Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cervicitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370814

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Most often, cervicitis causes no signs and symptoms, and you may only learn you have the condition after a pelvic exam performed by your doctor for another reason. […] Possible causes of cervicitis include: Sexually transmitted infections. Most often, the bacterial and viral infections that cause cervicitis are transmitted by sexual contact. […] Cervicitis can also increase the risk of getting HIV from an infected sexual partner. […] To reduce your risk of cervicitis from sexually transmitted infections, use condoms consistently and correctly each time you have sex.

• #2 Acute cervicitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-cervicitis

  Acute cervicitis refers to inflammation of the uterine cervix. The inflammation primarily affects the columnar epithelial cells of the endocervical glands but can also affect the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix. It may be due to an infectious or noninfectious etiology and may be acute or chronic. Acute cervicitis is often due to infection (eg, chlamydia, gonorrhea), although a specific infection cannot be determined in a large proportion of cases. Chronic cervicitis usually has a noninfectious source. […] This topic will review the background, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of acute cervicitis in postpubertal and adult females.

• #3 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Cervicitis, also known as endocervicitis, is an inflammation of the columnar epithelium of the uterine endocervix, which can be acute, often caused by infections, or chronic, typically linked to noninfectious sources. […] Diagnosis often involves nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for common pathogens and a thorough clinical evaluation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance the learner’s competence in the timely recognition of cervicitis risk factors and clinical features, prompt performance of the recommended diagnostic studies, and implementation of an appropriate interprofessional management approach to improve patient outcomes. […] The most sensitive and specific test for the most common organisms, chlamydia and gonorrhea, is the nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT).

• #4 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Cervicitis is common and often asymptomatic, but if left undiagnosed or untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to substantial long-term ill effects such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. […] Implementing screening protocols for high-risk populations may reduce adverse outcomes from cervicitis. Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should be offered concomitantly. […] Clinical suspicion is generally sufficient to justify therapy, but of the diagnostic aids, nucleic acid amplification testing remains the most sensitive and specific tool for accurately diagnosing N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] If the presentation suggests cervicitis, and the patient is deemed at high risk for STI, patients are empirically treated with a regimen targeting STIs.

• #5 Cervicitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/cervicitis

  Women with persistent or recurrent cervicitis despite antimicrobial therapy should be reevaluated for possible reexposure or treatment failure. […] For women with persistent symptoms that are clearly attributable to cervicitis, referral to a gynecologic specialist can be considered for evaluation of noninfectious causes (e.g., cervical dysplasia or polyps). […] Regular health check-ups serve as the cornerstone of cervicitis prevention and management. […] Understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatment options helps women take control of their reproductive health. […] If left untreated, it can lead to several serious issues: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Scarring in reproductive organs, Increased risk of STIs, including HIV, Potential fertility problems, Risk of ectopic pregnancy.

• #6 Cervicitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15360-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of your cervix due to infection or other irritants. […] The only way to know for sure if you have cervicitis is to have an evaluation from your healthcare provider. […] Not everyone gets symptoms of cervicitis or knows they have it. […] Your healthcare provider can diagnose cervicitis during a pelvic exam. […] A Pap test can offer clues that could lead to diagnosis, but its not a test for cervicitis. […] Cervicitis treatment usually includes antibiotics to eliminate any bacterial infections or STIs that may be causing the condition. […] The antibiotic your provider prescribes depends on the cause of cervicitis. […] Cervicitis is a common and treatable condition that goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment. […] If you think you may have cervicitis, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider right away.

• #7 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. For its diagnosis, there are commercial systems based on molecular techniques that include almost all of the known pathogens associated with cervicitis, although cultures should not be abandoned due to the need to conduct studies of susceptibility to antibiotics. […] Clinical diagnosis of cervicitis was traditionally made based on the presence of suggestive findings in the clinical examination with a speculum: an oedematous and friable cervix with the presence of cervical secretion of mucopurulent appearance. Nevertheless, both the degree of cervical inflammation and the accompanying signs and symptoms can be highly variable, and the predictive value of the cervical signs suggestive of cervicitis can also vary depending on age and other risk factors related to STIs.

• #8 What Is Cervicitis? Top FAQs and Much More

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/symptoms-and-diseases/what-is-cervicitis

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix which increases your chances for uterine infections. […] Cervicitis is usually silent in its progression or considered to be asymptomatic. You may not be aware of it until the infection reaches your upper genital tract. Routine pelvic exams are the best way to detect asymptomatic cervicitis. […] Since its generally an asymptomatic medical condition, cervicitis is often detected during pelvic exams, which is why its important to see your doctor regularly. […] While performing a pelvic exam, your doctor assesses your pelvic organs for any areas of swelling or tenderness. A speculum is used to better view the upper, lower, and side walls of your vagina and cervix. […] Similar to a Pap smear, your doctor may do a specimen collection to test for infections, in addition to asking for a urine sample.

• #9 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Key diagnostic factors include risk factors for sexually transmitted infection (STI), purulent vaginal or cervical discharge, intermenstrual/postcoital bleeding, dysuria and urinary frequency, and easily induced cervical bleeding. […] 1st tests to order include pregnancy test, wet mount examination of cervical discharge, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), rapid tests (OSOM Trichomonas, AFFIRM VPIII), Thayer-Martin agar cervical culture, and Gram stain of cervical discharge.

• #10 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Two major diagnostic signs characterize cervicitis: 1) a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen (commonly referred to as mucopurulent cervicitis), and 2) sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by gentle passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os. Either or both signs might be present. Cervicitis frequently is asymptomatic; however, certain women might report an abnormal vaginal discharge and intermenstrual vaginal bleeding (e.g., especially after sexual intercourse). […] The criterion of using an increased number of WBCs on endocervical Gram stain in the diagnosis of cervicitis has not been standardized; it is not sensitive, has a low positive predictive value for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections, and is not available in most clinical settings.

• #11 Cervicitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/cervicitis

  Many women experience discomfort or unusual symptoms in their reproductive area, but they often hesitate to discuss these concerns. […] Cervicitis, an inflammation of the cervix, affects more than 50% of women at some point in their lives. […] Understanding cervicitis symptoms, its causes, and available cervicitis treatment options is crucial for maintaining reproductive health. […] Two major diagnostic signs characterize cervicitis: a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen (commonly referred to as mucopurulent cervicitis), and sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by gentle passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os. […] Cervicitis frequently is asymptomatic; however, certain women might report an abnormal vaginal discharge and intermenstrual vaginal bleeding (e.g., especially after sexual intercourse).

• #12 Cervicitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370818

  During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. […] To diagnose cervicitis, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that includes: […] A pelvic exam. During this exam, your doctor checks your pelvic organs for areas of swelling and tenderness. He or she may also place a speculum in your vagina to view the upper, lower and side walls of the vagina and the cervix. […] A specimen collection. In a process similar to a Pap test, your doctor uses a small cotton swab or a brush to gently remove a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. Your doctor sends the sample to a lab to test for infections. Lab tests may also be performed on a urine sample. […] Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that may include a pelvic exam and Pap test. He or she may collect a fluid specimen from your vagina or cervix to send for testing.

• #13 Cervicitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/cervicitis?content_id=CON-20370797

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] To diagnose cervicitis, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that includes: […] A pelvic exam. During this exam, your doctor checks your pelvic organs for areas of swelling and tenderness. […] A specimen collection. In a process similar to a Pap test, your doctor uses a small cotton swab or a brush to gently remove a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. Your doctor sends the sample to a lab to test for infections. […] Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that may include a pelvic exam and Pap test. He or she may collect a fluid specimen from your vagina or cervix to send for testing.

