Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html/Accessed

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #2 Red Eye: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17690-red-eye

  Your eye can become red because of irritation or injury. You can treat some cases of eye redness with home remedies, but others require medical help. If you have pain, fever, blurred vision, discharge or other symptoms along with your red eye, an eye care provider can treat you. […] A red eye is a general term to describe red, irritated and bloodshot eyes. The redness happens when tiny blood vessels under your eyes surface get larger or become inflamed. Usually, its a reaction to something irritating your eye. […] Many cases of eye redness are relatively harmless and usually improve with home remedies or over-the-counter treatments. […] But if your eye or eyes remain red for longer than one week, or if you have pain or vision problems, make an appointment with an eye care provider, perhaps with an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) or an optometrist.

• #3 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html/Accessed

  Red eye is one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions in the primary care setting. Inflammation of almost any part of the eye, including the lacrimal glands and eyelids, or faulty tear film can lead to red eye. Primary care physicians often effectively manage red eye, although knowing when to refer patients to an ophthalmologist is crucial.

• #4 Red Eye: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17690-red-eye

  Your eye can become red because of irritation or injury. You can treat some cases of eye redness with home remedies, but others require medical help. If you have pain, fever, blurred vision, discharge or other symptoms along with your red eye, an eye care provider can treat you. […] A red eye is a general term to describe red, irritated and bloodshot eyes. The redness happens when tiny blood vessels under your eyes surface get larger or become inflamed. Usually, its a reaction to something irritating your eye. […] Many cases of eye redness are relatively harmless and usually improve with home remedies or over-the-counter treatments. […] But if your eye or eyes remain red for longer than one week, or if you have pain or vision problems, make an appointment with an eye care provider, perhaps with an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) or an optometrist.

• #5 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html/Accessed

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #6 Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20082509/

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #7 Red Eye | Optometrist in Richardson, TX | Richardson Eye Associates

  https://www.richardsoneyeassociates.com/red-eye

  Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is the leading cause of red eyes. […] Dry eye syndrome occurs when the eyes dont produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly, leaving your ocular surface susceptible to irritation and redness. […] Eye allergies caused by reactions to substances like pollen, pet dander, or dust mites can trigger an immune response, causing redness. […] Extended reading periods, using digital screens, or focusing on a specific task can cause eye strain, resulting in redness, dryness, and eye fatigue. […] However, if you experience persistent redness accompanied by severe pain, vision changes, or discharge, or if it affects your daily life, its important to consult our expert optometrists for a comprehensive eye exam and personalized treatment plan. […] Contact Richardson Eye Associates in Richardson, TX, to start your journey toward clear, comfortable vision.

• #8 Conjunctivitis and Red Eyes | Oracle Eye Physicians & Surgeons

  https://eyestucson.com/conjunctivitis-and-red-eyes/

  One of the most commonly seen problems in an eye doctor’s office is the red eye. Conjunctivitis, a generic term which describes inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane which covers the eye, is only one of many causes of red eyes. […] Inflammation of the conjunctivae, or conjunctivitis, is a very common problem with many possible causes, including infection, allergy, trauma, and immune reactions. […] Viral conjunctivitis is the most common form. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is much less common than the viral form. […] Not all conjunctivitis is infectious. […] Toxic or chemical conjunctivitis is due to exposure to certain chemicals or irritants. […] Red eyes, as discussed earlier, do not always signify conjunctivitis. […] Inflammation of the sclera, the thick white wall of the eye, can also cause localized or diffuse redness and swelling.

• #9 Acute red eye

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/acute_red_eye/

  RCH Health Professionals Clinical Practice Guidelines Acute red eye […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of acute red eyes […] Adequate analgesia will aid examination and procedural sedation may be required in the younger child to allow the clinician to differentiate benign from serious conditions […] Key features of sight-threatening conditions are severe eye pain, photophobia, decreased visual acuity or a history of possible penetrating eye trauma; these conditions require specialist ophthalmological assessment […] Common causes of red eye include conjunctivitis (viral, bacterial, allergic or chemical), foreign body, corneal ulceration and subconjunctival haemorrhage […] Uncommon but serious conditions include infectious keratitis, scleritis, uveitis, Penetrating eye injury, endophthalmitis and acute angle closure glaucoma

• #10

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  Scleritis is characterised by severe, intense eye pain, described as deep, drilling pain, like a toothache. […] Endophthalmitis is a sight- and globe-threatening internal infection of the eye. […] Conjunctivitis can be viral, bacterial or allergic. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilis influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus or Moraxella catarrhalis. […] Patients with a foreign body in their eye or a corneal abrasion typically present with discomfort, watery discharge, pain associated with movement of the eye, blurring of vision and photophobia. […] Subconjunctival haemorrhage occurs when blood vessels in the space between the sclera and the conjunctiva rupture. […] Episcleritis is a local inflammation of the superficial top layer of the sclera. […] Blepharitis is a chronic inflammation of the margin of the eyelids, which can present in patients as a red eye, with burning, pruritis and discharge. […] The discomfort of dry or irritated eyes may be relieved by the use of tear replacement preparations (artificial tears) and ocular lubricants.

