Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Red Eye: Common Ophthalmologic Disorders in Primary Care

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/red-eye-common-ophthalmologic-disorders-primary-care/

  Red eye is a common ophthalmologic condition and accounts for 2% to 3% of office visits in the primary care setting.1 Although most cases of red eye are benign, detailed history-taking (onset and duration of eye complaint) and physical examination are essential to recognizing vision-threatening eye disorders requiring prompt ophthalmologic referral and emergent management. Commonly encountered diagnoses include infectious, inflammatory, and systemic conditions. […] Self-limiting to vision-threatening disorders are discerned through the compilation of subjective and objective distinguishing factors. […] Patients present with sudden onset of unilateral painful red eye without discharge.7 The presence of vision loss, headache, nausea, and vomiting may also occur and help to differentiate glaucoma from many other benign ocular illnesses.7

• #2 The red eye: Evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-red-eye-evaluation-and-management

  „Red eye” is a common presenting complaint in ambulatory practice. This topic presents an approach for distinguishing patients with red eye who must be referred to an ophthalmologist, such as those with angle-closure glaucoma, from patients who can be managed by the primary care clinician, such as those with allergic conjunctivitis (table 1 and table 2). Some distinguishing features of conditions presenting as a red eye are summarized in a table (table 3). […] A small percentage of patients with red eye need urgent ophthalmological referral and treatment, although the vast majority can be treated by the primary care clinician. There are little epidemiologic data on the red eye, and there are no evidence-based data to guide us in the management of these patients. Conjunctivitis (allergic or viral) is probably the most common cause of red eye in the community setting, but a number of more serious conditions can also occur [1,2]. […] Patient history, measurement of visual acuity, and findings on penlight examination are important features in determining the cause and management of red eye. The history and ocular examination provide guidance in the decision about whether to refer the patient for ophthalmologic evaluation.

• #3 Red Eye Roundup

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/red-eye-roundup

  The red eye continues to be a common problem in both ophthalmic and primary medical care practices. […] Although little epidemiological data exists on the red eye presentation, it doesnt take a comprehensive study to recognize the socioeconomic impact it has on our population. […] When the condition presents, optometrists can minimize these red eye burdens with an accurate diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment, even if it is palliative. […] Clinical acumen determines the next course of action. Following red eye algorithms plenty of which exist may be beneficial. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye, and viral is the most encountered variant. […] Adequate caution should be stressed to prevent spreading the virus to the patients immediate family and coworkers. […] This presentation is characterized by follicles of the palpebral conjunctivamore so in the lower fornixand discharge. […] A new broad spectrum antiseptic povidone-iodine 0.6% with dexamethasone 0.1% under investigation for both adenoviral and bacterial conjunctivitis is showing promise.

• #4

  https://www.joecsa.coecsa.org/index.php/joecsa/article/view/76

  Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and aetiology of red eyes in a teaching hospital in Ghana. […] Results: Nine hundred and six (47.09%) new patients who presented to the eye clinic had a red eye. […] Conclusion: The red eye represented approximately 47% of all new patients that attended the Eye Clinic during the study period and most of the causes were avoidable, preventable and/or treatable.

• #5

  https://joecsa.coecsa.org/index.php/joecsa/article/view/76

  Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and aetiology of red eyes in a teaching hospital in Ghana. […] Nine hundred and six (47.09%) new patients who presented to the eye clinic had a red eye. […] The top 5 eye diseases that accounted for the red eye in our study were conjunctivitis (48.23%), ocular trauma (39.85%); infective keratitis/corneal ulcer (5.96%), uveitis (3.42%) and scleritis (1.10%). […] The red eye represented approximately 47% of all new patients that attended the Eye Clinic during the study period and most of the causes were avoidable, preventable and/or treatable.

• #6 The Red Eye: Current Concepts for Primary Care Physicians

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/2005-07_03

  The red eye is the most common ocular disorder seen by primary care physicians and ophthalmologists. […] The red eye is the most common ocular condition responsible for self-referrals to adult and pediatric primary care clinics throughout the world. […] The purpose of this article is to review red eye conditions that threaten eyesight and even life, to enhance patient outcomes and encourage timely referrals to an ophthalmologist when appropriate. […] The first priority when examining the red eye patient is to rule out an associated life-threatening condition. […] The red eye can be associated with life-threatening conditions in children. […] Once life-threatening conditions have been excluded, the next priority is to address diseases that can lead to rapid vision loss if not diagnosed and treated properly.

• #7 Red Eye – Common Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/red-eye-common-causes-diagnosis-and-treatmentpptx/251575082

  Red eye is a very common presentation. Conjunctivitis and sub-conjunctiva hemorrhage are the common causes. The exact figures are not available as many are asymptomatic and so go under-reported […] Red eye can occur at all age groups depending on the aetiology. There is no gender or racial predilection. […] Evaluation of red eye involves thorough history taking and physical examination of the eye and surrounding structures.

• #8 Red Eye: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-overview

  Red eye is very common, and conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause. Subconjunctival hemorrhage also occurs frequently, but, because it is a self-limited disorder, exact figures are not available since many asymptomatic individuals do not seek medical care. Subconjunctival hemorrhage can occur at all ages, but it is more common with increasing age; no sex-based or racial predilection has been noted. […] The prognosis depends on the cause of the red eye. For example, subconjunctival hemorrhage is a self-limited condition when not associated with systemic illness or significant trauma; thus, the prognosis is excellent. Complications also depend on the cause of the red eye.