• #14 Cervicitis – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix (the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina). It may be caused by an infection or another condition. […] If symptoms suggest a cervical infection, doctors use a swab to obtain a sample from the cervix to be tested for infectious organisms. […] A woman’s doctor should see her if she has a persistent, unusual vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding other than during menstrual periods, or pain during sexual intercourse. However, because cervicitis often causes no symptoms, it may be diagnosed during a routine pelvic examination. […] If symptoms suggest cervicitis, doctors do a pelvic examination. They check for a discharge from the cervix and touch the cervix with a swab to see whether it bleeds easily. If a puslike discharge is present and if the cervix bleeds easily, cervicitis is likely. […] If symptoms suggest pelvic inflammatory disease, doctors use a swab to obtain a sample from the cervix to be tested for infectious organisms that can cause sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomoniasis) or bacterial vaginosis.

• #15 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix — the lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Determining the cause of cervicitis is important. […] Here’s what you need to know about symptoms, causes, risk factors, tests, diagnosis, and treatment of cervicitis. […] If your doctor suspects you have cervicitis, they may do a pelvic exam. This lets the doctor get a closer look at the cervix. […] The doctor will probably also swab the cervix to collect vaginal fluids or to see how easily it bleeds. […] Your doctor may swab the cervix to check for discharge, swelling, tenderness, and bleeding. Your doctor will test your vaginal fluid for the presence of harmful bacteria or viruses. […] If an infection is suspected, the main goal of treatment is to eliminate the infection and prevent it from spreading to the uterus and fallopian tubes, or if you are pregnant, to your baby. […] If your symptoms persist despite treatment, you should be reevaluated by your doctor.

• #16 Cervicitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cervicitis/

  Cervicitis is a clinical diagnosis, based on gynecologic examination findings of mucopurulent or purulent endocervical discharge and a friable cervix. […] Isolated cervicitis is diagnosed clinically, based on both of the following. […] Presence of 1 of the following findings on speculum examination: Mucopurulent or purulent discharge in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab. […] Test all patients with cervicitis for HIV and syphilis. […] Cervicitis is unlikely if WBCs/HPF are seen on microscopic evaluation of vaginal fluid (wet mount).

• #17 Cervicitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cervicitis.html

  Your doctor will ask about your medical history and whether you have any new sexual partners. He or she will do a pelvic exam to look at your cervix. This is done with a device called a speculum. This is a metal or plastic device shaped like a duckbill that holds the vagina open. […] If you have cervicitis, the lining of the cervix may appear red, inflamed, swollen or irritated. In more severe cases, pus may be coming from the cervix. During the pelvic exam, your doctor will take a sample of discharge or pus from your cervical opening so it can be tested in a laboratory and examined under a microscope to determine if you have an infection such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis or genital herpes. He or she may also check for yeast or bacterial vaginosis. These infections can cause similar symptoms, though they affect the vagina rather than the cervix.

• #18 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Clinical diagnosis of cervicitis was traditionally made based on the presence of suggestive findings in the clinical examination with a speculum: an oedematous and friable cervix with the presence of cervical secretion of mucopurulent appearance. […] There is a need to agree on some diagnostic criteria for cervicitis that make it possible to establish a uniform case definition that can be applied in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies. The most frequently used criteria for the case definition in studies published in recent years have been the existence of mucopurulent discharge or the presence of 30PMN/field in the endocervical secretion. […] The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination.

• #19 Cervicitis

  https://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/Educartion/f/web/Cervicitis/index.htm

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the uterine cervix. Infectious cervicitis might be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, or human papilloma virus. Noninfectious cervicitis might be caused by local trauma, radiation, or malignancy. The infectious etiologies are significantly more common than the noninfectious causes, and all possible infectious causes of cervicitis are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). […] The physical examination is crucial to the evaluation and diagnosis of cervicitis, but do not limit the examination to the pelvic region. A survey for lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, oral lesions, joint redness or swelling, abdominal pain, and costovertebral angle tenderness can point to disseminated infection. […] Cervicitis is suspected if the cervix is erythematous, edematous, or easily friable. Classic mucopurulent cervicitis is present if thick yellow-green pus is visible in the endocervical canal (the cervical os) or on an endocervical swab specimen.

• #20 Cervicitis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/cervicitis?content_id=CON-20370797

  Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] To diagnose cervicitis, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that includes: […] A pelvic exam. During this exam, your doctor checks your pelvic organs for areas of swelling and tenderness. […] A specimen collection. In a process similar to a Pap test, your doctor uses a small cotton swab or a brush to gently remove a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. Your doctor sends the sample to a lab to test for infections. […] Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that may include a pelvic exam and Pap test. He or she may collect a fluid specimen from your vagina or cervix to send for testing.

• #21 Cervicitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix — the lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. […] Determining the cause of cervicitis is important. […] Here’s what you need to know about symptoms, causes, risk factors, tests, diagnosis, and treatment of cervicitis. […] If your doctor suspects you have cervicitis, they may do a pelvic exam. This lets the doctor get a closer look at the cervix. […] The doctor will probably also swab the cervix to collect vaginal fluids or to see how easily it bleeds. […] Your doctor may swab the cervix to check for discharge, swelling, tenderness, and bleeding. Your doctor will test your vaginal fluid for the presence of harmful bacteria or viruses. […] If an infection is suspected, the main goal of treatment is to eliminate the infection and prevent it from spreading to the uterus and fallopian tubes, or if you are pregnant, to your baby. […] If your symptoms persist despite treatment, you should be reevaluated by your doctor.

• #22 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination. Vaginal secretions should be removed using a dry swab, which is then disposed of. Subsequently, the cervix should be gently compressed with the speculum and a thin swab should be inserted into the endocervical canal. […] NAA techniques should be used for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis since, as it is an intracellular bacterium, it requires cell cultures and antigen detection techniques lack sufficient sensitivity. There are different platforms on the market for the joint detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the same sample, using NAA techniques. […] The decision to perform empirical or targeted treatment of women with cervicitis should be taken after considering factors such as age, the epidemiological context and the availability of rapid diagnostic tests. It is advisable to start empirical treatment that includes C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the case of women with a high risk of infection due to these pathogens.

• #23 Cervicitis Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/cervicitis

  Your doctor will perform a physical examination, including a pelvic exam and specimen collection to make a diagnosis of cervicitis. […] The doctor will use a cotton swab to collect a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. Lab tests may also be conducted on a urine sample.

• #24 Cervicitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370818

  During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. […] To diagnose cervicitis, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that includes: […] A pelvic exam. During this exam, your doctor checks your pelvic organs for areas of swelling and tenderness. He or she may also place a speculum in your vagina to view the upper, lower and side walls of the vagina and the cervix. […] A specimen collection. In a process similar to a Pap test, your doctor uses a small cotton swab or a brush to gently remove a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. Your doctor sends the sample to a lab to test for infections. Lab tests may also be performed on a urine sample. […] Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that may include a pelvic exam and Pap test. He or she may collect a fluid specimen from your vagina or cervix to send for testing.

• #25 Cervicitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Identification of Infectious Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-workup

  If cervicitis is suspected or mucopurulent cervicitis is observed, then cervical discharge is collected for culture and, optionally, for Gram stain. The microscopic finding of gram-negative intracellular diplococci has a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of more than 90% for gonorrhea. The observation of more than 30 leukocytes per oil immersion field is highly suggestive of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are preferred over the other tests, because they are highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing gonococcal and chlamydial infections. […] The advantages of alternative techniques over conventional cultures include reduced turnaround time and lack of dependence on the complex and expensive systems needed to culture chlamydia and gonorrhea.

