Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Red Eye: A Guide for Non-specialists

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5443986/

  Red eye can arise as a manifestation of many different systemic and ophthalmological diseases. […] The differential diagnosis of red eye can be narrowed down rapidly with simple baseline tests and targeted questioning. […] According to one study, eye problems are the reason for 2 to 3% of visits to primary care physicians and emergency facilities. […] An Australian study found that 64% of patients with red eye treated by primary care physicians were diagnosed incorrectly. […] The many different possible causes of conjunctivitis are divided into infectious and non-infectious factors. […] Infectious conjunctivitis is generally bacterial or viral. […] Contact lens wearers often suffer from a special form of bacterial (kerato-)conjunctivitis. […] In contrast to bacterial conjunctivitis, bilateral red eye with a watery mucous secretion and itching should always arouse suspicion of a viral agent or an allergy. […] Iritis is the most frequently occurring form of uveitis. […] Acute angle-closure glaucoma (glaucoma attack) is an acute ophthalmological emergency most often caused by pupillary block. […] Unilateral or bilateral red eye is frequently found in association with primarily systemic diseases.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. […] The cause of red eye can be diagnosed through a detailed patient history and careful eye examination, and treatment is based on the underlying etiology. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye and is one of the leading indications for antibiotics. Causes of conjunctivitis may be infectious (e.g., viral, bacterial, chlamydial) or noninfectious (e.g., allergies, irritants). Other common causes of red eye include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. […] A thorough patient history and eye examination may provide clues to the etiology of red eye.

• #3 Red Eye: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-overview

  A red eye most often results from dilation of blood vessels in the anterior portion of the eye. […] Numerous conditions may be associated with red eye, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, canaliculitis, corneal injury, dacryocystitis, episcleritis, scleritis, iritis, keratitis, dry eye syndrome (DES; also referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca [KCS]), glaucoma, subconjunctival hemorrhage, bacterial or viral infection, or trauma. […] Conjunctivitis, the most common cause of red eye, is characterized by vascular dilation of the superficial conjunctival blood vessels, cellular infiltration, and exudation; it must be differentiated on the basis of etiology (viral, bacterial, or allergic). […] Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids, usually involving the lid margins. […] Canaliculitis often is caused by Actinomyces israelii, but Candida or Aspergillus species also may be involved.

• #4 Red Eye: Common Ophthalmologic Disorders in Primary Care

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/red-eye-common-ophthalmologic-disorders-primary-care/

  Red eye is a common ophthalmologic condition and accounts for 2% to 3% of office visits in the primary care setting. […] Although most cases of red eye are benign, detailed history-taking (onset and duration of eye complaint) and physical examination are essential to recognizing vision-threatening eye disorders requiring prompt ophthalmologic referral and emergent management. Commonly encountered diagnoses include infectious, inflammatory, and systemic conditions. […] Self-limiting to vision-threatening disorders are discerned through the compilation of subjective and objective distinguishing factors. […] The most common cause of infectious acute conjunctivitis is viral and comprises 80% of cases. […] Of those, adenovirus (90%) is the most common causative agent. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common infectious cause of acute conjunctivitis and is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus in adults.

• #5 Pink eye (conjunctivitis) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355

  Pink eye is most often caused by a viral infection. It also can be caused by a bacterial infection, an allergic reaction or in babies an incompletely opened tear duct. […] Causes of pink eye include: […] Viruses. […] Bacteria. […] Allergies. […] A chemical splash in the eye. […] A foreign object in the eye. […] In newborns, a blocked tear duct. […] Most cases of pink eye are caused by adenovirus. It also can be caused by other viruses, including herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. […] Both viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can occur along with colds or symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as a sore throat. […] Wearing contact lenses that aren’t cleaned properly or aren’t your own can cause bacterial conjunctivitis. […] Both types are very contagious. They are spread through direct or indirect contact with the liquid that drains from the eye of someone who’s infected.

