Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Autoimmune hepatitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the body’s immune system, which usually attacks viruses, bacteria and other causes of disease, instead targets the liver. This attack on the liver can lead to long-lasting inflammation and serious damage to liver cells. Just why the body turns against itself is unclear, but researchers think autoimmune hepatitis could be caused by the interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses or medicines. […] The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors appear to interact over time to trigger the disease.

• #2 Autoimmune Hepatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459186/

  Autoimmune hepatitis refers to chronic and progressive inflammation of the liver from an unknown cause. The proposed mechanism for the development of autoimmune hepatitis is thought to be the interplay of genetic predisposition, an environmental trigger, and failure of the native immune system resulting in chronic inflammation of hepatocytes and subsequent fibrosis of the liver. […] The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. The current proposition for pathogenesis is thought to be secondary to a failure of immune tolerance in a genetically susceptible individual leading to a T-cell mediated inflammation caused by various environmental triggers. Common triggers include infections, medications, and toxins. […] There is no specific evidence of the cause. Sixty percent of patients have chronic hepatitis but without serologic evidence of a viral infection. The disease is associated with anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies.

• #3 Autoimmune Hepatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459186/

  Autoimmune hepatitis refers to chronic and progressive inflammation of the liver from an unknown cause. The proposed mechanism for the development of autoimmune hepatitis is thought to be the interplay of genetic predisposition, an environmental trigger, and failure of the native immune system resulting in chronic inflammation of hepatocytes and subsequent fibrosis of the liver. […] The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. The current proposition for pathogenesis is thought to be secondary to a failure of immune tolerance in a genetically susceptible individual leading to a T-cell mediated inflammation caused by various environmental triggers. Common triggers include infections, medications, and toxins. […] There is no specific evidence of the cause. Sixty percent of patients have chronic hepatitis but without serologic evidence of a viral infection. The disease is associated with anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies.

• #4 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17867-autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis causes chronic inflammation in your liver, the same way other types of hepatitis do. But instead of a virus or alcohol damaging your liver, its your own immune system attacking it. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease that begins with a mistake of your immune system. Your immune system sends antibodies to your liver tissues, causing inflammation (hepatitis). These antibodies are normally supposed to attack infections in your liver tissues. But in autoimmune disease, your immune system mistakenly attacks your own healthy cells instead. […] Autoimmune hepatitis causes chronic inflammation in your liver, which may cause serious damage over time. […] What causes autoimmune hepatitis? Autoimmune diseases occur when your immune system mistakes some of your own cells for a threat. Once your immune system identifies this threat, it continues to attack these cells, causing chronic inflammation in some part of your body. In autoimmune hepatitis, your immune system sends specific antibodies to attack specific types of liver cells.

• #5 What causes autoimmune hepatitis? – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/causes/

  The causes of autoimmune hepatitis are not always clear. They are thought to be a combination of: […] Autoimmunity when your immune system makes autoantibodies, which attack and damage your bodys own cells and organs […] Genetics it can run in families, which may make it easier for a trigger to set it off […] External triggers causes outside your body, such as getting a virus or taking certain medicines […] When you have autoimmune hepatitis, your immune system can also be triggered by your own cells. Your B cells also produce antibodies that stick to antigens on your own cells. These are called autoantibodies. This makes your T cells attack your own healthy liver cells. And this damages your liver and causes inflammation.

• #6 What causes autoimmune hepatitis? – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/causes/

  The causes of autoimmune hepatitis are not always clear. They are thought to be a combination of: […] Autoimmunity when your immune system makes autoantibodies, which attack and damage your bodys own cells and organs […] Genetics it can run in families, which may make it easier for a trigger to set it off […] External triggers causes outside your body, such as getting a virus or taking certain medicines […] When you have autoimmune hepatitis, your immune system can also be triggered by your own cells. Your B cells also produce antibodies that stick to antigens on your own cells. These are called autoantibodies. This makes your T cells attack your own healthy liver cells. And this damages your liver and causes inflammation.

• #7 Autoimmune Hepatitis

  https://livinghealthy.hawaiipacifichealth.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Orthopedic/85,P00657

  Autoimmune hepatitis is when your bodys infection-fighting system (immune system) attacks your liver cells. This causes redness and swelling (inflammation) and liver damage. […] Experts dont know what causes autoimmune hepatitis. […] It is linked to a disorder called hypergammaglobulinemia. This disorder occurs when you have too many protein antibodies in your blood. It may be caused by a long-term (chronic) infection or certain blood diseases. […] Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is linked to other disorders where the body attacks itself (autoimmune disorders). These may include: Thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Hemolytic anemia, Immune thrombocytopenia, Celiac disease, Ulcerative colitis. […] Experts dont know what causes it.

