Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  The aim of this review is to describe the latest studies on sarcoidosis incidence, prevalence and risk factors with a special focus on reports in the last two years. […] The prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis vary greatly depending on region of the world. […] Age, sex and race are the most important sources of variation in incidence and prevalence. […] Recent epidemiological studies provide new insights on the role of genetic and non-genetic risk factors for sarcoidosis. […] The prevalence of sarcoidosis varies greatly depending on region of the world, from 1-5 per 100,000 in South Korea, Taiwan and Japan to 140-160 per 100,000 in Sweden and Canada. […] It is often stated that the incidence is highest in Scandinavian countries, but it should be noted that there have been no contemporary estimates from any Scandinavian countries other than Sweden in the last 20 years.

• #2 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Epidemiological studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge about sarcoidosis, providing critical information on the determinants and distribution of the disease. […] Epidemiological studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge about sarcoidosis through describing its distribution, examining long-term outcomes and identifying risk factors for the disease. […] Recently, the use of large datasets have helped us to better understand patterns in sarcoidosis occurrence. […] It is necessary to strategically build upon population-based data in order to enable in-depth, etiologic studies if we wish to move forward from gathering information to preventing disease. […] Epidemiological studies can be used to describe the distribution of sarcoidosis in a population and investigate risk factors for the disease.

• #3 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Epidemiological studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge about sarcoidosis, providing critical information on the determinants and distribution of the disease. […] Epidemiological studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge about sarcoidosis through describing its distribution, examining long-term outcomes and identifying risk factors for the disease. […] Recently, the use of large datasets have helped us to better understand patterns in sarcoidosis occurrence. […] It is necessary to strategically build upon population-based data in order to enable in-depth, etiologic studies if we wish to move forward from gathering information to preventing disease. […] Epidemiological studies can be used to describe the distribution of sarcoidosis in a population and investigate risk factors for the disease.

• #4 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis risk varies by age, sex, race, and ethnic background, leading to widely varying worldwide incidence and prevalence. […] Estimated sarcoidosis prevalence is 60 per 100,000 persons in the United States, but worldwide prevalence estimates range from 2.2 per 100,000 in Taiwan to 160 per 100,000 in Sweden. […] Sarcoidosis incidence is likewise quite variable and difficult to determine with high confidence. […] Estimates of yearly incidence range from 0.5 to 1.3 per 100,000 persons in East Asia to 11.5 per 100,000 in Scandinavian countries; incidence is approximately 7 to 11 per 100,000 in the United States and Canada. […] Individual risk for sarcoidosis is strongly associated with certain demographic characteristics, including sex, race, and ethnicity. […] In a large United States database study of adults over the age 18 years, females were twice as likely to have sarcoidosis than males.

• #5 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  Using Sweden’s nationwide register data, the incidence of sarcoidosis was 11.5 per 100,000, which is slightly higher than estimates from the U.S. (about 8-11 per 100,000) and Canada (6.8 per 100,000 per year). […] Comparisons across countries can be useful to generate hypotheses but should be made with caution. […] A limitation of many administrative database studies is the lack of information on sarcoidosis phenotype, which is an important factor related to the incidence and prevalence. […] Race is an important factor when considering the rate of sarcoidosis, since the diversity of the population sample may lead to different incidence and prevalence estimates. […] The highest incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in the U.S. is consistently observed in non-Hispanic Blacks, with Black American women having the highest rates. […] Recent findings from incidence, prevalence and risk factor studies have provided new insights into the distribution of sarcoidosis across populations.

• #6 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence is 20 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and 1.3 cases per 100,000 population in Japan. Sarcoidosis occurs in China, Africa, India, and other developing countries. Although its incidence may be low, the disease remains hidden and often is misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. […] Male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:2. Morbidity, mortality, and extrapulmonary involvement are higher in affected females. […] Incidence peaks in persons aged 25-35 years. A second peak occurs for women aged 45-65 years.

• #7 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  The aim of this review is to describe the latest studies on sarcoidosis incidence, prevalence and risk factors with a special focus on reports in the last two years. […] The prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis vary greatly depending on region of the world. […] Age, sex and race are the most important sources of variation in incidence and prevalence. […] Recent epidemiological studies provide new insights on the role of genetic and non-genetic risk factors for sarcoidosis. […] The prevalence of sarcoidosis varies greatly depending on region of the world, from 1-5 per 100,000 in South Korea, Taiwan and Japan to 140-160 per 100,000 in Sweden and Canada. […] It is often stated that the incidence is highest in Scandinavian countries, but it should be noted that there have been no contemporary estimates from any Scandinavian countries other than Sweden in the last 20 years.

• #8 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis risk varies by age, sex, race, and ethnic background, leading to widely varying worldwide incidence and prevalence. […] Estimated sarcoidosis prevalence is 60 per 100,000 persons in the United States, but worldwide prevalence estimates range from 2.2 per 100,000 in Taiwan to 160 per 100,000 in Sweden. […] Sarcoidosis incidence is likewise quite variable and difficult to determine with high confidence. […] Estimates of yearly incidence range from 0.5 to 1.3 per 100,000 persons in East Asia to 11.5 per 100,000 in Scandinavian countries; incidence is approximately 7 to 11 per 100,000 in the United States and Canada. […] Individual risk for sarcoidosis is strongly associated with certain demographic characteristics, including sex, race, and ethnicity. […] In a large United States database study of adults over the age 18 years, females were twice as likely to have sarcoidosis than males.