• #11 Acute red eye

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/acute_red_eye/

  RCH Health Professionals Clinical Practice Guidelines Acute red eye […] Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of acute red eyes […] Adequate analgesia will aid examination and procedural sedation may be required in the younger child to allow the clinician to differentiate benign from serious conditions […] Key features of sight-threatening conditions are severe eye pain, photophobia, decreased visual acuity or a history of possible penetrating eye trauma; these conditions require specialist ophthalmological assessment […] Common causes of red eye include conjunctivitis (viral, bacterial, allergic or chemical), foreign body, corneal ulceration and subconjunctival haemorrhage […] Uncommon but serious conditions include infectious keratitis, scleritis, uveitis, Penetrating eye injury, endophthalmitis and acute angle closure glaucoma

• #12

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  Scleritis is characterised by severe, intense eye pain, described as deep, drilling pain, like a toothache. […] Endophthalmitis is a sight- and globe-threatening internal infection of the eye. […] Conjunctivitis can be viral, bacterial or allergic. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilis influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus or Moraxella catarrhalis. […] Patients with a foreign body in their eye or a corneal abrasion typically present with discomfort, watery discharge, pain associated with movement of the eye, blurring of vision and photophobia. […] Subconjunctival haemorrhage occurs when blood vessels in the space between the sclera and the conjunctiva rupture. […] Episcleritis is a local inflammation of the superficial top layer of the sclera. […] Blepharitis is a chronic inflammation of the margin of the eyelids, which can present in patients as a red eye, with burning, pruritis and discharge. […] The discomfort of dry or irritated eyes may be relieved by the use of tear replacement preparations (artificial tears) and ocular lubricants.

• #13

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  In general, a patient with a unilateral presentation of a red eye suggests a more serious cause than a bilateral presentation. […] There are six serious causes of red eye, which can result in visual loss: Acute angle closure glaucoma occurs when there is an obstruction to drainage of aqueous humour from the eye, rapidly causing increased intraocular pressure. […] Keratitis is inflammation of the corneal epithelium caused by infection (e.g. herpes simplex virus, bacteria, fungi or protozoa) or auto-immune processes (e.g. collagen vascular diseases). […] Iritis is inflammation of the iris that can be associated with other inflammatory disorders, e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, or occur as an isolated idiopathic condition. […] Scleritis is inflammation of the sclera. This is a very rare presentation, usually associated with autoimmune disease, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.

• #14

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  In general, a patient with a unilateral presentation of a red eye suggests a more serious cause than a bilateral presentation. […] There are six serious causes of red eye, which can result in visual loss: Acute angle closure glaucoma occurs when there is an obstruction to drainage of aqueous humour from the eye, rapidly causing increased intraocular pressure. […] Keratitis is inflammation of the corneal epithelium caused by infection (e.g. herpes simplex virus, bacteria, fungi or protozoa) or auto-immune processes (e.g. collagen vascular diseases). […] Iritis is inflammation of the iris that can be associated with other inflammatory disorders, e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, or occur as an isolated idiopathic condition. […] Scleritis is inflammation of the sclera. This is a very rare presentation, usually associated with autoimmune disease, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.

• #15

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  In general, a patient with a unilateral presentation of a red eye suggests a more serious cause than a bilateral presentation. […] There are six serious causes of red eye, which can result in visual loss: Acute angle closure glaucoma occurs when there is an obstruction to drainage of aqueous humour from the eye, rapidly causing increased intraocular pressure. […] Keratitis is inflammation of the corneal epithelium caused by infection (e.g. herpes simplex virus, bacteria, fungi or protozoa) or auto-immune processes (e.g. collagen vascular diseases). […] Iritis is inflammation of the iris that can be associated with other inflammatory disorders, e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, or occur as an isolated idiopathic condition. […] Scleritis is inflammation of the sclera. This is a very rare presentation, usually associated with autoimmune disease, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.

• #16

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  In general, a patient with a unilateral presentation of a red eye suggests a more serious cause than a bilateral presentation. […] There are six serious causes of red eye, which can result in visual loss: Acute angle closure glaucoma occurs when there is an obstruction to drainage of aqueous humour from the eye, rapidly causing increased intraocular pressure. […] Keratitis is inflammation of the corneal epithelium caused by infection (e.g. herpes simplex virus, bacteria, fungi or protozoa) or auto-immune processes (e.g. collagen vascular diseases). […] Iritis is inflammation of the iris that can be associated with other inflammatory disorders, e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, or occur as an isolated idiopathic condition. […] Scleritis is inflammation of the sclera. This is a very rare presentation, usually associated with autoimmune disease, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.

• #17

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  Scleritis is characterised by severe, intense eye pain, described as deep, drilling pain, like a toothache. […] Endophthalmitis is a sight- and globe-threatening internal infection of the eye. […] Conjunctivitis can be viral, bacterial or allergic. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilis influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus or Moraxella catarrhalis. […] Patients with a foreign body in their eye or a corneal abrasion typically present with discomfort, watery discharge, pain associated with movement of the eye, blurring of vision and photophobia. […] Subconjunctival haemorrhage occurs when blood vessels in the space between the sclera and the conjunctiva rupture. […] Episcleritis is a local inflammation of the superficial top layer of the sclera. […] Blepharitis is a chronic inflammation of the margin of the eyelids, which can present in patients as a red eye, with burning, pruritis and discharge. […] The discomfort of dry or irritated eyes may be relieved by the use of tear replacement preparations (artificial tears) and ocular lubricants.

• #18 Red Eye | Optometrist in Richardson, TX | Richardson Eye Associates

  https://www.richardsoneyeassociates.com/red-eye

  Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is the leading cause of red eyes. […] Dry eye syndrome occurs when the eyes dont produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly, leaving your ocular surface susceptible to irritation and redness. […] Eye allergies caused by reactions to substances like pollen, pet dander, or dust mites can trigger an immune response, causing redness. […] Extended reading periods, using digital screens, or focusing on a specific task can cause eye strain, resulting in redness, dryness, and eye fatigue. […] However, if you experience persistent redness accompanied by severe pain, vision changes, or discharge, or if it affects your daily life, its important to consult our expert optometrists for a comprehensive eye exam and personalized treatment plan. […] Contact Richardson Eye Associates in Richardson, TX, to start your journey toward clear, comfortable vision.