• #26 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is the most common etiology of cervicitis defined by diagnostic testing. Trichomoniasis, genital herpes (especially primary HSV-2 infection), or M. genitalium also have been associated with cervicitis. […] Because cervicitis might be a sign of upper genital tract infection (e.g., endometritis), women should be assessed for signs of PID and tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae with NAAT on vaginal, cervical, or urine samples. […] Multiple factors should affect the decision to provide presumptive therapy for cervicitis. Presumptive treatment with antimicrobials for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae should be provided for women at increased risk (e.g., those aged 25 years and women with a new sex partner, a sex partner with concurrent partners, or a sex partner who has an STI), if follow-up cannot be ensured, or if testing with NAAT is not possible.

• #27 CDC Updates Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p123.html

  Approved tests for vaginal secretions include the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test and the Affirm VP III test, which have a sensitivity of greater than 83 percent and a specificity of greater than 97 percent. […] Amplicor, a polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections, has been modified for T. vaginalis detection in vaginal or endocervical swabs and in urine from men and women. […] Sensitivity ranges from 88 to 97 percent, and specificity is 98 to 99 percent. […] The Aptima T. vaginalis Analyte Specific Reagents test can detect T. vaginalis RNA by transcription-mediated amplification, with a sensitivity of 74 to 98 percent and specificity of 87 to 98 percent. […] Culture for T. vaginalis is another option. […] Wet preparation is not a sensitive test for trichomoniasis in men, and no approved point-of-care tests are available. […] Culture testing of urethral swab, urine, or semen is an option; however, nucleic acid amplification testing is more sensitive.

• #28 Cervicitis laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cervicitis_laboratory_findings

  Diagnosis of cervicitis is mostly clinical however, a finding of 10 WBC in vaginal fluid, in the absence of trichomoniasis, may indicate endocervical inflammation caused specifically by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea although culture is more accurate for gonococcal cervicitis. […] The use of nucleic acid amplification tests is very helpful for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. […] Wet mount microscopy and direct visualisation have low sensitivity in detecting N. gonorrhea and T. vaginalis, because of this symptomatic women with cervicitis and negative microscopy should receive further testing (i.e., culture or other FDA-cleared method). […] Although HSV-2 infection has been associated with cervicitis, the utility of specific testing (i.e., culture or serologic testing) for HSV-2 is unknown. […] DNA amplification techniques has good sensitivity, but are not yet approved for diagnostic purposes of Trichomoniasis. […] Microscopy (wet prep) and vaginal pH are useful for identifying bacterial vaginosis which may show clue cells.

• #29 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Once a clinical diagnosis of cervicitis has been established, an investigation of the causative organism begins. […] If these organisms are not identified, FDA-approved NAAT testing for mycoplasma may be performed. […] For cases of persistent cervicitis after antimicrobial therapy, reevaluation is crucial to exclude reexposure, treatment failure, or other infections like Mycoplasma genitalium. […] The resolution of symptoms is dependent on the etiology of cervicitis. […] Following treatment for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis, patients should return in 3 months for repeat testing because of the high rates of reinfection with these organisms.

• #30 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  This provides an overview of the management and empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) – associated cervicitis, which is an inflammation of the cervix characterised by purulent or mucopurulent exudate visible in the endocervical canal or easily induced or sustained bleeding or friability at the endocervical os. […] Up to 83% of cervicitis cases are of unknown etiology (no pathogen identified) and the cause often remains undetermined despite thorough investigation. […] Perform a speculum examination to evaluate the cervix and vaginal wall. […] Obtain endocervical swab for NAAT for CT and GC, plus culture for GC (where available). […] Consider testing for M. genitalium in persons with persistent or recurrent cervicitis following treatment for CT and GC when pre- or post-treatment NAAT tests are negative for CT and GC.

• #31 Cervicitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-differential

  Screen for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae, in patients who present with symptoms of an STI. In high-risk patients, consider screening for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. […] In women of childbearing age, always perform a urine pregnancy test before prescribing any medication. […] Signs of chlamydial cervicitis on speculum examination may include mucopurulent endocervical discharge and spontaneous or easily induced endocervical bleeding or any zones of ectopy. […] In women with gonococcal cervicitis, the cervix may show mucopurulent or purulent cervical discharge and easily induced cervical bleeding. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) cervicitis may involve the exocervix or endocervix, and it may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Usually, the cervix appears abnormal to inspection, with diffuse vesicular lesions, ulcerative lesions, erythema, or friability. […] T vaginalis can have a characteristic „frothy” gray or yellow-green vaginal discharge and pruritus. The occurrence of cervical petechiae, or „strawberry cervix,” is a classic presentation that is seen in less than 2% of cases.

• #32 Cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  The examiner can check the vaginal potential hydrogen (pH), which will usually be elevated (greater than 4.5) with infectious cervicitis, though it does not give a specific diagnosis. […] N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are the most common causes of cervicitis. Both sensitive and specific, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for these organisms on urine, endocervical or vaginal samples is an important starting point for the diagnosis of cervicitis. […] If NAAT is negative, or if another cause is more likely, there are other possible etiologies of cervicitis. […] In many cases, especially in women over the age of 30, no organism is isolated as the cause of the cervicitis. […] Patients with suspected PID should have testing for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. […] There are no imaging studies indicated for the diagnosis of cervicitis.

• #33 Cervicitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-differential

  Screen for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae, in patients who present with symptoms of an STI. In high-risk patients, consider screening for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. […] In women of childbearing age, always perform a urine pregnancy test before prescribing any medication. […] Signs of chlamydial cervicitis on speculum examination may include mucopurulent endocervical discharge and spontaneous or easily induced endocervical bleeding or any zones of ectopy. […] In women with gonococcal cervicitis, the cervix may show mucopurulent or purulent cervical discharge and easily induced cervical bleeding. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) cervicitis may involve the exocervix or endocervix, and it may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Usually, the cervix appears abnormal to inspection, with diffuse vesicular lesions, ulcerative lesions, erythema, or friability. […] T vaginalis can have a characteristic „frothy” gray or yellow-green vaginal discharge and pruritus. The occurrence of cervical petechiae, or „strawberry cervix,” is a classic presentation that is seen in less than 2% of cases.

• #34 Cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/

  Cervicitis is defined by the presence of mucopurulent endocervical exudate and/or cervical friability or easy bleeding on exam, generally without significant abdominal or cervical tenderness. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that the presence of cervical motion tenderness or tenderness of the uterus or adnexa on exam are the minimum diagnostic criteria. […] The presence of one or more of the following will increase the specificity of the diagnosis: Oral temperature greater than 101.0 F, Mucopurulent cervical or vaginal discharge, Abundance of white blood cells on vaginal fluid microscopy, Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP), Laboratory confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis. […] A pelvic exam is essential for the diagnosis of cervicitis.

• #35 Cervicitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-differential

  Screen for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae, in patients who present with symptoms of an STI. In high-risk patients, consider screening for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. […] In women of childbearing age, always perform a urine pregnancy test before prescribing any medication. […] Signs of chlamydial cervicitis on speculum examination may include mucopurulent endocervical discharge and spontaneous or easily induced endocervical bleeding or any zones of ectopy. […] In women with gonococcal cervicitis, the cervix may show mucopurulent or purulent cervical discharge and easily induced cervical bleeding. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) cervicitis may involve the exocervix or endocervix, and it may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Usually, the cervix appears abnormal to inspection, with diffuse vesicular lesions, ulcerative lesions, erythema, or friability. […] T vaginalis can have a characteristic „frothy” gray or yellow-green vaginal discharge and pruritus. The occurrence of cervical petechiae, or „strawberry cervix,” is a classic presentation that is seen in less than 2% of cases.