• #6 Red Eye: Common Ophthalmologic Disorders in Primary Care

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/red-eye-common-ophthalmologic-disorders-primary-care/

  The typical presentation is diffuse unilateral conjunctival injection with profuse, thick, purulent discharge that may spread bilaterally. […] The etiology is most often idiopathic but approximately one-third of cases are connected to autoimmune, systemic collagen vascular, and viral illnesses. […] Scleritis is associated with multiple complications such as corneal ulcer, uveitis, glaucoma, and keratitis and, thus, should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist within a couple of days. […] Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea that is commonly caused by bacteria but can also be due to viruses, parasites, or fungi. […] The most significant risk factor is inappropriate use of contact lenses, notably overnight use. […] The cause is idiopathic in 30% of cases. […] However, a multitude of infectious and systemic inflammatory diseases have been identified as causes.

• #7 Red Eye: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-overview

  Numerous causes or corneal injury exist, which can be grouped into infective, toxic, degenerative, traumatic, and allergic conditions. […] Dacryocystitis is inflammation of the lacrimal sac caused by obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. […] The episclera is the layer between the conjunctiva and the sclera. Episcleritis is an inflammation of the episcleral vessels, usually of autoimmune origin; it can be caused by virtually any inflammatory systemic condition affecting the body, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, coccidioidomycosis, syphilis, zoster, or tuberculosis. […] Iritis is an inflammation of the anterior uveal tract. […] Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea and can be of bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic origin. […] DES may result from any disease that is associated with deficiency of tear film components and lid surface or epithelial abnormalities.

• #8 Red Eye: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-overview

  Narrow-angle glaucoma occurs in patients with preexisting narrowing of the anterior chamber angle. […] Associated systemic disease (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, or gout) is found in 40% of all patients with scleritis (anterior). […] Subconjunctival hemorrhage results from bleeding of the conjunctival or episcleral blood vessels into the subconjunctival space. […] Causes of a subconjunctival hematoma include the following: Idiopathic, Valsalva (eg, coughing, straining, weightlifting, working under a sink), Traumatic (mild isolated lesion due to eye rubbing or sports injuries or a more serious lesion associated with retrobulbar hemorrhage or ruptured globe), Hypertension or arteriosclerosis, Bleeding disorders (if recurrent or in young patients without a history of trauma or infection), including hematologic or hepatic disease, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, parasites, and vitamin C deficiency, Certain viral infections of the conjunctiva, especially in children, Various antibiotics, anticoagulants (eg, warfarin), analgesics (eg, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]), steroids, contraceptives, and vitamins A and D, Normal sequelae of ocular surgery, even if there was no conjunctival incision, Suction ring due to femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) or Lasik surgery, Febrile systemic infections, such as meningococcal septicemia, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, cholera, rickettsia, malaria, and viral infections (eg, influenza, smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and sandfly fever). […] Bacterial pathogens in keratitis and corneal ulcers include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Viral pathogens include herpes simplex and adenovirus.

• #9 Causes of Red Eyes in the African

  https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/causes-of-red-eyes-in-africans

  The less frequent cause of infectious conjunctivitis is bacterial conjunctivitis. […] Symptoms of infectious conjunctivitis are; Eye redness, Pain or Soreness, Itching or grittiness of the eye, Tearing, Discharge from the eyes, Swelling of the eyelids. […] Keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea. […] Infectious keratitis may be bacterial, viral or fungal and they are usually unilateral. […] Symptoms of infectious keratitis are; Red eyes, Photophobia, Discharge, Decreased vision, Corneal edema, Corneal ulceration. […] Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of the tissues surrounding the eye, including the eyelids, orbit, and neighbouring bony sinuses. […] Symptoms of orbital cellulitis are; Swelling and redness of the eyelids and surrounding tissues, Red eyes, Pain and tenderness around the eye, Decreased vision or double vision.

• #10 Red and Bloodshot Eyes: Common Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/why-eyes-red

  Red eyes, also known as „bloodshot eyes,” happen when the tiny blood vessels on the surface of the whites of your eyes expand, turning the whites of one or both eyes a pink or reddish tint. […] Multiple conditions cause red eyes. Some of the most common are: […] Allergies. Outdoor triggers include pollen from grasses and trees. Indoor ones include pet dander, dust, and mold. […] Dry eye. Sometimes, your tears don’t have the texture they should. They might evaporate too fast. And sometimes, your eyes can’t make tears at all. This condition is called dry eye. […] Pinkeye. Also known as conjunctivitis, pinkeye is when the lining of your eyelid and the white of your eye become inflamed. It might happen because of a virus or bacteria. […] Broken blood vessels. This happens when tiny blood vessels break beneath the surface of your eye.

