Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00152193-202112000-00007&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=6150605

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease that leads to the formation of abnormal masses or nodules called granulomas in various organs. […] This article discusses a case study on sarcoidosis to help nurses have a better understanding of the overall disorder, recognize diagnosis and treatment options, and provide holistic care to patients with this diagnosis. […] The management goal for patients with sarcoidosis is remission with no signs, symptoms, or complications. […] While many patients may not require pharmacotherapy, they should be followed regularly by a pulmonologist, ophthalmologist, and other specialists as needed. […] Patient education must include information about prescribed medications, such as steroids, and their potential adverse reactions, including hypertension, weight gain, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia.

• #2 Sarcoidosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/sarcoidosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by the formation of granulomas (small clumps of inflammatory cells) in various organs, most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes. […] The nursing assessment is crucial in developing an effective care plan for patients with sarcoidosis. […] Effective nursing interventions are essential for managing sarcoidosis and improving patient outcomes. […] The following nursing care plans address common problems associated with sarcoidosis. […] Regular assessment, patient education, and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial to managing sarcoidosis effectively.

• #3 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #3 Sarcoidosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/sarcoidosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by the formation of granulomas (small clumps of inflammatory cells) in various organs, most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes. […] The nursing assessment is crucial in developing an effective care plan for patients with sarcoidosis. […] Effective nursing interventions are essential for managing sarcoidosis and improving patient outcomes. […] The following nursing care plans address common problems associated with sarcoidosis. […] Regular assessment, patient education, and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial to managing sarcoidosis effectively.

• #4 Sarcoidosis | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73713/all/Sarcoidosis

  Primary Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange related to altered alveolar-capillary membrane changes and decreased oxygen-carrying ability as evidenced by fatigue, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, and/or cough […] Interventions: Airway management; Oxygen therapy; Respiratory management; Respiratory monitoring; Ventilation assistance; Teaching: Disease process […] Asymptomatic sarcoidosis requires no treatment, although ongoing assessment is called for. Sarcoidosis with ocular, respiratory, CNS, cardiac, or systemic symptoms requires treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids. Other treatment includes a low-calcium, high-calorie nutritional diet with an increase in fluids to prevent malnutrition, hypercalcemia, and dehydration. A low-sodium diet may be indicated if sodium retention occurs because of prednisone. Ongoing monitoring of the patients physical condition by physical examination and diagnostic tests indicates the patients response to treatment and the appearance of complications

• #5 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #6 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #7 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #8 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #9 Nursing care of a patient with sarcoidosis. Case study…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pielxxiw-2019-0031

  Sarcoidosis is a rare, multi-organ disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the formation of granulomas mainly in the respiratory system. […] The aim of the study is to present a plan of care for patients with sarcoidosis, including International Classification for Nursing Practice ICNP terminology. […] The assessment and analysis of a patients status allowed us to formulate seven nursing diagnoses characteristic for sarcoidosis, which included: arthritis pain, functional dyspnoea, fever, impaired active range of motion, fatigue, risk for medication side effect and lack of knowledge of disease and 2 diagnoses resulting from the lifestyle of the patient: tobacco abuse and overweight. […] The process of nursing care planning included interventions fundamental for the above-mentioned diagnoses. They concerned the monitoring of symptoms and health indices, the patients knowledge, as well as the role of the nurse in the therapeutic process. […] The ICNP dictionary includes a sufficient range of terms, which allows the creation of a satisfactory nursing care plan for a patient with sarcoidosis.

• #10 Nursing care of a patient with sarcoidosis. Case study…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pielxxiw-2019-0031

  Sarcoidosis is a rare, multi-organ disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the formation of granulomas mainly in the respiratory system. […] The aim of the study is to present a plan of care for patients with sarcoidosis, including International Classification for Nursing Practice ICNP terminology. […] The assessment and analysis of a patients status allowed us to formulate seven nursing diagnoses characteristic for sarcoidosis, which included: arthritis pain, functional dyspnoea, fever, impaired active range of motion, fatigue, risk for medication side effect and lack of knowledge of disease and 2 diagnoses resulting from the lifestyle of the patient: tobacco abuse and overweight. […] The process of nursing care planning included interventions fundamental for the above-mentioned diagnoses. They concerned the monitoring of symptoms and health indices, the patients knowledge, as well as the role of the nurse in the therapeutic process. […] The ICNP dictionary includes a sufficient range of terms, which allows the creation of a satisfactory nursing care plan for a patient with sarcoidosis.

• #11 Nursing care of a patient with sarcoidosis. Case study…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pielxxiw-2019-0031

  Sarcoidosis is a rare, multi-organ disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the formation of granulomas mainly in the respiratory system. […] The aim of the study is to present a plan of care for patients with sarcoidosis, including International Classification for Nursing Practice ICNP terminology. […] The assessment and analysis of a patients status allowed us to formulate seven nursing diagnoses characteristic for sarcoidosis, which included: arthritis pain, functional dyspnoea, fever, impaired active range of motion, fatigue, risk for medication side effect and lack of knowledge of disease and 2 diagnoses resulting from the lifestyle of the patient: tobacco abuse and overweight. […] The process of nursing care planning included interventions fundamental for the above-mentioned diagnoses. They concerned the monitoring of symptoms and health indices, the patients knowledge, as well as the role of the nurse in the therapeutic process. […] The ICNP dictionary includes a sufficient range of terms, which allows the creation of a satisfactory nursing care plan for a patient with sarcoidosis.

