Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Sarcoidosis is a systemic multisystem inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas. […] The etiology of the disease is still unknown but some studies have reported that an unidentified antigen processed by activated macrophages instigates an immune response regulated by T-cells and macrophages. […] Many studies suggest that not only unknown antigens are responsible for this disease but also genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and in some instances, this disease may be result from autoimmune activation. […] The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, putative antigens, and autoimmunity in the development of this disease, but no single cause has been identified to date.

• #2 Sarcoidosis Causes and Risk Factors – Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/causes-risk-factors/

  No one knows exactly what causes sarcoidosis, although our understanding of the mechanisms by which sarcoidosis develops is advancing. […] Experts currently think that one or more exposures in people who have a specific genetic makeup can cause cells in the body to react and start to recruit inflammatory cells to involved organs; that is, something starts an immune response. Some research suggests that bacteria, viruses, or chemicals might trigger the disease. […] There are theories that the immune response may be overactive or in some cases inappropriate, and that this results in ongoing inflammation, the formation of granulomas, and in some cases, for scarring or fibrosis to occur. […] There is some growing evidence that this sarcoidosis immune response may also include an autoimmune response, with some reaction to self proteins.

• #3 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  The cause of the disease is not known; however, both genetic and environmental factors seem to play a role. […] As yet, no bacterial, fungal, or viral antigen has been consistently isolated from the sarcoidosis lesions. Sarcoidosis is neither a malignant nor an autoimmune disease.

• #4 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11863-sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is a condition that causes your immune system to overreact and make lumps or nodules called granulomas. […] Research suggests that a combination of genetics and environmental factors cause sarcoidosis, but its exact cause is unknown. […] We think certain people are more likely to have their immune system overreact to certain triggers (antigens), like bacteria and viruses. […] Since we dont know for sure which combination of genes and triggers causes sarcoidosis, its impossible to predict who will get it.

• #5 Sarcoidosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sarcoidosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350358

  Experts don’t know the exact cause of sarcoidosis, but it’s likely a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Some people appear to have gene changes that make them more likely to develop sarcoidosis. The condition may then be triggered by bacteria, viruses, dust or chemicals. Their immune system overreacts to the trigger, causing inflammation that forms granulomas. […] The cause of sarcoidosis is not known. Experts think it results from a mix of genetic and environmental factors that cause the body’s immune system to overreact to a substance it doesn’t know. […] Some people have gene changes that make their immune system more likely to overreact to triggers. Triggers could be bacteria, viruses, chemicals or dust. This causes immune cells to group into tiny collections of inflamed lumps called granulomas. As granulomas build up in an organ, the function of that organ can be affected.

• #6 Learn About Sarcoidosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/sarcoidosis/learn-about-sarcoidosis

  While the causes of sarcoidosis are not known, it is associated with increased immune system activity. This causes clusters of immune cells called granulomas to infiltrate your organs and lymph nodes. […] The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it seems to have both a genetic and an environmental component. When someone is at risk of developing sarcoidosis is exposed to a trigger like an infection or environmental exposure, their immune system may overreact and start the development of the disease.

• #7 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. […] Various factors, including infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, are involved in the pathology of sarcoidosis. Exposures to insecticides, herbicides, bioaerosols, and agricultural employment are also associated with an increased risk for sarcoidosis. […] The etiology of the disease is still unknown but some studies have reported that an unidentified antigen processed by activated macrophages instigates an immune response regulated by T-cells and macrophages. These activated cells discharge various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species that may be involved in the progression of sarcoidosis.

• #8 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081

  Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, putative antigens, and autoimmunity in the development of this disease, but no single cause has been identified to date. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #9 Sarcoidosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/sarcoidosis?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=US_Pharmacist_TrendMD_1

  While the etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, genetic, infectious, and environmental factors have been implicated as possible causes. Epstein Barr, coxsackie B virus, Propionibacterium acnes, Mycobacterium species, aluminum, zirconium, clay, and pine tree pollen are all examples of postulated causative factors. […] Regardless of the cause, it appears that T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes play a central role in the immune response. […] The initial response to some infectious, genetic, or environmental antigen is a release of interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor gamma (TNF-gamma) from Th1 cells, which in turn recruits more immune cells to the area of inflammation. […] This local immune response and granuloma formation leads to the tissue and organ destruction characteristic of sarcoidosis. […] While the exact cause of sarcoidosis still remains a mystery, the pathologic and immunologic response of the body is becoming better understood.