• #11 Red Eyes: Causes and Treatment for Bloodshot Eyes

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/red-eyes/overview-or-bloodshot-eyes/

  Red eyes are also frequently the result of dry eyes and the extended wear of contact lenses. […] In some cases, a blood vessel may break, causing a bright red spot to develop on the white of the eye. This is called a subconjunctival hemorrhage and may result from an eye injury, straining, coughing or other factors. […] Eye redness causes may include a variety of environmental or lifestyle-related reasons. However, bloodshot eyes may also signal specific eye problems. […] Red or bloodshot eyes may result from more concerning issues involving the eye, such as eye infections, uveitis, acute (angle-closure) glaucoma, corneal ulcer, scleritis, Cogan’s Syndrome, herpes simplex keratitis (ocular herpes), and herpes zoster ophthalmicus (eye shingles). […] Red eyes are often a sign of eye allergies. Allergens, or factors that trigger an allergic reaction to something, can be found in both indoor and outdoor environments.

• #12 Red Eyes: Causes and Treatment for Bloodshot Eyes

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/symptoms/red-eyes/overview-or-bloodshot-eyes/

  When airborne allergens (such as pollen, dust, mold and pet dander) come into contact with certain types of cells in your eyes, a substance called histamine is released. Histamine causes the blood vessels beneath the eyes surface to expand and become inflamed, often causing the eyes to become red and swollen. […] Injury or trauma to the eye can range from minor to severe and may cause eye redness. Eye injuries may involve getting hit in the eye (blunt eye injury) or corneal abrasions, chemical burns and foreign body exposure, among others. […] Not getting enough sleep can affect the eyes in several ways. It can contribute to conditions like blepharitis and dry eye, which may cause eye redness. Sleep deprivation can also decrease tear production and may cause bloodshot eyes and other signs or symptoms.

• #13 19 Reasons For Having Red Eyes | Bloodshot Eyes Causes

  https://drdecarlo.net/red-and-bloodshot-eyes/

  Red Eyes: What Causes Them […] Red-eye can be caused by many different factors. In some cases, it is as simple as wearing contact lenses too long or staring at a computer screen for an extended period without taking a break. […] There are many other causes of red-eye, including allergies, blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids), conjunctivitis (pink eye), dry eye, and eye injuries. […] The immune system reacts when an irritating substance (such as pollen, pet dander, dust, or certain chemicals found in makeup or contact lens solutions) gets into the body. […] Redness and inflammation of the eyelid are common symptoms of this condition. […] Conjunctivitis is caused by an infection of the thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white of the eye. […] Dry eye occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or tears do not contain lipids.

• #14 Top Five Causes Of Red Eyes | The Optical Co

  https://theopticalco.com.au/blog/top-five-causes-of-red-eyes/

  Causes: The most common causes of conjunctivitis are viruses, bacteria, and allergens entering the eye, but other causes may include wearing contact lenses, air pollution, fungi, parasites, or simply having something small such as an eyelash stuck in the eye. In many cases, it can be difficult to tell what the exact cause of conjunctivitis is, because the symptoms may seem the same no matter the cause. […] 2. Blepharitis […] Blepharitis, otherwise known as inflammation of the eyelids, is an uncomfortable eye condition that can lead to red, swollen, and itchy eyes and eyelids. Your eyelids and eyelashes are designed to cover your eyes and protect them from debris and injury, and the hair follicles of your eyelashes contain oil glands to keep them soft and healthy. […] Causes: Most of the time, blepharitis happens because you have too much of a certain type of bacteria at the base of your eyelashes. You can also get blepharitis if the oil glands in your eyelids become clogged or irritated by makeup or an allergy, and you’re more likely to develop blepharitis if you also suffer from rosacea or dandruff on your scalp.

