual onset and persists for a long period. It is usually caused by noninfectious origins, such as prolonged exposure to irritants (including deodorants, condoms or tampons).

• #38 Inflammation of the Cervix (Cervicitis)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cervicitis

  Like any tissue in the body, the cervix can become inflamed for a variety of reasons. Inflammation of the cervix is known as cervicitis. […] The most common cause of this inflammation is an infection. Infections that lead to cervicitis may be spread during sexual activity, but this isn’t always the case. Cervicitis is either acute or chronic. Acute cervicitis involves a sudden onset of symptoms. Chronic cervicitis lasts for several months. […] Acute cervicitis is typically due to a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as: herpes simplex or genital herpes, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea. […] Infection with HPV that has progressed may cause cervical inflammation, which is usually a later sign of cervical cancer or precancer. […] It can also be the result of an infection due to other factors that could include: an allergy to spermicide or condom latex, a cervical cap or diaphragm, sensitivity to the chemicals found in tampons, regular vaginal bacteria.

• #39 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of your cervix due to infection or other irritants. […] The most common cause of cervicitis is sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Most cases of cervicitis happen due to a bacterial infection, but you can get it anytime something irritates your cervix. […] Acute cervicitis starts suddenly. Sexually transmitted infection (STIs) or other infectious bacteria are the most common causes of it. […] Chronic cervicitis lasts several months. Its usually not caused by STIs or infection. Rather, the causes are irritants (or allergens) in things like feminine products and latex condoms, or from leaving things like cervical caps inside your vagina too long. […] Infections that pass from person to person through sexual activity cause most cases of acute cervicitis.

• #40 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of your cervix due to infection or other irritants. […] The most common cause of cervicitis is sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Most cases of cervicitis happen due to a bacterial infection, but you can get it anytime something irritates your cervix. […] Acute cervicitis starts suddenly. Sexually transmitted infection (STIs) or other infectious bacteria are the most common causes of it. […] Chronic cervicitis lasts several months. Its usually not caused by STIs or infection. Rather, the causes are irritants (or allergens) in things like feminine products and latex condoms, or from leaving things like cervical caps inside your vagina too long. […] Infections that pass from person to person through sexual activity cause most cases of acute cervicitis.

• #41 Cervicitis and Cervix Pain: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.naturalcycles.com/cyclematters/what-is-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is one of the most common causes of cervix pain. Cervicitis is a condition where your cervix is swollen or inflamed due to either an infection or irritants in products such as feminine products and condoms. […] Cervicitis is most common among sexually active women aged 15 to 24 years old, and common symptoms include a change to vaginal discharge, pain during sex, and/or cervix pain (or discomfort in that general area). […] Acute cervicitis usually starts rather abruptly and the symptoms listed above are more noticeable and/or irritating. Sexually transmitted infections or other types of harmful bacteria are usually the cause. Chlamydia is the most common STI that causes cervicitis, but it can also be caused by gonorrhea, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis. […] Chronic cervicitis takes a bit longer to recognize as it’s characterized by persistent abnormal discharge for at least three months. Causes of chronic cervicitis are usually allergens or irritants to things like certain period products, condoms, douches, toilet paper, or cervical caps. […] Overall, the main ways to tell the difference between acute and chronic cervicitis are the severity/speed of the onset of symptoms and the initial cause of the infection.

• #42 Cervicitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervicitis

  There are also certain behaviors that can place individuals at a higher risk for contracting cervicitis. High-risk sexual behavior, a history of STIs, many sexual partners, sex at an early age, and sexual partners who engage in high-risk sexual behavior or have had an STI can increase the likelihood of contracting cervicitis.

• #43 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Common causes of acute or infectious cervicitis include: Chlamydia (About 40% of cervicitis cases are related to chlamydia), Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis. […] Causes of noninfectious or chronic cervicitis have little or nothing to do with sexual activity. Common causes are: Chemical irritation from spermicides or douches, or the latex in condoms, Reaction to things that go inside your vagina like diaphragms, tampons or vaginal pessaries, Bacterial imbalance or bacterial vaginosis. […] An STI isn’t the only cause of cervicitis. Allergies, irritants and bacteria that naturally occur in your vagina (noninfectious cervicitis) can cause some cases. […] People who have multiple partners or who don’t use condoms or dental dams during sex are at a higher risk for cervicitis. […] Those with a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or who have partners with a history of STIs, are also more likely to get cervicitis.