• #36 Cervicitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cervicitis/

  Cervicitis is a clinical diagnosis, based on gynecologic examination findings of mucopurulent or purulent endocervical discharge and a friable cervix. […] Isolated cervicitis is diagnosed clinically, based on both of the following. […] Presence of 1 of the following findings on speculum examination: Mucopurulent or purulent discharge in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab. […] Test all patients with cervicitis for HIV and syphilis. […] Cervicitis is unlikely if WBCs/HPF are seen on microscopic evaluation of vaginal fluid (wet mount).

• #37 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Two major diagnostic signs characterize cervicitis: 1) a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen (commonly referred to as mucopurulent cervicitis), and 2) sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by gentle passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os. Either or both signs might be present. Cervicitis frequently is asymptomatic; however, certain women might report an abnormal vaginal discharge and intermenstrual vaginal bleeding (e.g., especially after sexual intercourse). […] The criterion of using an increased number of WBCs on endocervical Gram stain in the diagnosis of cervicitis has not been standardized; it is not sensitive, has a low positive predictive value for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections, and is not available in most clinical settings.

• #38 Cervicitis – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/cervicitis

  Cervicitis is infectious or noninfectious inflammation of the cervix. Diagnosis is with tests for cervical infection. Women are tested for infectious causes of vaginitis and pelvic inflammatory disease and are sometimes treated empirically for chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Cervicitis is diagnosed if women have a cervical exudate (purulent or mucopurulent) or cervical friability. […] Women should be evaluated clinically for PID and tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis.

• #39 Cervicitis | STI Guidelines Australia

  https://sti.guidelines.org.au/syndromes/cervicitis/

  Cervicitis is an inflamed cervix characterised by friability of the cervix with easily induced bleeding and/or mucopurulent discharge at the cervical os. […] A speculum examination and endocervical swab, as a minimum, are required to diagnose cervicitis. […] Assess for symptoms of PID. […] Positive – confirmed Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae […] Negative – cervicitis of another cause. […] If organism is known or PID is suspected, see relevant STI guidelines for treatment recommendations. […] Patients with a clinical diagnosis of cervicitis who are at increased of being lost to follow-up should be treated at initial assessment whether a pathogen is identified or not. […] 100% of patients with cervicitis are tested for an STI.

• #40 Acute Cervicitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Cervix/ActCrvcts.htm

  Diagnosis: Mucopurulent cervical discharge […] Mucopurulent endocervical discharge […] Cervical friability with insertion of a cotton swab into endocervical canal […] Wet Prep with 10 White Blood Cells per high powered field.

• #41 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Clinical diagnosis of cervicitis was traditionally made based on the presence of suggestive findings in the clinical examination with a speculum: an oedematous and friable cervix with the presence of cervical secretion of mucopurulent appearance. […] There is a need to agree on some diagnostic criteria for cervicitis that make it possible to establish a uniform case definition that can be applied in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies. The most frequently used criteria for the case definition in studies published in recent years have been the existence of mucopurulent discharge or the presence of 30PMN/field in the endocervical secretion. […] The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination.

• #42 Cervicitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Identification of Infectious Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-workup

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends testing on self- or clinician-collected endocervical and vaginal swab specimens, as well as on urine specimens. […] Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is the most sensitive and specific for gonorrheal and chlamydial infections, and it also allows for testing on the widest variety of specimen types. […] There is an association between a finding of leukorrhea (10 white blood cells [WBCs] under microscopic high-power field [HPF] examination of vaginal fluid) and cervical chlamydial and gonococcal infection. […] If the woman doesn’t have inflammatory vaginitis, leukorrhea may be a sensitive indicator of cervical inflammation with a high negative predictive value. […] Gonococcal cervical infection can be diagnosed from the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci (GNID) in endocervical fluid. However, only 50% of affected women have this finding.

• #43 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Clinical diagnosis of cervicitis was traditionally made based on the presence of suggestive findings in the clinical examination with a speculum: an oedematous and friable cervix with the presence of cervical secretion of mucopurulent appearance. […] There is a need to agree on some diagnostic criteria for cervicitis that make it possible to establish a uniform case definition that can be applied in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies. The most frequently used criteria for the case definition in studies published in recent years have been the existence of mucopurulent discharge or the presence of 30PMN/field in the endocervical secretion. […] The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination.

• #44 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Two major diagnostic signs characterize cervicitis: 1) a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen (commonly referred to as mucopurulent cervicitis), and 2) sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by gentle passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os. Either or both signs might be present. Cervicitis frequently is asymptomatic; however, certain women might report an abnormal vaginal discharge and intermenstrual vaginal bleeding (e.g., especially after sexual intercourse). […] The criterion of using an increased number of WBCs on endocervical Gram stain in the diagnosis of cervicitis has not been standardized; it is not sensitive, has a low positive predictive value for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections, and is not available in most clinical settings.

• #45 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Key diagnostic factors include risk factors for sexually transmitted infection (STI), purulent vaginal or cervical discharge, intermenstrual/postcoital bleeding, dysuria and urinary frequency, and easily induced cervical bleeding. […] 1st tests to order include pregnancy test, wet mount examination of cervical discharge, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), rapid tests (OSOM Trichomonas, AFFIRM VPIII), Thayer-Martin agar cervical culture, and Gram stain of cervical discharge.

• #46 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  This provides an overview of the management and empiric treatment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) – associated cervicitis, which is an inflammation of the cervix characterised by purulent or mucopurulent exudate visible in the endocervical canal or easily induced or sustained bleeding or friability at the endocervical os. […] Up to 83% of cervicitis cases are of unknown etiology (no pathogen identified) and the cause often remains undetermined despite thorough investigation. […] Perform a speculum examination to evaluate the cervix and vaginal wall. […] Obtain endocervical swab for NAAT for CT and GC, plus culture for GC (where available). […] Consider testing for M. genitalium in persons with persistent or recurrent cervicitis following treatment for CT and GC when pre- or post-treatment NAAT tests are negative for CT and GC.

• #47 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is the most common etiology of cervicitis defined by diagnostic testing. Trichomoniasis, genital herpes (especially primary HSV-2 infection), or M. genitalium also have been associated with cervicitis. […] Because cervicitis might be a sign of upper genital tract infection (e.g., endometritis), women should be assessed for signs of PID and tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae with NAAT on vaginal, cervical, or urine samples. […] Multiple factors should affect the decision to provide presumptive therapy for cervicitis. Presumptive treatment with antimicrobials for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae should be provided for women at increased risk (e.g., those aged 25 years and women with a new sex partner, a sex partner with concurrent partners, or a sex partner who has an STI), if follow-up cannot be ensured, or if testing with NAAT is not possible.

• #48 07. Cervicitis & PID | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-cervicitis-pid/07-cervicitis-pid

  Diagnosing and treating cervicitis and PID can help prevent long-term complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV transmission. […] Consider treating cervicitis empirically for chlamydia +/- gonorrhea infection. […] Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (cervical swab, vaginal swab or urine): preferred for the diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Empiric treatment should be given to women 25 years old, those with high risk sexual behavior, or if follow up cannot be ensured. […] If treating empirically, cover C. trachomatis; also consider N. gonorrhoeae coverage if patient at high risk for gonorrhea or if high local prevalence. […] Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 +/- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose if covering for gonorrhea. […] Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 2 weeks, +/- Metronidazole 500 mg BID x 2 weeks. […] CDC and USPSTF recommendations: annual screening for chlamydia (and gonorrhea) among all sexually active women 25 years old, and in older women with high risk sexual behavior. […] Sexual partners should be treated empirically in all confirmed or suspected cases of cervicitis or PID due to STIs.