• #8 Autoimmune Hepatitis

  https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is when your bodys infection-fighting system (immune system) attacks your liver cells. This causes redness and swelling (inflammation) and liver damage. […] Experts dont know what causes autoimmune hepatitis. […] It is linked to a disorder called hypergammaglobulinemia. This disorder occurs when you have too many protein antibodies in your blood. It may be caused by a long-term (chronic) infection or certain blood diseases. […] Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is linked to other disorders where the body attacks itself (autoimmune disorders). These may include: Thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Hemolytic anemia, Immune thrombocytopenia, Celiac disease, Ulcerative colitis.

• #9 Autoimmune Hepatitis| Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver of unknown etiology identified in the 1940s and formerly called chronic active hepatitis. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is thought to result from an environmental trigger in a genetically predisposed individual, leading to loss of tolerance of T lymphocytes with subsequent hepatocyte attack. […] Viruses such as hepatitis A and Epstein Barr virus have been proposed as a potential environmental triggers for AIH through molecular mimicry. However available data consists mainly of case reports. […] There is a strong genetic association with the alleles of the major histocompatibility complex class II. The presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes HLA DRB1*03 and HLA DRB1*04 predisposes to AIH type 1 and affect the disease course and response to treatment.

• #10 Symptoms & Causes of Autoimmune Hepatitis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/autoimmune-hepatitis/symptoms-causes

  Experts arent sure what causes autoimmune hepatitis. Studies suggest that certain genes make some people more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. In people with these genes, factors in the environment may trigger an autoimmune reaction that causes their immune system to attack the liver. […] Researchers are still studying the environmental triggers that play a role in autoimmune hepatitis. These triggers may include certain viruses and medicines. […] Some medicines can cause liver injury that resembles autoimmune hepatitis. In most cases, the liver injury goes away when the medicine is stopped. Telling your doctor the names of all the medicines you take, even over-the-counter medicines or herbal or botanical products, is important.

• #11 Genetic risk factors for autoimmune hepatitis: implications for phenotypic heterogeneity and biomarkers for drug response | Human Genomics | Full Text

  https://humgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40246-020-00301-4

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic progressive liver disease with autoimmune features. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of AIH. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) on European AIH revealed the strongest associations to be with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in HLA. Predisposing alleles for AIH were DRB1*03:01 and DRB1*04:01 in Europeans; DRB1*04:04, DRB1*04:05, and DRB1*13:01 in Latin Americans; and DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*04:05 in Japanese. Other risk SNVs in non-HLA genes for AIH were found by a candidate gene approach, but several SNVs were confirmed in replication studies. Some genetic factors of AIH overlapped with those of other autoimmune diseases. […] Although the etiology of AIH is obscure, it is supposed that environmental and genetic factors are involved in its pathogenesis. The role of gene-environment interactions has also been predicted in autoimmune diseases. Viral infections, low levels of vitamin D, altered microbiota, exposure to sex hormones, and the administering of drugs are candidate environmental factors in an individual’s predisposition to AIH.

• #12 Genetic risk factors for autoimmune hepatitis: implications for phenotypic heterogeneity and biomarkers for drug response | Human Genomics | Full Text

  https://humgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40246-020-00301-4

  A concordance of AIH in twins and AIH family accumulation were evident in a recent epidemiological study, and extrahepatic autoimmune diseases have been frequently observed in AIH patients, suggesting common genetic risk factors for AIH and other autoimmune diseases. Although HLA is the strongest genetic risk factor for AIH, other genetic factors associated with non-HLA genes have also been reported. […] Although the influence of many genetic and environmental factors on the pathogenesis of AIH has been investigated, only some have been confirmed as risk factors for AIH. DRB1 is the sole established genetic risk factor. […] These data suggest that the weaker genetic risk factors in non-HLA genes cannot contribute to the predisposition to AIH of individuals with the other genetic risk factor when the gene-gene interaction is observed in AIH patients. Additionally, genetic factors of AIH overlapped with those of other autoimmune diseases, suggesting an overlap of pathogenesis.

• #13 Symptoms & Causes of Autoimmune Hepatitis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/autoimmune-hepatitis/symptoms-causes

  Experts arent sure what causes autoimmune hepatitis. Studies suggest that certain genes make some people more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. In people with these genes, factors in the environment may trigger an autoimmune reaction that causes their immune system to attack the liver. […] Researchers are still studying the environmental triggers that play a role in autoimmune hepatitis. These triggers may include certain viruses and medicines. […] Some medicines can cause liver injury that resembles autoimmune hepatitis. In most cases, the liver injury goes away when the medicine is stopped. Telling your doctor the names of all the medicines you take, even over-the-counter medicines or herbal or botanical products, is important.