• #9 Epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from Northern Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4518412/

  We aimed to determine the epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from Northern Iran. […] A descriptive study was planned involving 840 patients referred to the eye clinic of Bu-Ali Sina hospital in Sari, Iran, with the chief complaint of eye redness. […] Red eyes are more common in men than women. […] We believe our data will provide valuable inputs into taking effective steps for treating red eyes and prevent their associated serious effects. […] Since red eyes are one of the main reasons and symptoms of eye inflammation and one of the most common complaints in outpatients units, we analyzed the epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from our region (northern Iran). […] The most prevalent Ophthalmological symptoms with red eyes were, eye irritation with frequency of 57%, tears in eye 49%, swollen eyelids 30%, which again is not consistent with previous reports, and probably indicates a changing trend in the prevalence of red eyes. […] Appropriate training for the exact diagnosis of high-risk symptoms of eye redness is necessary to reduce the serious vision problems in future.

• #10 Epidemiological profile of patients with red eye complain treated at Fundação Hilton Rocha, MG, Brazil – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/epidemiological-profile-of-patients-with-red-eye-complain-treated-at-fundacao-hilton-rocha-mg-brazil/

  Results: Out of the sample of 390 patients with red eye complaint, 57.4 % (n= 224) were female and the age ranged from 3 to 97, with an average of 43.7 years of age. The majority of patients, 87.6% (n= 341) sought the service up to 14 days after the onset of symptoms, only 75 individuals (19.4 %) had low visual acuity. The lower economic classes (classes D and E) are prevalent among patients. The main cause of red eye complain was conjunctivitis and infectious blepharoconjunctivitis 32.6% (n= 127). […] Conclusion: Infectious conjunctivitis was the morbidity with the highest incidence. The Fundao Hilton Rocha plays an important role in providing urgent ophthalmological care in the public health network in Minas Gerais. It is important to identify the most frequent causes of medical service for ocular diseases and expand the epidemiological and social studies in order to improve peoples access to ophthalmic emergencies and give us subsidies for guidance campaigns, focused mainly on the lower social classes.

• #11 Konuralp Medical Journal » Submission » Clinical Characteristics in Patients Presenting with Red Eye

  https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ktd/issue/68876/974600

  Aim: Red eye, a frequent cause of presentations to ophthalmology clinics, is an important indicator of ocular inflammation. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients with red eye presenting to the eye diseases clinic in terms of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. […] The records of patients presenting to the anlurfa Harran University Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic with red eye were investigated retrospectively. […] Diseases causing red eye were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) coding system. […] A total of 2625 patients, 1775 males (67.61%) and 850 females (32.38%), who presented with red eyes, were evaluated. […] The incidence of viral conjunctivitis, the most frequently observed condition in patients presenting due to red eye, was 15.08% (n=396).

• #12 Epidemiological profile of patients with red eye complain treated at Fundação Hilton Rocha, MG, Brazil – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/epidemiological-profile-of-patients-with-red-eye-complain-treated-at-fundacao-hilton-rocha-mg-brazil/

  Results: Out of the sample of 390 patients with red eye complaint, 57.4 % (n= 224) were female and the age ranged from 3 to 97, with an average of 43.7 years of age. The majority of patients, 87.6% (n= 341) sought the service up to 14 days after the onset of symptoms, only 75 individuals (19.4 %) had low visual acuity. The lower economic classes (classes D and E) are prevalent among patients. The main cause of red eye complain was conjunctivitis and infectious blepharoconjunctivitis 32.6% (n= 127). […] Conclusion: Infectious conjunctivitis was the morbidity with the highest incidence. The Fundao Hilton Rocha plays an important role in providing urgent ophthalmological care in the public health network in Minas Gerais. It is important to identify the most frequent causes of medical service for ocular diseases and expand the epidemiological and social studies in order to improve peoples access to ophthalmic emergencies and give us subsidies for guidance campaigns, focused mainly on the lower social classes.

• #13 Epidemiological profile of patients with red eye complain treated at Fundação Hilton Rocha, MG, Brazil – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/epidemiological-profile-of-patients-with-red-eye-complain-treated-at-fundacao-hilton-rocha-mg-brazil/

  Results: Out of the sample of 390 patients with red eye complaint, 57.4 % (n= 224) were female and the age ranged from 3 to 97, with an average of 43.7 years of age. The majority of patients, 87.6% (n= 341) sought the service up to 14 days after the onset of symptoms, only 75 individuals (19.4 %) had low visual acuity. The lower economic classes (classes D and E) are prevalent among patients. The main cause of red eye complain was conjunctivitis and infectious blepharoconjunctivitis 32.6% (n= 127). […] Conclusion: Infectious conjunctivitis was the morbidity with the highest incidence. The Fundao Hilton Rocha plays an important role in providing urgent ophthalmological care in the public health network in Minas Gerais. It is important to identify the most frequent causes of medical service for ocular diseases and expand the epidemiological and social studies in order to improve peoples access to ophthalmic emergencies and give us subsidies for guidance campaigns, focused mainly on the lower social classes.