• #10 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Various studies suggest that genetic factors could play a crucial role in establishing the risk and clinical development of sarcoidosis. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #11 Sarcoidosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

  The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. Some believe it may be due to an immune reaction to a trigger such as an infection or chemicals in those who are genetically predisposed. […] The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. The current working hypothesis is, in genetically susceptible individuals, sarcoidosis is caused through alteration to the immune response after exposure to an environmental, occupational, or infectious agent. […] Several infectious agents appear to be significantly associated with sarcoidosis, but none of the known associations is specific enough to suggest a direct causative role. […] Association of autoimmune disorders has been frequently observed. The exact mechanism of this relation is not known, but some evidence supports the hypothesis that this is a consequence of Th1 lymphokine prevalence.

• #12 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is thought to be due to an exaggerated inflammatory response to certain antigen triggers in a genetically susceptible person. Proposed triggers include infectious agents: Propionibacterium acnes and Mycobacteria (potentially the Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase [mKatG] protein) […] Environmental exposures: Mold or mildew and certain unidentified substances (organic and inorganic) present in workplaces with musty odors […] Occupational exposures: Employment in metal (beryllium), agricultural and pesticide-using industries, ship workers, fire fighters and rescue workers who responded to the attacks on the World Trade Center. Tobacco use is inversely correlated with sarcoidosis. Evidence supporting genetic susceptibility includes the following: Higher rate of disease concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic twins

• #13 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Increased prevalence of sarcoidosis among first- or second-degree relatives of patients who have sarcoidosis […] Marked increase in relative risk of developing sarcoidosis in siblings of patients who have sarcoidosis […] Identification of several possible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes associated with sarcoidosis risk, course, and phenotypes. For example the HLA-DRB1*03/DQB1*02 haplotype is associated with Lfgren syndrome and predicts excellent prognosis, in contrast to HLA-DRB1*15/HLA DQB1*0602, which predicts persistent disease.

• #14 Sarcoidosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000076.htm

  Sarcoidosis is a disease in which inflammation occurs in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin, and/or other tissues. […] The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. What is known is that when a person has the disease, tiny clumps of abnormal tissue (granulomas) form in certain organs of the body. Granulomas are clusters of immune cells. […] Health experts think that having certain genes makes it more likely for a person to develop sarcoidosis. Things that may trigger the disease include infections with bacteria or viruses. Contact with dust or chemicals may also be triggers. […] A person with a close blood relative who has sarcoidosis is nearly 5 times as likely to develop the condition.

• #15 Cardiac Sarcoidosis | University of Ottawa Heart Institute

  https://www.ottawaheart.ca/heart-condition/cardiac-sarcoidosis

  The causes of cardiac sarcoidosis are not currently known. The disease may be triggered by an over-reaction of the immune system after exposure to an infectious agent (such as bacteria or viruses), chemical, or allergen. It is thought that this causes excessive inflammation and the clustering of white blood cells. […] Cardiac sarcoidosis and other types of sarcoidosis may have a genetic component. People who have a parent or sibling with sarcoidosis are about five times more likely to contract sarcoidosis as people without an affected family member.

• #16 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Increased prevalence of sarcoidosis among first- or second-degree relatives of patients who have sarcoidosis […] Marked increase in relative risk of developing sarcoidosis in siblings of patients who have sarcoidosis […] Identification of several possible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes associated with sarcoidosis risk, course, and phenotypes. For example the HLA-DRB1*03/DQB1*02 haplotype is associated with Lfgren syndrome and predicts excellent prognosis, in contrast to HLA-DRB1*15/HLA DQB1*0602, which predicts persistent disease.

• #17 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Increased prevalence of sarcoidosis among first- or second-degree relatives of patients who have sarcoidosis […] Marked increase in relative risk of developing sarcoidosis in siblings of patients who have sarcoidosis […] Identification of several possible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes associated with sarcoidosis risk, course, and phenotypes. For example the HLA-DRB1*03/DQB1*02 haplotype is associated with Lfgren syndrome and predicts excellent prognosis, in contrast to HLA-DRB1*15/HLA DQB1*0602, which predicts persistent disease.

• #18 Sarcoidosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sarcoidosis/

  The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. […] Possible causes include: exposure to substances in the environment such as mould, wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, silica and other substances […] viral or bacterial infections […] genetics as sarcoidosis is more common in certain groups of people, such as African-Americans, and in certain areas of the world, such as Scandinavia […] the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues and organs (autoimmunity). […] Sarcoidosis can occasionally occur in more than one family member, but there’s no evidence that the condition is inherited. The condition is not infectious, so it cannot be passed from person to person.

• #19 Sarcoidosis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. It may result from an abnormal response of the immune system to a substance encountered in the environment, such as mold or mildew or to certain bacteria. Inherited genetic factors seem to play a role as well. […] Sarcoidosis has a worldwide distribution but is most common among people of northern European ancestry, especially Scandinavian, and Americans of African ancestry.