• #12 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #13 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #14 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #15 Sarcoidosis | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73713/all/Sarcoidosis

  Primary Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange related to altered alveolar-capillary membrane changes and decreased oxygen-carrying ability as evidenced by fatigue, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, and/or cough […] Interventions: Airway management; Oxygen therapy; Respiratory management; Respiratory monitoring; Ventilation assistance; Teaching: Disease process […] Asymptomatic sarcoidosis requires no treatment, although ongoing assessment is called for. Sarcoidosis with ocular, respiratory, CNS, cardiac, or systemic symptoms requires treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids. Other treatment includes a low-calcium, high-calorie nutritional diet with an increase in fluids to prevent malnutrition, hypercalcemia, and dehydration. A low-sodium diet may be indicated if sodium retention occurs because of prednisone. Ongoing monitoring of the patients physical condition by physical examination and diagnostic tests indicates the patients response to treatment and the appearance of complications

• #16 Sarcoidosis | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73713/all/Sarcoidosis

  Because many patients have pulmonary granulomas that have the potential to affect airway, breathing, and gas exchange, the primary nursing focus is to ensure that these essential functions are preserved. Maintain an oral airway and endotracheal intubation equipment near the patient at all times in case they are needed to clear airway obstruction. Support the patients breathing by positioning the patient for comfort (often with the head of the bed elevated and the arms raised slightly on pillows). Adjust the patients activity to reduce oxygen demands. Space all activities with adequate periods of rest. Provide uninterrupted periods of sleep at night and at least one 2-hour rest period during the day. Schedule diagnostic tests to provide adequate rest and work with the family and other visitors to conserve the patients energy

• #17 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the disease and organ involvement (Bokhari et al., 2021). Because sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory process of all organs, individuals can present with an array of symptoms. Typical symptoms of sarcoidosis can include the following: […] Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For: […] Impaired skin integrity related to rash and lesions […] Pain related to the inflammatory response […] Activity intolerance secondary to dyspnea […] Emotional distress and anxiety […] Impaired hearing […] Impaired vision […] Arrhythmias. […] Monitor for arrhythmias […] Monitor dyspnea with rest and with ambulation […] Monitor oxygen levels. […] Administration of corticosteroids, pain medicine, and immunosuppressants as ordered […] Monitor for any medication-related side effects.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  In the immediate postoperative period, nurses must manage the chest tube, encourage hourly use of incentive spirometry, and assess pulmonary status to prevent pulmonary complications. Pain management and early ambulation are also crucial. A comprehensive physical assessment is also needed since sarcoidosis affects many organ systems. […] Patient education must include information about prescribed medications, such as steroids, and their potential adverse reactions, including hypertension, weight gain, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia. […] Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. Patients must be informed to avoid respiratory irritants including dust, animal dander, mold, and chemicals known to exacerbate the pulmonary symptoms.

• #19 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Monitor for any skin lesions and rash. […] Referral to a transplant program […] Testing for transplant candidacy […] Strongly encouraging physical activity and strength exercises […] Education on transplant medications, complications, and side effects. […] Asymptomatic individuals may not require any invasive treatment (Bokhari et al., 2021). Most individuals are stable with sarcoidosis with no severe long-term effects. The decline of symptoms in specific individuals is related to advanced disease, especially with pulmonary and cardiac involvement. […] Individuals will require education on: […] The outpatient treatment plan and expected follow-up course […] Medication use and compliance […] Promoting physical activity […] Referral to pulmonary rehab […] Monitoring for any skin changes […] Routine eye exams.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  In the immediate postoperative period, nurses must manage the chest tube, encourage hourly use of incentive spirometry, and assess pulmonary status to prevent pulmonary complications. Pain management and early ambulation are also crucial. A comprehensive physical assessment is also needed since sarcoidosis affects many organ systems. […] Patient education must include information about prescribed medications, such as steroids, and their potential adverse reactions, including hypertension, weight gain, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia. […] Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. Patients must be informed to avoid respiratory irritants including dust, animal dander, mold, and chemicals known to exacerbate the pulmonary symptoms.

• #21 Sarcoidosis | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73713/all/Sarcoidosis

  The patients impaired vision, intolerance to activity, and any lesions on the face may lead to a disturbance in self-concept or body image. From the patient, elicit priorities for a good appearance and support those activities that the patient finds beneficial. Those activities may include extra hair care, using makeup, wearing clothing from home, maintaining a beard or moustache, or other similar grooming strategies. Help the patient maintain the highest level of activity that the disease allows. As with any chronic, debilitating disease with no cure, the patient is expected to have times of depression and anxiety. Use a supportive, nonjudgmental approach and active listening. Answer the patients questions honestly and provide information about the long-range prognosis of the condition. If the patient or family demonstrates ineffective coping, refer the patient or significant others for counseling or to a support group.

• #22 Sarcoidosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sarcoidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350363

  Along with your treatment, these self-care tips can help: Follow your treatment plan. Even if you start to feel better, don’t stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional. Keep all follow-up appointments. Let your healthcare professional know if you have new or worsening symptoms. […] Although sarcoidosis may go away on its own, some people’s lives are forever changed by the condition. If you find it hard to cope with these changes, talk with a counselor or other mental health professional. Joining a sarcoidosis support group also may help.

• #23

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00152193-202112000-00007&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=6150605

  Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. […] With increased awareness of sarcoidosis and the appropriate medical and nursing interventions, nurses and other healthcare providers may become familiar with sarcoidosis and the current treatment regimens. […] Understanding its management enables nurses to meet the challenges of patient care, conduct comprehensive assessments, provide compassionate care, advocate for their patients, and educate the public about sarcoidosis.