• #49 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Once a clinical diagnosis of cervicitis has been established, an investigation of the causative organism begins. […] If these organisms are not identified, FDA-approved NAAT testing for mycoplasma may be performed. […] For cases of persistent cervicitis after antimicrobial therapy, reevaluation is crucial to exclude reexposure, treatment failure, or other infections like Mycoplasma genitalium. […] The resolution of symptoms is dependent on the etiology of cervicitis. […] Following treatment for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis, patients should return in 3 months for repeat testing because of the high rates of reinfection with these organisms.

• #50 Cervicitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/cervicitis

  Women with persistent or recurrent cervicitis despite antimicrobial therapy should be reevaluated for possible reexposure or treatment failure. […] For women with persistent symptoms that are clearly attributable to cervicitis, referral to a gynecologic specialist can be considered for evaluation of noninfectious causes (e.g., cervical dysplasia or polyps). […] Regular health check-ups serve as the cornerstone of cervicitis prevention and management. […] Understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatment options helps women take control of their reproductive health. […] If left untreated, it can lead to several serious issues: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Scarring in reproductive organs, Increased risk of STIs, including HIV, Potential fertility problems, Risk of ectopic pregnancy.

• #51 Cervicitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cervicitis-a-to-z

  Treatment is guided by the type of infection you have. […] If you have risk factors for a sexually transmitted infection, such as unprotected vaginal intercourse with a new or multiple sexual partners, or if the physical examination suggests you may have cervicitis, you may start treatment with antibiotics before the test results come back. […] If you are diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection, it is important to tell any recent sexual partners that they must see a health care professional for testing and treatment. […] If you have recurring pain during intercourse, a new vaginal discharge or discharge that has changed in color, or if you have vaginal spotting or bleeding between periods, you should make an appointment to see a health care professional. […] Cervicitis will go away within a few days to a week after you start taking antibiotics. […] Cervicitis rarely comes back if it is treated with the appropriate antibiotic, unless you get a new infection from a sexual partner.

• #52 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  NAA techniques should be used for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis since, as it is an intracellular bacterium, it requires cell cultures and antigen detection techniques lack sufficient sensitivity. […] Despite the advantages offered by the NAA techniques, it is recommended not to disregard cultures, as the detection of N. gonorrhoeae may have important connotations, even of a judicial nature, and because the recovery of the strains allows their antibiotic resistance profiles to be studied. […] The decision to perform empirical or targeted treatment of women with cervicitis should be taken after considering factors such as age, the epidemiological context and the availability of rapid diagnostic tests.

• #53 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Cervicitis is common and often asymptomatic, but if left undiagnosed or untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to substantial long-term ill effects such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. […] Implementing screening protocols for high-risk populations may reduce adverse outcomes from cervicitis. Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should be offered concomitantly. […] Clinical suspicion is generally sufficient to justify therapy, but of the diagnostic aids, nucleic acid amplification testing remains the most sensitive and specific tool for accurately diagnosing N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] If the presentation suggests cervicitis, and the patient is deemed at high risk for STI, patients are empirically treated with a regimen targeting STIs.

• #54 07. Cervicitis & PID | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-cervicitis-pid/07-cervicitis-pid

  Diagnosing and treating cervicitis and PID can help prevent long-term complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV transmission. […] Consider treating cervicitis empirically for chlamydia +/- gonorrhea infection. […] Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (cervical swab, vaginal swab or urine): preferred for the diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Empiric treatment should be given to women 25 years old, those with high risk sexual behavior, or if follow up cannot be ensured. […] If treating empirically, cover C. trachomatis; also consider N. gonorrhoeae coverage if patient at high risk for gonorrhea or if high local prevalence. […] Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 +/- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose if covering for gonorrhea. […] Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 2 weeks, +/- Metronidazole 500 mg BID x 2 weeks. […] CDC and USPSTF recommendations: annual screening for chlamydia (and gonorrhea) among all sexually active women 25 years old, and in older women with high risk sexual behavior. […] Sexual partners should be treated empirically in all confirmed or suspected cases of cervicitis or PID due to STIs.

• #55 What Is Cervicitis? Top FAQs and Much More

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/symptoms-and-diseases/what-is-cervicitis

  Cervicitis treatment depends on whether the cause is infectious or noninfectious. Chronic cervicitis is addressed according to the existing condition that produced it. […] When dealing with acute infectious cervicitis (brought on by STIs or bacterial vaginosis), medication is the method of choice. […] If youre considered a high-risk patient (i.e., youre 25 or older, with a new or infected sex partner or multiple partners, etc.), treatment begins immediately. […] However, if youre a low-risk patient, and the reasons behind your cervicitis are unknown, your doctor may recommend waiting for diagnostic test results before starting antibiotics. […] If cervicitis develops and it becomes infected, irritated, or inflamed, you have a greater chance of getting a uterine infection. […] Similarly, cervicitis also increases your susceptibility to contracting HIV.

• #56 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  If warranted, NAAT on endocervical samples may be used to test for Mycoplasma Genitalium. […] Following treatment for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis, patients should return in 3 months for repeat testing because of the high rates of reinfection with these organisms. […] The overall prognosis of infectious causes of cervicitis is favorable. […] In the case of treatment failure and recurrent infection, the first step is to confirm the eradication of the causative organisms by repeat testing. […] Cervicitis-associated inflammation can lead to an increased risk of both HIV transmission and susceptibility to HIV infection. […] Patients should be counseled on safe sex practices, including consistent condom use and regular STI screenings, particularly for those at higher risk. […] Cervicitis is commonly caused by STIs like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae but can also result from noninfectious irritants. […] Diagnosis relies on clinical findings and NAATs, with empiric treatment targeting likely pathogens. […] Effective management of cervicitis requires a cohesive, interprofessional approach to deliver patient-centered care, optimize outcomes, and ensure patient safety.

• #57 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: Severity of the clinical condition, Probability of infection, Person’s risk factors for a sexually transmitted or blood-borne infection (STBBI), Person’s willingness to abstain from sex and to return for test results or follow-up. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission. […] The need for test of cure (TOC) depends on which pathogen is confirmed by laboratory testing. […] In the case of recurrent or persistent cervicitis, assess the possibility of: Poor adherence to treatment, Use of alternate rather than preferred (first-line) treatment, Reinfection, AMR, Presence of other pathogens that were not part of initial testing (e.g. M. genitalium), Presence of other etiologies. […] When treatment is indicated for an STI: notify, evaluate, test and treat (as appropriate) sexual partners.

• #58 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Cervicitis is common and often asymptomatic, but if left undiagnosed or untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to substantial long-term ill effects such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. […] Implementing screening protocols for high-risk populations may reduce adverse outcomes from cervicitis. Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should be offered concomitantly. […] Clinical suspicion is generally sufficient to justify therapy, but of the diagnostic aids, nucleic acid amplification testing remains the most sensitive and specific tool for accurately diagnosing N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] If the presentation suggests cervicitis, and the patient is deemed at high risk for STI, patients are empirically treated with a regimen targeting STIs.