• #15 College Optical Express | Top 10 Causes of Red Eye…

  http://www.coeunt.com/top-10-causes-of-red-eye/

  6. Subconjunctival Hemmorage. A subconjunctival hemmorage is caused by a blood vessel that bursts. When broken, these vessels bleed and spread out underneath the conjunctiva, the clear coating on the surface of the eye. It can be caused by hard sneezing, coughing, intense straining, vomiting, trauma, high blood pressure, diabetes and sometimes from certain blood disorder problems. […] […] 7. Injury. When an eye suffers and injury, the blood vessels enlarge and dilate to bring cells to heal and repair the injury. This will cause redness. […] […] 8. Corneal Ulcer or Infection. The cornea is the clear, dome-like structure that helps the eye achieve clear vision. The cornea has no blood vessels of its own. When the cornea becomes infected, however, surrounding blood vessels enlarge, bringing immune system cells to help fight the infection. This redness is very easy to see. […]

• #16

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5711369/

  Aim. This study aimed to determine the causes of red eye disease among patients of Mazandaran-Northern Iran. […] The most common cause of red eye was conjunctivitis – 30% (252/ 840), foreign bodies 23.2%, trauma including penetrating or blunt 8.6%, respectively. […] In the current study, the most common causes of red eyes were conjunctivitis, foreign bodies, and trauma respectively. […] Eye redness is the result of the changes in the blood vessels of the eyes and can happen by a dilation of conjunctive vessels, sclera or around sclera (trauma, chemical burns, immunologic reactions), inflammation reactions (bacterial, viral, fungous) and can happen in one or both eyes. […] The benign cases of red eyes can be treated by general practitioners but more serious causes of red eyes must be diagnosed and treated by an ophthalmologist immediately.

• #17 9 Most Common Causes Of Red Eyes | Michigan Eye Institute

  https://mieye.com/red-eye-causes/

  Red eye can be caused by many factors, including seasonal allergies, corneal abrasions, alcohol or drug use, infection, and trapped particles. […] There are several causes of red eye. […] Pets, pollen, dust, and mold can all cause allergic reactions. […] Probably the most common particle that will become stuck in your eye is an eyelash. […] A corneal abrasion is simply a scratch on the surface of your eye. […] A broken blood vessel sounds scary, but it is usually harmless. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is contagious and needs to be treated with prescription ointment or eye drops. […] Using a computer, tablet, or smartphone for an extended period of time can cause red eye. […] When your body is deprived of sleep, there’s a decrease in the amount of oxygen that reaches your eyes. […] Like a sleepless night, too much alcohol causes the blood vessels in your eyes to dilate. […] There is a long list of drugs, both recreation and prescription, that cause red eye. […] How to best treat red eye depends on the cause.

• #18 Top Five Causes Of Red Eyes | The Optical Co

  https://theopticalco.com.au/blog/top-five-causes-of-red-eyes/

  3. Corneal Abrasion […] A corneal abrasion is a small scratch to the surface of your cornea, a thin, transparent dome that covers the front layer of your eyeball. Your cornea is very delicate and sensitive and contains many nerve endings, which means that even a miniscule scratch can feel very uncomfortable and painful, and trigger eye redness. […] Causes: Corneal abrasions can be caused by almost anything: tree branches, makeup brushes, workplace debris like specks of metal, sports equipment, an animal claw, and even sand, especially if you rub your eyes. Wearing damaged contact lenses or lenses for an extended period of time can also scratch your cornea. […] 4. Dry Eyes […] Dry eyes occur when you’re not producing enough tears to keep your eyeballs properly lubricated. It can also happen when one of your oil glands on the edge of your eye becomes clogged, meaning that your eyes aren’t producing enough oil, which can cause your tears to evaporate faster than normal and your eyes to become dry and red.

• #19 Red eyes: List of common causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316179

  The causes of red eye range from a minor irritation to a more serious condition or infection, including conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers. […] Red or bloodshot eyes occur when small blood vessels on the surface of the eye become enlarged and congested with blood. […] Viruses cause up to 80% of all conjunctivitis cases. Other causes include bacteria, fungi, exposure to chemicals or allergens, a foreign body in the eye, and the use of contact lenses. […] Allergic conjunctivitis can develop due to an allergy or an irritant, such as dust, pollen, or animal dander. […] A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the cornea that can result from a bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection. […] Chronic dry eye can cause the surface of the eye to become red, inflamed, and irritated. […] Various medical conditions can cause red eyes, such as glaucoma, blepharitis, cellulitis, eye lymphoma, herpes zoster (shingles), toxoplasmosis, and uveitis.