• #24 Comprehensive Care for Patients with Sarcoidosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7074229/

  Several support measures to improve QoL for sarcoidosis patients have been suggested in the past years. Better information and education are vital to optimize care for sarcoidosis. […] Self-management support is one of the main pillars of the chronic care model, developed to improve care for patients with chronic conditions. […] Symptom relief is a major aspect of sarcoidosis management. Dyspnea is among the most common symptoms in sarcoidosis and is an important indication for treatment. […] Not all patients with sarcoidosis require pharmacological treatment, as the majority will have spontaneous regression of the disease. Treatment is primarily aimed at suppression of the immune system, and thereby preventing organ damage. […] A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach is essential to treat patients with such a heterogeneous disease as sarcoidosis. Besides aiming at disease modification with pharmacological interventions, patients should also be offered supportive comprehensive care aimed at relieving symptoms and optimizing QoL.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  In the immediate postoperative period, nurses must manage the chest tube, encourage hourly use of incentive spirometry, and assess pulmonary status to prevent pulmonary complications. Pain management and early ambulation are also crucial. A comprehensive physical assessment is also needed since sarcoidosis affects many organ systems. […] Patient education must include information about prescribed medications, such as steroids, and their potential adverse reactions, including hypertension, weight gain, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia. […] Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. Patients must be informed to avoid respiratory irritants including dust, animal dander, mold, and chemicals known to exacerbate the pulmonary symptoms.

• #26 Comprehensive Care for Patients with Sarcoidosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7074229/

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease, associated with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Treatment is aimed at recovering organ function, reducing symptom burden and improving quality of life. Because of the heterogeneity and variable disease course, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to care is needed. Comprehensive care includes not only pharmacological interventions, but also supportive measures aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. […] A comprehensive approach to care is needed for patients with sarcoidosis, especially because of the heterogeneity in symptoms and organ involvement and variable disease course. […] The importance of comprehensive care in sarcoidosis is generally acknowledged. Here, we describe the ABCDE model, that can be used to structure comprehensive sarcoidosis management in order to improve QoL and outcomes for patients. This model includes the following components: the Assessment of symptoms and patients needs, Backing patients by providing support and education, treatment of Complaints and Comorbidities, Disease-modifying treatment, and the involvement of Extrapulmonary specialists.

• #27 Comprehensive Care for Patients with Sarcoidosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/2/390

  Comprehensive care includes not only pharmacological interventions, but also supportive measures aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. […] A comprehensive approach to care is needed for patients with sarcoidosis, especially because of the heterogeneity in symptoms and organ involvement and variable disease course. […] The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent knowledge regarding different aspects of care in sarcoidosis and propose the “ABCDE model for sarcoidosis”, which is an adaptation of the version in interstitial lung diseases. […] The importance of comprehensive care in sarcoidosis is generally acknowledged. […] The ABCDE model can provide guidance to clinicians during the first work-up and follow-up of patients with sarcoidosis. […] Several support measures to improve QoL for sarcoidosis patients have been suggested in the past years. Better information and education are vital to optimize care for sarcoidosis.

• #28 Comprehensive Care for Patients with Sarcoidosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7074229/

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease, associated with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Treatment is aimed at recovering organ function, reducing symptom burden and improving quality of life. Because of the heterogeneity and variable disease course, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to care is needed. Comprehensive care includes not only pharmacological interventions, but also supportive measures aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. […] A comprehensive approach to care is needed for patients with sarcoidosis, especially because of the heterogeneity in symptoms and organ involvement and variable disease course. […] The importance of comprehensive care in sarcoidosis is generally acknowledged. Here, we describe the ABCDE model, that can be used to structure comprehensive sarcoidosis management in order to improve QoL and outcomes for patients. This model includes the following components: the Assessment of symptoms and patients needs, Backing patients by providing support and education, treatment of Complaints and Comorbidities, Disease-modifying treatment, and the involvement of Extrapulmonary specialists.

• #29 Sarcoidosis: The Benefits of a Team Approach | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/sarcoidosis-the-benefits-of-a-team-approach.html

  Detecting sarcoidosis requires comprehensive analysis by doctors specially trained to recognize and treat this complex problem. […] Diagnosing and then taking care of sarcoidosis patients is complicated, said Elizabeth Frame, MD, a rheumatologist at Cedars-Sinai. […] With so many organs involved, we need to look at the body as a whole. Otherwise, there’s a real risk patients won’t receive effective and efficient care, Frame said. […] At the Sarcoidosis Center, patients are seen by a highly coordinated team of doctors. […] An emphasis on communication among specialists is another key distinguishing feature of Cedars-Sinai’s approach to treating this multi-organ system disease successfully. […] Talking to each other and making sure we’re working toward a common goal are critical to successful diagnosis and treatment.

• #30 Sarcoidosis Program | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/care-services/sarcoidosis-program

  At NYU Langones Sarcoidosis Program, we provide diagnosis and comprehensive care for people who have sarcoidosis. This rare and complex condition causes immune cells to clump together into masses called granulomas that can prevent an organ from functioning properly. […] Our expertspulmonologists, cardiologists, dermatologists, nephrologists, neurologists, ophthalmologists, and rheumatologistswork closely together to diagnose sarcoidosis and to create a comprehensive treatment plan for you. Our team coordinates your care across specialties to make your experience with us as seamless as possible. […] Our comprehensive approach allows us to quickly identify and address symptoms and other complications related to sarcoidosis. […] Our nephrologists specialize in preventing and treating the sarcoidosis-related calcium imbalances that cause these stones to form.