• #14 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #15 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Red eye is one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions in the primary care setting. Inflammation of almost any part of the eye, including the lacrimal glands and eyelids, or faulty tear film can lead to red eye. Primary care physicians often effectively manage red eye, although knowing when to refer patients to an ophthalmologist is crucial. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye and is one of the leading indications for antibiotics. Causes of conjunctivitis may be infectious (e.g., viral, bacterial, chlamydial) or noninfectious (e.g., allergies, irritants). Most cases of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting. Other common causes of red eye include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. […] A thorough patient history and eye examination may provide clues to the etiology of red eye. The history should include questions about unilateral or bilateral eye involvement, duration of symptoms, type and amount of discharge, visual changes, severity of pain, photophobia, previous treatments, presence of allergies or systemic disease, and the use of contact lenses. The eye examination should include the eyelids, lacrimal sac, pupil size and reaction to light, corneal involvement, and the pattern and location of hyperemia. Preauricular lymph node involvement and visual acuity must also be assessed. Common causes of red eye and their clinical presentations are summarized in Table 1.

• #16 Red Eye Roundup

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/red-eye-roundup

  The red eye continues to be a common problem in both ophthalmic and primary medical care practices. […] Although little epidemiological data exists on the red eye presentation, it doesnt take a comprehensive study to recognize the socioeconomic impact it has on our population. […] When the condition presents, optometrists can minimize these red eye burdens with an accurate diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment, even if it is palliative. […] Clinical acumen determines the next course of action. Following red eye algorithms plenty of which exist may be beneficial. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye, and viral is the most encountered variant. […] Adequate caution should be stressed to prevent spreading the virus to the patients immediate family and coworkers. […] This presentation is characterized by follicles of the palpebral conjunctivamore so in the lower fornixand discharge. […] A new broad spectrum antiseptic povidone-iodine 0.6% with dexamethasone 0.1% under investigation for both adenoviral and bacterial conjunctivitis is showing promise.

• #17

  https://joecsa.coecsa.org/index.php/joecsa/article/view/76

  Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and aetiology of red eyes in a teaching hospital in Ghana. […] Nine hundred and six (47.09%) new patients who presented to the eye clinic had a red eye. […] The top 5 eye diseases that accounted for the red eye in our study were conjunctivitis (48.23%), ocular trauma (39.85%); infective keratitis/corneal ulcer (5.96%), uveitis (3.42%) and scleritis (1.10%). […] The red eye represented approximately 47% of all new patients that attended the Eye Clinic during the study period and most of the causes were avoidable, preventable and/or treatable.

• #18 Epidemiological profile of patients with red eye complain treated at Fundação Hilton Rocha, MG, Brazil – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/epidemiological-profile-of-patients-with-red-eye-complain-treated-at-fundacao-hilton-rocha-mg-brazil/

  Results: Out of the sample of 390 patients with red eye complaint, 57.4 % (n= 224) were female and the age ranged from 3 to 97, with an average of 43.7 years of age. The majority of patients, 87.6% (n= 341) sought the service up to 14 days after the onset of symptoms, only 75 individuals (19.4 %) had low visual acuity. The lower economic classes (classes D and E) are prevalent among patients. The main cause of red eye complain was conjunctivitis and infectious blepharoconjunctivitis 32.6% (n= 127). […] Conclusion: Infectious conjunctivitis was the morbidity with the highest incidence. The Fundao Hilton Rocha plays an important role in providing urgent ophthalmological care in the public health network in Minas Gerais. It is important to identify the most frequent causes of medical service for ocular diseases and expand the epidemiological and social studies in order to improve peoples access to ophthalmic emergencies and give us subsidies for guidance campaigns, focused mainly on the lower social classes.

• #19 Konuralp Medical Journal » Submission » Clinical Characteristics in Patients Presenting with Red Eye

  https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ktd/issue/68876/974600

  Aim: Red eye, a frequent cause of presentations to ophthalmology clinics, is an important indicator of ocular inflammation. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients with red eye presenting to the eye diseases clinic in terms of clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. […] The records of patients presenting to the anlurfa Harran University Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic with red eye were investigated retrospectively. […] Diseases causing red eye were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) coding system. […] A total of 2625 patients, 1775 males (67.61%) and 850 females (32.38%), who presented with red eyes, were evaluated. […] The incidence of viral conjunctivitis, the most frequently observed condition in patients presenting due to red eye, was 15.08% (n=396).

• #20 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Red eye is one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions in the primary care setting. Inflammation of almost any part of the eye, including the lacrimal glands and eyelids, or faulty tear film can lead to red eye. Primary care physicians often effectively manage red eye, although knowing when to refer patients to an ophthalmologist is crucial. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye and is one of the leading indications for antibiotics. Causes of conjunctivitis may be infectious (e.g., viral, bacterial, chlamydial) or noninfectious (e.g., allergies, irritants). Most cases of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting. Other common causes of red eye include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. […] A thorough patient history and eye examination may provide clues to the etiology of red eye. The history should include questions about unilateral or bilateral eye involvement, duration of symptoms, type and amount of discharge, visual changes, severity of pain, photophobia, previous treatments, presence of allergies or systemic disease, and the use of contact lenses. The eye examination should include the eyelids, lacrimal sac, pupil size and reaction to light, corneal involvement, and the pattern and location of hyperemia. Preauricular lymph node involvement and visual acuity must also be assessed. Common causes of red eye and their clinical presentations are summarized in Table 1.