• #14 Autoimmune Hepatitis| Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver of unknown etiology identified in the 1940s and formerly called chronic active hepatitis. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is thought to result from an environmental trigger in a genetically predisposed individual, leading to loss of tolerance of T lymphocytes with subsequent hepatocyte attack. […] Viruses such as hepatitis A and Epstein Barr virus have been proposed as a potential environmental triggers for AIH through molecular mimicry. However available data consists mainly of case reports. […] There is a strong genetic association with the alleles of the major histocompatibility complex class II. The presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes HLA DRB1*03 and HLA DRB1*04 predisposes to AIH type 1 and affect the disease course and response to treatment.

• #15 Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH): Definition, Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune Hepatitis Causes and Risk Factors Doctors aren’t sure exactly what causes your immune system to turn against your liver. Your genes may have something to do with it, since AIH can run in families. […] But genes aren’t the whole story. Something you come into contact with may trigger your genes to set autoimmune hepatitis in motion. This could include: […] Medicines such as statins and hydralazine (used to treat your heart) or antibiotics like nitrofurantoin and minocycline […] Stress […] Infections such as viral hepatitis, herpes, Epstein-Barr, and measles.

• #16 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/172356-overview

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by continuing hepatocellular inflammation and necrosis, and it has the potential to progress to cirrhosis. […] The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. Several factors (eg, viral infection, drugs, environmental agents) may trigger an autoimmune response and autoimmune disease. […] In a few patients with autoimmune hepatitis, illness onset follows acute hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or Epstein-Barr virus infections. […] Some cases of drug-induced liver disease have an immune-mediated basis. A number of drugs (eg, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin, minocycline, adalimumab, infliximab) can produce an illness with clinical features of autoimmune hepatitis. Although most cases improve when the drug is stopped, chronic cases of autoimmune hepatitis may be seen, even after drug withdrawal. […] Casswall et al found Helicobacter species DNA in 50% of liver biopsies from patients with autoimmune hepatitis and ulcerative colitis. The significance of this finding is unclear.

• #17 Pulsenotes | Autoimmune hepatitis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/hepatology/notes/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory liver disorder that can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure and death. […] The exact cause of AIH is unknown. […] However, the exact cause of AIH remains unknown. […] The disease is thought to develop due to an environmental trigger in a genetically predisposed individual. […] A number of genetic factors have been identified as possible predisposing factors for development of AIH. […] Specific genotypes (i.e. alleles) of the serotypes HLA-DR3 and DR4 have been implicated in AIH. […] Other genes involved in immunoregulation have been implicated in development of autoimmune diseases such as AIH. […] Precipitants may include herbal chemicals, drugs or viral infections. […] Several viruses have been implicated in triggering AIH including hepatitis A and human herpes viruses (e.g. herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr). […] Several drugs may precipitate an autoimmune-like hepatitis including minocycline, nitrofurantoin, methyldopa, halothane, Anti-TNF biologics and many others. […] The majority of AIH cases have no readily identifiable precipitant.

• #18 Causes | AIHA – Autoimmune Hepatitis Association

  https://aihep.org/causes/

  While patients want to understand what causes autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the truth is many will never know for certain what triggered their disease. […] AIH is caused by an overactive immune system that attacks normal liver cells because it mistakes them for foreign agents such as viruses or bacteria. […] Various medications (nitrofurantoin and minocycline, among others) and some viruses (Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes, hepatitis A, B, and C, and parvovirus B19) have been associated with AIH. […] Scientists believe that AIH, like many other autoimmune diseases, is caused by genetic risk factors and environmental exposures.

• #19 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/172356-overview

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by continuing hepatocellular inflammation and necrosis, and it has the potential to progress to cirrhosis. […] The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. Several factors (eg, viral infection, drugs, environmental agents) may trigger an autoimmune response and autoimmune disease. […] In a few patients with autoimmune hepatitis, illness onset follows acute hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or Epstein-Barr virus infections. […] Some cases of drug-induced liver disease have an immune-mediated basis. A number of drugs (eg, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin, minocycline, adalimumab, infliximab) can produce an illness with clinical features of autoimmune hepatitis. Although most cases improve when the drug is stopped, chronic cases of autoimmune hepatitis may be seen, even after drug withdrawal. […] Casswall et al found Helicobacter species DNA in 50% of liver biopsies from patients with autoimmune hepatitis and ulcerative colitis. The significance of this finding is unclear.

