Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis Treatment […] You may not need treatment for cervicitis if a sexually transmitted infection is not the cause. […] If an infection is suspected, the main goal of treatment is to eliminate the infection and prevent it from spreading to the uterus and fallopian tubes, or if you are pregnant, to your baby. […] Depending on what organism is causing the infection, your doctor may prescribe: antibiotics, antifungal medications, antiviral medications. […] Your doctor may also recommend that your partner be treated to make sure you don’t get infected again. You should not have sex until you and your partner have finished treatment. […] Treatment is especially important if you are HIV positive. That’s because cervicitis increases the amount of virus that is shed from the cervix. This may increase your chances of infecting a partner. Also, having cervicitis can make it easier for you to get HIV from an HIV-positive partner. […] If your symptoms persist despite treatment, you should be reevaluated by your doctor. […] Nondrug treatments like douches or yogurt-based therapy do not work for cervicitis and may actually worsen symptoms. They are not recommended.

• #2 Cervicitis Medication: Antibiotics, Antivirals, Topical Skin Products, Antiprotozoal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-medication

  Oral antibiotics effectively cure gonorrhea, chlamydia, and T vaginalis infections. Oral antivirals reduce the duration of symptoms, lesions, and viral shedding in the first and recurrent episodes of genital herpes infections. Initially, topical therapy is used for symptomatic genital wart removal. Other options include intralesional injection and surgery. […] Antimicrobial therapy for cervicitis must be comprehensive and cover all likely pathogens in the context of this clinical setting. […] Ceftriaxone is first-line therapy for gonococcal cervicitis. […] Azithromycin is first-line therapy for chlamydia cervicitis. […] Doxycycline is effective in treating chlamydia. […] Erythromycin is an alternative therapy for chlamydial cervicitis. […] Metronidazole provides first-line therapy for T vaginalis infections.

• #3 Cervicitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antimicrobial Management, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment

  The CDC recommends the following regimens for presumptive treatment of chlamydial cervicitis: Azithromycin 1 g oral (PO) in a single dose, OR Doxycycline 100 mg PO twice daily (bid) for 7 days. […] Effective alternative agents to azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of chlamydia include erythromycin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. […] These patients should also be treated concurrently for gonococcal infection in areas with high gonorrhea prevalence or if the individual’s personal risk is high. […] For uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the cervix, the CDC updated their recommendations in August 2012, as follows: Ceftriaxone 250 mg administered intramuscularly (IM) in a single dose, PLUS Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose (preferred, owing to tetracycline resistance) or doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 7 days.

• #4 Cervicitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antimicrobial Management, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment

  The CDC recommends metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose or tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose for T vaginalis infections. […] Do not treat pregnant women with doxycycline, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin. […] Pregnant women with chlamydial cervicitis may be treated with azithromycin as above or with amoxicillin 500 mg PO three times daily (tid) for 7 days. […] In women with concurrent cervicitis and HIV infection, the treatment regimen is the same as that for women not infected with HIV. […] Aside from reevaluation for reexposure to a sexually transmitted infection (STI), there are currently no defined treatment options for women found to have recurrent and persistent cervicitis despite the exclusion of relapse/reinfection with a specific STI, the absence of bacterial vaginosis, and the evaluation and treatment of the patient’s sex partner(s).

• #5 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. […] It is recommended to initiate an empirical antibiotic therapy that covers Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the case of women at high risk of infection by these pathogens, especially if the follow-up is not assured or adequate diagnostic tests are not available. In women with low risk of sexually transmitted infection, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the results of the microbiological results. […] The empirical treatment regimen recommended in most guidelines is azithromycin, 1g orally in a single dose, or doxycycline, 100mg orally, twice daily for seven days. If the patient has a high risk of gonococcal infection, this pathogen should also be covered, preferably with ceftriaxone 500-1000mg, intramuscularly, in a single dose.

• #6 Cervicitis Medication: Antibiotics, Antivirals, Topical Skin Products, Antiprotozoal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-medication

  Levofloxacin is an alternative treatment for chlamydial cervicitis. […] Ofloxacin is an alternative treatment for chlamydial cervicitis. […] Amoxicillin is an alternative treatment for chlamydial cervicitis. […] Tinidazole is indicated to treat trichomoniasis caused by T vaginalis in males and females.

• #7 Cervicitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370818

  You won’t need treatment for cervicitis caused by an allergic reaction to products such as spermicide or feminine hygiene products. If you have cervicitis caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), both you and your partner will need treatment, often with an antibiotic medication. Antibiotics are prescribed for STIs such as gonorrhea, chlamydia or bacterial infections, including bacterial vaginosis. […] Your doctor may offer antiviral medication if you have genital herpes, which helps decrease the amount of time you have cervicitis symptoms. However, there is no cure for herpes. Herpes is a chronic condition that may be passed to your sexual partner at any time. […] Your doctor may also recommend repeat testing for cervicitis caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia. […] To avoid passing a bacterial infection along to your partner, wait to have sex until you’re finished with the treatment recommended by your doctor.