• #21 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Viral conjunctivitis caused by the adenovirus is highly contagious, whereas conjunctivitis caused by other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus [HSV]) are less likely to spread. Viral conjunctivitis usually spreads through direct contact with contaminated fingers, medical instruments, swimming pool water, or personal items. It is often associated with an upper respiratory infection spread through coughing. The clinical presentation of viral conjunctivitis is usually mild with spontaneous remission after one to two weeks. Treatment is supportive and may include cold compresses, ocular decongestants, and artificial tears. Topical antibiotics are rarely necessary because secondary bacterial infections are uncommon. […] To prevent the spread of viral conjunctivitis, patients should be counseled to practice strict hand washing and avoid sharing personal items; food handlers and health care workers should not work until eye discharge ceases; and physicians should clean instruments after every use. Referral to an ophthalmologist is necessary if symptoms do not resolve after seven to 10 days or if there is corneal involvement.

• #22 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Viral conjunctivitis caused by the adenovirus is highly contagious, whereas conjunctivitis caused by other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus [HSV]) are less likely to spread. Viral conjunctivitis usually spreads through direct contact with contaminated fingers, medical instruments, swimming pool water, or personal items. It is often associated with an upper respiratory infection spread through coughing. The clinical presentation of viral conjunctivitis is usually mild with spontaneous remission after one to two weeks. Treatment is supportive and may include cold compresses, ocular decongestants, and artificial tears. Topical antibiotics are rarely necessary because secondary bacterial infections are uncommon. […] To prevent the spread of viral conjunctivitis, patients should be counseled to practice strict hand washing and avoid sharing personal items; food handlers and health care workers should not work until eye discharge ceases; and physicians should clean instruments after every use. Referral to an ophthalmologist is necessary if symptoms do not resolve after seven to 10 days or if there is corneal involvement.

• #23 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Viral conjunctivitis caused by the adenovirus is highly contagious, whereas conjunctivitis caused by other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus [HSV]) are less likely to spread. Viral conjunctivitis usually spreads through direct contact with contaminated fingers, medical instruments, swimming pool water, or personal items. It is often associated with an upper respiratory infection spread through coughing. The clinical presentation of viral conjunctivitis is usually mild with spontaneous remission after one to two weeks. Treatment is supportive and may include cold compresses, ocular decongestants, and artificial tears. Topical antibiotics are rarely necessary because secondary bacterial infections are uncommon. […] To prevent the spread of viral conjunctivitis, patients should be counseled to practice strict hand washing and avoid sharing personal items; food handlers and health care workers should not work until eye discharge ceases; and physicians should clean instruments after every use. Referral to an ophthalmologist is necessary if symptoms do not resolve after seven to 10 days or if there is corneal involvement.

• #24 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Viral conjunctivitis caused by the adenovirus is highly contagious, whereas conjunctivitis caused by other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus [HSV]) are less likely to spread. Viral conjunctivitis usually spreads through direct contact with contaminated fingers, medical instruments, swimming pool water, or personal items. It is often associated with an upper respiratory infection spread through coughing. The clinical presentation of viral conjunctivitis is usually mild with spontaneous remission after one to two weeks. Treatment is supportive and may include cold compresses, ocular decongestants, and artificial tears. Topical antibiotics are rarely necessary because secondary bacterial infections are uncommon. […] To prevent the spread of viral conjunctivitis, patients should be counseled to practice strict hand washing and avoid sharing personal items; food handlers and health care workers should not work until eye discharge ceases; and physicians should clean instruments after every use. Referral to an ophthalmologist is necessary if symptoms do not resolve after seven to 10 days or if there is corneal involvement.

• #25 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious and is most commonly spread through direct contact with contaminated fingers. Based on duration and severity of signs and symptoms, bacterial conjunctivitis is categorized as hyperacute, acute, or chronic. Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually active adults. The infection has a sudden onset and progresses rapidly, leading to corneal perforation. Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is characterized by copious, purulent discharge; pain; and diminished vision loss. Patients need prompt ophthalmology referral for aggressive management. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is the most common form of bacterial conjunctivitis in the primary care setting. Signs and symptoms persist for less than three to four weeks.

• #26 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious and is most commonly spread through direct contact with contaminated fingers. Based on duration and severity of signs and symptoms, bacterial conjunctivitis is categorized as hyperacute, acute, or chronic. Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually active adults. The infection has a sudden onset and progresses rapidly, leading to corneal perforation. Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is characterized by copious, purulent discharge; pain; and diminished vision loss. Patients need prompt ophthalmology referral for aggressive management. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is the most common form of bacterial conjunctivitis in the primary care setting. Signs and symptoms persist for less than three to four weeks.

• #27 What is your diagnosis? Young boy complains of recurrent red eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/what-is-your-diagnosis-young-boy-complains-of-recurrent-red-eye

  Findings from a study revealed an estimated 2.2 cases per million individuals per year, and among pediatric patients with uveitis, the rate of TINU cases was 2% to 5%. The median age of onset was 15 years, and most patients were female. TINU has been found in all ethnic groups. […] Due to the conditions rarity, more studies are needed to understand the etiologies of TINU. The pathophysiology may be an autoimmune reaction triggered by an antigen that causes type 3 hypersensitivity. These immune complexes in the kidney deposit into the uveal tract, thus activating the inflammatory response of uveitis. […] Further research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of TINU syndrome and improve patient outcomes. By increasing awareness and knowledge about this rare syndrome, clinicians can enhance their ability to diagnose and manage TINU syndrome effectively.

• #28 Nationwide Outbreak of Red Eye Syndrome Associated With Transfusion of Leukocyte-Reduced Red Blood Cell Units | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/nationwide-outbreak-of-red-eye-syndrome-associated-with-transfusion-of-leukocytereduced-red-blood-cell-units/7F1874244AC11D7FE27BF4FFA9536E7A

  Objective. To characterize red eye reactions occurring within 24 hours after receipt of units of leukocyte-reduced red blood cells, determine their etiology, and investigate their potential link to transfusion. […] Results. From January 1, 1997, through January 15, 1998, we identified 159 reactions in 117 patients from 17 states. […] Conclusions. This transfusion-associated red eye syndrome was linked to a specific brand of leukocyte-reduction filter and likely resulted from cellulose acetate derivatives leached from the filter membrane.