• #20 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammation of the liver caused by the bodys own immune system mistakenly attacking healthy liver cells. […] The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. Researchers believe the cause of autoimmune hepatitis could be a mixture of: […] Genetic factors […] Environmental factors […] Exposure to certain viruses […] Taking certain drugs, including minocycline, nitrofurantoin, hydralazine, methyldopa, statins, fenofibrate, alpha and beta interferon, infliximab, and etanercept.

• #21 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-hepatitis-5195512

  Up to 26%-49% of the individuals with autoimmune hepatitis will also have other autoimmune diseases. […] Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by prescription drugs. Medications that have been associated with autoimmune hepatitis include: Macrobid (nitrofurantoin), Dynacin (minocycline), Fluthan (halothane), Caduet (atorvastatin), IsonaRif (isoniazid), Voltaren (diclofenac), Propycil (propylthiouracil), Remicade (infliximab). […] Autoimmune hepatitis is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition can be triggered by an environmental factor when you are already genetically predisposed to it. The genes HLA DRB1*03 and HLA DRB1*04 have both been linked to an increased risk of autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by certain medications or other diseases.

• #22 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17867-autoimmune-hepatitis

  Why people get autoimmune diseases is a complicated question. There seem to be multiple factors involved. In many cases, certain genes appear to make you more susceptible to developing certain autoimmune disorders. But not everyone with those genes develops the disease, and not everyone who develops it has those genes. Other, nongenetic factors, called environmental factors, also contribute. […] Triggers linked to autoimmune hepatitis include certain drugs and certain viral infections. […] Youre more likely to get autoimmune hepatitis if you have a history of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D or E). […] Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis has been associated with Nitrofurantoin (for urinary tract infections), Minocycline (for acne), Atorvastatin (for high cholesterol), and Isoniazid (an antibiotic).

• #23 What Causes Autoimmune Hepatitis? – GPDDC in New York City

  https://www.gpddc.com/2019/05/14/what-causes-autoimmune-hepatitis/

  Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when your immune system attacks your liver. The exact cause isn’t fully known, but certain risk factors are associated with it, such as hereditary factors, infections, and other conditions. […] Certain medications can end up triggering this condition in some individuals. A few of the medications that are associated with this disease include statins, minocycline, hydralazine, and nitrofurantoin.

• #24 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/172356-overview

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by continuing hepatocellular inflammation and necrosis, and it has the potential to progress to cirrhosis. […] The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. Several factors (eg, viral infection, drugs, environmental agents) may trigger an autoimmune response and autoimmune disease. […] In a few patients with autoimmune hepatitis, illness onset follows acute hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or Epstein-Barr virus infections. […] Some cases of drug-induced liver disease have an immune-mediated basis. A number of drugs (eg, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin, minocycline, adalimumab, infliximab) can produce an illness with clinical features of autoimmune hepatitis. Although most cases improve when the drug is stopped, chronic cases of autoimmune hepatitis may be seen, even after drug withdrawal. […] Casswall et al found Helicobacter species DNA in 50% of liver biopsies from patients with autoimmune hepatitis and ulcerative colitis. The significance of this finding is unclear.

• #25 Autoimmune Hepatitis| Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis can also be associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] There is a strong association of AIH with other autoimmune diseases and up to 26% to 49% of the individuals with AIH will have concomitant autoimmune diseases.

• #26 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-hepatitis-5195512

  Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the immune system attacks the liver cells, causing inflammation and long-term damage. The exact cause is unknown, but it’s believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to this condition. […] Researchers believe that autoimmune hepatitis can be triggered by environmental factors in people who are already genetically predisposed to the condition. About 70% of those diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis are women ages 15-40. […] Individuals who have the following genes are more likely to be diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis: HLA DRB1*03, HLA DRB1*04. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is also associated with other autoimmune conditions. If you have any of the following chronic conditions, you may be at higher risk of contracting autoimmune hepatitis: autoimmune thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, ulcerative colitis, vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjgren’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #27 Autoimmune Hepatitis

  https://livinghealthy.hawaiipacifichealth.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Orthopedic/85,P00657

  Autoimmune hepatitis is when your bodys infection-fighting system (immune system) attacks your liver cells. This causes redness and swelling (inflammation) and liver damage. […] Experts dont know what causes autoimmune hepatitis. […] It is linked to a disorder called hypergammaglobulinemia. This disorder occurs when you have too many protein antibodies in your blood. It may be caused by a long-term (chronic) infection or certain blood diseases. […] Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is linked to other disorders where the body attacks itself (autoimmune disorders). These may include: Thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Hemolytic anemia, Immune thrombocytopenia, Celiac disease, Ulcerative colitis. […] Experts dont know what causes it.