• #19 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html/Accessed

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #20 Ophthalmic Case Study 2 | Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences | Medical College of Wisconsin

  https://www.mcw.edu/departments/ophthalmology-eye-institute/education/ophthalmic-case-studies/ophthalmic-case-study-2

  Acute conjunctivitis of both eyes […] Viral conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is highly contagious and can spread through direct or indirect contact with the infected persons eye secretions. […] Signs of viral conjunctivitis include foreign body sensation, itching, burning, and watery discharge. […] Diagnosis of VC is usually based on history and exam findings. […] Treatment of viral conjunctivitis is supportive with artificial tears and cool compresses. […] Prognosis of viral conjunctivitis is very good as most patients will have spontaneous resolution in two weeks.

• #21 Ophthalmic Case Study 2 | Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences | Medical College of Wisconsin

  https://www.mcw.edu/departments/ophthalmology-eye-institute/education/ophthalmic-case-studies/ophthalmic-case-study-2

  Acute conjunctivitis of both eyes […] Viral conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is highly contagious and can spread through direct or indirect contact with the infected persons eye secretions. […] Signs of viral conjunctivitis include foreign body sensation, itching, burning, and watery discharge. […] Diagnosis of VC is usually based on history and exam findings. […] Treatment of viral conjunctivitis is supportive with artificial tears and cool compresses. […] Prognosis of viral conjunctivitis is very good as most patients will have spontaneous resolution in two weeks.

• #22 Ophthalmic Case Study 2 | Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences | Medical College of Wisconsin

  https://www.mcw.edu/departments/ophthalmology-eye-institute/education/ophthalmic-case-studies/ophthalmic-case-study-2

  Acute conjunctivitis of both eyes […] Viral conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is highly contagious and can spread through direct or indirect contact with the infected persons eye secretions. […] Signs of viral conjunctivitis include foreign body sensation, itching, burning, and watery discharge. […] Diagnosis of VC is usually based on history and exam findings. […] Treatment of viral conjunctivitis is supportive with artificial tears and cool compresses. […] Prognosis of viral conjunctivitis is very good as most patients will have spontaneous resolution in two weeks.

• #23 Eye – Red Without Pus

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/eye—red-without-pus/

  Red or pink color of the white of the eye without any pus. The eye looks irritated. May have increased tears (a watery eye). Eyelid may be puffy (mildly swollen). No pus or yellow discharge. Not caused by an eye injury. […] When the white of the eye becomes pink or red, it’s called pinkeye. Conjunctivitis is the medical name for pinkeye. The conjunctiva is the membrane that covers the white of the eye. It becomes pink or red when it is infected or irritated. Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) has many causes. […] Viral Conjunctivitis is the main cause of pink or red eyes without pus. Most often, it is part of a cold. […] Red eye is part of a cold. Red eye is caused by mild irritant (such as soap, sunscreen, food, smoke, chlorine). […] Call Your Doctor If: Your child gets pus in the eye. Redness lasts more than 1 week. You think your child needs to be seen. Your child becomes worse. […] Most eye irritants cause redness of the eyes. It that will go away on its own. You can treat that at home. […] After the irritant is removed, the eyes usually return to normal color. This may take 1 to 2 hours.

• #24 Eye – Red Without Pus

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/eye—red-without-pus/

  Red or pink color of the white of the eye without any pus. The eye looks irritated. May have increased tears (a watery eye). Eyelid may be puffy (mildly swollen). No pus or yellow discharge. Not caused by an eye injury. […] When the white of the eye becomes pink or red, it’s called pinkeye. Conjunctivitis is the medical name for pinkeye. The conjunctiva is the membrane that covers the white of the eye. It becomes pink or red when it is infected or irritated. Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) has many causes. […] Viral Conjunctivitis is the main cause of pink or red eyes without pus. Most often, it is part of a cold. […] Red eye is part of a cold. Red eye is caused by mild irritant (such as soap, sunscreen, food, smoke, chlorine). […] Call Your Doctor If: Your child gets pus in the eye. Redness lasts more than 1 week. You think your child needs to be seen. Your child becomes worse. […] Most eye irritants cause redness of the eyes. It that will go away on its own. You can treat that at home. […] After the irritant is removed, the eyes usually return to normal color. This may take 1 to 2 hours.

• #25 Eye – Red Without Pus

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/eye—red-without-pus/

  Red or pink color of the white of the eye without any pus. The eye looks irritated. May have increased tears (a watery eye). Eyelid may be puffy (mildly swollen). No pus or yellow discharge. Not caused by an eye injury. […] When the white of the eye becomes pink or red, it’s called pinkeye. Conjunctivitis is the medical name for pinkeye. The conjunctiva is the membrane that covers the white of the eye. It becomes pink or red when it is infected or irritated. Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) has many causes. […] Viral Conjunctivitis is the main cause of pink or red eyes without pus. Most often, it is part of a cold. […] Red eye is part of a cold. Red eye is caused by mild irritant (such as soap, sunscreen, food, smoke, chlorine). […] Call Your Doctor If: Your child gets pus in the eye. Redness lasts more than 1 week. You think your child needs to be seen. Your child becomes worse. […] Most eye irritants cause redness of the eyes. It that will go away on its own. You can treat that at home. […] After the irritant is removed, the eyes usually return to normal color. This may take 1 to 2 hours.

• #26 Red Eye: Common Ophthalmologic Disorders in Primary Care

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/red-eye-common-ophthalmologic-disorders-primary-care/

  Compared with bilateral erythema, unilateral eye redness has been associated with more serious diagnoses. […] Pain, acute vision loss, and decreased pupillary response often suggest AACG, an urgent ophthalmic condition. Moderate to severe eye pain can manifest with a variety of eye conditions including acute glaucoma, corneal ulceration, scleritis, and uveitis, and should be of concern to clinicians. […] Clinicians should use the differentiating features of each illness to assist with appropriately determining the cause of red eye in patients and subsequent need for referral.