• #20 Common Causes of a Red Eye | Neal Eye Group

  https://www.conshohockeneye.com/common-causes-of-a-red-eye/

  Bloodshot and red eyes can have many different causes, each needing different treatment approaches. […] Many problems that cause red eyes require attention by an eye care professional, though a few are self-limiting and will go away on their own. […] Pink eye is the generic term given to a group of eye conditions also known as conjunctivitis. […] There are three main type of conjunctivitis: allergic, viral, and bacterial. […] Viral conjunctivitis is caused by a viral infection, and the symptoms can range from mildly uncomfortable to unbearable depending on the virus causing the infection. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is rare in adults, but can pose a serious threat to the eye if left untreated. […] Several factors in contact lens wearers can cause redness. […] If there is associated severe pain that accompanies the redness, it can be the sign of a corneal ulcer due to an infection, which requires immediate attention from an eye care professional.

• #21 Red Eye (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/red-eye

  Red eye is a common presentation in primary care and is a sign of inflammation. Most cases will be due to relatively benign problems. The most common cause of red eye presenting in a primary care setting is conjunctivitis. A small proportion of red eye cases are serious and need urgent treatment. The challenge lies in discerning one from the other. […] Common benign causes of red eye include conjunctivitis, blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival haemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, uveitis, glaucoma, chemical burn, radiation burn, episcleritis and scleritis. […] For diagnostic purposes the causes of red eye are commonly divided into those which are painful and those which are not. […] Less common but serious causes include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, cicatricial pemphigoid and (rarely) conjunctival neoplasia.

• #22 Red Veins in Eyes: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/red-eye-5223773

  A subconjunctival hemorrhage (also known as bleeding in the eye) causes the white part of the eye to become completely red. […] Sometimes red veins in the eyes can signal a serious condition. […] Episcleritis and scleritis are two somewhat similar-looking causes of red veins in eyes. […] Dehydration can lead to red eyes due to the irritation caused by dryness. […] Eye veins, also known as spider veins, are visible red or purple blood vessels on the surface of the eye. […] It’s best to seek medical attention if eye redness or bloodshot eyes are accompanied by certain symptoms, including: […] If you think you may have one of the following conditions, you should get medical attention as soon as possible to prevent serious complications: […] Bloodshot eyes can result from many things. Most often, the causes of dry, red, irritated eyes are minor (e.g., cigarette smoking, lack of sleep, or contact lens discomfort) and can be treated at home. […] However, other causes of red veins in the eyes are more serious and can endanger your vision and overall health.

• #23 20 Causes, Symptoms, and Complications of Red Eyes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-redness

  Corneal ulcers can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, dry eyes, and injury to the cornea. […] Sustaining an injury that affects your eye may cause it to become red, often due to irritation or bleeding. […] Individuals who wear contact lenses have to touch their eyes and the surrounding area more often than those who don’t wear contact lenses, increasing their risk of eye redness. […] In addition to the causes discussed above, some further causes of eye redness include use of alcohol or cannabis, photokeratitis, ocular rosacea, trichiasis, cellulitis, endophthalmitis, onchocerciasis, and retinoblastoma.

• #24 Top Five Causes Of Red Eyes | The Optical Co

  https://theopticalco.com.au/blog/top-five-causes-of-red-eyes/

  Causes: Many factors can cause dry eyes, such as the time spent staring at your phone or computer which reduces our blinking rate, exposure to smoke or dry air, wearing contact lenses, allergies, as part of the ageing process, or if you have certain autoimmune conditions, like lupus or Sjögren syndrome. […] 5. Subconjunctival Haemorrhage […] A subconjunctival haemorrhage is a medical name for bleeding in your eyeball, causing one or more bright red spots to appear. This can look scary, but it’s usually harmless and often heals on its own. The eye’s conjunctiva is a thin tissue layer in your eye that works to help keep your eyelid and eyeball moist. […] Causes: Subconjunctival haemorrhages are usually caused by coughing, sneezing, straining, heavy lifting, or other similar actions that briefly raise the blood pressure in your veins very quickly, causing the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) to break. Occasionally a haemorrhage can also be caused by trauma such as something poking your eye, or even rubbing your eyes too hard. Rarely, they can be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, other blood conditions, or medications such as aspirin. […] Red eyes can have a range of causes, and they may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition that needs medical care, such as glaucoma (an increase in pressure inside your eye) or a corneal ulcer (an ulcer on the cornea that can cause vision loss if not treated promptly).