• #59 07. Cervicitis & PID | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-cervicitis-pid/07-cervicitis-pid

  Diagnosing and treating cervicitis and PID can help prevent long-term complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV transmission. […] Consider treating cervicitis empirically for chlamydia +/- gonorrhea infection. […] Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (cervical swab, vaginal swab or urine): preferred for the diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Empiric treatment should be given to women 25 years old, those with high risk sexual behavior, or if follow up cannot be ensured. […] If treating empirically, cover C. trachomatis; also consider N. gonorrhoeae coverage if patient at high risk for gonorrhea or if high local prevalence. […] Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 +/- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose if covering for gonorrhea. […] Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 2 weeks, +/- Metronidazole 500 mg BID x 2 weeks. […] CDC and USPSTF recommendations: annual screening for chlamydia (and gonorrhea) among all sexually active women 25 years old, and in older women with high risk sexual behavior. […] Sexual partners should be treated empirically in all confirmed or suspected cases of cervicitis or PID due to STIs.

• #60 07. Cervicitis & PID | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-cervicitis-pid/07-cervicitis-pid

  Diagnosing and treating cervicitis and PID can help prevent long-term complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV transmission. […] Consider treating cervicitis empirically for chlamydia +/- gonorrhea infection. […] Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (cervical swab, vaginal swab or urine): preferred for the diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Empiric treatment should be given to women 25 years old, those with high risk sexual behavior, or if follow up cannot be ensured. […] If treating empirically, cover C. trachomatis; also consider N. gonorrhoeae coverage if patient at high risk for gonorrhea or if high local prevalence. […] Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 +/- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose if covering for gonorrhea. […] Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 2 weeks, +/- Metronidazole 500 mg BID x 2 weeks. […] CDC and USPSTF recommendations: annual screening for chlamydia (and gonorrhea) among all sexually active women 25 years old, and in older women with high risk sexual behavior. […] Sexual partners should be treated empirically in all confirmed or suspected cases of cervicitis or PID due to STIs.

• #61 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is the most common etiology of cervicitis defined by diagnostic testing. Trichomoniasis, genital herpes (especially primary HSV-2 infection), or M. genitalium also have been associated with cervicitis. […] Because cervicitis might be a sign of upper genital tract infection (e.g., endometritis), women should be assessed for signs of PID and tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae with NAAT on vaginal, cervical, or urine samples. […] Multiple factors should affect the decision to provide presumptive therapy for cervicitis. Presumptive treatment with antimicrobials for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae should be provided for women at increased risk (e.g., those aged 25 years and women with a new sex partner, a sex partner with concurrent partners, or a sex partner who has an STI), if follow-up cannot be ensured, or if testing with NAAT is not possible.

• #62 Cervicitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cervicitis-a-to-z

  Cervicitis can be caused by a sexually transmitted infection. […] Your doctor will ask about your medical history and whether you have any new sexual partners. […] If you have cervicitis, the lining of the cervix may appear red, inflamed, swollen or irritated. […] During the pelvic exam, your doctor will take a sample of discharge or pus from your cervical opening so it can be tested in a laboratory and examined under a microscope to determine if you have an infection such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis or genital herpes. […] If your cervix, uterus or ovaries are tender, it’s possible you have pelvic inflammatory disease (infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries) in addition to cervicitis. […] Once cervicitis is diagnosed and the appropriate treatment is started, symptoms should start to improve within a few days.

• #63 Cervicitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cervicitis-a-to-z

  Cervicitis can be caused by a sexually transmitted infection. […] Your doctor will ask about your medical history and whether you have any new sexual partners. […] If you have cervicitis, the lining of the cervix may appear red, inflamed, swollen or irritated. […] During the pelvic exam, your doctor will take a sample of discharge or pus from your cervical opening so it can be tested in a laboratory and examined under a microscope to determine if you have an infection such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis or genital herpes. […] If your cervix, uterus or ovaries are tender, it’s possible you have pelvic inflammatory disease (infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries) in addition to cervicitis. […] Once cervicitis is diagnosed and the appropriate treatment is started, symptoms should start to improve within a few days.

• #64 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  If warranted, NAAT on endocervical samples may be used to test for Mycoplasma Genitalium. […] Following treatment for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis, patients should return in 3 months for repeat testing because of the high rates of reinfection with these organisms. […] The overall prognosis of infectious causes of cervicitis is favorable. […] In the case of treatment failure and recurrent infection, the first step is to confirm the eradication of the causative organisms by repeat testing. […] Cervicitis-associated inflammation can lead to an increased risk of both HIV transmission and susceptibility to HIV infection. […] Patients should be counseled on safe sex practices, including consistent condom use and regular STI screenings, particularly for those at higher risk. […] Cervicitis is commonly caused by STIs like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae but can also result from noninfectious irritants. […] Diagnosis relies on clinical findings and NAATs, with empiric treatment targeting likely pathogens. […] Effective management of cervicitis requires a cohesive, interprofessional approach to deliver patient-centered care, optimize outcomes, and ensure patient safety.

• #65 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination. Vaginal secretions should be removed using a dry swab, which is then disposed of. Subsequently, the cervix should be gently compressed with the speculum and a thin swab should be inserted into the endocervical canal. […] NAA techniques should be used for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis since, as it is an intracellular bacterium, it requires cell cultures and antigen detection techniques lack sufficient sensitivity. There are different platforms on the market for the joint detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the same sample, using NAA techniques. […] The decision to perform empirical or targeted treatment of women with cervicitis should be taken after considering factors such as age, the epidemiological context and the availability of rapid diagnostic tests. It is advisable to start empirical treatment that includes C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the case of women with a high risk of infection due to these pathogens.

• #66 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: Severity of the clinical condition, Probability of infection, Person’s risk factors for a sexually transmitted or blood-borne infection (STBBI), Person’s willingness to abstain from sex and to return for test results or follow-up. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission. […] The need for test of cure (TOC) depends on which pathogen is confirmed by laboratory testing. […] In the case of recurrent or persistent cervicitis, assess the possibility of: Poor adherence to treatment, Use of alternate rather than preferred (first-line) treatment, Reinfection, AMR, Presence of other pathogens that were not part of initial testing (e.g. M. genitalium), Presence of other etiologies. […] When treatment is indicated for an STI: notify, evaluate, test and treat (as appropriate) sexual partners.

• #67 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. For its diagnosis, there are commercial systems based on molecular techniques that include almost all of the known pathogens associated with cervicitis, although cultures should not be abandoned due to the need to conduct studies of susceptibility to antibiotics. […] It is recommended to initiate an empirical antibiotic therapy that covers Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the case of women at high risk of infection by these pathogens, especially if the follow-up is not assured or adequate diagnostic tests are not available. In women with low risk of sexually transmitted infection, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the results of the microbiological results.

• #68 What Is Cervicitis? Top FAQs and Much More

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/symptoms-and-diseases/what-is-cervicitis

  Cervicitis treatment depends on whether the cause is infectious or noninfectious. Chronic cervicitis is addressed according to the existing condition that produced it. […] When dealing with acute infectious cervicitis (brought on by STIs or bacterial vaginosis), medication is the method of choice. […] If youre considered a high-risk patient (i.e., youre 25 or older, with a new or infected sex partner or multiple partners, etc.), treatment begins immediately. […] However, if youre a low-risk patient, and the reasons behind your cervicitis are unknown, your doctor may recommend waiting for diagnostic test results before starting antibiotics. […] If cervicitis develops and it becomes infected, irritated, or inflamed, you have a greater chance of getting a uterine infection. […] Similarly, cervicitis also increases your susceptibility to contracting HIV.