• #27 Red Eye: Common Ophthalmologic Disorders in Primary Care

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/red-eye-common-ophthalmologic-disorders-primary-care/

  Compared with bilateral erythema, unilateral eye redness has been associated with more serious diagnoses. […] Pain, acute vision loss, and decreased pupillary response often suggest AACG, an urgent ophthalmic condition. Moderate to severe eye pain can manifest with a variety of eye conditions including acute glaucoma, corneal ulceration, scleritis, and uveitis, and should be of concern to clinicians. […] Clinicians should use the differentiating features of each illness to assist with appropriately determining the cause of red eye in patients and subsequent need for referral.

• #28 Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20082509/

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #29 The red eye: Evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-red-eye-evaluation-and-management

  Patient history, measurement of visual acuity, and findings on penlight examination are important features in determining the cause and management of red eye. The history and ocular examination provide guidance in the decision about whether to refer the patient for ophthalmologic evaluation. […] Many patients with a red eye call to inquire whether they need to be seen by a clinician. Certain historical features or presenting complaints signal the need for clinician examination and possibly patient referral.

• #30 Red Eye for the Correctional Nurse – The Correctional Nurse Educator

  https://www.correctionalnurseeducator.net/courses/red-eye-in-corrections-2020/

  The complaint of red eye is common, and may include redness of the eyelids/lacriminal sac; the conjunctiva; the anterior chamber; the sclera; the orbit; and the uveal tract. It may or may not be associated with vision changes or complete visual loss. Most causes of red eye are self-limiting, but it is crucial that a thorough history and examination be conducted. Assessment of red eye includes a focused history that includes onset, location (one or both eyes affected), associated pain, vision loss, discharge, photophobia, swelling, tearing, itchiness, and recent cold, cough or eye trauma. A visual acuity test should be conducted for any patient presenting with a red eye. Red eye may be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and uveitis. A patient with a red, painful eye and vision changes should be considered to have an emergent medical problem that needs evaluation quickly. […] This class includes discussion regarding the anatomy of the eye and the common conditions associated with red eye. Nursing interventions and patient education are also included for each condition.

• #31 Management of conjunctivitis and other causes of red eye during the COVID-19 pandemic

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/management-of-conjunctivitis-and-other-causes-of-r

  Patients with red eyes frequently present to general practitioners (GPs). […] General practitioners (GPs) frequently see patients with red eyes and need to be aware of management to initiate while taking necessary precautions to reduce spread to themselves and the community. […] Conjunctivitis is a common presenting problem for GPs, and despite the likely low risk of viral shedding from the conjunctiva, it is important to reduce risk while caring for these patients. […] Patients with red eyes will often present to primary care. […] Where possible, telehealth should be used during the COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate the severity of red eye symptoms and whether this can be managed conservatively or whether ophthalmological or optometric referral is required. […] A good history can help elucidate the cause in many cases and should include evaluation of the age of the patient, duration of symptoms, nature of symptoms, contact lens wear and any associated features.

• #32 Management of conjunctivitis and other causes of red eye during the COVID-19 pandemic

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/management-of-conjunctivitis-and-other-causes-of-r

  Younger adult patients (aged 20-40 years) are more prone to mild viral conjunctivitis, trauma, recurrent erosion syndrome, iritis and contact lens associated ulcers (keratitis). […] Contact lens wear is a red flag and needs prompt ophthalmic review because of the risk of contact lens-related microbial keratitis, which is an ocular emergency. […] The first step in the examination is to test and record the vision; if significantly reduced, serious causes must be considered. […] Most GPs do not have access to slit lamps, and discussion with their usual ophthalmologist or optometrist is recommended. […] Treatment for any viral conjunctivitis is initially conservative with simple cleaning, eye toilet and topical lubricants. […] It is important that patients are made aware of the contagious nature of viral conjunctivitis; for example, tissues used to wipe the eye must be discarded safely, and towels should not be shared.

• #33 Red Eye for the Correctional Nurse – The Correctional Nurse Educator

  https://www.correctionalnurseeducator.net/courses/red-eye-in-corrections-2020/

  The complaint of red eye is common, and may include redness of the eyelids/lacriminal sac; the conjunctiva; the anterior chamber; the sclera; the orbit; and the uveal tract. It may or may not be associated with vision changes or complete visual loss. Most causes of red eye are self-limiting, but it is crucial that a thorough history and examination be conducted. Assessment of red eye includes a focused history that includes onset, location (one or both eyes affected), associated pain, vision loss, discharge, photophobia, swelling, tearing, itchiness, and recent cold, cough or eye trauma. A visual acuity test should be conducted for any patient presenting with a red eye. Red eye may be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and uveitis. A patient with a red, painful eye and vision changes should be considered to have an emergent medical problem that needs evaluation quickly. […] This class includes discussion regarding the anatomy of the eye and the common conditions associated with red eye. Nursing interventions and patient education are also included for each condition.

• #34 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html/Accessed

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #35

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/august/redeye.aspx

  The patient history will usually identify a penetrating eye injury or chemical burn to the eye, but further assessment may be necessary in order to determine whether a patient presenting with red eye has any red flag features which suggests one of these sight-threatening conditions. […] Patients with the following features should be referred urgently (same day) for ophthalmological assessment: Severe eye pain, Severe photophobia, Marked redness of one eye, Reduced visual acuity (after correcting for refractive errors), Suspected penetrating eye injury, Worsening redness and pain occurring within one to two weeks of an intraocular procedure. […] Patients with a serious chemical eye injury also require urgent referral but the first priority is irrigation of the ocular surface: topical anaesthetic should be applied, the eyelids held open and 500 mL of normal saline or sterile water flushed across the globe, ideally using an intravenous giving set.