• #44 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Over half of all cases of cervicitis are STI-negative cervicitis. […] The noninfectious causes include mechanical or traumatic irritation and chemical irritants. […] The exact etiology cannot be determined in more than half of all cases of cervicitis. […] Many such studies have proven that we cannot determine the etiological agent for cervicitis in a large proportion of cases.

• #45 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Another possible aetiological agent involved in cervicitis is M. genitalium. […] Cervicitis can persist or recur after completing one or several cycles of antibiotic treatment. […] The etiology in a high percentage of women in whom none of the known pathogens are found is still unknown. […] In addition to the aetiological agents mentioned, there is a variety of systemic inflammatory processes, both infectious and non-infectious, as well as some agents or local factors that can cause endocervical inflammation, resulting in the onset of clinical signs of cervicitis.

• #46 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) account for up to 25% of cervicitis cases, depending on population risk level, definition of cervicitis and detection methods used. […] Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus (both HSV- 1 and -2) are also associated with cervicitis. […] Up to 83% of cervicitis cases are of unknown etiology (no pathogen identified) and the cause often remains undetermined despite thorough investigation.

• #47 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) account for up to 25% of cervicitis cases, depending on population risk level, definition of cervicitis and detection methods used. […] Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus (both HSV- 1 and -2) are also associated with cervicitis. […] Up to 83% of cervicitis cases are of unknown etiology (no pathogen identified) and the cause often remains undetermined despite thorough investigation.

• #48 Cervicitis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/womens-health/cervicitis/

  The primary risk factor for this condition is sexual activity, and its therefore more common in sexually active people. […] Interestingly, one study showed that 61% of women partaking in a randomized trial did not have any of the common pathogens that cause cervicitis (like chlamydia, Neisseria, trichomonas, or mycoplasma), identified by a specific type of testing known as nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). […] Cervicitis can be caused by infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, as well as non-infectious factors like physical and chemical irritants. […] The main concern with cervicitis, or inflammation of the cervix, is the risk of the infection spreading to the upper genital tract, causing a condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] PID can lead to inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes, which can result in serious health issues. […] Research has shown that the risk of infertility can triple if treatment for PID, caused by chlamydia, is delayed.

• #49 Cervicitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis that’s caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia can spread to the uterine lining and the fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause fertility problems if left untreated. […] Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner.

• #50 Cervicitis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/article_em.htm

  Cervical irritation may render the cervix more susceptible to infection. […] Infectious causes of cervicitis due to gonorrhea and Chlamydia are treated with prescription antibiotics. […] Cervicitis, if found in a young person or a child, frequently indicates sexual molestation. […] Untreated microbial cervicitis can spread throughout the genital tract, infecting the lining of the uterus (endometritis) and the Fallopian tubes (salpingitis). […] Such generalized infections can lead to infertility. […] If cervicitis due to an STI is present during pregnancy, the infant may be infected at the time of delivery, resulting in a newborn eye infection that can ultimately lead to blindness. […] Infectious causes of cervicitis are preventable by using common-sense, safe-sex practices.

• #51 Cervicitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis that’s caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia can spread to the uterine lining and the fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause fertility problems if left untreated. […] Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner.

• #52 Cervicitis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/article_em.htm

  Cervical irritation may render the cervix more susceptible to infection. […] Infectious causes of cervicitis due to gonorrhea and Chlamydia are treated with prescription antibiotics. […] Cervicitis, if found in a young person or a child, frequently indicates sexual molestation. […] Untreated microbial cervicitis can spread throughout the genital tract, infecting the lining of the uterus (endometritis) and the Fallopian tubes (salpingitis). […] Such generalized infections can lead to infertility. […] If cervicitis due to an STI is present during pregnancy, the infant may be infected at the time of delivery, resulting in a newborn eye infection that can ultimately lead to blindness. […] Infectious causes of cervicitis are preventable by using common-sense, safe-sex practices.