• #69 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. For its diagnosis, there are commercial systems based on molecular techniques that include almost all of the known pathogens associated with cervicitis, although cultures should not be abandoned due to the need to conduct studies of susceptibility to antibiotics. […] It is recommended to initiate an empirical antibiotic therapy that covers Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the case of women at high risk of infection by these pathogens, especially if the follow-up is not assured or adequate diagnostic tests are not available. In women with low risk of sexually transmitted infection, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the results of the microbiological results.

• #70 07. Cervicitis & PID | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-cervicitis-pid/07-cervicitis-pid

  Diagnosing and treating cervicitis and PID can help prevent long-term complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV transmission. […] Consider treating cervicitis empirically for chlamydia +/- gonorrhea infection. […] Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (cervical swab, vaginal swab or urine): preferred for the diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Empiric treatment should be given to women 25 years old, those with high risk sexual behavior, or if follow up cannot be ensured. […] If treating empirically, cover C. trachomatis; also consider N. gonorrhoeae coverage if patient at high risk for gonorrhea or if high local prevalence. […] Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 +/- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose if covering for gonorrhea. […] Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 2 weeks, +/- Metronidazole 500 mg BID x 2 weeks. […] CDC and USPSTF recommendations: annual screening for chlamydia (and gonorrhea) among all sexually active women 25 years old, and in older women with high risk sexual behavior. […] Sexual partners should be treated empirically in all confirmed or suspected cases of cervicitis or PID due to STIs.

• #71 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix. It is usually caused by an infectious agent, usually sexually transmitted. Cervicitis is frequently asymptomatic and silent infection can cause complications of the upper genital tract. The symptoms are usually nonspecific, the most significant being an increase in vaginal discharge and/or intermenstrual bleeding. For its diagnosis, there are commercial systems based on molecular techniques that include almost all of the known pathogens associated with cervicitis, although cultures should not be abandoned due to the need to conduct studies of susceptibility to antibiotics. […] It is recommended to initiate an empirical antibiotic therapy that covers Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the case of women at high risk of infection by these pathogens, especially if the follow-up is not assured or adequate diagnostic tests are not available. In women with low risk of sexually transmitted infection, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the results of the microbiological results.

• #72 What Is Cervicitis? Top FAQs and Much More

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/symptoms-and-diseases/what-is-cervicitis

  Cervicitis treatment depends on whether the cause is infectious or noninfectious. Chronic cervicitis is addressed according to the existing condition that produced it. […] When dealing with acute infectious cervicitis (brought on by STIs or bacterial vaginosis), medication is the method of choice. […] If youre considered a high-risk patient (i.e., youre 25 or older, with a new or infected sex partner or multiple partners, etc.), treatment begins immediately. […] However, if youre a low-risk patient, and the reasons behind your cervicitis are unknown, your doctor may recommend waiting for diagnostic test results before starting antibiotics. […] If cervicitis develops and it becomes infected, irritated, or inflamed, you have a greater chance of getting a uterine infection. […] Similarly, cervicitis also increases your susceptibility to contracting HIV.

• #73 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Clinical diagnosis of cervicitis was traditionally made based on the presence of suggestive findings in the clinical examination with a speculum: an oedematous and friable cervix with the presence of cervical secretion of mucopurulent appearance. […] There is a need to agree on some diagnostic criteria for cervicitis that make it possible to establish a uniform case definition that can be applied in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies. The most frequently used criteria for the case definition in studies published in recent years have been the existence of mucopurulent discharge or the presence of 30PMN/field in the endocervical secretion. […] The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination.

• #74 Cervicitis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-cervicitis-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-S2529993X19301790

  Clinical diagnosis of cervicitis was traditionally made based on the presence of suggestive findings in the clinical examination with a speculum: an oedematous and friable cervix with the presence of cervical secretion of mucopurulent appearance. […] There is a need to agree on some diagnostic criteria for cervicitis that make it possible to establish a uniform case definition that can be applied in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies. The most frequently used criteria for the case definition in studies published in recent years have been the existence of mucopurulent discharge or the presence of 30PMN/field in the endocervical secretion. […] The aetiological diagnosis can be performed by studying a sample of endocervical exudate, carefully obtained using a speculum during the gynaecological examination.

• #75 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Once a clinical diagnosis of cervicitis has been established, an investigation of the causative organism begins. […] If these organisms are not identified, FDA-approved NAAT testing for mycoplasma may be performed. […] For cases of persistent cervicitis after antimicrobial therapy, reevaluation is crucial to exclude reexposure, treatment failure, or other infections like Mycoplasma genitalium. […] The resolution of symptoms is dependent on the etiology of cervicitis. […] Following treatment for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis, patients should return in 3 months for repeat testing because of the high rates of reinfection with these organisms.

• #76 Cervicitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19261

  If warranted, NAAT on endocervical samples may be used to test for Mycoplasma Genitalium. […] Following treatment for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis, patients should return in 3 months for repeat testing because of the high rates of reinfection with these organisms. […] The overall prognosis of infectious causes of cervicitis is favorable. […] In the case of treatment failure and recurrent infection, the first step is to confirm the eradication of the causative organisms by repeat testing. […] Cervicitis-associated inflammation can lead to an increased risk of both HIV transmission and susceptibility to HIV infection. […] Patients should be counseled on safe sex practices, including consistent condom use and regular STI screenings, particularly for those at higher risk. […] Cervicitis is commonly caused by STIs like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae but can also result from noninfectious irritants. […] Diagnosis relies on clinical findings and NAATs, with empiric treatment targeting likely pathogens. […] Effective management of cervicitis requires a cohesive, interprofessional approach to deliver patient-centered care, optimize outcomes, and ensure patient safety.

• #77 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: Severity of the clinical condition, Probability of infection, Person’s risk factors for a sexually transmitted or blood-borne infection (STBBI), Person’s willingness to abstain from sex and to return for test results or follow-up. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission. […] The need for test of cure (TOC) depends on which pathogen is confirmed by laboratory testing. […] In the case of recurrent or persistent cervicitis, assess the possibility of: Poor adherence to treatment, Use of alternate rather than preferred (first-line) treatment, Reinfection, AMR, Presence of other pathogens that were not part of initial testing (e.g. M. genitalium), Presence of other etiologies. […] When treatment is indicated for an STI: notify, evaluate, test and treat (as appropriate) sexual partners.

• #78 What is cervicitis? – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.invitra.com/en/cervicitis/

  Acute cervicitis occurs as a result of a bacterial or viral infection and is therefore associated with sexually transmitted infections. […] In any case, the infection can move up the female reproductive tract and lead to endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis) generally has a good prognosis, as most women outgrow the condition after treatment. […] However, sometimes cervicitis can last for months or years. Complications can also occur in women if the infection spreads through the female reproductive tract, although they are rare.

• #79 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: Severity of the clinical condition, Probability of infection, Person’s risk factors for a sexually transmitted or blood-borne infection (STBBI), Person’s willingness to abstain from sex and to return for test results or follow-up. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission. […] The need for test of cure (TOC) depends on which pathogen is confirmed by laboratory testing. […] In the case of recurrent or persistent cervicitis, assess the possibility of: Poor adherence to treatment, Use of alternate rather than preferred (first-line) treatment, Reinfection, AMR, Presence of other pathogens that were not part of initial testing (e.g. M. genitalium), Presence of other etiologies. […] When treatment is indicated for an STI: notify, evaluate, test and treat (as appropriate) sexual partners.