• #36 When to Go to Urgent Care for Red/Pink Eye – Endure Urgent Care

  https://endureurgentcare.com/when-to-go-to-urgent-care-for-red-pink-eye/

  Seek emergency medical care if you experience: Severe pain in the eye, Vision loss or changes in vision, Intense redness or swelling, Symptoms that worsen or don’t improve with treatment. […] Pink eye can be a bothersome and contagious condition, but urgent care in Culver can provide the quick, effective treatment you need.

• #37 Correctional Nurse Clinical Practice Update: Red Eye – ConjunctivitisFacebookInstagramPinterestRSS

  https://correctionalnurse.net/correctional-nurse-red-eye-conjunctivitis/

  The complaint of red eye is common in the correctional environment. […] Most causes of red eye are self-limiting, but it is crucial that a thorough history and examination be conducted. […] Red eye may be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and uveitis. […] Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, is the most common cause of red eye complaints. […] Patient assessment, patient education, medication administration and monitoring the patient’s condition are the primary nursing interventions for the patient with conjunctivitis. […] Warm compresses may be applied to the affected eye for comfort. […] The patient with conjunctivitis should be seen for follow-up in 2-3 days to ensure that they are improving.

• #38 Assessment, care and management of patients with red eye

  https://journals.rcni.com/nursing-standard/assessment-care-and-management-of-patients-with-red-eye-ns.2017.e10902

  Red eye is a common ocular presentation in primary care, and there are several challenges that healthcare practitioners may encounter when caring for such patients. […] This article provides an overview of the common causes of red eye encountered in general practice or an eye clinic. It discusses the nurses role in the care and management of patients with red eye, with reference to patient assessment, the skills required to make an accurate diagnosis, treatment and health promotion.

• #39 Red Eye for the Correctional Nurse – The Correctional Nurse Educator

  https://www.correctionalnurseeducator.net/courses/red-eye-in-corrections-2020/

  The complaint of red eye is common, and may include redness of the eyelids/lacriminal sac; the conjunctiva; the anterior chamber; the sclera; the orbit; and the uveal tract. It may or may not be associated with vision changes or complete visual loss. Most causes of red eye are self-limiting, but it is crucial that a thorough history and examination be conducted. Assessment of red eye includes a focused history that includes onset, location (one or both eyes affected), associated pain, vision loss, discharge, photophobia, swelling, tearing, itchiness, and recent cold, cough or eye trauma. A visual acuity test should be conducted for any patient presenting with a red eye. Red eye may be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and uveitis. A patient with a red, painful eye and vision changes should be considered to have an emergent medical problem that needs evaluation quickly. […] This class includes discussion regarding the anatomy of the eye and the common conditions associated with red eye. Nursing interventions and patient education are also included for each condition.

• #40 Correctional Nurse Clinical Practice Update: Red Eye – ConjunctivitisFacebookInstagramPinterestRSS

  https://correctionalnurse.net/correctional-nurse-red-eye-conjunctivitis/

  The complaint of red eye is common in the correctional environment. […] Most causes of red eye are self-limiting, but it is crucial that a thorough history and examination be conducted. […] Red eye may be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and uveitis. […] Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, is the most common cause of red eye complaints. […] Patient assessment, patient education, medication administration and monitoring the patient’s condition are the primary nursing interventions for the patient with conjunctivitis. […] Warm compresses may be applied to the affected eye for comfort. […] The patient with conjunctivitis should be seen for follow-up in 2-3 days to ensure that they are improving.

• #41 conjunctivitis in Long term care – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/conjunctivitis-long-term-care-t526476/

  I work in long term. We frequently see Residents with red itchy eyes. […] Assuming (and I know we never assume in nursing ;0) that universal /standard precautions are being used, do you isolate Residents in long term care facility when they are being treated with ATB eye drops with s/s of red itchy eyes, scant yellow drainage and no culture indicating a MDRO? […] No Isolation. Educate all staff on good hand hygiene, have housekeeping do thorough cleaning of hand rails, door knobs and door jambs, and change out any eye meds that resident is taking. […] Also educate your staff not to use the term „Pink Eye”. It’s conjunctivitis. […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is more common than bacterial conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis is more contagious than bacterial. […] Easy nursing intervention that made more difference than any eye drop ever did.

• #42 How to treat red eye and pink eye | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/how-to-treat-red-eye-and-pink-eye

  Irritation and discoloration in the eyes can be indicators of a few conditions. We asked Rebecca Holdgreve, NP, Parkview Walk-in Clinic, Joelle Roberts, NP, and Sara Herstad, DO, Parkview Walk-in Clinic, to discuss the uncomfortable symptoms of red eye and pink eye, as well as treatment options to address each diagnosis. […] To prevent red eye, avoid rubbing the eyes, use good eye hygiene by removing makeup daily, cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses and using protective eye gear when working with something that could potentially get in the eye. Change your eye makeup regularly and do not share products. […] For relief of red eye, patients can apply a warm washcloth on the eye to help decrease irritation and promote healing. Do this 3-5 times a day for about 10 minutes. Be sure to wash hands before and after and use a clean washcloth every time. […] If a patient notices thick drainage, has eyeball pain, has swelling to the upper or lower lids, has any changes to their vision or becomes sensitive to the light, they should see a medical professional.

• #43

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Eye+-+Red+Without+Pus

  Red or pink color of the white of the eye without any pus. […] The eye looks irritated. […] May have increased tears (a watery eye). […] Eyelid may be puffy (mildly swollen). […] No pus or yellow discharge. […] Not caused by an eye injury. […] Red eye is part of a cold. […] Red eye is caused by mild irritant (such as soap, sunscreen, food, smoke, chlorine). […] Some viruses cause watery eyes (viral conjunctivitis). […] It may be the first symptom of a cold. […] It isn’t serious. You can treat this at home. […] Here is some care advice that should help. […] Cleanse eyelids with warm water and a clean cotton ball. […] Try to do this 3 times a day. […] This usually will keep a bacterial infection from occurring. […] Artificial tears often make red eyes feel better.