• #8 Cervicitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cervicitis-a-to-z

  If you have genital herpes, an antiviral medication can be prescribed. This could be acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex) or famciclovir (Famvir). You will need to take the medication for up to 10 days the first time you develop genital herpes. For recurrent herpes outbreaks, you can take the medication for three to five days. […] Cervicitis caused by trauma or an IUD is treated with an antibiotic targeted to the type of bacteria. The associated inflammation will heal within days to a few weeks. It will help to avoid sexual intercourse until symptoms improve to avoid any further irritation to the cervix. […] Cervicitis will go away within a few days to a week after you start taking antibiotics. If you have pelvic inflammatory disease, it may take a few weeks to treat the infection completely. Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause more serious problems, such as infertility or pain from scar tissue. Although these additional conditions can be treated, they sometimes require surgery. […] Cervicitis rarely comes back if it is treated with the appropriate antibiotic, unless you get a new infection from a sexual partner. Genital herpes cannot be cured. However, if you develop recurrent disease, you can decrease the frequency and severity of outbreaks by taking an antiviral medication.

• #9 Cervicitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antimicrobial Management, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment

  Treatment of all causes of cervicitis is medical and can be done presumptively (treatment with azithromycin or doxycycline) in infectious cases or with specific antibiotic treatment once the etiology is known; however, empiric treatment for cervicitis can also include coverage for gonorrhea if there is clinical suspicion for this condition. […] Provide presumptive therapy to women at increased risk for chlamydial infection, particularly in cases in which follow-up is uncertain or in which a relatively insensitive diagnostic test is used instead of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), as well as in patients who have been diagnosed with trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. […] Treatment must also include the patient’s sexual partners to prevent reinfection. In addition, all sexual activity must cease for 7 days until the completion of therapy; that is: (1) after initiating treatment in the patient and (2) until the partner has also been treated.

• #10 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Cervicitis frequently is asymptomatic; however, certain women might report an abnormal vaginal discharge and intermenstrual vaginal bleeding (e.g., especially after sexual intercourse). […] C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is the most common etiology of cervicitis defined by diagnostic testing. […] Multiple factors should affect the decision to provide presumptive therapy for cervicitis. Presumptive treatment with antimicrobials for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae should be provided for women at increased risk (e.g., those aged 25 years and women with a new sex partner, a sex partner with concurrent partners, or a sex partner who has an STI), if follow-up cannot be ensured, or if testing with NAAT is not possible. […] Recommended Regimen for Cervicitis: Doxycycline 100 mg orally 2 times/day for 7 days.

• #11 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  Empiric treatment for cervicitis Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose or cefixime 800 mg PO in a single dose plus Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose or doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 7 days. […] Note: Azithromycin is preferred over doxycycline for the treatment of suspected or confirmed GC, due to significant rates of tetracycline-resistant GC and concerns about multiday treatment compliance.

• #12 Cervicitis and Cervicitis Therapy

  https://www.mymonroeobgyn.com/blog/904862-cervicitis-and-cervicitis-therapy

  Cervicitis will often get worse if left untreated and can lead to other more serious complications such as infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Luckily, cervicitis can easily be treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or azithromycin. […] If you are pregnant, doxycycline will not be prescribed. In this situation, you will most likely be prescribed azithromycin or a cephalosporin. […] Again, the medicine your gynecologist decides to prescribe will be based on the cause of your cervicitis.

• #13 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  This provides an overview of the management and empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) – associated cervicitis, which is an inflammation of the cervix characterised by purulent or mucopurulent exudate visible in the endocervical canal or easily induced or sustained bleeding or friability at the endocervical os. […] The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: […] A „test and wait” approach (versus empiric treatment) may be best in certain circumstances. This is because most cases of cervicitis are of unknown etiology and rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are increasing. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission.

• #14 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis treatment usually includes antibiotics to eliminate any bacterial infections or STIs that may be causing the condition. Antibiotics successfully treat cervicitis in most cases. […] Antivirals may be helpful in managing symptoms of cervicitis if genital herpes is the cause. If an STI was the cause, be sure to tell your sexual partners so they can also receive treatment. […] The antibiotic your provider prescribes depends on the cause of cervicitis. For example, doxycycline treats chlamydia. Ceftriaxone treats gonorrhea. A medication called metronidazole is effective when the cause is due to bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis. […] It can take up to two weeks for cervicitis to clear up. You should take your antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider to ensure the infection is completely gone. Follow your providers instructions about when you can engage in sexual activity again.