• #9 National retrospective registry survey on the epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Finland 2002−2022 | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/11/1/e002461

  The prevalence of sarcoidosis is known to be high in the Nordic countries. […] Our aim was to investigate the epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Finland through a retrospective registry-based study. […] The incidence of sarcoidosis was 1719/100 000/year throughout the follow-up period. The prevalence of sarcoidosis in the 18-year-old population had risen from 85/100 000 in 2002 to 106/100 000 in 2022. […] There were considerable differences between university hospital districts: The highest prevalence rate was 170/100 000 in the Tampere University Hospital district in 2022, which was twice as high as in the Helsinki University Hospital district (84/100 000). […] The incidence of sarcoidosis was 15/100 000 and the prevalence was 82/100 000 in the age groups of 60 years in 2002. In 2022, the incidence in this same age group had risen to 20/100 000 and the prevalence to 109/100 000.

• #10 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  Using Sweden’s nationwide register data, the incidence of sarcoidosis was 11.5 per 100,000, which is slightly higher than estimates from the U.S. (about 8-11 per 100,000) and Canada (6.8 per 100,000 per year). […] Comparisons across countries can be useful to generate hypotheses but should be made with caution. […] A limitation of many administrative database studies is the lack of information on sarcoidosis phenotype, which is an important factor related to the incidence and prevalence. […] Race is an important factor when considering the rate of sarcoidosis, since the diversity of the population sample may lead to different incidence and prevalence estimates. […] The highest incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in the U.S. is consistently observed in non-Hispanic Blacks, with Black American women having the highest rates. […] Recent findings from incidence, prevalence and risk factor studies have provided new insights into the distribution of sarcoidosis across populations.

• #11 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  Using Sweden’s nationwide register data, the incidence of sarcoidosis was 11.5 per 100,000, which is slightly higher than estimates from the U.S. (about 8-11 per 100,000) and Canada (6.8 per 100,000 per year). […] Comparisons across countries can be useful to generate hypotheses but should be made with caution. […] A limitation of many administrative database studies is the lack of information on sarcoidosis phenotype, which is an important factor related to the incidence and prevalence. […] Race is an important factor when considering the rate of sarcoidosis, since the diversity of the population sample may lead to different incidence and prevalence estimates. […] The highest incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in the U.S. is consistently observed in non-Hispanic Blacks, with Black American women having the highest rates. […] Recent findings from incidence, prevalence and risk factor studies have provided new insights into the distribution of sarcoidosis across populations.

• #12 Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0715/p312.html

  Sarcoidosis affects men and women of all races and ages. The condition usually presents in adults younger than 40 years, most frequently between 20 and 29 years of age. It is slightly more predominant in women than in men, with an incidence of 6.3 and 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis for U.S. whites is estimated at 0.85 percent compared with 2.4 percent in U.S. blacks. Sarcoidosis is most prevalent in Swedes, Danes, and U.S. blacks. Mortality from sarcoidosis, usually caused by respiratory failure, approaches 1 to 5 percent.1,2 Because most patients with sarcoidosis do not die of the disease, the medical challenge is to help them live well with their symptoms. […] This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #13 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The estimated lifetime risk of sarcoidosis among Black Americans is 2.4 percent, compared with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.85 percent among White Americans. […] Black Americans also tend to develop symptoms earlier, more acutely, and more severely than White Americans, who frequently present with asymptomatic and indolent disease. […] Sarcoidosis typically presents in patients 20 to 60 years of age. […] Although the disease was initially described in young adults, in modern practice, more than half of cases are diagnosed in patients older than age 40 years. […] Female patients are more frequently older at the time of diagnosis. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity.

• #14 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence ranges from 5-40 cases per 100,000 population. The age-adjusted incidence for whites is 11 cases per 100,000 population. The incidence is considerably higher for African Americans, at 34 cases per 100,000 population. The prevalence is 10 times greater for African Americans than for whites. Approximately 20% of patients who are African American reported an affected family member, while only 5% of whites in the United States who have sarcoidosis state they have family members also diagnosed with sarcoidosis. African Americans seem to experience more severe and chronic disease. […] In African Americans, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease. […] Working on the World Trade Center (WTC) debris pile after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks was associated with sarcoidosis (odds ratio, 9.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-74.0), but WTC dust cloud exposure was not (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.8).

• #15 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a widely underdiagnosed yet clinically significant form of granulomatous myocarditis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] The prevalence of CS has been increasing over the past two decades, likely due to utilization of advanced cardiac imaging. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis varies widely across the globe and has been reported to be higher in populations of northern European and African American descents. […] A US national healthcare database analysis between 2010 and 2013 revealed a three-times higher prevalence among Black Americans (141.4 per 100,000) compared with Whites (49.8 per 100,000), and a lower prevalence in Hispanics and Asians (21.7 vs 18.9 per 100,000, respectively). […] The highest prevalence was noted among Black American women (178.5 per 100,000).