• #20 Sarcoidosis | Ohio State Lung and Pulmonary

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/lung-pulmonary/sarcoidosis

  No one knows what causes sarcoidosis. […] The condition affects men and women of all ages and races, but it occurs mostly in people 20 to 50 years old. African Americans (especially women) and people of northern European descent also are more likely to develop the disease.

• #21 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Various studies suggest that genetic factors could play a crucial role in establishing the risk and clinical development of sarcoidosis. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #22 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081

  Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, putative antigens, and autoimmunity in the development of this disease, but no single cause has been identified to date. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #23 Sarcoidosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sarcoidosis/

  The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. […] Possible causes include: exposure to substances in the environment such as mould, wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, silica and other substances […] viral or bacterial infections […] genetics as sarcoidosis is more common in certain groups of people, such as African-Americans, and in certain areas of the world, such as Scandinavia […] the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues and organs (autoimmunity). […] Sarcoidosis can occasionally occur in more than one family member, but there’s no evidence that the condition is inherited. The condition is not infectious, so it cannot be passed from person to person.

• #24 Sarcoidosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sarcoidosis/

  The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. […] Possible causes include: exposure to substances in the environment such as mould, wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, silica and other substances […] viral or bacterial infections […] genetics as sarcoidosis is more common in certain groups of people, such as African-Americans, and in certain areas of the world, such as Scandinavia […] the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues and organs (autoimmunity). […] Sarcoidosis can occasionally occur in more than one family member, but there’s no evidence that the condition is inherited. The condition is not infectious, so it cannot be passed from person to person.

• #25 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/sarcoidosis

  No single cause has been identified. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetics, environmental factors, and autoimmunity in the development of sarcoidosis. […] Exposure to substances such as wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and silica have been associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that certain bacteria may trigger sarcoidosis including Mycoplasma species, Leptospira species, herpes virus, retrovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Propionibacterium species. […] Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions have been reported with a number of medications, including checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-TNF and anti-interleukin biological agents.

• #26 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Various studies suggest that genetic factors could play a crucial role in establishing the risk and clinical development of sarcoidosis. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #27 Sarcoidosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sarcoidosis/

  The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. […] Possible causes include: exposure to substances in the environment such as mould, wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, silica and other substances […] viral or bacterial infections […] genetics as sarcoidosis is more common in certain groups of people, such as African-Americans, and in certain areas of the world, such as Scandinavia […] the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues and organs (autoimmunity). […] Sarcoidosis can occasionally occur in more than one family member, but there’s no evidence that the condition is inherited. The condition is not infectious, so it cannot be passed from person to person.

• #28 Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24653-pulmonary-sarcoidosis

  Scientists arent sure what causes pulmonary sarcoidosis. Some cases run in families. Others are related to exposure to medications, chemicals, bacteria or viruses. Researchers are continuing to study possible causes. […] However, some cases have been linked to exposure to certain chemicals, such as pesticides. Avoiding chemicals may keep your lungs healthier.

• #29 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Various studies suggest that genetic factors could play a crucial role in establishing the risk and clinical development of sarcoidosis. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #30 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081?type=check_update&version=1

  Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that silica exposure also triggers the risk of sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development. […] Despite extensive research over the past several decades, the etiological agents of sarcoidosis remain unknown. Numerous potential etiological agents have been identified and the most recent hypothesis suggests that host-microbe interaction and genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease when they interact with various environmental factors, which results in the clinical presentation of this disease.

• #31 Sarcoidosis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. It may result from an abnormal response of the immune system to a substance encountered in the environment, such as mold or mildew or to certain bacteria. Inherited genetic factors seem to play a role as well. […] Sarcoidosis has a worldwide distribution but is most common among people of northern European ancestry, especially Scandinavian, and Americans of African ancestry.

• #32 Patient education: Sarcoidosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sarcoidosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Sarcoidosis is a disorder that causes tiny nodules (granulomas) of inflamed tissue to develop in the body’s organs. These nodules can join together, forming larger nodules that interfere with normal body functions such as breathing. Sarcoidosis almost always involves the lungs, but it can also affect the skin, eyes, nose, muscles, heart, liver, spleen, bowel, kidney, testes, nerves, lymph nodes, joints, and brain. Granulomas in the lungs can cause narrowing of the airways and also inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue. […] The cause of sarcoidosis is not known. One theory suggests that it develops when a genetically susceptible person is exposed to specific environmental agents. Although the specific agents are unknown, it is likely that there is more than one trigger around the world. […] Noninfectious chemicals in the work environment, including beryllium, aluminum, and zirconium, can cause lung disease that has features similar to sarcoidosis.