• #31 Sarcoidosis | VCU Healthic_closeGroup

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/services/pulmonology-and-critical-care-medicine/our-services/sarcoidosis/

  Comprehensive Sarcoidosis Treatment & Care Sarcoidosis is a complex disease that often affects more than one organ. A patient may need to see a team of experts to receive the best care for their condition. That team is at VCU Health. […] The VCU Health Multidisciplinary Sarcoidosis Clinic is the only treatment center of its kind in Virginia. This integrative clinic offers a unique patient experience by allowing you to meet with all clinical specialists during one appointment. Clear communication between providers is essential to the diagnosis and management of this complex disease – our team of experts is committed to collaborating with referring physicians to assist in effective treatment plans. […] We offer a unique patient experience at VCU Health by allowing you to meet with all of our specialists at one time. Our team of doctors, all with expertise in sarcoidosis, includes specialists in pulmonology, cardiology, neurology, electrophysiology and rheumatology. This team-based approach to diagnosis and care benefits you by providing coordinated care and keeping you well informed about the disease and treatment options.

• #32 Sarcoidosis Program | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/care-services/sarcoidosis-program

  Our dermatologists provide expert care for skin sarcoidosis. […] Our cardiologists and pulmonologists provide critical care for people who have advanced cardiac or pulmonary sarcoidosis. […] Our multidisciplinary specialists meet regularly to discuss each patients diagnosis and work together to design a treatment plan that helps achieve the best outcome. […] They ensure that you receive the best and most-advanced care, including access to novel treatments through our ongoing research and clinical trials. […] Doctors at NYU Langone participate in an international registry and conduct clinical trials to discover and evaluate new treatments for sarcoidosis.

• #33 Sarcoidosis: Treatment for your lungs, heart, eyes, and more | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/services/sarcoidosis

  When you receive sarcoidosis care from UI Health Care, your treatment plan will be led by your sarcoidosis specialists. They’ll oversee and coordinate all your care from head to toe even if you have granulomas outside the lungs. […] We use several types of medication to treat sarcoidosis. These medications can help improve your symptoms and prevent organ damage no matter where granulomas form in your body. […] Even though there are more sarcoidosis treatment options than ever before, there is still work to be done. […] Our pulmonologists who treat sarcoidosis are also scientists who research sarcoidosis. We’re working to understand what causes this condition and what factors increase the risk of developing it. […] If you have severe cardiac sarcoidosis, you could be a candidate for a heart transplant or heart pump.

• #34

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut3457

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you take medicine, take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Do not smoke. Smoking can make sarcoidosis worse. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. These can increase your chances of quitting for good. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #35 Sarcoidosis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.sarcoidosis-care-instructions.ut3457

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you take medicine, take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have changes in your vision. You are very tired, get confused, or urinate a lot. Your symptoms do not get better, or they get worse. Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you have any problems.

• #36 Sarcoidosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sarcoidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350363

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your sarcoidosis-related health concerns […] There’s no cure for sarcoidosis, but often sarcoidosis goes away on its own. You may not need treatment if you have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. If you need treatment, the type of treatment you have depends on how severe your symptoms are and what organs are affected. Treatment can lessen the body’s immune system response and inflammation. […] How often you see your healthcare professional varies based on your symptoms and treatment. Seeing your healthcare professional regularly is important even if you don’t need treatment. […] Your healthcare professional monitors your symptoms and checks to see if you need treatment, how treatments are working and if you have complications. Ongoing monitoring may include tests based on your condition. For example, you may have regular chest X-rays, blood and urine tests, EKGs, and exams of your lungs, eyes, skin and other organs. Follow-up care is likely lifelong.

• #37 Sarcoidosis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/sarcoidosis/?srsltid=AfmBOoqYvHVQW-K8BgcXMh-m0N9WZotVVa9nyrwFagM5dF6EZgOWBufI

  Monitor for any skin lesions and rash. […] Referral to a transplant program […] Testing for transplant candidacy […] Strongly encouraging physical activity and strength exercises […] Education on transplant medications, complications, and side effects. […] Asymptomatic individuals may not require any invasive treatment (Bokhari et al., 2021). Most individuals are stable with sarcoidosis with no severe long-term effects. The decline of symptoms in specific individuals is related to advanced disease, especially with pulmonary and cardiac involvement. […] Individuals will require education on: […] The outpatient treatment plan and expected follow-up course […] Medication use and compliance […] Promoting physical activity […] Referral to pulmonary rehab […] Monitoring for any skin changes […] Routine eye exams.

• #38 What we neglect in sarcoidosis care – Oncology Republic

  https://www.oncologyrepublic.com.au/what-we-neglect-in-sarcoidosis-care/4777

  Quality of life is the most important priority for people with sarcoidosis, even ahead of survival and pulmonary function, delegates at the European Respiratory Congress in Vienna heard last month. […] Quality of life is a complex concept in sarcoidosis, and its influenced by various factors, she said. […] In order to know how a patient is really doing, she said, its important to measure their quality of life, and there are good tools for that: the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) the WHO Quality of Life 100 (WHOQOL-100), the Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire (SHQ), the Kings Sarcoidosis Questionnaire (KSQ) (best for pulmonary sarcoidosis), and the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). […] One way to make improvements is through disease-modifying pharmacology, treating inflammation where it exists. But drugs themselves can have a negative impact on quality of life.

• #39 What we neglect in sarcoidosis care – Oncology Republic

  https://www.oncologyrepublic.com.au/what-we-neglect-in-sarcoidosis-care/4777

  The main second-line drug, methotrexate, has been shown to improve quality of life and there was a significant decrease in corticosteroid doses for participants. […] Physical training and pulmonary rehabilitation are considered very important for patients with sarcoidosis and can improve fatigue, said Dr Buschulte, but the long-term effect is unclear. […] Patient education and self-support groups are very important for disease education, for awareness, for peer support, and all these factors which are beneficial in patients with sarcoidosis. […] Treating sleep apnoea in patients with sarcoidosis really does help, said Professor Renzoni. […] Treatment of small fibre neuropathy is symptomatic. First line treatment includes TCAs (amitriptyline, nortriptyline), duloxetine, venlafaxine, and gabapentin; second-line treatments tramadol and tapentadol; and third-line treatment is strong opioids.