• #15 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  To minimize transmission and reinfection, women treated for cervicitis should be instructed to abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their partners have been treated (i.e., until completion of a 7-day regimen or for 7 days after single-dose therapy) and symptoms have resolved. […] Women receiving treatment should return to their provider for a follow-up visit to determine whether cervicitis has resolved. […] Management of sex partners of women treated for cervicitis should be tailored for the specific infection identified or suspected. All sex partners during the previous 60 days should be referred for evaluation, testing, and presumptive treatment if chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis was identified. […] Women with persistent or recurrent cervicitis despite antimicrobial therapy should be reevaluated for possible reexposure or treatment failure.

• #16

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3333

  Cervicitis means that your cervix is inflamed. The cervix is the part of your uterus that opens into your vagina. […] It is very important to treat cervicitis. If you don’t, you could have serious health problems. For this reason, you may need a test after your treatment to make sure the infection is gone. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] If your doctor prescribed antifungal medicine, use it as directed. […] While you are being treated, do not have sex. If your treatment is one dose of antibiotics, wait at least 7 days after you take your medicine before you have any kind of sexual contact.

• #17 Cervicitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervicitis

  Cervicitis should be followed up. Women with a specific diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomonas should see a clinician in three months after treatment for repeat testing because they are at higher risk of getting reinfected, regardless of whether their sex partners were treated. […] Non-infectious causes of cervicitis are primarily treated by eliminating or limiting exposure to the irritant. Antibiotics, usually azithromycin or doxycycline, or antiviral medications are used to treat infectious causes. […] To reduce the risk of reinfection, women should abstain from sexual intercourse for seven days after treatment is started. Also, sexual partners (within the last sixty days) of anyone with infectious cervicitis should be referred for evaluation or treated through expedited partner therapy (EPT).

• #18 Cervicitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antimicrobial Management, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment

  Admit women to the hospital if pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is suspected and the patient is unable to take oral medications, is pregnant or immunocompromised, has failed prior outpatient therapy, has a tubo-ovarian abscess, or if the diagnosis is uncertain (eg, appendicitis cannot be ruled out). If disseminated infection is suspected, intensive monitoring and parenteral medication are needed, as patients may quickly become unstable. […] If the patient is unable to take oral medication because of intractable nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain, then hospitalization for intravenous medication is warranted. […] In most cases, test-of-cure is not necessary, because of the high efficacy of the medications used. In the case of persistent symptoms or pregnancy, follow-up testing is recommended.

• #19 Cervicitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antimicrobial Management, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment

  Women with trichomoniasis, treatment failure using metronidazole 2 g single dose, and exclusion of reinfection should be treated with metronidazole 500 mg PO bid for 7 days. […] Consult an infectious disease specialist for suspected treatment failure or for the management of patients infected with a microbial strain that has demonstrated in vitro resistance. […] Follow up with women treated for cervicitis according to recommendations for the specific etiology to determine whether the condition has resolved. […] Routine test-of-cure (ie, repeat testing 3-4 wk following treatment completion) is not recommended following treatment, except in the following situations: The patient is pregnant, Symptoms persist, Suspicion of reinfection exists, There is questionable treatment compliance.

• #20 Cervicitis – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is often caused by a sexually transmitted infections but may result from other conditions. […] Women are often given antibiotics that are effective against chlamydia and gonorrhea (the most common causes). […] Usually antibiotics […] If infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus, antiviral medications. […] Initial treatment of cervicitis consists of antibiotics that are effective against chlamydia and gonorrhea: For chlamydia: Azithromycin or doxycycline, taken by mouth. For gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone, given one time by injection into a muscle, plus azithromycin, taken once by mouth. […] Once the cause of cervicitis is identified, doctors adjust the medications accordingly. […] If the cause is the herpes simplex virus, infection usually persists for life. Antiviral medications can control but not cure these infections. […] Women should abstain from sexual activity until the infection has been eliminated from themselves and their sex partners. […] Women with confirmed chlamydia or gonorrhea, and those diagnosed with trichomoniasis, should be tested 3 months after treatment because reinfection is common.

• #21 Cervicitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cervicitis/

  Doxycycline (preferred) OR azithromycin (alternative). […] Consider empiric coverage for N. gonorrhoeae with ceftriaxone based on community prevalence and patient risk factors. […] If the patient tested positive for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and/or trichomoniasis, repeat testing in 3 months. […] For persistent symptoms or recurrent cervicitis: Evaluate for: New exposures (reinfection), Treatment nonadherence, Treatment failure (check cultures for antimicrobial resistance). […] If no infectious cause is identified, refer to gynecology to evaluate for noninfectious causes (e.g., cervical dysplasia, polyps).