• #33 Causes of Sarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis NewsEnvelope icon

  https://sarcoidosisnews.com/sarcoidosis-causes/

  Sarcoidosis usually begins with a triggering event, like an allergic reaction or an infection, which sets the over-active immune response into motion. […] Exposure to a variety of different environmental factors, including wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, and nanoparticles, has been tied to an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] Certain professions have also been tied to an increased sarcoidosis risk, including ship workers in the navy, firefighters, educators, and workers involved in hardware, gardening materials, building supplies, and metal work.

• #34 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is thought to be due to an exaggerated inflammatory response to certain antigen triggers in a genetically susceptible person. Proposed triggers include infectious agents: Propionibacterium acnes and Mycobacteria (potentially the Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase [mKatG] protein) […] Environmental exposures: Mold or mildew and certain unidentified substances (organic and inorganic) present in workplaces with musty odors […] Occupational exposures: Employment in metal (beryllium), agricultural and pesticide-using industries, ship workers, fire fighters and rescue workers who responded to the attacks on the World Trade Center. Tobacco use is inversely correlated with sarcoidosis. Evidence supporting genetic susceptibility includes the following: Higher rate of disease concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic twins

• #35 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. […] Various factors, including infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, are involved in the pathology of sarcoidosis. Exposures to insecticides, herbicides, bioaerosols, and agricultural employment are also associated with an increased risk for sarcoidosis. […] The etiology of the disease is still unknown but some studies have reported that an unidentified antigen processed by activated macrophages instigates an immune response regulated by T-cells and macrophages. These activated cells discharge various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species that may be involved in the progression of sarcoidosis.

• #36 Causes of Sarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis NewsEnvelope icon

  https://sarcoidosisnews.com/sarcoidosis-causes/

  Sarcoidosis usually begins with a triggering event, like an allergic reaction or an infection, which sets the over-active immune response into motion. […] Exposure to a variety of different environmental factors, including wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, and nanoparticles, has been tied to an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] Certain professions have also been tied to an increased sarcoidosis risk, including ship workers in the navy, firefighters, educators, and workers involved in hardware, gardening materials, building supplies, and metal work.

• #37 Causes of Sarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis NewsEnvelope icon

  https://sarcoidosisnews.com/sarcoidosis-causes/

  Sarcoidosis usually begins with a triggering event, like an allergic reaction or an infection, which sets the over-active immune response into motion. […] Exposure to a variety of different environmental factors, including wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, and nanoparticles, has been tied to an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] Certain professions have also been tied to an increased sarcoidosis risk, including ship workers in the navy, firefighters, educators, and workers involved in hardware, gardening materials, building supplies, and metal work.

• #38 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is thought to be due to an exaggerated inflammatory response to certain antigen triggers in a genetically susceptible person. Proposed triggers include infectious agents: Propionibacterium acnes and Mycobacteria (potentially the Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase [mKatG] protein) […] Environmental exposures: Mold or mildew and certain unidentified substances (organic and inorganic) present in workplaces with musty odors […] Occupational exposures: Employment in metal (beryllium), agricultural and pesticide-using industries, ship workers, fire fighters and rescue workers who responded to the attacks on the World Trade Center. Tobacco use is inversely correlated with sarcoidosis. Evidence supporting genetic susceptibility includes the following: Higher rate of disease concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic twins

• #39 Causes of Sarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis NewsEnvelope icon

  https://sarcoidosisnews.com/sarcoidosis-causes/

  Sarcoidosis usually begins with a triggering event, like an allergic reaction or an infection, which sets the over-active immune response into motion. […] Exposure to a variety of different environmental factors, including wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, and nanoparticles, has been tied to an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] Certain professions have also been tied to an increased sarcoidosis risk, including ship workers in the navy, firefighters, educators, and workers involved in hardware, gardening materials, building supplies, and metal work.

• #40 Causes of Sarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis NewsEnvelope icon

  https://sarcoidosisnews.com/sarcoidosis-causes/

  Sarcoidosis usually begins with a triggering event, like an allergic reaction or an infection, which sets the over-active immune response into motion. […] Exposure to a variety of different environmental factors, including wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, insecticides, and nanoparticles, has been tied to an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] Certain professions have also been tied to an increased sarcoidosis risk, including ship workers in the navy, firefighters, educators, and workers involved in hardware, gardening materials, building supplies, and metal work.