• #53 Cervicitis – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/cervicitis-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  A few irritants, including scented soaps, vaginal douches, and spermicidal products, can also lead to cervicitis. […] Allergies: Cervicitis-causing rubber condoms, vaginal lubricants, and diaphragms may cause an allergic reaction in some women. […] Trauma: Cervical trauma during sexual intercourse. […] Cervicitis has the potential to spread to the upper reproductive organs, resulting in PID, which can cause infertility and chronic pelvic discomfort. […] Cervicitis left untreated can increase the chance of cervical cancer. […] Untreated cervicitis can cause cervical cancer, as well as persistent pelvic pain and infertility because it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease. (PID). […] Women with untreated cervicitis are also at a higher risk of developing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can cause additional complications such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

• #54 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/cervicitis/

  Yes, in cases, where cervicitis is caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea and it spreads to the uterus or fallopian tubes via mechanisms not yet fully understood, but probably related to various inflammatory processes in infections with trichomonas, or when pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a related condition, develops.

• #55 Cervicitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis that’s caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia can spread to the uterine lining and the fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause fertility problems if left untreated. […] Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner.

• #56 Cervicitis

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/cervicitis.page

  Cervicitis can be a sign of infection. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of the cervix known to cause cervicitis include chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] If left untreated, cervicitis caused by an STI can cause severe pain or infertility (inability to have children). It can increase the risk of having a tubal (ectopic) pregnancy. Having cervicitis also makes it more likely to get or spread HIV. […] Condoms can prevent the spread of STIs known to cause cervicitis. Having multiple partners increases your risk of getting these STIs. […] Your health care provider may give you antibiotics to treat any STIs that are causing the cervicitis. […] If your cervicitis is caused by an STI, your sex partner(s) also need to be treated so they do not develop serious health problems, re-infect you or pass the infection on to others.

• #57 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Other pathogens which typically cause STIs may also lead to cervicitis. Among them, T. vaginalis has been associated with cervical inflammation and with an increased risk of HIV transmission. […] Another possible aetiological agent involved in cervicitis is M. genitalium. […] Cervicitis can persist or recur after completing one or several cycles of antibiotic treatment. […] The importance of chronic cervicitis lies in the fact that it can result in complications such as endometritis, salpingitis, PID, chorioamnionitis and other adverse effects in pregnancy. […] The etiology in a high percentage of women in whom none of the known pathogens are found is still unknown. […] In addition to the aetiological agents mentioned, there is a variety of systemic inflammatory processes, both infectious and non-infectious, as well as some agents or local factors that can cause endocervical inflammation, resulting in the onset of clinical signs of cervicitis.

• #58

  https://www.mahapatrahospital.com/2022/05/cervicitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  Cervicitis usually results due to infection although it could also be caused by an injury or irritation that could be the result of chemicals in contraceptives or forgotten tampon. […] If untreated then it could also lead to risks such as miscarriage, premature delivery, infection of her newborn during delivery also leading to pneumonia or severe eye infection, or even blindness. […] Antibiotics successfully treat cervicitis in most cases.

• #59 Cervicitis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/article_em.htm

  Cervical irritation may render the cervix more susceptible to infection. […] Infectious causes of cervicitis due to gonorrhea and Chlamydia are treated with prescription antibiotics. […] Cervicitis, if found in a young person or a child, frequently indicates sexual molestation. […] Untreated microbial cervicitis can spread throughout the genital tract, infecting the lining of the uterus (endometritis) and the Fallopian tubes (salpingitis). […] Such generalized infections can lead to infertility. […] If cervicitis due to an STI is present during pregnancy, the infant may be infected at the time of delivery, resulting in a newborn eye infection that can ultimately lead to blindness. […] Infectious causes of cervicitis are preventable by using common-sense, safe-sex practices.

• #60

  https://www.mahapatrahospital.com/2022/05/cervicitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  Cervicitis usually results due to infection although it could also be caused by an injury or irritation that could be the result of chemicals in contraceptives or forgotten tampon. […] If untreated then it could also lead to risks such as miscarriage, premature delivery, infection of her newborn during delivery also leading to pneumonia or severe eye infection, or even blindness. […] Antibiotics successfully treat cervicitis in most cases.