• #44 Correctional Nurse Clinical Practice Update: Red Eye – ConjunctivitisFacebookInstagramPinterestRSS

  https://correctionalnurse.net/correctional-nurse-red-eye-conjunctivitis/

  Patient education for the patient with conjunctivitis includes proper hand washing technique and the proper instillation of eye drops and eye ointments. […] Disease transmission should be discussed, and patients should be cautioned that rubbing the affected eye may cause the infection to spread to the other eye or to other people. […] Eye make-up (yes, you know that there is “eye makeup” in our correctional facilities!) and contact lens should not be used until the infection is completely gone.

• #45 Management of conjunctivitis and other causes of red eye during the COVID-19 pandemic

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/management-of-conjunctivitis-and-other-causes-of-r

  Younger adult patients (aged 20-40 years) are more prone to mild viral conjunctivitis, trauma, recurrent erosion syndrome, iritis and contact lens associated ulcers (keratitis). […] Contact lens wear is a red flag and needs prompt ophthalmic review because of the risk of contact lens-related microbial keratitis, which is an ocular emergency. […] The first step in the examination is to test and record the vision; if significantly reduced, serious causes must be considered. […] Most GPs do not have access to slit lamps, and discussion with their usual ophthalmologist or optometrist is recommended. […] Treatment for any viral conjunctivitis is initially conservative with simple cleaning, eye toilet and topical lubricants. […] It is important that patients are made aware of the contagious nature of viral conjunctivitis; for example, tissues used to wipe the eye must be discarded safely, and towels should not be shared.

• #46 Correctional Nurse Clinical Practice Update: Red Eye – ConjunctivitisFacebookInstagramPinterestRSS

  https://correctionalnurse.net/correctional-nurse-red-eye-conjunctivitis/

  The complaint of red eye is common in the correctional environment. […] Most causes of red eye are self-limiting, but it is crucial that a thorough history and examination be conducted. […] Red eye may be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and uveitis. […] Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, is the most common cause of red eye complaints. […] Patient assessment, patient education, medication administration and monitoring the patient’s condition are the primary nursing interventions for the patient with conjunctivitis. […] Warm compresses may be applied to the affected eye for comfort. […] The patient with conjunctivitis should be seen for follow-up in 2-3 days to ensure that they are improving.

• #47 Red Eye: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17690-red-eye

  Your eye can become red because of irritation or injury. You can treat some cases of eye redness with home remedies, but others require medical help. If you have pain, fever, blurred vision, discharge or other symptoms along with your red eye, an eye care provider can treat you. […] A red eye is a general term to describe red, irritated and bloodshot eyes. The redness happens when tiny blood vessels under your eyes surface get larger or become inflamed. Usually, its a reaction to something irritating your eye. […] Many cases of eye redness are relatively harmless and usually improve with home remedies or over-the-counter treatments. […] But if your eye or eyes remain red for longer than one week, or if you have pain or vision problems, make an appointment with an eye care provider, perhaps with an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) or an optometrist.

• #48 Red Eye: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17690-red-eye

  Your eye can become red because of irritation or injury. You can treat some cases of eye redness with home remedies, but others require medical help. If you have pain, fever, blurred vision, discharge or other symptoms along with your red eye, an eye care provider can treat you. […] A red eye is a general term to describe red, irritated and bloodshot eyes. The redness happens when tiny blood vessels under your eyes surface get larger or become inflamed. Usually, its a reaction to something irritating your eye. […] Many cases of eye redness are relatively harmless and usually improve with home remedies or over-the-counter treatments. […] But if your eye or eyes remain red for longer than one week, or if you have pain or vision problems, make an appointment with an eye care provider, perhaps with an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) or an optometrist.

• #49 Red Eye Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cause-Specific Management

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-treatment

  All cases of conjunctivitis are treated with antibiotic drops to address the bacterial cause or prevent secondary bacterial infection. The common practice of prescribing a topical antibiotic ointment creates poor compliance owing to patient frustration with ointment application, as well as poor clinical response due to the limited sensitivity spectrum of the most commonly available ophthalmic ointments. […] In blepharitis, cleaning the eyelids with soap eyelid-specific soapy applicators (Avenova, Ocusoft, Oasis brands) several times a day usually leads to symptomatic improvement. Antibiotic drops or pills may also be necessary. […] Treatment of episcleritis and scleritis involves administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as diclofenac 50 mg orally 3 times daily and referral to an ophthalmologist.

• #50 Red Eye Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cause-Specific Management

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-treatment

  Patients with iritis should be promptly (ie, within 1-2 days) referred to an ophthalmologist. Topical steroids are usually initiated by the ophthalmologist, along with cycloplegic agents to prevent synechiae. […] For keratitis, the use of antibiotic eye drops or the appropriate topical antiviral agent is indicated, depending on the etiology, along with referral to an ophthalmologist. […] Angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency that may lead to blindness; therefore, prompt treatment and evaluation by an ophthalmologist are warranted. […] Treatment of red eye from a corneal or conjunctival foreign body consists of removal of the foreign body, administration of antibiotic drops, and follow-up with an ophthalmologist to monitor for the development of an infection. […] Treatment of red eye caused by dry eye syndrome (DES), or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), consists of administration of artificial tear drops and referral to an ophthalmologist if symptoms persist.