• #16 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a widely underdiagnosed yet clinically significant form of granulomatous myocarditis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] The prevalence of CS has been increasing over the past two decades, likely due to utilization of advanced cardiac imaging. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis varies widely across the globe and has been reported to be higher in populations of northern European and African American descents. […] A US national healthcare database analysis between 2010 and 2013 revealed a three-times higher prevalence among Black Americans (141.4 per 100,000) compared with Whites (49.8 per 100,000), and a lower prevalence in Hispanics and Asians (21.7 vs 18.9 per 100,000, respectively). […] The highest prevalence was noted among Black American women (178.5 per 100,000).

• #17 Diagnosis and Management of Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0515/p840.html

  Although sarcoidosis may affect anyone, it is most common in certain age groups, races, geographic regions, and families. More than 80% of cases occur in adults between 20 and 50 years of age. There is a second peak incidence between 50 and 65 years of age, especially among women in Scandinavia and Japan. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis in the United States is greater in blacks (2.4%) than whites (0.85%). Sarcoidosis is also more common in Swedes, Danes, and African-Caribbeans. Approximately 4% to 10% of patients have a first-degree relative with sarcoidosis. […] The paucity of randomized controlled trials has led to limited evidence-based data for clinicians caring for patients with sarcoidosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #18 Sarcoidosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/sarcoidosis/

  Sarcoidosis is an immune-mediated granulomatous disease which may manifest with inflammation in various organs, including the lungs (90%), eye (~20%), skin (~15%), and nervous system (~10%). (34607912) […] The average age at diagnosis is ~35-50 years old. (31485575) […] A first-degree relative with sarcoidosis increases the risk of disease. (Murray 2022) […] Rates of sarcoidosis in the United States varies with race: (31485575) African American: 17-35 per 100,000. White: 5-12 per 100,000. Asian or Hispanic American: 1-3 per 100,000. […] The effect of sex on disease incidence may vary between countries. […] Rates of sarcoidosis vary dramatically between various countries (figure below). […] 90% of sarcoidosis patients have some intrathoracic involvement. […] The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension may be ~10%. (Fishman 2023)

• #19 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The estimated lifetime risk of sarcoidosis among Black Americans is 2.4 percent, compared with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.85 percent among White Americans. […] Black Americans also tend to develop symptoms earlier, more acutely, and more severely than White Americans, who frequently present with asymptomatic and indolent disease. […] Sarcoidosis typically presents in patients 20 to 60 years of age. […] Although the disease was initially described in young adults, in modern practice, more than half of cases are diagnosed in patients older than age 40 years. […] Female patients are more frequently older at the time of diagnosis. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity.

• #20 Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0715/p312.html

  Sarcoidosis affects men and women of all races and ages. The condition usually presents in adults younger than 40 years, most frequently between 20 and 29 years of age. It is slightly more predominant in women than in men, with an incidence of 6.3 and 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis for U.S. whites is estimated at 0.85 percent compared with 2.4 percent in U.S. blacks. Sarcoidosis is most prevalent in Swedes, Danes, and U.S. blacks. Mortality from sarcoidosis, usually caused by respiratory failure, approaches 1 to 5 percent.1,2 Because most patients with sarcoidosis do not die of the disease, the medical challenge is to help them live well with their symptoms. […] This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #21 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The estimated lifetime risk of sarcoidosis among Black Americans is 2.4 percent, compared with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.85 percent among White Americans. […] Black Americans also tend to develop symptoms earlier, more acutely, and more severely than White Americans, who frequently present with asymptomatic and indolent disease. […] Sarcoidosis typically presents in patients 20 to 60 years of age. […] Although the disease was initially described in young adults, in modern practice, more than half of cases are diagnosed in patients older than age 40 years. […] Female patients are more frequently older at the time of diagnosis. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity.

• #22 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence is 20 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and 1.3 cases per 100,000 population in Japan. Sarcoidosis occurs in China, Africa, India, and other developing countries. Although its incidence may be low, the disease remains hidden and often is misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. […] Male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:2. Morbidity, mortality, and extrapulmonary involvement are higher in affected females. […] Incidence peaks in persons aged 25-35 years. A second peak occurs for women aged 45-65 years.

• #23 Diagnosis and Management of Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0515/p840.html

  Although sarcoidosis may affect anyone, it is most common in certain age groups, races, geographic regions, and families. More than 80% of cases occur in adults between 20 and 50 years of age. There is a second peak incidence between 50 and 65 years of age, especially among women in Scandinavia and Japan. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis in the United States is greater in blacks (2.4%) than whites (0.85%). Sarcoidosis is also more common in Swedes, Danes, and African-Caribbeans. Approximately 4% to 10% of patients have a first-degree relative with sarcoidosis. […] The paucity of randomized controlled trials has led to limited evidence-based data for clinicians caring for patients with sarcoidosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #24 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence is 20 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and 1.3 cases per 100,000 population in Japan. Sarcoidosis occurs in China, Africa, India, and other developing countries. Although its incidence may be low, the disease remains hidden and often is misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. […] Male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:2. Morbidity, mortality, and extrapulmonary involvement are higher in affected females. […] Incidence peaks in persons aged 25-35 years. A second peak occurs for women aged 45-65 years.