• #29 What Is Causing So Much Pink Eye? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-causing-so-much-pink-eye/

  A new variant of the virus that causes COVID is drawing international attention, not just for its rapid spread but for its tendency to cause one unexpected symptom: conjunctivitis, or pink eye. […] Everywhere it goes, Arcturus has generated reports of red, irritated eyes, especially in children. […] Experts have known since the pandemics beginning that COVID can cause eye symptoms such as pain, itching, burning and the telltale pink hue of conjunctivitis. […] Although there is not yet an official analysis to quantify the rate of conjunctivitis caused by the latest variant, chatter among experts and early evidence from India suggests that pink eye is fairly commonespecially in kids under age 12. […] The reason why some variants cause more eye problems than others likely depends on mutations in the viruss spike protein that make it bond more strongly to cells in the eye, experts say.

• #30 What Is Causing So Much Pink Eye? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-causing-so-much-pink-eye/

  Arcturus isnt the first variant that has shown an affinity for receptors in the eyes. […] If a variant can more easily bind to a receptor, more virus particles can infect the cells, leading to a bigger immune response, Singh says. […] A COVID infection can begin in the eyes and spread systemically, or it can begin somewhere else, and the systemic changes can affect the eyes, he adds. […] Arcturus does not appear to be any more likely than other variants to lead to hospitalization, serious complications or death, Patel says. […] If you notice red eyes along with a fever (another common Arcturus symptom) or other COVID-like symptoms, it wouldnt hurt to take a COVID test. […] More serious warning signs include pain and severe light sensitivity, which can suggest damage to the eye that should be checked out by a doctor to assess potential impacts on vision, Singh says. […] If you have COVID and red eyes, the virus is sure to be in your tears, Patel says.

• #31 Centre for Health Protection – Public are reminded to prevent red-eye syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/features/2450.html

  Public are reminded to prevent red-eye syndrome. The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) today (February 18) reminded members of the public to guard against acute conjunctivitis (ACJ or red-eye syndrome). The advice was made following a detection of a rise in consultation rate for red-eye cases last week by the CHP’s sentinel surveillance data, a CHP spokesman said. For the week ending February 12, the consultation rate rose from 1.2 cases per 1 000 to 3.4 cases per 1 000 consultations among general out-patient clinics (GOPC) and rose from 3.8 cases per 1 000 to 8.1 cases per 1 000 consultations among patients of private doctors. „The CHP will monitor the situation closely. Doctors participating in the sentinel surveillance system have been reminded to collect specimens for laboratory tests,” the spokesman added. […] „ACJ is a contagious condition mostly caused by viruses and bacteria. The symptoms are irritation, tearing, pain and redness of the eyes. It is usually a self-limiting condition with recovery in one to two weeks time with proper treatment,” the spokesman said.

• #32 Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/index.html

  VEHSS analyzes and reports the prevalence of vision loss, eye disorders, and eyecare services. […] VEHSS uses new and existing data sources to provide information on vision loss, eye disorders, and eye care services in the United States.

• #33 Centre for Health Protection – Public are reminded to prevent red-eye syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/features/2450.html

  Public are reminded to prevent red-eye syndrome. The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) today (February 18) reminded members of the public to guard against acute conjunctivitis (ACJ or red-eye syndrome). The advice was made following a detection of a rise in consultation rate for red-eye cases last week by the CHP’s sentinel surveillance data, a CHP spokesman said. For the week ending February 12, the consultation rate rose from 1.2 cases per 1 000 to 3.4 cases per 1 000 consultations among general out-patient clinics (GOPC) and rose from 3.8 cases per 1 000 to 8.1 cases per 1 000 consultations among patients of private doctors. „The CHP will monitor the situation closely. Doctors participating in the sentinel surveillance system have been reminded to collect specimens for laboratory tests,” the spokesman added. […] „ACJ is a contagious condition mostly caused by viruses and bacteria. The symptoms are irritation, tearing, pain and redness of the eyes. It is usually a self-limiting condition with recovery in one to two weeks time with proper treatment,” the spokesman said.

• #34 Catching Red Eye Epidemics—With the Web

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/breakingnews/article/catching-red-eye-epidemicswith-the-web

  Catching Red Eye Epidemics With the Web […] A Google search predicted a conjunctivitis outbreak days before reported cases. […] The researchers used worldwide Google search data for conjunctivitis-related search terms over a span of five years, in addition to control search terms. […] The study also noted that 83% of candidate outbreaks started earlier than the reported outbreaks, some by as much as 12 weeks. The researchers conclude that conjunctivitis outbreaks can be detected using temporal scan analysis of Google search data alone, with over 80% detected prior to an outbreak reports issuance date. […] They hope data from smaller regions, social media and more search terms can help hone the sensitivity and possibly provide a complementarily benefit [to] traditional reporting and detection systems to improve epidemic awareness.