• #40 Care for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/care-services/sarcoidosis-program/care-for-pulmonary-sarcoidosis

  Patients with lung sarcoidosis usually have shortness of breath, dry cough, chest pain, wheezing, and similar symptoms. […] Once the diagnosis is confirmed, your doctor conducts an examination to make sure that sarcoidosis has not affected other parts of your body, such as the heart, skin, or eyes. […] Not all patients with sarcoidosis need treatment. For the majority, the inflammation heals on its own. If you do need additional treatment, which may include pills or injections, your doctor will discuss it with you and other providers involved in your care.

• #41 Sarcoidosis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-treatment

  Most patients (75%) require only symptomatic therapy with NSAIDs. Approximately 10% of patients need treatment for extrapulmonary disease, while 15% of patients require treatment for persistent pulmonary disease. […] Corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy. […] Generally, prednisone given daily and then tapered over a 6-month course is adequate for pulmonary disease. […] Most patients who require long-term steroids can be treated using 10-15 mg of prednisone every other day. […] Some data suggest that corticosteroid use may be associated with increased relapse rates. […] For pulmonary disease, asymptomatic pulmonary function testing and/or chest radiography abnormalities are not an indication for treatment. […] Significant respiratory symptoms associated with pulmonary function test and chest radiograph abnormalities likely require therapy.

• #42 Diagnosis and Management of Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0515/p840.html

  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that most often affects the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes but can involve any organ of the body. […] The optimal treatment for sarcoidosis remains unclear, but corticosteroid therapy has been the mainstay of therapy for those with significantly symptomatic or progressive pulmonary disease or serious extrapulmonary disease. […] Treatment is not indicated for patients with asymptomatic stage I or II sarcoidosis because spontaneous resolution is common. […] Treatment with corticosteroids should be considered for patients with significant symptomatic or progressive stage II or III pulmonary disease or serious extrapulmonary disease. […] Patients with refractory or complex cases of sarcoidosis may require additional immunosuppressive therapy. […] Cardiac or neurologic sarcoidosis can result in irreversible or life-threatening disease and often requires aggressive treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. […] Severe and progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis warrants prompt referral for possible lung transplantation.

• #43 Sarcoidosis (Cardiac) | Symptoms and Risk Factors | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/sarcoidosis

  Within the MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, the Sarcoidosis Clinic provides expert care to patients with cardiac and multiorgan (extracardiac) disease involvement. […] Our Sarcoidosis Clinic team works with other specialties, including pulmonology, rheumatology, neurology, ophthalmology, and dermatology, to treat sarcoidosis based on your organ involvement. Sometimes, symptoms are mild and do not require treatment. However, when treatment is necessary our team will develop and implement individualized plans of care to manage sarcoidosis and reduce your symptoms. […] Medical treatment is geared toward reducing the inflammation of the affected tissues and preventing the chronic complications of sarcoidosis. Corticosteroids are one of the first medications used to reduce inflammation; however, the side effects of this medication may outweigh the benefits if patients have mild sarcoid involvement. Patients that have moderate-to-severe symptoms do benefit from these therapies particularly those with shortness of breath and cough. At first, patients may be prescribed a high dose of corticosteroids followed by a slow taper to the lowest effective dose. Unfortunately, the disease may relapse when taking low doses of corticosteroids. For this reason, patients may be started on adjunct therapies such as steroid-spearing medications that help control the inflammation in the tissues long-term.

• #44 Sarcoidosis and your skin: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/sarcoidosis-treatment

  When sarcoidosis develops on the skin, its often an early sign of the disease. As such, a dermatologist is often the first doctor to notice signs of sarcoidosis. […] Yes, if sarcoidosis affects your skin, a dermatologist can diagnose this disease. Your dermatologist knows how to rule out other skin diseases that can look like sarcoidosis. […] If you have sarcoidosis, you may need treatment. Most often, patients receive treatment for the area of the body where sarcoidosis is the worst. For example, if you have sarcoidosis on your skin and in your lungs, you might start with treatment for your lungs. Some patients need treatment for both. […] Mild skin sarcoidosis may go away on its own. If this seems likely, your dermatologist may suggest watching you rather than treating you. Clearing can take a few weeks to a few years.

• #45 Sarcoidosis and your skin: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/sarcoidosis-treatment

  If you need treatment for your skin, you will receive a treatment plan tailored to your needs. Treatment plans vary with the signs of sarcoidosis on your skin, how much of your skin is covered, your overall health, age, and other considerations. […] Here are the treatments for skin sarcoidosis that dermatologists use: […] For many patients, this type of treatment works well. Your dermatologist may prescribe one or more of the following: […] If you need stronger treatment, your dermatologist may prescribe this type of medication. Most of these medications are pills, but some like the biologics are injected. […] This is only considered as a possible treatment when a patient has severely disfiguring sarcoidosis and other treatments have failed to work. During surgical removal, your dermatologist cuts out the sarcoidosis on your skin. […] To help patients with sarcoidosis prevent serious health problems, dermatologists recommend ongoing medical care when sarcoidosis is active.