• #80 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: Severity of the clinical condition, Probability of infection, Person’s risk factors for a sexually transmitted or blood-borne infection (STBBI), Person’s willingness to abstain from sex and to return for test results or follow-up. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission. […] The need for test of cure (TOC) depends on which pathogen is confirmed by laboratory testing. […] In the case of recurrent or persistent cervicitis, assess the possibility of: Poor adherence to treatment, Use of alternate rather than preferred (first-line) treatment, Reinfection, AMR, Presence of other pathogens that were not part of initial testing (e.g. M. genitalium), Presence of other etiologies. […] When treatment is indicated for an STI: notify, evaluate, test and treat (as appropriate) sexual partners.

• #81

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/womens-health/cervicitis

  To know if cervicitis is gone, a pelvic examination is done to check for the tenderness of the pelvis. Resolving of other symptoms should also be looked out for. […] Cervicitis shows the following signs and symptoms: Large amounts of unusual vaginal discharge. – Frequent and painful urination. – Painful sex. – Intermenstrual bleeding. – Abnormal vaginal bleeding after sex. […] Yes, in some cases, cervicitis can be caused without an STI (sexually transmitted infections). It may occur due to allergies, injury, or vaginal bacterial imbalance. […] If the cause of cervicitis is not an infection, then it gets resolved on its own. However, if an STI is a cause, then it needs antibiotic treatment. […] Yes, cervicitis can be transmitted to the partner. So, sex should be avoided until seven days after completing the treatment.

• #82 STI-associated syndromes guide: Cervicitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sti-associated-syndromes/cervicitis.html

  The decision to treat empirically for CT and GC or to wait for test results should reflect the: Severity of the clinical condition, Probability of infection, Person’s risk factors for a sexually transmitted or blood-borne infection (STBBI), Person’s willingness to abstain from sex and to return for test results or follow-up. […] In people with HIV, treatment of cervicitis decreases the level of virus in cervical secretions and may therefore decrease risk of HIV transmission. […] The need for test of cure (TOC) depends on which pathogen is confirmed by laboratory testing. […] In the case of recurrent or persistent cervicitis, assess the possibility of: Poor adherence to treatment, Use of alternate rather than preferred (first-line) treatment, Reinfection, AMR, Presence of other pathogens that were not part of initial testing (e.g. M. genitalium), Presence of other etiologies. […] When treatment is indicated for an STI: notify, evaluate, test and treat (as appropriate) sexual partners.

• #83 Cervicitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/cervicitis

  Women with persistent or recurrent cervicitis despite antimicrobial therapy should be reevaluated for possible reexposure or treatment failure. […] For women with persistent symptoms that are clearly attributable to cervicitis, referral to a gynecologic specialist can be considered for evaluation of noninfectious causes (e.g., cervical dysplasia or polyps). […] Regular health check-ups serve as the cornerstone of cervicitis prevention and management. […] Understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatment options helps women take control of their reproductive health. […] If left untreated, it can lead to several serious issues: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Scarring in reproductive organs, Increased risk of STIs, including HIV, Potential fertility problems, Risk of ectopic pregnancy.

• #84 Cervicitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervicitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370818

  During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. […] To diagnose cervicitis, your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that includes: […] A pelvic exam. During this exam, your doctor checks your pelvic organs for areas of swelling and tenderness. He or she may also place a speculum in your vagina to view the upper, lower and side walls of the vagina and the cervix. […] A specimen collection. In a process similar to a Pap test, your doctor uses a small cotton swab or a brush to gently remove a sample of cervical and vaginal fluid. Your doctor sends the sample to a lab to test for infections. Lab tests may also be performed on a urine sample. […] Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam that may include a pelvic exam and Pap test. He or she may collect a fluid specimen from your vagina or cervix to send for testing.

• #85 Cervicitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562193/

  Cervicitis, also known as endocervicitis, is an inflammation of the columnar epithelium of the uterine endocervix, which can be acute, often caused by infections, or chronic, typically linked to noninfectious sources. […] Diagnosis often involves nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for common pathogens and a thorough clinical evaluation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance the learner’s competence in the timely recognition of cervicitis risk factors and clinical features, prompt performance of the recommended diagnostic studies, and implementation of an appropriate interprofessional management approach to improve patient outcomes. […] The most sensitive and specific test for the most common organisms, chlamydia and gonorrhea, is the nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT).

• #86 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Key diagnostic factors include risk factors for sexually transmitted infection (STI), purulent vaginal or cervical discharge, intermenstrual/postcoital bleeding, dysuria and urinary frequency, and easily induced cervical bleeding. […] 1st tests to order include pregnancy test, wet mount examination of cervical discharge, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), rapid tests (OSOM Trichomonas, AFFIRM VPIII), Thayer-Martin agar cervical culture, and Gram stain of cervical discharge.

• #87 Cervicitis : Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/cervicitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-cervical-inflammation

  How is cervicitis diagnosed? […] Diagnosing cervicitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. Common signs and symptoms of cervicitis include: […] Your healthcare provider may perform the following tests to diagnose cervicitis: […] The most sensitive and specific tool for diagnosing gonorrhoea and chlamydia, the most common causes of cervicitis, is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). […] Diagnosing cervicitis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, patient history, and laboratory tests: […] A Pap smear is primarily used to screen for cervical cancer and precancerous changes, not cervicitis itself. However, a Pap smear may indicate inflammation or other abnormalities that could prompt further investigation for cervicitis. Specific diagnostic tests like NAAT are necessary to confirm the presence of infectious agents causing the inflammation.

• #88 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Cervicitis is common and often asymptomatic, but if left undiagnosed or untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to substantial long-term ill effects such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. […] Implementing screening protocols for high-risk populations may reduce adverse outcomes from cervicitis. Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should be offered concomitantly. […] Clinical suspicion is generally sufficient to justify therapy, but of the diagnostic aids, nucleic acid amplification testing remains the most sensitive and specific tool for accurately diagnosing N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] If the presentation suggests cervicitis, and the patient is deemed at high risk for STI, patients are empirically treated with a regimen targeting STIs.

• #89 Cervicitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/662

  Cervicitis is common and often asymptomatic, but if left undiagnosed or untreated can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to substantial long-term ill effects such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. […] Implementing screening protocols for high-risk populations may reduce adverse outcomes from cervicitis. Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should be offered concomitantly. […] Clinical suspicion is generally sufficient to justify therapy, but of the diagnostic aids, nucleic acid amplification testing remains the most sensitive and specific tool for accurately diagnosing N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] If the presentation suggests cervicitis, and the patient is deemed at high risk for STI, patients are empirically treated with a regimen targeting STIs.

• #90 07. Cervicitis & PID | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/07-cervicitis-pid/07-cervicitis-pid

  Diagnosing and treating cervicitis and PID can help prevent long-term complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV transmission. […] Consider treating cervicitis empirically for chlamydia +/- gonorrhea infection. […] Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (cervical swab, vaginal swab or urine): preferred for the diagnosis of chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Empiric treatment should be given to women 25 years old, those with high risk sexual behavior, or if follow up cannot be ensured. […] If treating empirically, cover C. trachomatis; also consider N. gonorrhoeae coverage if patient at high risk for gonorrhea or if high local prevalence. […] Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 +/- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose if covering for gonorrhea. […] Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 2 weeks, +/- Metronidazole 500 mg BID x 2 weeks. […] CDC and USPSTF recommendations: annual screening for chlamydia (and gonorrhea) among all sexually active women 25 years old, and in older women with high risk sexual behavior. […] Sexual partners should be treated empirically in all confirmed or suspected cases of cervicitis or PID due to STIs.

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