• #35 Centre for Health Protection – Public are reminded to prevent red-eye syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/features/2450.html

  Public are reminded to prevent red-eye syndrome. The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) today (February 18) reminded members of the public to guard against acute conjunctivitis (ACJ or red-eye syndrome). The advice was made following a detection of a rise in consultation rate for red-eye cases last week by the CHP’s sentinel surveillance data, a CHP spokesman said. For the week ending February 12, the consultation rate rose from 1.2 cases per 1 000 to 3.4 cases per 1 000 consultations among general out-patient clinics (GOPC) and rose from 3.8 cases per 1 000 to 8.1 cases per 1 000 consultations among patients of private doctors. „The CHP will monitor the situation closely. Doctors participating in the sentinel surveillance system have been reminded to collect specimens for laboratory tests,” the spokesman added. […] „ACJ is a contagious condition mostly caused by viruses and bacteria. The symptoms are irritation, tearing, pain and redness of the eyes. It is usually a self-limiting condition with recovery in one to two weeks time with proper treatment,” the spokesman said.

• #36 Red Eye Cases Surge Across Uganda

  https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/red-eye-cases-surge-across-uganda

  The health ministry in Uganda has reported an alarming rise in red eye cases across the country, with the number of reported cases skyrocketing from 954 on March 14 to a staggering 7,596 by April 6 – an eightfold increase in just three weeks. […] The ministry has implemented several strategies to curb the spread of the virus including activating the National Public Health Emergency Operating Centre, mobilizing the school health task force, enhancing community sensitization, and strengthening surveillance in prisons and police cells. […] As the health authorities continue to monitor the situation and implement containment measures, the public is urged to heed the ministry’s advice and seek prompt medical attention if affected.

• #37 Red Eye Cases Surge Across Uganda

  https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/red-eye-cases-surge-across-uganda

  The health ministry in Uganda has reported an alarming rise in red eye cases across the country, with the number of reported cases skyrocketing from 954 on March 14 to a staggering 7,596 by April 6 – an eightfold increase in just three weeks. […] The ministry has implemented several strategies to curb the spread of the virus including activating the National Public Health Emergency Operating Centre, mobilizing the school health task force, enhancing community sensitization, and strengthening surveillance in prisons and police cells. […] As the health authorities continue to monitor the situation and implement containment measures, the public is urged to heed the ministry’s advice and seek prompt medical attention if affected.

• #38 Kenya: Doctors concerned about conjunctivitis outbreak – DW – 02/14/2024

  https://www.dw.com/en/kenya-doctors-concerned-about-conjunctivitis-outbreak/a-68247366

  Conjunctivitis, also known as the „pink eye” or „red eye” disease, which has been spreading across East Africa, appears to have hit Kenya the hardest. […] Most cases have been reported along the Kenyan coast, but there have also been reports of infections in Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda. […] Conjunctivitis can spread rapidly, and is quick to infect children, who then pass it onto adults. Close contact or sharing personal items with infected people can pass the illness on more easily. […] Health officials stress the importance of preventive measures, such as regular handwashing and avoiding eye contact, to curb further transmission. […] Cases have surfaced in major cities across East Africa. Kenya’s government spokesman, Isaac Mwaura, advised people to frequently wash their hands and keep off touching their face, disinfect well-used touch surfaces and not share personal items like towels. Mwaura also advised infected individuals to self-isolate. […] Conjunctivitis, while uncomfortable and visually noticeable, is not considered a dangerous illness, although symptoms of the eye infection could result from deeper-lying health problems.

• #39 MoH issues alert on red eye disease – The Radio Community

  https://theradiocommunity.org/moh-issues-alert-on-red-eye-disease-2514

  The Ministry of Health (MoH) has issued an alert over the outbreak of conjunctivitis (red eye) disease detected in the country. […] This has prompted the health authorities in Nimule to increase surveillance at the major point of entry (PoE) to identify suspected cases, collect samples to confirm the causative agent, and manage suspected cases at the closest health facilities. […] The Ministry also confirmed reported cases of the outbreak of red eye disease in Juba, and it’s committed to monitoring the situation in the country. […] The Ministry of Health, along with the key stakeholders, has initiated several measures, including promoting personal hygiene, strengthening surveillance, and managing and treating affected individuals. […] The more at-risk populations at schools, universities, prisons, and IDP/refugee camps are urged to be vigilant and report all suspected cases to the national outbreak hotline 6666 or the nearest health facility.

• #40 When a Red Eye is More than Meets the Eye:a Teaching Case Report on the Public Health Roleof the Eyecare Provider | The Journal of Optometric Education

  https://journal.opted.org/article/when-a-red-eye-is-more-than-meets-the-eyea-teaching-case-report-on-the-public-health-role-of-the-eyecare-provider/

  The public health impact of optometrists contributions to care is significant as a solid understanding of epidemiologic principles is critical for evidence-based practice and can inform or guide care protocols and referrals for best patient outcomes. […] A deeper understanding of those at risk for underlying, causative systemic disease will provide for more timely identification and diagnosis with the potential to reduce the spread of infection. […] Understanding the relevant epidemiologic principles and being familiar with available resources enable a quick response when new infectious diseases are present in local communities and abroad.

• #41 Red Eye Roundup

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/red-eye-roundup

  The red eye continues to be a common problem in both ophthalmic and primary medical care practices. […] Although little epidemiological data exists on the red eye presentation, it doesnt take a comprehensive study to recognize the socioeconomic impact it has on our population. […] When the condition presents, optometrists can minimize these red eye burdens with an accurate diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment, even if it is palliative. […] Clinical acumen determines the next course of action. Following red eye algorithms plenty of which exist may be beneficial. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye, and viral is the most encountered variant. […] Adequate caution should be stressed to prevent spreading the virus to the patients immediate family and coworkers. […] This presentation is characterized by follicles of the palpebral conjunctivamore so in the lower fornixand discharge. […] A new broad spectrum antiseptic povidone-iodine 0.6% with dexamethasone 0.1% under investigation for both adenoviral and bacterial conjunctivitis is showing promise.