• #41 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is thought to be due to an exaggerated inflammatory response to certain antigen triggers in a genetically susceptible person. Proposed triggers include infectious agents: Propionibacterium acnes and Mycobacteria (potentially the Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase [mKatG] protein) […] Environmental exposures: Mold or mildew and certain unidentified substances (organic and inorganic) present in workplaces with musty odors […] Occupational exposures: Employment in metal (beryllium), agricultural and pesticide-using industries, ship workers, fire fighters and rescue workers who responded to the attacks on the World Trade Center. Tobacco use is inversely correlated with sarcoidosis. Evidence supporting genetic susceptibility includes the following: Higher rate of disease concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic twins

• #42 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Various studies suggest that genetic factors could play a crucial role in establishing the risk and clinical development of sarcoidosis. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #43 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081

  Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, putative antigens, and autoimmunity in the development of this disease, but no single cause has been identified to date. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #44 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/sarcoidosis

  No single cause has been identified. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetics, environmental factors, and autoimmunity in the development of sarcoidosis. […] Exposure to substances such as wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and silica have been associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that certain bacteria may trigger sarcoidosis including Mycoplasma species, Leptospira species, herpes virus, retrovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Propionibacterium species. […] Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions have been reported with a number of medications, including checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-TNF and anti-interleukin biological agents.

• #45 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/sarcoidosis

  No single cause has been identified. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetics, environmental factors, and autoimmunity in the development of sarcoidosis. […] Exposure to substances such as wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and silica have been associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that certain bacteria may trigger sarcoidosis including Mycoplasma species, Leptospira species, herpes virus, retrovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Propionibacterium species. […] Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions have been reported with a number of medications, including checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-TNF and anti-interleukin biological agents.

• #46 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is thought to be due to an exaggerated inflammatory response to certain antigen triggers in a genetically susceptible person. Proposed triggers include infectious agents: Propionibacterium acnes and Mycobacteria (potentially the Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase [mKatG] protein) […] Environmental exposures: Mold or mildew and certain unidentified substances (organic and inorganic) present in workplaces with musty odors […] Occupational exposures: Employment in metal (beryllium), agricultural and pesticide-using industries, ship workers, fire fighters and rescue workers who responded to the attacks on the World Trade Center. Tobacco use is inversely correlated with sarcoidosis. Evidence supporting genetic susceptibility includes the following: Higher rate of disease concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic twins

• #47 Shining a light on sarcoidosis: The path from infection to treatment

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/sarcoidosis-infection-treatment/

  Sarcoidosis can often be difficult to diagnose and tricky to treat. The disease, which produces ball-like conglomerates of inflammatory cells called granulomas in the affected organs, looks likely to be caused by a bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes. […] Until recently, the aetiology, or causes, of sarcoidosis remained elusive. Now, though, Dr Eishi and his team at Tokyo Medical and Dental University are focusing their attention on a bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes. […] Sarcoidosis as a result of P. acnes falls within the hypersensitivity group of endogenous infections. […] Dr Eishi and his team have established that sarcoidosis is likely to result from the interaction between infection, immunity, and allergic reaction. In summary, there are three conditions that occur, allowing P. acnes to cause sarcoidosis: a latent P. acnes infection, activation of the latent infection triggered by environmental factors, and a hypersensitive immune response to the proliferation of P. acnes. […] A more specific approach to target hypersensitivity to P. acnes is needed.

• #48 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/sarcoidosis

  No single cause has been identified. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetics, environmental factors, and autoimmunity in the development of sarcoidosis. […] Exposure to substances such as wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and silica have been associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that certain bacteria may trigger sarcoidosis including Mycoplasma species, Leptospira species, herpes virus, retrovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Propionibacterium species. […] Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions have been reported with a number of medications, including checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-TNF and anti-interleukin biological agents.

• #49 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/sarcoidosis

  No single cause has been identified. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetics, environmental factors, and autoimmunity in the development of sarcoidosis. […] Exposure to substances such as wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and silica have been associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that certain bacteria may trigger sarcoidosis including Mycoplasma species, Leptospira species, herpes virus, retrovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Propionibacterium species. […] Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions have been reported with a number of medications, including checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-TNF and anti-interleukin biological agents.