• #25 Red Veins in Eyes: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/top-causes-of-red-eye-3422111

  Red, dry eyes result from a lack of moisture to the eyes. […] If you don’t get enough sleep, your eyes may show it. Losing sleep tends to increase blood and fluid around the eyes. This makes them appear puffy and red. Lack of sleep can also lead to dry eyes. […] Many people develop red veins in their eyes after spending time in a pool. Redness occurs when the chlorine used in many pools causes the eyes to become irritated. […] Smoking a cigarette releases several harmful chemicals that can irritate the sensitive tissues of the eyes. It also leads to dry eye irritation, disrupting the tear film layer and leading to symptoms of eye inflammation and bloodshot eyes. […] Drinking alcohol can cause some people to develop eye redness, most notably females. This is because alcohol can cause vasodilation (widening of blood vessels).

• #26 Causes & Treatments of Red Eyes | Shekar Eye Hospital

  https://shekareyehospital.com/red-eyes/

  Infections in the eyes can cause red eyes, for example: Conjunctivitis, or pink eye, is an infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye. […] Any inflammation in the eyes, whether an autoimmune reaction or any underlying systemic illnesses, can cause red eyes. […] Angle-closure glaucoma is one of the different types of glaucoma. […] Injuries to eyes such as foreign objects that get into your eye, physical trauma, such as sustaining a blow or an accident, and exposure to chemicals can cause red eyes, often due to irritation or bleeding. […] Certain environmental factors such as excessive heat exposure, heavily air-conditioned environments, Overspeed fans etc can also irritate the eyes, causing red eyes.

• #27 Many Causes of Red Eye | Metrolina Eye Associates

  https://www.metrolinaeye.com/red-eyes/many-causes-red-eyes/

  Uveitis also most always results in eye redness. […] Many times it is idiopathic meaning the cause is unknown. […] Here is a list of some possible causes of recurrent uveitis: ankylosing spondylitis, Behcets disease, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasakis disease, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiters syndrome, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. […] These are just a few ocular conditions that can cause red eyes.

• #28

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5711369/

  The probable causes of red eyes were studied in 8 groups, including conjunctivitis (allergic, bacterial or viral), degenerative conjunctivitis changes (pterygium and pinguecula), cornea inflammation (keratitis), sclera involvement (scleritis and episcleritis), iris involvement and angle involvement (glaucoma and Uveitis), traumatic causes (foreign bodies and objects, chemical burns and blunt trauma), eye lid diseases (blepharitis, hordeolum, chalazion, and eye lid deformation), tear system involvement (dacryocystitis and eye dryness). […] The causes of red eyes were the following: conjunctivitis (30.3%), foreign bodies (23.2%), trauma (8.6%), pterygium (7.2%), keratitis (6%), episcleritis (5.5%), glaucoma (2.5%), blepharitis (2.1%), dacryocystitis (2%), Uveitis (1.9%), vessel problems (1.3%), chemical burns (1.1%), touch the UV (0.9%), chalazion (0.5%), scleritis (0.3%), and other causes (5.8%).

• #29 Red Eye (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/red-eye

  Urgent referral is warranted for potentially serious problems. Features suggestive of a serious condition which may warrant urgent referral include: Acute glaucoma, Moderate-to-severe eye pain or photophobia, Marked unilateral redness. The greater the redness, the more likely it is that the cause is serious.

• #30 Red and Painful Eye – Unilateral and Bilateral (Diagnosis and Treatment) : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/red-and-painful-eye-unilateral-and-bilateral-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Conjunctivitis is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva and dilatation of the superficial conjunctival blood vessels, resulting in hyperemia (red or pink appearing eye) and edema of the conjunctiva. […] The differential diagnosis is wide and ranges from benign presentations (subconjunctival hemorrhage) to sight threatening conditions (acute angle-closure glaucoma). […] Table 1 summarizes the key causes for red eye, which can be narrowed down by acuity, presence of pain, and laterality. […] The diagnostic process and treatments for vision-threatening and common causes of red and painful eye are outlined below. […] Emergent ophthalmological consultation indicated for patients with suspected acute angle-closure glaucoma, endophthalmitis, scleritis, uveitis, iritis, keratitis.

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