• #28 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/autoimmune-liver-diseases/autoimmune-hepatitis-aih/

  About 70 percent of people with autoimmune hepatitis are women, usually between the ages of 15 and 40. Many people with this disease also have other autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland), ulcerative colitis (inflammation of the colon), vitiligo (patchy loss of skin pigmentation), or Sjogrens syndrome (dry eyes and dry mouth).

• #29 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-hepatitis-5195512

  Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the immune system attacks the liver cells, causing inflammation and long-term damage. The exact cause is unknown, but it’s believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to this condition. […] Researchers believe that autoimmune hepatitis can be triggered by environmental factors in people who are already genetically predisposed to the condition. About 70% of those diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis are women ages 15-40. […] Individuals who have the following genes are more likely to be diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis: HLA DRB1*03, HLA DRB1*04. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is also associated with other autoimmune conditions. If you have any of the following chronic conditions, you may be at higher risk of contracting autoimmune hepatitis: autoimmune thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, ulcerative colitis, vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjgren’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #30 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17867-autoimmune-hepatitis

  Some people develop autoimmune hepatitis with another autoimmune disease that affects their bile ducts, such as Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] But in general, any preexisting autoimmune disease can make you more likely to develop another one. Chronic inflammation in one area appears to trigger it in another. The chance of developing any second autoimmune disease is 25%-50%. If autoimmune hepatitis is your first autoimmune disease, you also have the same chance of developing a second one.

• #31 Autoimmune Hepatitis| Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/digestive/medical-professionals/hepatology/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis can also be associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] There is a strong association of AIH with other autoimmune diseases and up to 26% to 49% of the individuals with AIH will have concomitant autoimmune diseases.

• #32 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17867-autoimmune-hepatitis

  Some people develop autoimmune hepatitis with another autoimmune disease that affects their bile ducts, such as Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] But in general, any preexisting autoimmune disease can make you more likely to develop another one. Chronic inflammation in one area appears to trigger it in another. The chance of developing any second autoimmune disease is 25%-50%. If autoimmune hepatitis is your first autoimmune disease, you also have the same chance of developing a second one.

• #33 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/autoimmune-liver-diseases/autoimmune-hepatitis-aih/

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease in which the bodys own immune system attacks the liver and causes it to become inflamed. The disease is chronic, meaning it lasts many years. If untreated, it can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. […] What causes autoimmune hepatitis? Your immune system normally attacks bacteria, viruses and other invading organisms. It is not supposed to attack your own cells; if it does, the response is called autoimmunity. In autoimmune hepatitis, your immune system attacks your liver cells, causing long-term inflammation and liver damage. Scientists dont know why the body attacks itself in this way, although heredity and prior infections may play a role. […] Autoimmune Hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. […] Those with other autoimmune conditions have a 25-50% chance of developing another one and thus a higher risk for developing Autoimmune Hepatitis.

• #34 Autoimmune Hepatitis – with Jama Darling, MD | Department of Medicine

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/news/chairs-corner/podcast/autoimmune-hepatitis/

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease. It can affect any aged patient, any ethnicity, it can affect either sex, usually has a female-to-male predominance of about 3:1. […] Their immune system is recognizing something in the liver as unwanted and trying to get rid of it, and this is of no fault of their own. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is actually more of a diagnosis of exclusion. There are diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis we usually look for autoantibodies, of which anti-nuclear antibody, anti-smooth muscle antibody, several others. […] The hallmark of autoimmune hepatitis is the diagnostic histology. A biopsy is actually an essential part of the diagnosis because twenty percent of the patients will not have circulating antibodies and normal immunoglobulins. […] The perception is, I explain to the patient that they dont have a virus, they dont have a blood-blood transmission virus like hepatitis B or hepatitis C, it isnt due to a behavior such as excess alcohol intake but this is the way theyre built, basically. […] If we could figure out what caused any autoimmune disease, it would be a pathway to figuring out a cure.