• #25 Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0715/p312.html

  Sarcoidosis affects men and women of all races and ages. The condition usually presents in adults younger than 40 years, most frequently between 20 and 29 years of age. It is slightly more predominant in women than in men, with an incidence of 6.3 and 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis for U.S. whites is estimated at 0.85 percent compared with 2.4 percent in U.S. blacks. Sarcoidosis is most prevalent in Swedes, Danes, and U.S. blacks. Mortality from sarcoidosis, usually caused by respiratory failure, approaches 1 to 5 percent.1,2 Because most patients with sarcoidosis do not die of the disease, the medical challenge is to help them live well with their symptoms. […] This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #26 Sarcoidosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116543/all/Sarcoidosis

  Estimated 10 to 20 cases per 100,000 persons, although recent evidence suggests it could be more prevalent. […] 11/100,000 annual incidence rate for women. […] Usually occurs in younger persons, with the peak age of incidence for women aged 50 to 69 years and for men aged 40 to 59 years; rare in children.

• #27 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Geographical location has been shown to be an important factor related to sarcoidosis occurrence and recent studies confirm variation by region. […] The age at diagnosis in men was 45 compared with 54 in women. […] The overall average age of onset in most studies was between 47 and 51 years old, except for one report from Estonia (average age in men 34, women 43 years old). […] Mortality studies based on death certificates require that sarcoidosis be listed as a cause of death to be included in the study, which likely includes more severe cases of sarcoidosis. […] Overall, these data underscore the burden of sarcoidosis in terms of premature mortality and comorbidity. […] The possible relationship between cancer and sarcoidosis has been investigated for decades with numerous reports of patients diagnosed with malignancies proximal to (immediately before or after) the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, yielding inconsistent results.

• #28 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence is 20 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and 1.3 cases per 100,000 population in Japan. Sarcoidosis occurs in China, Africa, India, and other developing countries. Although its incidence may be low, the disease remains hidden and often is misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. […] Male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:2. Morbidity, mortality, and extrapulmonary involvement are higher in affected females. […] Incidence peaks in persons aged 25-35 years. A second peak occurs for women aged 45-65 years.

• #29 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Geographical location has been shown to be an important factor related to sarcoidosis occurrence and recent studies confirm variation by region. […] The age at diagnosis in men was 45 compared with 54 in women. […] The overall average age of onset in most studies was between 47 and 51 years old, except for one report from Estonia (average age in men 34, women 43 years old). […] Mortality studies based on death certificates require that sarcoidosis be listed as a cause of death to be included in the study, which likely includes more severe cases of sarcoidosis. […] Overall, these data underscore the burden of sarcoidosis in terms of premature mortality and comorbidity. […] The possible relationship between cancer and sarcoidosis has been investigated for decades with numerous reports of patients diagnosed with malignancies proximal to (immediately before or after) the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, yielding inconsistent results.

• #30 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Data from ACCESS, NHSII and BWHS have provided excellent information on risk factors for sarcoidosis. […] Newer and until recently untapped resources are population and administrative databases which can be used to conduct cohort and case-control studies. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis has consistently been observed to be highest in Nordic countries and African Americans. […] A recent study from Sweden using nationwide population-based registers estimated an incidence of 11.5 per 100,000 per year and a prevalence of 0.16%. […] The majority of the study population was white, but the 4% who were black had a higher incidence (43/100,000 per year) and prevalence (0.52%) compared with white women. […] In a study using the Optum health insurance medical claims database in the USA, the incidence rate ranged from 7.6 to 8.8 per 100,000 per year.

• #31 National retrospective registry survey on the epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Finland 2002−2022 | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/11/1/e002461

  The prevalence of sarcoidosis is known to be high in the Nordic countries. […] Our aim was to investigate the epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Finland through a retrospective registry-based study. […] The incidence of sarcoidosis was 1719/100 000/year throughout the follow-up period. The prevalence of sarcoidosis in the 18-year-old population had risen from 85/100 000 in 2002 to 106/100 000 in 2022. […] There were considerable differences between university hospital districts: The highest prevalence rate was 170/100 000 in the Tampere University Hospital district in 2022, which was twice as high as in the Helsinki University Hospital district (84/100 000). […] The incidence of sarcoidosis was 15/100 000 and the prevalence was 82/100 000 in the age groups of 60 years in 2002. In 2022, the incidence in this same age group had risen to 20/100 000 and the prevalence to 109/100 000.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02096331

  From a total group of 782 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, detected in the German Forces (Deutsche Bundeswehr) from 19651969 (incidence 28 per 100,000), the 205 youngest cases of about 20 years of age were compared with 1519 unaffected control soldiers of the same age. […] The regional distribution did not reveal differences between the North and the South of West Germany. Comparatively low rates of industrialized regions (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Saarland) and big cities (Hamburg, Bremen) can only partly explain the observed regional differences. The highest rate was found for Bayern (49.8 per 100,000), the lowest for Saarland (11.2 per 100,000). […] Communities of more than 50,000 inhabitants show about half the incidence of small communities, suggesting a rural factor in the etiology. Low rates in communities of less than 500 inhabitants and peak rates in communities of 10,000 20,000 inhabitants in the birthplace and life-time residence studies point to a hypothetical urban triggering influence in the development of the disease.