• #50 Shining a light on sarcoidosis: The path from infection to treatment

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/sarcoidosis-infection-treatment/

  Sarcoidosis can often be difficult to diagnose and tricky to treat. The disease, which produces ball-like conglomerates of inflammatory cells called granulomas in the affected organs, looks likely to be caused by a bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes. […] Until recently, the aetiology, or causes, of sarcoidosis remained elusive. Now, though, Dr Eishi and his team at Tokyo Medical and Dental University are focusing their attention on a bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes. […] Sarcoidosis as a result of P. acnes falls within the hypersensitivity group of endogenous infections. […] Dr Eishi and his team have established that sarcoidosis is likely to result from the interaction between infection, immunity, and allergic reaction. In summary, there are three conditions that occur, allowing P. acnes to cause sarcoidosis: a latent P. acnes infection, activation of the latent infection triggered by environmental factors, and a hypersensitive immune response to the proliferation of P. acnes. […] A more specific approach to target hypersensitivity to P. acnes is needed.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-015-8481-z

  Since sarcoidosis was first described more than a century ago, the etiologic determinants causing this disease remain uncertain. Studies suggest that genetic, host immunologic, and environmental factors interact together to cause sarcoidosis. […] Multiple environmental agents have been suggested to cause sarcoidosis. Studies from several groups implicate mycobacterial or propionibacterial organisms in the etiology of sarcoidosis based on tissue analyses and immunologic responses in sarcoidosis patients. […] Despite these studies, there is no consensus on the nature of a microbial pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Some groups postulate sarcoidosis is caused by an active viable replicating infection while other groups contend there is no clinical, pathologic, or microbiologic evidence for such a pathogenic mechanism.

• #52 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230978/

  Various studies suggest that genetic factors could play a crucial role in establishing the risk and clinical development of sarcoidosis. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #53 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081

  Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, putative antigens, and autoimmunity in the development of this disease, but no single cause has been identified to date. […] Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development.

• #54 Sarcoidosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0096-x

  Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that is characterized by granuloma formation in affected organs, most often in the lungs. […] The disease develops in genetically predisposed individuals with exposure to an as-yet unknown antigen. […] The typical T cell accumulation, local T cell immune response and granuloma formation in the lungs indicate that the inflammatory response in sarcoidosis is induced by specific antigens, possibly including self-antigens, which is consistent with an autoimmune involvement. […] As the aetiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, no specific treatment and no pathognomic markers exist. […] Genetic, immunologic, and environmental basis of sarcoidosis.

• #55 Sarcoidosis Causes and Risk Factors – Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/causes-risk-factors/

  While the role of autoimmune mechanisms is still not well sorted out, some studies have found antibodies against human proteins at increased rates in some patients with sarcoidosis compared to others with and without sarcoidosis. […] The exact role of this autoimmunity in sarcoidosis is not clear, although it is actively being studied. […] The presence of this autoimmune process could support the use of some treatments that we have been testing in patients with sarcoidosis, such as rituximab. […] By better defining the mechanisms that cause sarcoidosis, including the role of inflammation, immune over or underreactivity and autoimmunity, we may be better able to treat patients with sarcoidosis and maybe one day, even prevent the disease. […] In summary, although there are some similar features, based on todays science we do not advocate using the label autoimmune to describe sarcoidosis.

• #56 Sarcoidosis Causes and Risk Factors – Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/causes-risk-factors/

  While the role of autoimmune mechanisms is still not well sorted out, some studies have found antibodies against human proteins at increased rates in some patients with sarcoidosis compared to others with and without sarcoidosis. […] The exact role of this autoimmunity in sarcoidosis is not clear, although it is actively being studied. […] The presence of this autoimmune process could support the use of some treatments that we have been testing in patients with sarcoidosis, such as rituximab. […] By better defining the mechanisms that cause sarcoidosis, including the role of inflammation, immune over or underreactivity and autoimmunity, we may be better able to treat patients with sarcoidosis and maybe one day, even prevent the disease. […] In summary, although there are some similar features, based on todays science we do not advocate using the label autoimmune to describe sarcoidosis.

• #57 Sarcoidosis Causes and Risk Factors – Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/causes-risk-factors/

  While the role of autoimmune mechanisms is still not well sorted out, some studies have found antibodies against human proteins at increased rates in some patients with sarcoidosis compared to others with and without sarcoidosis. […] The exact role of this autoimmunity in sarcoidosis is not clear, although it is actively being studied. […] The presence of this autoimmune process could support the use of some treatments that we have been testing in patients with sarcoidosis, such as rituximab. […] By better defining the mechanisms that cause sarcoidosis, including the role of inflammation, immune over or underreactivity and autoimmunity, we may be better able to treat patients with sarcoidosis and maybe one day, even prevent the disease. […] In summary, although there are some similar features, based on todays science we do not advocate using the label autoimmune to describe sarcoidosis.

• #58 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  The cause of the disease is not known; however, both genetic and environmental factors seem to play a role. […] As yet, no bacterial, fungal, or viral antigen has been consistently isolated from the sarcoidosis lesions. Sarcoidosis is neither a malignant nor an autoimmune disease.