• #35 Autoimmmune hepatitis | Cellular & Molecular Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-021-00768-8

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a T-cell mediated, inflammatory liver disease affecting all ages and characterized by female preponderance, elevated serum transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels, positive circulating autoantibodies, and presence of interface hepatitis at liver histology. […] The etiology of AIH remains unknown, while pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors have been described and are constantly updated. […] Female sex is a clear risk factor for AIH: in all populations, three quarters of AIH patients are female. […] Viral infections have been reported to be a risk factor for AIH, providing an insight in the pathogenetic mechanism of molecular mimicry, whereby immune responses to pathogens are redirected towards structurally similar self-antigens. […] Genetic predisposition is conferred mainly by polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, as shown by early studies and later confirmed by a genome-wide association European study.

• #36 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/autoimmune-liver-diseases/autoimmune-hepatitis-aih/

  About 70 percent of people with autoimmune hepatitis are women, usually between the ages of 15 and 40. Many people with this disease also have other autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland), ulcerative colitis (inflammation of the colon), vitiligo (patchy loss of skin pigmentation), or Sjogrens syndrome (dry eyes and dry mouth).

• #37 Autoimmune Hepatitis: What It Is, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-hepatitis-5195512

  Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the immune system attacks the liver cells, causing inflammation and long-term damage. The exact cause is unknown, but it’s believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to this condition. […] Researchers believe that autoimmune hepatitis can be triggered by environmental factors in people who are already genetically predisposed to the condition. About 70% of those diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis are women ages 15-40. […] Individuals who have the following genes are more likely to be diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis: HLA DRB1*03, HLA DRB1*04. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is also associated with other autoimmune conditions. If you have any of the following chronic conditions, you may be at higher risk of contracting autoimmune hepatitis: autoimmune thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, ulcerative colitis, vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjgren’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #38 Autoimmmune hepatitis | Cellular & Molecular Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-021-00768-8

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a T-cell mediated, inflammatory liver disease affecting all ages and characterized by female preponderance, elevated serum transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels, positive circulating autoantibodies, and presence of interface hepatitis at liver histology. […] The etiology of AIH remains unknown, while pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors have been described and are constantly updated. […] Female sex is a clear risk factor for AIH: in all populations, three quarters of AIH patients are female. […] Viral infections have been reported to be a risk factor for AIH, providing an insight in the pathogenetic mechanism of molecular mimicry, whereby immune responses to pathogens are redirected towards structurally similar self-antigens. […] Genetic predisposition is conferred mainly by polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, as shown by early studies and later confirmed by a genome-wide association European study.

• #39 Autoimmune Hepatitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a condition in which a person’s own immune system attacks the liver, causing swelling and liver cell death. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is classified as either type 1 or 2. […] Type 1 is the most common form in North America. […] Type 2 is less common overall, but more common in children. […] It is not known what triggers the immune system to react against the liver.

• #40 Autoimmune Hepatitis | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://surgicaloncology.ucsf.edu/condition/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic or long lasting disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the normal components, or cells, of the liver and causes inflammation and liver damage. […] A combination of autoimmunity, environmental triggers, and a genetic predisposition can lead to autoimmune hepatitis. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is classified as type 1 or type 2. […] Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis includes medication to suppress, or slow down, an overactive immune system. […] In some people, autoimmune hepatitis progresses to cirrhosis and end-stage liver failure, and a liver transplant may be necessary. […] Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing autoimmune hepatitis.

• #41 Autoimmune Hepatitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a condition in which a person’s own immune system attacks the liver, causing swelling and liver cell death. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is classified as either type 1 or 2. […] Type 1 is the most common form in North America. […] Type 2 is less common overall, but more common in children. […] It is not known what triggers the immune system to react against the liver.

• #42 Autoimmune Liver Disease | Children’s Liver Disease Foundation

  https://childliverdisease.org/liver-information/childhood-liver-conditions/autoimmune-liver-disease/

  Autoimmune diseases are a group of conditions in which the immune system attacks organ systems within the body. […] It is not known exactly what causes the immune system to act in this way. It is thought that there may be a number of causes which include: A problem with the immune system, An individuals genes, Environmental factors. […] Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and AIH/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome known as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) are autoimmune liver diseases. […] In AIH, the liver cells or hepatocytes are the main target and therefore is called hepatitis, which means inflammation of the liver cells. […] Type 1 makes up two out of three of all cases of AIH and the majority of ASC cases. Type 2 is less common, more likely to affect younger children and can present with acute liver failure.

• #43 Autoimmune Hepatitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a condition in which a person’s own immune system attacks the liver, causing swelling and liver cell death. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is classified as either type 1 or 2. […] Type 1 is the most common form in North America. […] Type 2 is less common overall, but more common in children. […] It is not known what triggers the immune system to react against the liver.