• #46 Sarcoidosis Patient Education & Resources | MUSC Health | Charleston SC

  https://muschealth.org/medical-services/lung-care/sarcoidosis/patient-resources

  Typically, cutaneous sarcoidosis is first treated with topical corticosteroids creams. […] Steroids are the „first-line” treatment for most sarcoidosis patients. Steroids and other medications for sarcoidosis work by suppressing the immune system, which decreases inflammation and improves the appearance of lesions. Other options may include hydroxychloroquine as well as „second-line” drugs such as methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate or leflunomide. For very severe cases, „third-line” medications such as infliximab or adalimumab may be used.

• #47 Sarcoidosis Patient Education & Resources | MUSC Health | Charleston SC

  https://muschealth.org/medical-services/lung-care/sarcoidosis/patient-resources

  Steroids are the „first-line” treatment for most sarcoidosis patients. Steroids and other medications for sarcoidosis work by suppressing the immune system, which decreases inflammation and improves symptoms. […] Not all patients need treatment for pulmonary sarcoidosis, and many patients can be safely monitored off treatment if they have mild symptoms and no evidence that inflammation from sarcoidosis is causing damage or scarring in the lungs. Treatment may be necessary if patients have significant symptoms or worsening lung function. […] Mild cases of neurosarcoidosis may not need treatment, but most people require long-term care to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation. […] Steroids are usually the first treatment doctors try. They calm the immune system and reduce inflammation. Neurosarcoidosis often needs higher doses than sarcoidosis in other organs typically starting with 40 to 60 mg of prednisone daily. The dose is then gradually reduced to the lowest amount that keeps symptoms under control, ideally under 10 mg per day.

• #48 Sarcoidosis | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73713/all/Sarcoidosis

  Primary Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange related to altered alveolar-capillary membrane changes and decreased oxygen-carrying ability as evidenced by fatigue, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, and/or cough […] Interventions: Airway management; Oxygen therapy; Respiratory management; Respiratory monitoring; Ventilation assistance; Teaching: Disease process […] Asymptomatic sarcoidosis requires no treatment, although ongoing assessment is called for. Sarcoidosis with ocular, respiratory, CNS, cardiac, or systemic symptoms requires treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids. Other treatment includes a low-calcium, high-calorie nutritional diet with an increase in fluids to prevent malnutrition, hypercalcemia, and dehydration. A low-sodium diet may be indicated if sodium retention occurs because of prednisone. Ongoing monitoring of the patients physical condition by physical examination and diagnostic tests indicates the patients response to treatment and the appearance of complications

• #49 Sarcoidosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sarcoidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350363

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your sarcoidosis-related health concerns […] There’s no cure for sarcoidosis, but often sarcoidosis goes away on its own. You may not need treatment if you have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. If you need treatment, the type of treatment you have depends on how severe your symptoms are and what organs are affected. Treatment can lessen the body’s immune system response and inflammation. […] How often you see your healthcare professional varies based on your symptoms and treatment. Seeing your healthcare professional regularly is important even if you don’t need treatment. […] Your healthcare professional monitors your symptoms and checks to see if you need treatment, how treatments are working and if you have complications. Ongoing monitoring may include tests based on your condition. For example, you may have regular chest X-rays, blood and urine tests, EKGs, and exams of your lungs, eyes, skin and other organs. Follow-up care is likely lifelong.

• #50 Sarcoidosis Awareness

  https://www.chestnet.org/sarcoidosis-awareness-month

  In most cases of sarcoidosis, no treatment is necessary. Sarcoidosis may go away without medical treatment. […] Medical treatment can be used to control symptoms, prevent complications, and improve outcomes in patients with persistent sarcoidosis. If you have sarcoidosis, your health-care provider will carefully monitor you to see if your sarcoidosis is getting better or worse and will adapt your treatment depending on how your body is doing. […] Sarcoidosis is often treated with the help of a multidisciplinary team of health-care professionals. Because the disease can affect so many organ systems, you may work with health-care providers who specialize in the treatment of the lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, liver, eyes, and skin. At specialized medical centers, these health-care providers work as a team to develop a comprehensive treatment plan to control your symptoms and protect your overall health.

• #51 Identifying and managing sarcoidosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/identifying-and-managing-sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis is a complex immunological disorder that requires careful management and vigilant monitoring. […] The organs affected in sarcoidosis and patients’ symptoms are variable. In some cases the condition may resolve completely without the need for intervention, while other patients may require prolonged treatment with immunosuppressants. The condition may be resistant to treatment, and long-term therapy may be required to reduce damage to the organs involved. […] In patients with a high chance of spontaneous resolution (i.e. Löfgren’s syndrome, or Scadding stage I disease limited to the lungs), no treatment may be required and the patient will instead be monitored regularly. […] In patients with a low likelihood of spontaneous resolution (i.e. Scadding stage III or multiple organ involvement), or if there are significant symptoms or a high risk of irreversible organ damage (particularly to the central nervous system or heart), early treatment with systemic therapies is normally considered.

• #52 Identifying and managing sarcoidosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/identifying-and-managing-sarcoidosis

  The World Association for Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) have produced guidelines to assist in treatment decisions. However, as the condition is variable, early involvement from a specialist with experience in the management of sarcoidosis of the affected organs is usually required. […] Systemic corticosteroids are the first-line treatment for the majority of patients with sarcoidosis. […] Doses are normally maintained for four to twelve weeks and then assessed. If the patient has shown limited improvement, a corticosteroid-sparing agent (e.g. hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, azathioprine) may be added, with the patient’s response reassessed after at least six to eight weeks of combined treatment. […] For patients in whom the condition improves, the consensus is that a minimum of 12 months treatment is required.