• #33 Diagnosis and Management of Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0515/p840.html

  Although sarcoidosis may affect anyone, it is most common in certain age groups, races, geographic regions, and families. More than 80% of cases occur in adults between 20 and 50 years of age. There is a second peak incidence between 50 and 65 years of age, especially among women in Scandinavia and Japan. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis in the United States is greater in blacks (2.4%) than whites (0.85%). Sarcoidosis is also more common in Swedes, Danes, and African-Caribbeans. Approximately 4% to 10% of patients have a first-degree relative with sarcoidosis. […] The paucity of randomized controlled trials has led to limited evidence-based data for clinicians caring for patients with sarcoidosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #34 Sarcoidosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/sarcoidosis/

  Sarcoidosis is an immune-mediated granulomatous disease which may manifest with inflammation in various organs, including the lungs (90%), eye (~20%), skin (~15%), and nervous system (~10%). (34607912) […] The average age at diagnosis is ~35-50 years old. (31485575) […] A first-degree relative with sarcoidosis increases the risk of disease. (Murray 2022) […] Rates of sarcoidosis in the United States varies with race: (31485575) African American: 17-35 per 100,000. White: 5-12 per 100,000. Asian or Hispanic American: 1-3 per 100,000. […] The effect of sex on disease incidence may vary between countries. […] Rates of sarcoidosis vary dramatically between various countries (figure below). […] 90% of sarcoidosis patients have some intrathoracic involvement. […] The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension may be ~10%. (Fishman 2023)

• #35 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence ranges from 5-40 cases per 100,000 population. The age-adjusted incidence for whites is 11 cases per 100,000 population. The incidence is considerably higher for African Americans, at 34 cases per 100,000 population. The prevalence is 10 times greater for African Americans than for whites. Approximately 20% of patients who are African American reported an affected family member, while only 5% of whites in the United States who have sarcoidosis state they have family members also diagnosed with sarcoidosis. African Americans seem to experience more severe and chronic disease. […] In African Americans, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease. […] Working on the World Trade Center (WTC) debris pile after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks was associated with sarcoidosis (odds ratio, 9.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-74.0), but WTC dust cloud exposure was not (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.8).

• #36 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence ranges from 5-40 cases per 100,000 population. The age-adjusted incidence for whites is 11 cases per 100,000 population. The incidence is considerably higher for African Americans, at 34 cases per 100,000 population. The prevalence is 10 times greater for African Americans than for whites. Approximately 20% of patients who are African American reported an affected family member, while only 5% of whites in the United States who have sarcoidosis state they have family members also diagnosed with sarcoidosis. African Americans seem to experience more severe and chronic disease. […] In African Americans, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease. […] Working on the World Trade Center (WTC) debris pile after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks was associated with sarcoidosis (odds ratio, 9.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-74.0), but WTC dust cloud exposure was not (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.8).

• #37 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  The aim of this review is to describe the latest studies on sarcoidosis incidence, prevalence and risk factors with a special focus on reports in the last two years. […] The prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis vary greatly depending on region of the world. […] Age, sex and race are the most important sources of variation in incidence and prevalence. […] Recent epidemiological studies provide new insights on the role of genetic and non-genetic risk factors for sarcoidosis. […] The prevalence of sarcoidosis varies greatly depending on region of the world, from 1-5 per 100,000 in South Korea, Taiwan and Japan to 140-160 per 100,000 in Sweden and Canada. […] It is often stated that the incidence is highest in Scandinavian countries, but it should be noted that there have been no contemporary estimates from any Scandinavian countries other than Sweden in the last 20 years.

• #38 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The estimated lifetime risk of sarcoidosis among Black Americans is 2.4 percent, compared with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.85 percent among White Americans. […] Black Americans also tend to develop symptoms earlier, more acutely, and more severely than White Americans, who frequently present with asymptomatic and indolent disease. […] Sarcoidosis typically presents in patients 20 to 60 years of age. […] Although the disease was initially described in young adults, in modern practice, more than half of cases are diagnosed in patients older than age 40 years. […] Female patients are more frequently older at the time of diagnosis. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity.

• #39 Sarcoidosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young adults of both sexes, although studies have reported more cases in females. Incidence is highest for individuals younger than 40 and peaks in the age-group from 20 to 29 years; a second peak is observed for women over 50. […] Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in all races with an average incidence of 16.5 per 100,000 in men and 19 per 100,000 in women. The disease is most common in Northern European countries and the highest annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 is found in Sweden and Iceland. In the United States, sarcoidosis is more common in people of African descent than Caucasians, with annual incidence reported as 35.5 and 10.9 per 100,000, respectively. […] There may also be differences in the severity of the disease between people of different ethnicities. Several studies suggest the presentation in people of African origin may be more severe and disseminated than for Caucasians, who are more likely to have asymptomatic disease. […] It is more common in certain occupations, namely firefighters, educators, military personnel, those who work in industries where pesticides are used, law enforcement, and healthcare personnel.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02096331

  Farmers show rates twice as high, and cabinetmakers three times as high as the average rate. Farmers seem to be exposed more to a sarcoidosis agent, whereas in the case of cabinetmakers a facilitating action of wood dust most probably has to be considered. […] Morbidity rates in the various-sized communities and different professions of another group of patients (92 females and 102 males) of the sanatorium Tnsheide, Schleswig-Holstein, diagnosed from 1955 1970, confirmed the results obtained by the Bundeswehr study.