• #44 Autoimmune Liver Disease | Children’s Liver Disease Foundation

  https://childliverdisease.org/liver-information/childhood-liver-conditions/autoimmune-liver-disease/

  Autoimmune diseases are a group of conditions in which the immune system attacks organ systems within the body. […] It is not known exactly what causes the immune system to act in this way. It is thought that there may be a number of causes which include: A problem with the immune system, An individuals genes, Environmental factors. […] Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and AIH/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome known as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) are autoimmune liver diseases. […] In AIH, the liver cells or hepatocytes are the main target and therefore is called hepatitis, which means inflammation of the liver cells. […] Type 1 makes up two out of three of all cases of AIH and the majority of ASC cases. Type 2 is less common, more likely to affect younger children and can present with acute liver failure.

• #45 Autoimmune Hepatitis | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease (ALD) that is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia. […] A diagnosis of AIH is usually determined based on the presence of a typical phenotype and the exclusion of other chronic liver diseases, which may present in a similar manner as AIH. […] AIH may be separated into two types, type 1 (AIH-1) and type 2 (AIH-2). […] Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been divided into at least two specific types, characterized by different autoantibody profiles, AIH type 1 (AIH-1) and AIH type 2 (AIH-2). […] The relationship between the two disorders suggested by these overlapping features is uncertain. […] Several possibilities have been described, including the simultaneous presentation of two different disorders and overlap syndromes as distinct diagnoses.

• #46 Autoimmune Liver Disease | Children’s Liver Disease Foundation

  https://childliverdisease.org/liver-information/childhood-liver-conditions/autoimmune-liver-disease/

  Autoimmune diseases are a group of conditions in which the immune system attacks organ systems within the body. […] It is not known exactly what causes the immune system to act in this way. It is thought that there may be a number of causes which include: A problem with the immune system, An individuals genes, Environmental factors. […] Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and AIH/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome known as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) are autoimmune liver diseases. […] In AIH, the liver cells or hepatocytes are the main target and therefore is called hepatitis, which means inflammation of the liver cells. […] Type 1 makes up two out of three of all cases of AIH and the majority of ASC cases. Type 2 is less common, more likely to affect younger children and can present with acute liver failure.

• #47 Autoimmune hepatitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/autoimmune-hepatitis?lang=us

  Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (plural: autoimmune hepatitides) is a rare type of chronic hepatitis, classified as type 1 or type 2. It may eventually lead to cirrhosis. […] Autoimmune hepatitis has a variable clinical presentation. Patients may be asymptomatic or present in acute liver failure (rare), or anywhere between. It tends to have a relapsing-remitting course. There is an association with other autoimmune conditions. […] Autoimmune hepatitis encompasses different conditions: type 1 „classic” autoimmune hepatitis and type 2 which has antibodies to liver/kidney microsomes (ALKM-1) or liver cytosolic antigen (ALC-1). […] There may be an overlap between those types especially between autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, the so-called overlap syndrome. […] Diagnostic criteria of autoimmune hepatitis include elevated antinuclear antibodies, antismooth muscle antibodies, globulin level of more than 20 g/L, coexistence of non-hepatic autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus, the elimination of other forms of hepatitis such as viral or toxic hepatitis, and histologic examination findings consistent with AIH.

• #48 Autoimmune Hepatitis: Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/autoimmune-liver-diseases/autoimmune-hepatitis-aih/

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease in which the bodys own immune system attacks the liver and causes it to become inflamed. The disease is chronic, meaning it lasts many years. If untreated, it can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. […] What causes autoimmune hepatitis? Your immune system normally attacks bacteria, viruses and other invading organisms. It is not supposed to attack your own cells; if it does, the response is called autoimmunity. In autoimmune hepatitis, your immune system attacks your liver cells, causing long-term inflammation and liver damage. Scientists dont know why the body attacks itself in this way, although heredity and prior infections may play a role. […] Autoimmune Hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. […] Those with other autoimmune conditions have a 25-50% chance of developing another one and thus a higher risk for developing Autoimmune Hepatitis.

• #49 Auto-immune hepatitis | The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand

  https://www.hepatitisfoundation.org.nz/auto-immune-hepatitis/

  Chronic inflammation can cause ongoing liver injury over months or years, which may progress to scarring and liver cirrhosis. If not treated effectively, the affected tissue can become scarred and liver function can decline. Lifelong medication use may be required to keep the bodys auto-immune response under control and preserve liver health.