• #51 Red Eye: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17690-red-eye

  Remedies for red eye are wide-ranging, and often theyre things you can do at home for yourself. […] Other times, an eye care specialist may recommend and prescribe antibiotics, special eye drops or ointments. […] If your eye redness lasts longer than a day or two, or if your young child has red eyes, you should contact your healthcare provider. […] Schedule an eye exam if you have eye redness often or if you have redness that doesnt go away. […] Contact an ophthalmologist for diagnosis and treatment if your eyes feel tender, your vision is affected, or your eyes become extra sensitive to light. […] It’s always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider when you’re not sure about an issue with your eyes.

• #52 Red eye: Is it an emergency? Causes and remedies | ICR

  https://icrcat.com/en/remedies-for-red-eye/

  Do not rub your eyes. This is the most common mistake we make because we feel a momentary sense of relief, but you can actually cause an eye injury. […] Some causes of red eye include CONJUNCTIVIS, OCCULAR DRYNESS, BLEPHARITIS, ALLERGY, and KERATITIS. […] Red eye can also be caused by acute anterior uveitis. […] Red eye can be a symptom of acute, that is, sudden onset, glaucoma. […] Tobacco smoking is an eye irritant that causes red eye and increases the chances of macular degeneration, cataracts or uveitis. […] Stress directly should not cause red eye, but if stress causes behaviors that favor red eye (little sleep, many hours of screen time, smoking, etc.) this can cause red eye or prolong it over time.

• #53

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Eye+-+Red+Without+Pus

  Use 1 drop per eye 3 times a day as needed. […] Use them after cleansing the eyelids. […] Children who wear contact lenses need to switch to glasses until the infection is gone. […] Pinkeye with watery discharge is harmless. […] There is a slight risk it could be passed to others. […] Pinkeye is not a public health risk. […] Pinkeye with a cold usually lasts about 7 days. […] Sometimes, it turns into a bacterial eye infection. […] Pinkeye from an irritant usually goes away within 2 hours after it’s removed. […] Most eye irritants cause redness of the eyes. […] It that will go away on its own. […] You can treat that at home. […] Wash the face with mild soap and water. […] This will remove any irritants still on the face. […] Rinse the eyelids with warm water for 5 minutes. […] Red eyes from irritants usually feel much better after being washed out. […] After the irritant is removed, the eyes usually return to normal color. […] This may take 1 to 2 hours. […] Try to avoid future contact with the irritant.

• #54

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Eye+-+Red+Without+Pus

  Red or pink color of the white of the eye without any pus. […] The eye looks irritated. […] May have increased tears (a watery eye). […] Eyelid may be puffy (mildly swollen). […] No pus or yellow discharge. […] Not caused by an eye injury. […] Red eye is part of a cold. […] Red eye is caused by mild irritant (such as soap, sunscreen, food, smoke, chlorine). […] Some viruses cause watery eyes (viral conjunctivitis). […] It may be the first symptom of a cold. […] It isn’t serious. You can treat this at home. […] Here is some care advice that should help. […] Cleanse eyelids with warm water and a clean cotton ball. […] Try to do this 3 times a day. […] This usually will keep a bacterial infection from occurring. […] Artificial tears often make red eyes feel better.

• #55 Eye – Red Without Pus

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/eye—red-without-pus/

  Red or pink color of the white of the eye without any pus. The eye looks irritated. May have increased tears (a watery eye). Eyelid may be puffy (mildly swollen). No pus or yellow discharge. Not caused by an eye injury. […] When the white of the eye becomes pink or red, it’s called pinkeye. Conjunctivitis is the medical name for pinkeye. The conjunctiva is the membrane that covers the white of the eye. It becomes pink or red when it is infected or irritated. Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) has many causes. […] Viral Conjunctivitis is the main cause of pink or red eyes without pus. Most often, it is part of a cold. […] Red eye is part of a cold. Red eye is caused by mild irritant (such as soap, sunscreen, food, smoke, chlorine). […] Call Your Doctor If: Your child gets pus in the eye. Redness lasts more than 1 week. You think your child needs to be seen. Your child becomes worse. […] Most eye irritants cause redness of the eyes. It that will go away on its own. You can treat that at home. […] After the irritant is removed, the eyes usually return to normal color. This may take 1 to 2 hours.

• #56 Red Eye: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17690-red-eye

  Remedies for red eye are wide-ranging, and often theyre things you can do at home for yourself. […] Other times, an eye care specialist may recommend and prescribe antibiotics, special eye drops or ointments. […] If your eye redness lasts longer than a day or two, or if your young child has red eyes, you should contact your healthcare provider. […] Schedule an eye exam if you have eye redness often or if you have redness that doesnt go away. […] Contact an ophthalmologist for diagnosis and treatment if your eyes feel tender, your vision is affected, or your eyes become extra sensitive to light. […] It’s always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider when you’re not sure about an issue with your eyes.

• #57 How to treat red eye and pink eye | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/how-to-treat-red-eye-and-pink-eye

  Irritation and discoloration in the eyes can be indicators of a few conditions. We asked Rebecca Holdgreve, NP, Parkview Walk-in Clinic, Joelle Roberts, NP, and Sara Herstad, DO, Parkview Walk-in Clinic, to discuss the uncomfortable symptoms of red eye and pink eye, as well as treatment options to address each diagnosis. […] To prevent red eye, avoid rubbing the eyes, use good eye hygiene by removing makeup daily, cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses and using protective eye gear when working with something that could potentially get in the eye. Change your eye makeup regularly and do not share products. […] For relief of red eye, patients can apply a warm washcloth on the eye to help decrease irritation and promote healing. Do this 3-5 times a day for about 10 minutes. Be sure to wash hands before and after and use a clean washcloth every time. […] If a patient notices thick drainage, has eyeball pain, has swelling to the upper or lower lids, has any changes to their vision or becomes sensitive to the light, they should see a medical professional.