• #59 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.drjcsuri.com/blog/sarcoidosis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Sarcoidosis, a rare disease that triggers the formation of lumps or nodules known as granulomas, can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, lymph nodes, skin, and eyes. […] Research suggests that sarcoidosis stems from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, although its precise cause remains elusive. Studies suggest that certain individuals are more susceptible to an exaggerated immune response triggered by specific antigens, such as bacteria and viruses. […] While the immune system is intricately involved, its crucial to note that sarcoidosis is not classified as an autoimmune disorder. The exact mechanisms underlying this condition continue to be a subject of ongoing scientific exploration and inquiry. […] Since we dont know for sure which combination of genes and triggers causes sarcoidosis, its impossible to predict who will get it.

• #60 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/sarcoidosis

  No single cause has been identified. Many researchers have hypothesized the role of genetics, environmental factors, and autoimmunity in the development of sarcoidosis. […] Exposure to substances such as wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and silica have been associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that certain bacteria may trigger sarcoidosis including Mycoplasma species, Leptospira species, herpes virus, retrovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Propionibacterium species. […] Drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions have been reported with a number of medications, including checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-TNF and anti-interleukin biological agents.

• #61 Sarcoidosis and your skin: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/sarcoidosis-causes

  While scientists are still studying what causes sarcoidosis, they believe this disease starts when a trigger causes the immune system to overreact. This overreaction leads to inflammation, which causes the bumps, raised patches, and other signs of sarcoidosis on the skin. […] Certain medications may also be a trigger. Some people who take medications, including antiretroviral therapy drugs, interferon, or a biologic develop a condition called drug-induced sarcoidosis. It usually goes away when the patient stops taking the medication and can return if the patient starts taking the medication again. […] Its unclear whether the medication triggers sarcoidosis or the non-cancerous lumps develop for another reason. […] Researchers have learned that some people exposed to a trigger develop sarcoidosis, but others dont.

• #62 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The exact etiology and pathogenesis of sarcoidosis remain unknown. There are multiple proposed triggers of the underlying granulomatous inflammation, including environmental exposures, infectious agents, and endogenous proteins. According to one hypothesis, different underlying causes of sarcoidosis may result in different patterns of illness. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity. […] Sarcoidosis-like reactions may occur as a complication of certain medications, neoplasms or in the setting of immunodeficiency syndromes. […] The presence of Löggren syndrome has a high diagnostic specificity for sarcoidosis. […] The other clinical entities that may result in Löggren syndrome include acute tuberculosis and acute presentations of endemic fungal infections including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidosis.

• #63 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The exact etiology and pathogenesis of sarcoidosis remain unknown. There are multiple proposed triggers of the underlying granulomatous inflammation, including environmental exposures, infectious agents, and endogenous proteins. According to one hypothesis, different underlying causes of sarcoidosis may result in different patterns of illness. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity. […] Sarcoidosis-like reactions may occur as a complication of certain medications, neoplasms or in the setting of immunodeficiency syndromes. […] The presence of Löggren syndrome has a high diagnostic specificity for sarcoidosis. […] The other clinical entities that may result in Löggren syndrome include acute tuberculosis and acute presentations of endemic fungal infections including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidosis.

• #64 Sarcoidosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sarcoidosis/causes

  Your immune system creates inflammation to help defend you against germs and sickness. But in sarcoidosis, inflammation goes off track and the cells in your immune system form lumps, called granulomas, in your body. Over time, inflammation may lead to permanent scarring of organs. […] Studies suggest that some immune system triggers can lead to sarcoidosis in certain people. Triggers can include infections without symptoms or coming into contact with substances in the environment. Your genes can affect how your immune system reacts to a trigger. […] There are many risk factors for sarcoidosis. Some risk factors, such as where you work, can be changed. But your age, family history, and many other risk factors cannot be changed. […] Other medical conditions, such as lymphoma, a type of blood cancer, can also lead to sarcoidosis.

• #65 Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/arthritis-sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is a rare disease, affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. It can happen in people of any age, race, or gender, but is more common in some groups than others. Risk factors include: […] The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. Studies suggest that in some people, the inflammation that leads to symptoms is triggered by an infection or by exposure to something else in the environment, such as chemicals or dust. Sarcoidosis might also involve autoimmune responses, in which your immune system attacks your body’s own proteins. […] Since your risk is higher if you have a close family member with the disease, scientists suspect that genes play a role. Genetic differences might explain why infections and other exposures trigger sarcoidosis in some people but not others. But scientists haven’t discovered the gene or genes involved.