• #22 Can You Get Cervicitis Without an STD? Cervix Inflammation

  https://www.medicinenet.com/can_you_get_cervicitis_without_an_std/article.htm

  Cervicitis may be caused by an infection (such as STIs) or a noninfectious cause (such as allergies). Depending on its duration, the condition may be either acute or chronic. […] Treatment of cervicitis primarily depends on its cause. Other factors that influence treatment include the age of the patient, duration of the condition and the symptom severity. […] Cervicitis caused by allergies or irritants may be managed by avoiding the use of the offending agents, such as feminine hygiene products or spermicidal jellies. […] Bacterial infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis, may be treated with antibiotics. […] Antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat cervicitis caused by genital herpes. This treatment controls inflammation and may help limit the spread of infection although the infections cannot be cured. […] The doctor may recommend avoiding high-risk sexual behavior and abstaining from sex until the treatment is completed.

• #23 Cervicitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001495.htm

  Antibiotics are used to treat chlamydia or gonorrhea. Medicines called antivirals may be used to treat herpes simplex virus infections. […] Hormonal therapy (with estrogen or progesterone) may be used in women who have reached menopause. […] Most of the time, simple cervicitis usually heals with treatment if the cause is found and there is a treatment for that cause. […] Often, cervicitis does not cause any symptoms. It doesn’t need treatment as long as tests for bacterial and viral causes are negative.

• #24 Cervicitis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/cervicitis

  Depending on the cause, treatment options may include: […] Antibiotics are used to treat cervicitis caused by bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea. […] Antiviral medicines treat cases caused by viruses, such as genital herpes. […] Antiprotozoal drugs kill the parasite responsible for trichomoniasis. […] For chronic, non-infectious cervicitis, procedures such as cryosurgery (freezing), electrocautery (heating) or laser therapy may be required to destroy inflamed, infected or abnormal tissue. […] If genital warts are the cause, treatment may include products applied to the skin.

• #25 Chronic Cervicitis: Natural and Medical Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/articles/chronic-cervicitis-treatment

  Proper genital hygiene is crucial in managing chronic cervicitis. […] Several herbs have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that can aid in the treatment of chronic cervicitis. […] Taking warm sitz baths can help to relieve pain and inflammation associated with chronic cervicitis. […] Cryotherapy involves freezing abnormal cervical cells using liquid nitrogen. […] Laser therapy uses focused light to remove abnormal cervical tissue. […] Electrocautery uses electrical current to destroy abnormal tissue. […] Regular gynecological check-ups and screenings, such as Pap smears, can help to detect cervical abnormalities early and prevent the progression of chronic cervicitis. […] The HPV vaccine can protect against certain strains of the human papillomavirus that are associated with cervical cancer and chronic cervicitis.

• #26 Inflammation of the Cervix (Cervicitis)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cervicitis

  What are the treatment options for cervicitis? […] Theres no standard treatment for cervicitis. Your doctor will determine the best course for you based on factors including: […] Common treatments include antibiotics to kill any infections, and watchful waiting, especially after childbirth. […] If you have cervical inflammation due to cervical cancer or precancer, you doctor may perform cryosurgery, freezing abnormal cells in the cervix, which destroys them. […] Your doctor can treat your cervicitis after they know its cause. Without treatment, cervicitis can last for years, causing painful intercourse and worsening symptoms.

• #27 Cervicitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370814

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Successful treatment of cervicitis involves treating the underlying cause of the inflammation. […] Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner. […] To reduce your risk of cervicitis from sexually transmitted infections, use condoms consistently and correctly each time you have sex.

• #28 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is a common and treatable condition that goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment. Noninfectious causes may not need any treatment. Follow your healthcare providers treatment instructions, even if you dont have symptoms or your symptoms go away. While receiving treatment, avoid having sex so that you dont spread the infection to your partner. […] The good news is that cervicitis is treatable with antibiotics. You can reduce your risk of getting cervicitis by practicing safe sex.

• #29

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3333

  It’s important to tell any sex partners that you have cervicitis. It may be related to an STI. Sex partners should get tested and then treated if they have an STI. This is true even if they don’t have symptoms. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you do not get better as expected.

• #30 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Cervicitis is common and often asymptomatic, but if left undiagnosed or untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to substantial long-term ill effects such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. […] Implementing screening protocols for high-risk populations may reduce adverse outcomes from cervicitis. Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should be offered concomitantly. […] Clinical suspicion is generally sufficient to justify therapy, but of the diagnostic aids, nucleic acid amplification testing remains the most sensitive and specific tool for accurately diagnosing N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] If the presentation suggests cervicitis, and the patient is deemed at high risk for STI, patients are empirically treated with a regimen targeting STIs.

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