• #41 Sarcoidosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview

  Incidence ranges from 5-40 cases per 100,000 population. The age-adjusted incidence for whites is 11 cases per 100,000 population. The incidence is considerably higher for African Americans, at 34 cases per 100,000 population. The prevalence is 10 times greater for African Americans than for whites. Approximately 20% of patients who are African American reported an affected family member, while only 5% of whites in the United States who have sarcoidosis state they have family members also diagnosed with sarcoidosis. African Americans seem to experience more severe and chronic disease. […] In African Americans, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease. […] Working on the World Trade Center (WTC) debris pile after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks was associated with sarcoidosis (odds ratio, 9.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-74.0), but WTC dust cloud exposure was not (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.8).

• #42 Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis in U.S. Veterans from 2003 to 2019 | Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education

  https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/epidemiology-sarcoidosis-us-veterans-2003-2019

  Sarcoidosis is a rare inflammatory disease that often affects the lungs and many other organ systems. Large epidemiological studies on sarcoidosis are scarce, but a few small studies in the past found a higher prevalence of sarcoidosis among nonsmokers. In this large epidemiologic study of the nationwide United States Veterans Affairs electronic medical records, Mohamed Seedahmed and colleagues identified 23,747 veterans with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis among over 13 million veterans who received care through or paid for by the Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. They found that a history of tobacco use was associated with a 58% higher likelihood of incident sarcoidosis. […] Moreover, in addition to traditionally known risk factors for sarcoidosis, such as Black race and female sex, the study found a higher risk of the disease among veterans serving in the Army, Air Force, or multiple service branches in a single career. This is one of the largest national epidemiological studies of sarcoidosis to date. Future research should address how and why tobacco smoking and environmental exposures might contribute to this rare disease that is more common in priority populations.

• #43 Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis in U.S. Veterans from 2003 to 2019 | Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education

  https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/epidemiology-sarcoidosis-us-veterans-2003-2019

  Sarcoidosis is a rare inflammatory disease that often affects the lungs and many other organ systems. Large epidemiological studies on sarcoidosis are scarce, but a few small studies in the past found a higher prevalence of sarcoidosis among nonsmokers. In this large epidemiologic study of the nationwide United States Veterans Affairs electronic medical records, Mohamed Seedahmed and colleagues identified 23,747 veterans with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis among over 13 million veterans who received care through or paid for by the Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. They found that a history of tobacco use was associated with a 58% higher likelihood of incident sarcoidosis. […] Moreover, in addition to traditionally known risk factors for sarcoidosis, such as Black race and female sex, the study found a higher risk of the disease among veterans serving in the Army, Air Force, or multiple service branches in a single career. This is one of the largest national epidemiological studies of sarcoidosis to date. Future research should address how and why tobacco smoking and environmental exposures might contribute to this rare disease that is more common in priority populations.

• #44 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  The lung is the most commonly involved organ system, occurring in more than 90% of patients with sarcoidosis, followed by extra-thoracic sites such as lymph nodes, skin, heart, spleen, liver, and other organs and tissues. […] Studies estimate 5% of patients with sarcoidosis have clinically manifest CS and up to a third have clinically silent disease as detected in imaging and autopsy studies. […] Prevalence of CS has increased over the years as evidenced by studies in Finland showing a greater than 20-fold increase in detection between 1988 and 2012. […] Similarly, the US rate of transplantation for CS increased from 0.1% to 0.5% between 2011 and 2014. […] The diagnostic accuracy of PET imaging can be limited by lack of suppression of uptake in normal tissue or false positives due to other inflammatory conditions, ischemia, or hibernating myocardium, leading to confounding results.

• #45 Sarcoidosis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sarcoidosis/sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis most commonly affects people aged 20 to 40 years but occasionally affects children and older adults. Sarcoidosis has worldwide distribution, but prevalence is greatest in Black American people and ethnic northern European people, especially Scandinavian people. Disease presentation varies widely by racial and ethnic background, with Black American patients having more severe and frequent extrathoracic manifestations. Sarcoidosis is slightly more prevalent in women. […] Pulmonary disease occurs in 90% of adults with sarcoidosis. […] The presence of chest imaging abnormalities without significant symptoms or evidence of decline in organ function is not an indication for treatment with corticosteroids.

• #46 Sarcoidosis (thoracic manifestations) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sarcoidosis-thoracic-manifestations-2?lang=us

  Pulmonary manifestations are present in ~ 90% of patients. Patients between 20 and 40 years of age are most commonly affected, although lung involvement can be seen at any age. There is a slight female predominance, particularly among African-Americans. It is rare in Asians. […] Pulmonary involvement is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in patients with sarcoidosis. The overall mortality rate is approximately 5%, with patients who present insidiously faring worse than those who present with an acute onset. Likelihood of resolution depends on the stage of disease at presentation.