• #58

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/head-neck/eye-care/how-to-relieve-red-eye

  How to Relieve Red Eye […] Red eye may appear alarming at first, but in many cases tends to go away on its own after a few days to a week. […] However, if your eye remains red after one week or you experience eye pain, blur vision, itchiness or swelling, you should consult an ophthalmologist for further evaluation, says Dr Ong Hon Shing, Consultant from the Corneal External Eye Disease Department at Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), a member of the SingHealth group. […] While red eye will usually resolve on its own, here are some steps you can take to help relieve the discomfort. […] You can prevent red eye from occurring by following proper hygiene and avoiding irritants that cause redness in the eye. […] After reading this article, you should have a better idea of how to prevent red eye, and what to do when it happens.

• #59 Eye, Swelling and Redness – The Melanoma Nursing Initiative

  https://themelanomanurse.org/eye-swelling-and-redness/

  Symptom: Eye, Swelling and Redness […] Suggested Intervention […] Patient with any eye symptoms should be seen by both the provider and an ophthalmologist. For any of the red-flag symptoms, the patient should be seen immediately by an ophthalmologist. […] Assessment and Grading […] Grade the symptom […] Patient Factors to Consider That Affect the Approach to Intervention […] Consider the following in individualizing the intervention: Is the patient a good or poor historian? Any language barriers or cognitive deficits? Is the patient reliable (able to carry out treatment recommendations)? Does this patient have alcohol/substance abuse issues? Does the patient have transportation? Is there sufficient caregiver support? […] Differential Diagnosis […] What do you suspect is the cause of the eye issue? […] Immune-related conjunctivitis […] Immune-related iritis (requiring prompt management) […] Immune-mediated scleritis (requiring prompt treatment) […] Hypophysitis […] Other, not specified.

• #60 Management of conjunctivitis and other causes of red eye during the COVID-19 pandemic

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/management-of-conjunctivitis-and-other-causes-of-r

  The main message is to be alert for the possibility of this representing a COVID-19 case and directing patients for testing and isolation per local guidelines. […] The following tips should be recommended to patients: Contact lens wear should be discontinued. […] Although conjunctivitis does not appear to be a common associated feature of COVID-19 illness, there are some reports of conjunctival congestion occurring, and some reports of viral RNA presence in tears.

• #61 conjunctivitis in Long term care – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/conjunctivitis-long-term-care-t526476/

  I work in long term. We frequently see Residents with red itchy eyes. […] Assuming (and I know we never assume in nursing ;0) that universal /standard precautions are being used, do you isolate Residents in long term care facility when they are being treated with ATB eye drops with s/s of red itchy eyes, scant yellow drainage and no culture indicating a MDRO? […] No Isolation. Educate all staff on good hand hygiene, have housekeeping do thorough cleaning of hand rails, door knobs and door jambs, and change out any eye meds that resident is taking. […] Also educate your staff not to use the term „Pink Eye”. It’s conjunctivitis. […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is more common than bacterial conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis is more contagious than bacterial. […] Easy nursing intervention that made more difference than any eye drop ever did.

• #62 Red Eye Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cause-Specific Management

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192122-treatment

  The key to management is making the correct diagnosis in a timely fashion. Uncomplicated cases of blepharitis, conjunctivitis, foreign bodies, corneal abrasion, and subconjunctival hemorrhage may be managed by the primary care physician. […] However, other possible causes of red eye require ophthalmologic consultation within an appropriate time period. Corneal ulcers, iritis, endophthalmitis, penetrating foreign bodies, and other conditions must be seen by a specialist promptly. […] All patients with acute changes in vision require immediate consultation. Primary care physicians should refrain from treating any patients with corticosteroids without first obtaining an appropriate consultation. Referral to an internist or a family physician should be made as indicated for hypertension or bleeding diathesis.

• #63 Non-Traumatic Red Eye in Primary Care: Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/non-traumatic-red-eye-in-primary-care-diagnosis-and-management

  The red eye syndrome is the most common complaint in primary care ophthalmological consults. […] It is the role of the general practitioner, family doctor and emergency doctor to correctly assess and diagnose the disease, and to manage or refer when necessary. […] Keratitis, uveitis, primary angle-closure glaucoma and scleritis should be suspected based on the presence of red-flag symptoms, and promptly derived to the specialist, as well as doubtful diagnoses. […] Regarding non-urgent entities, conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are the most frequent diagnoses. […] Conjunctivitis should be managed with hygiene measures and in case of a strongly suggesting bacterial cause, antibiotics should be administered. […] Other causes of benign red eye include blepharitis, chalazion, hordeolum and pterygium.

• #64 Diagnosis and Management of Red Eye in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0115/p137.html/Accessed

  Red eye is the cardinal sign of ocular inflammation. The condition is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physicians. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye. Other common causes include blepharitis, corneal abrasion, foreign body, subconjunctival hemorrhage, keratitis, iritis, glaucoma, chemical burn, and scleritis. Signs and symptoms of red eye include eye discharge, redness, pain, photophobia, itching, and visual changes. Generally, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting conditions, and serious complications are rare. Because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Recognizing the need for emergent referral to an ophthalmologist is key in the primary care management of red eye. Referral is necessary when severe pain is not relieved with topical anesthetics; topical steroids are needed; or the patient has vision loss, copious purulent discharge, corneal involvement, traumatic eye injury, recent ocular surgery, distorted pupil, herpes infection, or recurrent infections.

• #65 Assessment, care and management of patients with red eye

  https://journals.rcni.com/nursing-standard/assessment-care-and-management-of-patients-with-red-eye-ns.2017.e10902

  Red eye is a common ocular presentation in primary care, and there are several challenges that healthcare practitioners may encounter when caring for such patients. […] This article provides an overview of the common causes of red eye encountered in general practice or an eye clinic. It discusses the nurses role in the care and management of patients with red eye, with reference to patient assessment, the skills required to make an accurate diagnosis, treatment and health promotion.

Zobacz więcej