• #61 Cervicitis – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/cervicitis-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  A few irritants, including scented soaps, vaginal douches, and spermicidal products, can also lead to cervicitis. […] Allergies: Cervicitis-causing rubber condoms, vaginal lubricants, and diaphragms may cause an allergic reaction in some women. […] Trauma: Cervical trauma during sexual intercourse. […] Cervicitis has the potential to spread to the upper reproductive organs, resulting in PID, which can cause infertility and chronic pelvic discomfort. […] Cervicitis left untreated can increase the chance of cervical cancer. […] Untreated cervicitis can cause cervical cancer, as well as persistent pelvic pain and infertility because it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease. (PID). […] Women with untreated cervicitis are also at a higher risk of developing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can cause additional complications such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

• #62 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. […] It is usually caused by an infectious agent, generally transmitted sexually. […] There are multiple agents, both infectious and non-infectious, potentially involved in cervicitis. Current availability of molecular techniques is increasing the number of microorganisms recognised as potential aetiological agents. […] C. trachomatis is the most frequently identified cause in women with cervicitis, with a frequency of isolation that varies from 10 to 50% in the published studies. […] The percentage of cases of cervicitis due to N. gonorrhoeae is highly variable in relation to the marked differences in the prevalence of this infection in the populations studied. […] Other pathogens which typically cause STIs may also lead to cervicitis. Among them, T. vaginalis has been associated with cervical inflammation and with an increased risk of HIV transmission.

• #63 Cervicitis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Often, cervicitis results from a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Cervicitis can develop from noninfectious causes, too. Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation. […] Possible causes of cervicitis include: […] Sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. Cervicitis can result from common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes. […] Allergic reactions. An allergy, either to contraceptive spermicides or to latex in condoms, may lead to cervicitis. A reaction to feminine hygiene products, such as douches or feminine deodorants, also can cause cervicitis. […] Bacterial overgrowth. An overgrowth of some of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina (bacterial vaginosis) can lead to cervicitis.

• #64 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Over half of all cases of cervicitis are STI-negative cervicitis. […] The noninfectious causes include mechanical or traumatic irritation and chemical irritants. […] The exact etiology cannot be determined in more than half of all cases of cervicitis. […] Many such studies have proven that we cannot determine the etiological agent for cervicitis in a large proportion of cases.

• #65 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Another possible aetiological agent involved in cervicitis is M. genitalium. […] Cervicitis can persist or recur after completing one or several cycles of antibiotic treatment. […] The etiology in a high percentage of women in whom none of the known pathogens are found is still unknown. […] In addition to the aetiological agents mentioned, there is a variety of systemic inflammatory processes, both infectious and non-infectious, as well as some agents or local factors that can cause endocervical inflammation, resulting in the onset of clinical signs of cervicitis.

• #66 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30630634/

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. […] The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. […] It is recommended to initiate an empirical antibiotic therapy that covers C.trachomatis and N.gonorrhoeae in the case of women at high risk of infection by these pathogens, especially if the follow-up is not assured or adequate diagnostic tests are not available. […] In women with low risk of sexually transmitted infection, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the results of the microbiological results.

• #67 Cervicitis – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/cervicitis-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  Cervicitis can cause discomfort and embarrassment, which can lead to anxiety, depression, and tension in affected women. […] Cervicitis is frequently brought on by STIs, so practise safe sex. […] Cervicitis brought on by bacterial illnesses such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea is frequently treated with antibiotics. […] If a viral infection is the source of your cervicitis, you may need to take antiviral medication. […] Cervicitis can be found early and prevented thanks in large part to Pap tests. […] Cervicitis and its underlying causes can be diagnosed using a variety of other procedures besides Pap smears. […] If an STD is to blame for cervicitis, it’s critical to screen and treats the partners in order to avoid re-infection. […] In order to prevent the emergence of more severe conditions like pelvic inflammatory disease or cervical cancer, it is crucial for women with cervicitis to seek treatment as soon as feasible.

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