• #50 Autoimmune Hepatitis | Center for Advanced Digestive Care – NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center

  https://www.nyp.org/cadc/liver-diseases-and-transplantation/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Hepatitis is a disease that causes inflammation in the liver. Most cases of hepatitis are caused by a virus. In people with autoimmune hepatitis, immune cells mistake the liver’s normal cells for harmful invaders and attack them. […] While the causes of autoimmune hepatitis are not yet fully understood, certain bacteria, viruses, drugs, and toxins may trigger an autoimmune response in individuals who have a genetic susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. […] Early treatment of autoimmune hepatitis is important for controlling progression of the disease and to prevent and even reverse some liver damage. […] If treatment of autoimmune hepatitis is not effective for controlling liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

• #51 Back to Basics: ANA-lyzing Autoimmune Hepatitis | AASLD

  https://www.aasld.org/liver-fellow-network/core-series/back-basics/back-basics-ana-lyzing-autoimmune-hepatitis

  The mainstay of the management of AIH is regulating the dysfunctional immune system with immunosuppressive agents. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is an auto-inflammatory liver disease that affects a wide range of individuals with a variety of presentations (asymptomatic to cirrhosis or acute liver failure).

• #52 Autoimmune hepatitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the body’s immune system, which usually attacks viruses, bacteria and other causes of disease, instead targets the liver. This attack on the liver can lead to long-lasting inflammation and serious damage to liver cells. Just why the body turns against itself is unclear, but researchers think autoimmune hepatitis could be caused by the interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses or medicines. […] The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors appear to interact over time to trigger the disease.

• #53 Autoimmune Hepatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459186/

  Autoimmune hepatitis refers to chronic and progressive inflammation of the liver from an unknown cause. The proposed mechanism for the development of autoimmune hepatitis is thought to be the interplay of genetic predisposition, an environmental trigger, and failure of the native immune system resulting in chronic inflammation of hepatocytes and subsequent fibrosis of the liver. […] The etiology of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown. The current proposition for pathogenesis is thought to be secondary to a failure of immune tolerance in a genetically susceptible individual leading to a T-cell mediated inflammation caused by various environmental triggers. Common triggers include infections, medications, and toxins. […] There is no specific evidence of the cause. Sixty percent of patients have chronic hepatitis but without serologic evidence of a viral infection. The disease is associated with anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies.

• #54 Autoimmmune hepatitis | Cellular & Molecular Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-021-00768-8

  In adults, susceptibility to AIH-1 has been linked to MHC class II HLA DRB1 alleles encoding the similar amino acid sequences LLEQKR and LLEQRR at positions 6772 of the DR polypeptide. […] Reports of MHC-encoded disease susceptibility in pediatric autoimmune liver disease have been limited until recently to either small numbers of patients or AIH subgroups. […] Loss of tolerance towards self-antigens associated with regulatory T cell (Tregs) dysfunction is central to AIH pathogenesis. […] Intestinal microbiome may also be involved in the pathogenesis of AIH.

• #55 Autoimmune hepatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis

  Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly known as lupoid hepatitis, plasma cell hepatitis, or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks liver cells, causing the liver to be inflamed. […] Anomalous presentation of MHC class II receptors on the surface of liver cells, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute liver infection, causes a cell-mediated immune response against the body’s own liver, resulting in autoimmune hepatitis. This abnormal immune response results in inflammation of the liver, which can lead to further symptoms and complications such as fatigue and cirrhosis. […] The prevailing theory for the development of autoimmune hepatitis is thought to be the interplay of genetic predisposition, an environmental trigger (virus, drugs, herbs, immunizations), and failure of the native immune system resulting in chronic inflammation of hepatocytes and subsequent fibrosis of the liver.

• #56 Autoimmune Hepatitis – with Jama Darling, MD | Department of Medicine

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/news/chairs-corner/podcast/autoimmune-hepatitis/

  Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease. It can affect any aged patient, any ethnicity, it can affect either sex, usually has a female-to-male predominance of about 3:1. […] Their immune system is recognizing something in the liver as unwanted and trying to get rid of it, and this is of no fault of their own. […] Autoimmune hepatitis is actually more of a diagnosis of exclusion. There are diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis we usually look for autoantibodies, of which anti-nuclear antibody, anti-smooth muscle antibody, several others. […] The hallmark of autoimmune hepatitis is the diagnostic histology. A biopsy is actually an essential part of the diagnosis because twenty percent of the patients will not have circulating antibodies and normal immunoglobulins. […] The perception is, I explain to the patient that they dont have a virus, they dont have a blood-blood transmission virus like hepatitis B or hepatitis C, it isnt due to a behavior such as excess alcohol intake but this is the way theyre built, basically. […] If we could figure out what caused any autoimmune disease, it would be a pathway to figuring out a cure.

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