• #53 Identifying and managing sarcoidosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/identifying-and-managing-sarcoidosis

  Treatment with corticosteroids can be tapered and stopped if disease activity resolves. However, previous pharmacological treatment is one of the most significant predictors of disease recurrence, and up to 80% of patients treated with corticosteroids experience relapse in the first two years following tapering and discontinuation of treatment. […] Patients are therefore typically followed up closely during the initial period after discontinuation, with prompt retreatment if there is recurrence. […] Side effects of treatment with oral corticosteroids include psychiatric disturbances, dyspepsia, increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, diabetes mellitus, adrenal suppression, increased susceptibility to infections, thinning of the skin, increased fracture risk, fluid retention and increased blood pressure.

• #54 Identifying and managing sarcoidosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/identifying-and-managing-sarcoidosis

  Methotrexate is one of the most commonly used corticosteroid-sparing agents in sarcoidosis, typically at a dose of 5–15mg once weekly, although higher doses have been used. […] Azathioprine has been reported to be as effective as methotrexate in the treatment of sarcoidosis. However, its evidence base is more limited and there appears to be a higher incidence of opportunistic infections and a possible increased risk of malignancy compared with methotrexate.

• #55 Sarcoidosis: A Primary Care Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1201/p2041.html

  A patient may then be maintained on a dosage of 5 to 10 mg per day to suppress disease activity for up to one year. […] Patients should receive treatment if they have the following forms of sarcoidosis: hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, disfiguring skin lesions, ocular sarcoidosis (this should be treated with topical and/or systemic steroids), cardiac sarcoidosis, neurologic sarcoidosis and other organ involvement that is determined to be clinically severe. […] Relapse occurs in 25 to 40 percent of patients with sarcoidosis within two to three months after discontinuing corticosteroid therapy. […] Inhaled steroids have been used in patients with sarcoidosis for relief of symptoms, but it has not been proved that this therapy reduces disease progression. […] Newer therapies have been reported. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), given in a dosage of 200 mg every other day for nine months, may be useful in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis but can permanently damage the eyes; consequently, ocular examinations must be performed frequently. […] Methotrexate (Rheumatrex), in a low dosage of 7.5 to 15 mg once per week, has been shown to be of benefit in the treatment of refractory sarcoidosis, especially musculoskeletal and cutaneous forms. […] Proper management of sarcoidosis can clearly improve the quality of a patient’s life.

• #56 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Common indications for noncorticosteroid agents include the following: Steroid-resistant disease; Intolerable adverse effects of steroids; Patient desire not to take corticosteroids. […] For patients with advanced pulmonary fibrosis from sarcoidosis, lung transplantation remains the only hope for long-term survival. Indications for transplantation include either or both of the following: Forced vital capacity below 50% predicted; Forced expiratory volume in 1 second below 40% predicted.

• #57 Sarcoidosis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Long-Term Monitoring

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-treatment

  For extrapulmonary sarcoidosis involving such critical organs as the heart, liver, eyes, kidneys, or central nervous system, medical intervention is indicated. […] Topical corticosteroids are effective for ocular disease. […] Lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with stage IV sarcoidosis. […] Monitor pulmonary function and chest radiography every 6-12 months. […] Assess for progression or resolution. […] Determine if previously uninvolved organs have become affected. […] Annual slit-lamp eye examination and ECG are recommended.

• #58

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00152193-202112000-00007&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=6150605

  Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. […] With increased awareness of sarcoidosis and the appropriate medical and nursing interventions, nurses and other healthcare providers may become familiar with sarcoidosis and the current treatment regimens. […] Understanding its management enables nurses to meet the challenges of patient care, conduct comprehensive assessments, provide compassionate care, advocate for their patients, and educate the public about sarcoidosis.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  In the immediate postoperative period, nurses must manage the chest tube, encourage hourly use of incentive spirometry, and assess pulmonary status to prevent pulmonary complications. Pain management and early ambulation are also crucial. A comprehensive physical assessment is also needed since sarcoidosis affects many organ systems. […] Patient education must include information about prescribed medications, such as steroids, and their potential adverse reactions, including hypertension, weight gain, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia. […] Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. Patients must be informed to avoid respiratory irritants including dust, animal dander, mold, and chemicals known to exacerbate the pulmonary symptoms.

• #60

  https://med.uth.edu/internalmedicine/pccsm/patient-care/sarcoidosis-program/

  The UTHealth Houston Sarcoidosis Program is dedicated to improving the lives of those affected by sarcoidosis through expert care, innovative research, and patient-centered education. Our team strives to advance knowledge, enhance treatment options, and provide compassionate support to patients and their families. […] Sarcoidosis can be a complex and often misunderstood condition, but getting the right information can make all the difference. Our patient education resources provide clear, reliable insights to help you better understand sarcoidosis, its symptoms, and available treatment options. Whether youre newly diagnosed or managing the condition long-term, were here to support you with expert guidance. […] Managing sarcoidosis requires a skilled and compassionate team. Our specialists are dedicated to providing expert care tailored to each patients unique needs. […] To be a leading center in sarcoidosis care, offering passionate, evidence-based, and personalized treatment. We strive to improve patient lives through collaborative, multidisciplinary approaches and to advance the field through dedicated education, training, and research.

• #61 Wellness and Self-Care — Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/wellness-and-self-care/

  While one of the main symptoms of sarcoidosis is fatigue, patients are still encouraged to participate in light to moderate exercise when possible. […] A healthy diet is just as important as exercise. Patients should aim to eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and veggies, whole grains, and choose lean, healthy fats. […] Having a chronic illness can increase stress and affect your mental health. […] FSR urges patients to be an involved member of the sarcoidosis community.