• #47 Sarcoidosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0715/p312.html

  Sarcoidosis affects men and women of all races and ages. The condition usually presents in adults younger than 40 years, most frequently between 20 and 29 years of age. It is slightly more predominant in women than in men, with an incidence of 6.3 and 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The lifetime risk of sarcoidosis for U.S. whites is estimated at 0.85 percent compared with 2.4 percent in U.S. blacks. Sarcoidosis is most prevalent in Swedes, Danes, and U.S. blacks. Mortality from sarcoidosis, usually caused by respiratory failure, approaches 1 to 5 percent.1,2 Because most patients with sarcoidosis do not die of the disease, the medical challenge is to help them live well with their symptoms. […] This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current evidence on the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

• #48 Sarcoidosis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/sarcoidosis.html

  Once considered a rare disease, sarcoidosis is now known to be a common chronic illness that appears all over the world. […] The best estimate today is that about five in 100,000 white people in the United States have sarcoidosis. Among African Americans, it occurs in probably 40 out of 100,000 people. […] In Illinois, deaths attributed to sarcoidosis steadily increased between 1969 and 1994. It is unclear whether the number and rate are up due to increased occurrence of the disease, increased recognition and reporting, or both. The year with the most recorded sarcoidosis deaths–36–was 1992. The three-year mortality rate was 0.8 deaths per million population for 1969-71, 1.2 for 1974-76, 1.6 for 1979-81, 2.0 for 1984-86, 2.6 for 1989-91 and 2.8 for 1992-94.

• #49 Sarcoidosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/sarcoidosis?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=US_Pharmacist_TrendMD_1

  Sarcoidosis commonly affects young and middle-aged adults. The lifetime risk for sarcoidosis in the United States is 0.85% for Caucasians and 2.4% for African Americans. The estimated prevalence is in the range of 1 to 40 cases per 100,000, with an age-adjusted annual incidence rate in the U.S. of 35.5 per 100,000 for African Americans and 10.9 per 100,000 for whites. […] The four goals of a diagnostic workup for sarcoidosis patients are to 1) provide histologic confirmation of the disease; 2) assess the extent and severity of organ involvement; 3) assess whether the disease is stable or likely to progress; and 4) determine if therapy will be beneficial for the patient. […] While spontaneous remissions occur in nearly two thirds of patients, the course is chronic or progressive in 10% to 30%. […] Fatalities have been reported in 1% to 5% of patients, usually due to respiratory failure, central nervous system involvement, or myocardial involvement. […] The use of cytotoxic agents, hydroxychloroquine, and medications affecting TNF-alpha have been studied, but the results are mixed.

• #50 Sarcoidosis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/sarcoidosis/

  Some predictors of pulmonary hypertension: Advanced fibrocystic sarcoidosis (where the prevalence may approach 50%), severe physiological restriction. […] Organ involvement usually defines itself early in the disease (within the first 2-3 years following diagnosis). An exception is cardiac sarcoidosis, which may manifest years after the initial diagnosis (even among patients who initially didn’t require therapy). (Fishman 2023, Culver 2022) […] Patients who undergo remission usually do so within 2-3 years. This defines different patterns of disease progression: (Fishman 2023) […] Relapse may occur in roughly a third of patients. […] About half of relapses occur within six months, and nearly all relapses occur within 36 months. Thus, if disease is inactive for 3 years then it may be labeled as being in remission (with subsequent relapse being unlikely). (Culver 2022) […] Most relapses involve the same organs that were originally involved. (Culver 2022)

• #51 Sarcoidosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young adults of both sexes, although studies have reported more cases in females. Incidence is highest for individuals younger than 40 and peaks in the age-group from 20 to 29 years; a second peak is observed for women over 50. […] Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in all races with an average incidence of 16.5 per 100,000 in men and 19 per 100,000 in women. The disease is most common in Northern European countries and the highest annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 is found in Sweden and Iceland. In the United States, sarcoidosis is more common in people of African descent than Caucasians, with annual incidence reported as 35.5 and 10.9 per 100,000, respectively. […] There may also be differences in the severity of the disease between people of different ethnicities. Several studies suggest the presentation in people of African origin may be more severe and disseminated than for Caucasians, who are more likely to have asymptomatic disease. […] It is more common in certain occupations, namely firefighters, educators, military personnel, those who work in industries where pesticides are used, law enforcement, and healthcare personnel.

• #52 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sarcoidosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-sarcoidosis

  The estimated lifetime risk of sarcoidosis among Black Americans is 2.4 percent, compared with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.85 percent among White Americans. […] Black Americans also tend to develop symptoms earlier, more acutely, and more severely than White Americans, who frequently present with asymptomatic and indolent disease. […] Sarcoidosis typically presents in patients 20 to 60 years of age. […] Although the disease was initially described in young adults, in modern practice, more than half of cases are diagnosed in patients older than age 40 years. […] Female patients are more frequently older at the time of diagnosis. […] Individual immunogenetic background also likely plays a role in the clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis and may account for illness heterogeneity.

• #53 Information for Providers — Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/aaws-provider-information/

  African American women have more severe and chronic forms of sarcoidosis, worse disease-related morbidity, and a higher mortality rate . . . and its NOT all genetics. There are systemic factors within our healthcare system that contribute to worse outcomes and care that we must acknowledge and address. […] A recent qualitative study published in 2021, explains how poor patient-provider communication, provider knowledge gaps and mistrust in providers and the healthcare system all serve as barriers to quality care for black women. […] Despite having the highest prevalence of sarcoidosis and higher hospitalization and mortality rates compared to their Caucasian male and female and African American male counterparts, African American women are exceedingly underrepresented in clinical trials/research. […] It is only through science and research, that we can gain a better understanding of the impact of sarcoidosis in the African American community, a community living with the highest prevalence of this chronic disease.