• #42

  https://www.joecsa.coecsa.org/index.php/joecsa/article/view/76

  Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and aetiology of red eyes in a teaching hospital in Ghana. […] Results: Nine hundred and six (47.09%) new patients who presented to the eye clinic had a red eye. […] Conclusion: The red eye represented approximately 47% of all new patients that attended the Eye Clinic during the study period and most of the causes were avoidable, preventable and/or treatable.

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/ojoo/fulltext/2024/17010/knowledge,_attitude,_and_practice_about_red_eye.14.aspx

  Red eye is a common symptom in patients visiting the ophthalmology outpatient department (OPD). However, not all with red eye are due to infection and some can be threatening to visual loss. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among the general public regarding red eye attending a tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu. […] Only 15.6% had awareness on red eye, 12.6% were aware of serious side effects while 10% knew the complication of red eye such as visual loss can follow if left untreated. […] Awareness about red eye, attitude, and practice among the general population in rural settings in Tamil Nadu are still poor. The need of the hour is for health education on red eye and management to prevent morbidity and loss of vision in the community at all levels of health care.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/ojoo/fulltext/2024/17010/knowledge,_attitude,_and_practice_about_red_eye.14.aspx

  Red eye is a common symptom in patients visiting the ophthalmology outpatient department (OPD). However, not all with red eye are due to infection and some can be threatening to visual loss. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among the general public regarding red eye attending a tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu. […] Only 15.6% had awareness on red eye, 12.6% were aware of serious side effects while 10% knew the complication of red eye such as visual loss can follow if left untreated. […] Awareness about red eye, attitude, and practice among the general population in rural settings in Tamil Nadu are still poor. The need of the hour is for health education on red eye and management to prevent morbidity and loss of vision in the community at all levels of health care.

• #45

  https://journals.lww.com/ojoo/fulltext/2024/17010/knowledge,_attitude,_and_practice_about_red_eye.14.aspx

  Red eye is a common symptom in patients visiting the ophthalmology outpatient department (OPD). However, not all with red eye are due to infection and some can be threatening to visual loss. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among the general public regarding red eye attending a tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu. […] Only 15.6% had awareness on red eye, 12.6% were aware of serious side effects while 10% knew the complication of red eye such as visual loss can follow if left untreated. […] Awareness about red eye, attitude, and practice among the general population in rural settings in Tamil Nadu are still poor. The need of the hour is for health education on red eye and management to prevent morbidity and loss of vision in the community at all levels of health care.

• #46 The Optometrist’s Guide to Red Eye

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/optometrists-guide-red-eye/

  Red eye is one of the most common ocular concerns that arise on a weekly basis in the offices of optometrists and physicians. […] An Australian study found that 64% of treated cases by primary care physicians were misdiagnosed and 10% led to serious complications. Misdiagnosis and not knowing when to refer the patients can result in devastating consequences. […] Communication, observations and listening to key phrases can narrow down a list of differential diagnoses. […] This article is a review of a few conditions commonly associated with red eyes, listed in order of urgency of the conditions (least to most urgent). […] Red eye is the most common complaint found amongst patients and the concept that every case is a pink eye is a huge misunderstanding. […] Educating patients and the public with regards to our role as primary care optometrists may help to prevent misdiagnosis and further patient consequences.

• #47 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #48 Konuralp Medical Journal » Submission » Clinical Characteristics in Patients Presenting with Red Eye

  https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ktd/issue/68876/974600

  The most common cause of red eye resulting in decreased vision and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) was acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG). […] Five hundred and seventy-one (21.75%) patients who applied to the clinic with red eye had previously applied to a family physician and 289 patients (11.0%) to an emergency physician. […] Although prognosis is usually good in red eye, and the condition is self-limiting, the detection of serious conditions through a detailed history, examination, and therapeutic approach can be enhanced with early and appropriate intervention. […] In addition to family physicians and emergency physicians, the first to examine patients with red eye, important morbidities such as blindness can also be prevented by increasing the awareness of ophthalmologists and cooperation between these.

• #49 Red Eye: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-overview

  Red eye is very common, and conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause. Subconjunctival hemorrhage also occurs frequently, but, because it is a self-limited disorder, exact figures are not available since many asymptomatic individuals do not seek medical care. Subconjunctival hemorrhage can occur at all ages, but it is more common with increasing age; no sex-based or racial predilection has been noted. […] The prognosis depends on the cause of the red eye. For example, subconjunctival hemorrhage is a self-limited condition when not associated with systemic illness or significant trauma; thus, the prognosis is excellent. Complications also depend on the cause of the red eye.

• #50 Red Eye: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-overview

  Red eye is very common, and conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause. Subconjunctival hemorrhage also occurs frequently, but, because it is a self-limited disorder, exact figures are not available since many asymptomatic individuals do not seek medical care. Subconjunctival hemorrhage can occur at all ages, but it is more common with increasing age; no sex-based or racial predilection has been noted. […] The prognosis depends on the cause of the red eye. For example, subconjunctival hemorrhage is a self-limited condition when not associated with systemic illness or significant trauma; thus, the prognosis is excellent. Complications also depend on the cause of the red eye.