• #66 What Is Sarcoidosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sarcoidosis/guide/

  The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. But its thought that a combination of genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental triggers (such as dust or mold) may be responsible, and that sarcoidosis is the result of the immune system trying to ward off an unknown substance, most likely inhaled from the air. […] When the immune system is functioning properly, inflammation occurs as immune cells attempt to fight off an attack from a foreign substance (from germs like bacteria and viruses). In someone who has sarcoidosis, however, those cells instead cluster together and form lumps (granulomas) in the organs. […] Anyone can develop sarcoidosis, but the following factors may increase your risk: […] Sarcoidosis often occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Women are more likely to develop sarcoidosis. […] People of African descent and those of Scandinavian descent have a higher risk of sarcoidosis. […] Researchers havent found a gene (or genes) linked to sarcoidosis, but studies have shown an elevated risk for those with a family history of the disease.

• #67 Sarcoidosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/pulmonology/conditions/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis can occur anytime your body’s immune system reacts to bacteria, chemicals, or viruses, quickly building clumps of cells or tissues in various organs. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes sarcoidosis, but they believe multiple factors are at play, including: […] Bacteria, chemicals, dust, or viruses entering the body. […] Environmental factors. […] Genetics and gene changes. […] Because experts are still unsure about the origins of the disease, it’s important to understand the risk factors, complications, and symptoms so you can contact your care provider to receive proper treatment. […] While the exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known, certain factors may put some populations at higher risk of developing it, including people who: […] Are age 55 or older. […] Are of African or Scandinavian descent.

• #68 Sarcoidosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/pulmonology/conditions/sarcoidosis

  Have a family history of the disease. […] Take medications to treat autoimmune diseases, cancer, or HIV. […] Work with chemical substances, insecticides, or mold. […] Doctors are also exploring sarcoidosis and its effects on autoimmune responses, but it is currently not categorized as an autoimmune disease.

• #69 Sarcoidosis – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sarcoidosis/causes

  Your immune system creates inflammation to help defend you against germs and sickness. But in sarcoidosis, inflammation goes off track and the cells in your immune system form lumps, called granulomas, in your body. Over time, inflammation may lead to permanent scarring of organs. […] Studies suggest that some immune system triggers can lead to sarcoidosis in certain people. Triggers can include infections without symptoms or coming into contact with substances in the environment. Your genes can affect how your immune system reacts to a trigger. […] There are many risk factors for sarcoidosis. Some risk factors, such as where you work, can be changed. But your age, family history, and many other risk factors cannot be changed. […] Other medical conditions, such as lymphoma, a type of blood cancer, can also lead to sarcoidosis.

• #70 Sarcoidosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/pulmonology/conditions/sarcoidosis

  Have a family history of the disease. […] Take medications to treat autoimmune diseases, cancer, or HIV. […] Work with chemical substances, insecticides, or mold. […] Doctors are also exploring sarcoidosis and its effects on autoimmune responses, but it is currently not categorized as an autoimmune disease.

• #71 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/4/1081?type=check_update&version=1

  Various environmental factors, including exposure to wood stoves, soil, tree pollen, inorganic particulates, insecticides, and nanoparticles, have been associated with an increased risk for developing sarcoidosis. […] It has been suggested that silica exposure also triggers the risk of sarcoidosis. […] In addition to all of the factors mentioned above, infectious agents such as mycobacteria, have been suggested to be associated with the development of sarcoidosis, because the production of granulomas is a key factor in the immune defense response against these agents. […] Autoimmunity has not been studied as extensively but given the underlying pathological mechanism of sarcoidosis there is certainly potential for these conditions to play a contributing role in disease development. […] Despite extensive research over the past several decades, the etiological agents of sarcoidosis remain unknown. Numerous potential etiological agents have been identified and the most recent hypothesis suggests that host-microbe interaction and genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease when they interact with various environmental factors, which results in the clinical presentation of this disease.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-015-8481-z

  The authors posit a novel hypothesis that proposes that sarcoidosis is triggered by a hyperimmune Th1 response to pathogenic microbial and tissue antigens associated with the aberrant aggregation of serum amyloid A within granulomas, which promotes progressive chronic granulomatous inflammation in the absence of ongoing infection.

• #73 Sarcoidosis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0096-x

  Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that is characterized by granuloma formation in affected organs, most often in the lungs. […] The disease develops in genetically predisposed individuals with exposure to an as-yet unknown antigen. […] The typical T cell accumulation, local T cell immune response and granuloma formation in the lungs indicate that the inflammatory response in sarcoidosis is induced by specific antigens, possibly including self-antigens, which is consistent with an autoimmune involvement. […] As the aetiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, no specific treatment and no pathognomic markers exist. […] Genetic, immunologic, and environmental basis of sarcoidosis.

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