• #62 Sarcoidosis Awareness

  https://www.chestnet.org/sarcoidosis-awareness-month

  Medications used to treat sarcoidosis include: […] Corticosteroids reduce inflammation. They are not the same as anabolic steroids, the type of steroid that is sometimes abused by athletes. Corticosteroids are the primary treatment for sarcoidosis. Treatment with corticosteroids relieves symptoms in most people within a few months. […] Because sarcoidosis may be the result of an overreaction of the immune system, suppressing the immune system may ease symptoms and prevent further organ damage. […] People with severe or advanced lung sarcoidosis may need oxygen therapy. In a few cases lung transplantation—the replacement of a diseased lung or lungs with a healthy donor lung—is used to treat severe lung sarcoidosis. […] Staying as healthy as possible increases your odds of living a full, satisfying life with sarcoidosis. A well-balanced diet (high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low-fat proteins) provides your body with the nutrients it needs to stay healthy. Regular exercise keeps you fit and improves your body’s ability to efficiently use oxygen. Adequate rest decreases stress and increases feelings of well-being.

• #63 Sarcoidosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/pulmonology/conditions/sarcoidosis

  While there currently is no cure for sarcoidosis, most people report their symptoms fade with time. […] In some cases, medications can be prescribed to help ease symptoms. […] Because this disease can affect different body parts, every case is unique and should be treated with customized care. […] Treatment for sarcoidosis becomes necessary when symptoms are so severe that the affected organs are having trouble functioning normally or are at risk of failing. […] These treatments typically include immunosuppressant medication. […] Always listen to your doctors recommendations regarding living a healthy lifestyle when you have sarcoidosis. […] It’s important to continue seeing your doctor or specialist at follow-up appointments and maintaining any lifestyle changes that can keep the disease at bay. […] Other important lifestyle changes you should make include avoiding alcohol and smoking cigarettes, developing a support system, eating a healthy diet, managing stress, sticking to a sleep schedule, and staying physically active.

• #64 Sarcoidosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sarcoidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350363

  Along with your treatment, these self-care tips can help: Follow your treatment plan. Even if you start to feel better, don’t stop taking your medicine without talking with your healthcare professional. Keep all follow-up appointments. Let your healthcare professional know if you have new or worsening symptoms. […] Although sarcoidosis may go away on its own, some people’s lives are forever changed by the condition. If you find it hard to cope with these changes, talk with a counselor or other mental health professional. Joining a sarcoidosis support group also may help.

• #65 Treating and Managing Sarcoidosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/sarcoidosis/treating-and-managing

  The main goals of treatment for sarcoidosis are managing symptoms, decreasing the risk of organ damage, and improving quality of life. […] Managing sarcoidosis involves monitoring your symptoms closely to track the effectiveness of treatments. […] Your healthcare provider will carefully monitor you to see if your sarcoidosis is getting better or worse and will adapt your treatment depending on how your body is doing. […] An important part of managing your disease will be finding emotional support. […] Tell your healthcare provider if you have these feelings as treatment for anxiety and depression may make your sarcoidosis treatment more effective.

• #66

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut3457

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you take medicine, take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Do not smoke. Smoking can make sarcoidosis worse. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. These can increase your chances of quitting for good. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #67 Sarcoidosis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.sarcoidosis-care-instructions.ut3457

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you take medicine, take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have changes in your vision. You are very tired, get confused, or urinate a lot. Your symptoms do not get better, or they get worse. Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you have any problems.

• #68 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11863-sarcoidosis

  The best way to take care of yourself while living with sarcoidosis is to follow the recommendations of your healthcare provider. Monitor your symptoms for changes and take any medications as directed. […] You should call or make an appointment with your healthcare provider if you have new or bothersome symptoms, or if you’re receiving treatment and experiencing worrisome side effects. […] Sarcoidosis can take you by surprise. Cleveland Clinic has a team of sarcoidosis experts who offer personalized treatment options that match your needs.

• #69

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00152193-202112000-00007&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=6150605

  Nursing care for patients like CS must include educating patients and families about the disease process, management of signs and symptoms, and the need for follow-up with a pulmonologist. […] With increased awareness of sarcoidosis and the appropriate medical and nursing interventions, nurses and other healthcare providers may become familiar with sarcoidosis and the current treatment regimens. […] Understanding its management enables nurses to meet the challenges of patient care, conduct comprehensive assessments, provide compassionate care, advocate for their patients, and educate the public about sarcoidosis.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  With increased awareness of sarcoidosis and the appropriate medical and nursing interventions, nurses and other healthcare providers may become familiar with sarcoidosis and the current treatment regimens. Informed providers will identify extrapulmonary areas that may become affected by sarcoidosis, and begin screening and treatment early to improve patient outcomes. […] Understanding its management enables nurses to meet the challenges of patient care, conduct comprehensive assessments, provide compassionate care, advocate for their patients, and educate the public about sarcoidosis.

• #71

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  With increased awareness of sarcoidosis and the appropriate medical and nursing interventions, nurses and other healthcare providers may become familiar with sarcoidosis and the current treatment regimens. Informed providers will identify extrapulmonary areas that may become affected by sarcoidosis, and begin screening and treatment early to improve patient outcomes. […] Understanding its management enables nurses to meet the challenges of patient care, conduct comprehensive assessments, provide compassionate care, advocate for their patients, and educate the public about sarcoidosis.

• #72

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2021/12000/sarcoidosis__what_nurses_need_to_know.7.aspx

  With increased awareness of sarcoidosis and the appropriate medical and nursing interventions, nurses and other healthcare providers may become familiar with sarcoidosis and the current treatment regimens. Informed providers will identify extrapulmonary areas that may become affected by sarcoidosis, and begin screening and treatment early to improve patient outcomes. […] Understanding its management enables nurses to meet the challenges of patient care, conduct comprehensive assessments, provide compassionate care, advocate for their patients, and educate the public about sarcoidosis.

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