• #51 Red Eye Roundup

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/red-eye-roundup

  The red eye continues to be a common problem in both ophthalmic and primary medical care practices. […] Although little epidemiological data exists on the red eye presentation, it doesnt take a comprehensive study to recognize the socioeconomic impact it has on our population. […] When the condition presents, optometrists can minimize these red eye burdens with an accurate diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment, even if it is palliative. […] Clinical acumen determines the next course of action. Following red eye algorithms plenty of which exist may be beneficial. […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye, and viral is the most encountered variant. […] Adequate caution should be stressed to prevent spreading the virus to the patients immediate family and coworkers. […] This presentation is characterized by follicles of the palpebral conjunctivamore so in the lower fornixand discharge. […] A new broad spectrum antiseptic povidone-iodine 0.6% with dexamethasone 0.1% under investigation for both adenoviral and bacterial conjunctivitis is showing promise.

• #52 Virtual consultation for red eye | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1490

  Virtual consultation, when performed in a systematic fashion, is a safe alternative to face-to-face examination to diagnose and manage patients with acute red eye(s) […] Red eye is a common ophthalmic presentation in primary care, accounting for 2 to 3% of the consultations. […] Virtual consultation for red eye(s) follow the same format and principles as face-to-face consultations. […] Recognising when to refer patients with a red eye to ophthalmology services, whether it is routine or urgently, is crucial. […] Suspected severe and potentially sight threatening conditions or the presence of red flags warrant prompt ophthalmology referral.

• #53 Virtual consultation for red eye | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1490

  Virtual consultation, when performed in a systematic fashion, is a safe alternative to face-to-face examination to diagnose and manage patients with acute red eye(s) […] Red eye is a common ophthalmic presentation in primary care, accounting for 2 to 3% of the consultations. […] Virtual consultation for red eye(s) follow the same format and principles as face-to-face consultations. […] Recognising when to refer patients with a red eye to ophthalmology services, whether it is routine or urgently, is crucial. […] Suspected severe and potentially sight threatening conditions or the presence of red flags warrant prompt ophthalmology referral.

• #54 Epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from Northern Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4518412/

  We aimed to determine the epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from Northern Iran. […] A descriptive study was planned involving 840 patients referred to the eye clinic of Bu-Ali Sina hospital in Sari, Iran, with the chief complaint of eye redness. […] Red eyes are more common in men than women. […] We believe our data will provide valuable inputs into taking effective steps for treating red eyes and prevent their associated serious effects. […] Since red eyes are one of the main reasons and symptoms of eye inflammation and one of the most common complaints in outpatients units, we analyzed the epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from our region (northern Iran). […] The most prevalent Ophthalmological symptoms with red eyes were, eye irritation with frequency of 57%, tears in eye 49%, swollen eyelids 30%, which again is not consistent with previous reports, and probably indicates a changing trend in the prevalence of red eyes. […] Appropriate training for the exact diagnosis of high-risk symptoms of eye redness is necessary to reduce the serious vision problems in future.

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/ojoo/fulltext/2024/17010/knowledge,_attitude,_and_practice_about_red_eye.14.aspx

  There is a paucity of data on awareness and attitudes among the general people in rural settings in Tamil Nadu, India, regarding the red eye and its timely management. […] The overall attitude and perception of patients regarding the red eye was poor among the rural population. […] The major determinants of awareness were younger age, literacy, and health education given by health personnel (P 0.05). […] The need of the hour is to design an interventional program to render health education among the public on symptoms, awareness on complications, discouraging harmful practices, and timely management of red eye at all levels of health care to prevent ocular morbidity and permanent loss of vision.

• #56 Epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from Northern Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4518412/

  We aimed to determine the epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from Northern Iran. […] A descriptive study was planned involving 840 patients referred to the eye clinic of Bu-Ali Sina hospital in Sari, Iran, with the chief complaint of eye redness. […] Red eyes are more common in men than women. […] We believe our data will provide valuable inputs into taking effective steps for treating red eyes and prevent their associated serious effects. […] Since red eyes are one of the main reasons and symptoms of eye inflammation and one of the most common complaints in outpatients units, we analyzed the epidemiology and symptoms of red eyes in patients from our region (northern Iran). […] The most prevalent Ophthalmological symptoms with red eyes were, eye irritation with frequency of 57%, tears in eye 49%, swollen eyelids 30%, which again is not consistent with previous reports, and probably indicates a changing trend in the prevalence of red eyes. […] Appropriate training for the exact diagnosis of high-risk symptoms of eye redness is necessary to reduce the serious vision problems in future.

• #57 Epidemiological profile of patients with red eye complain treated at Fundação Hilton Rocha, MG, Brazil – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/epidemiological-profile-of-patients-with-red-eye-complain-treated-at-fundacao-hilton-rocha-mg-brazil/

  Epidemiological profile of patients with red eye complain treated at Fundao Hilton Rocha, MG, Brazil […] Objective: Determining the epidemiological factors and analyzing the main etiological causes of the patients treated with red-eye complaint at the urgency and emergency sector of the ophthalmological hospital in the state of Minas Gerais. […] Methods: A prevalence observational analytical study was performed with a non-probabilistic sample formed by patients who visited the emergency room of the Fundao Hilton Rocha Hospital from january to april 2014 (n=1140). The following variables investigated were: gender, age, race, profession, education, income, means of transportation, time elapsed between the first symptom and the first visit, day of the week, low visual acuity symptom, diagnosis and treatment.

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