• #54 Clinical Characteristics of Sarcoidosis in an Asian Population

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/clinical-characteristics-of-sarcoidosis-in-an-asian-population

  Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology believed to be a result of a complex interaction between host factors and environmental triggers. We know that ethnicity influences the epidemiology and clinical phenotype of sarcoidosis. For instance, the annual incidence of sarcoidosis is as high as 70 per 100,000 population among Blacks Americans, but is as low as 1-2 per 100,000 population among Asians and Hispanics. […] However, data on clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis in Asians are still relatively limited. […] The high prevalence of uveitis and marked female predominance are the most prominent findings in this study. Prevalence of uveitis was almost 40%, which is far higher than previous reports of 10%-15% in Europe and North America. […] This cohort had a female-to-male ratio of about 4:1, which is much higher than the slight female predominance in cohorts of white and Black patients, for which the ratio is less than 2:1.

• #55 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a widely underdiagnosed yet clinically significant form of granulomatous myocarditis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] The prevalence of CS has been increasing over the past two decades, likely due to utilization of advanced cardiac imaging. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis varies widely across the globe and has been reported to be higher in populations of northern European and African American descents. […] A US national healthcare database analysis between 2010 and 2013 revealed a three-times higher prevalence among Black Americans (141.4 per 100,000) compared with Whites (49.8 per 100,000), and a lower prevalence in Hispanics and Asians (21.7 vs 18.9 per 100,000, respectively). […] The highest prevalence was noted among Black American women (178.5 per 100,000).

• #56 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  The lung is the most commonly involved organ system, occurring in more than 90% of patients with sarcoidosis, followed by extra-thoracic sites such as lymph nodes, skin, heart, spleen, liver, and other organs and tissues. […] Studies estimate 5% of patients with sarcoidosis have clinically manifest CS and up to a third have clinically silent disease as detected in imaging and autopsy studies. […] Prevalence of CS has increased over the years as evidenced by studies in Finland showing a greater than 20-fold increase in detection between 1988 and 2012. […] Similarly, the US rate of transplantation for CS increased from 0.1% to 0.5% between 2011 and 2014. […] The diagnostic accuracy of PET imaging can be limited by lack of suppression of uptake in normal tissue or false positives due to other inflammatory conditions, ischemia, or hibernating myocardium, leading to confounding results.

• #57 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  The lung is the most commonly involved organ system, occurring in more than 90% of patients with sarcoidosis, followed by extra-thoracic sites such as lymph nodes, skin, heart, spleen, liver, and other organs and tissues. […] Studies estimate 5% of patients with sarcoidosis have clinically manifest CS and up to a third have clinically silent disease as detected in imaging and autopsy studies. […] Prevalence of CS has increased over the years as evidenced by studies in Finland showing a greater than 20-fold increase in detection between 1988 and 2012. […] Similarly, the US rate of transplantation for CS increased from 0.1% to 0.5% between 2011 and 2014. […] The diagnostic accuracy of PET imaging can be limited by lack of suppression of uptake in normal tissue or false positives due to other inflammatory conditions, ischemia, or hibernating myocardium, leading to confounding results.

• #58 Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and Outcome Over 25 Years in a Nationwide Study

  https://www.escardio.org/Working-groups/Working-Group-on-Myocardial-and-Pericardial-Diseases/Publications/Paper-of-the-Month/cardiac-sarcoidosis-epidemiology-characteristics-and-outcome-over-25-years-in

  This study was designed to assess the epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) in Finland. […] The authors collected data on all cases of histologically confirmed CS in Finland over the last 25 years focusing on the epidemiology, characteristics, and long-term outcome of CS. […] The 2012 prevalence of clinically manifest CS in Finland was 22 patients per 1 million adult population. According to the latest data, 5.3 new cases of CS per 1 million adults are diagnosed and need treatment each year. […] The true prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis may still be underestimated because the diagnostic modalities (biopsy, FDG-PET and CMR with gadolinium) are not routinely used for cardiac evaluation, in particular in mildly symptomatic patients. […] The authors summarize that the majority of clinically isolated CS is characterized by female preponderance, a more severe LV involvement, less frequent elevation of laboratory markers.

• #59 Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and Outcome Over 25 Years in a Nationwide Study

  https://www.escardio.org/Working-groups/Working-Group-on-Myocardial-and-Pericardial-Diseases/Publications/Paper-of-the-Month/cardiac-sarcoidosis-epidemiology-characteristics-and-outcome-over-25-years-in

  This study was designed to assess the epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) in Finland. […] The authors collected data on all cases of histologically confirmed CS in Finland over the last 25 years focusing on the epidemiology, characteristics, and long-term outcome of CS. […] The 2012 prevalence of clinically manifest CS in Finland was 22 patients per 1 million adult population. According to the latest data, 5.3 new cases of CS per 1 million adults are diagnosed and need treatment each year. […] The true prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis may still be underestimated because the diagnostic modalities (biopsy, FDG-PET and CMR with gadolinium) are not routinely used for cardiac evaluation, in particular in mildly symptomatic patients. […] The authors summarize that the majority of clinically isolated CS is characterized by female preponderance, a more severe LV involvement, less frequent elevation of laboratory markers.

• #60 Cardiac Sarcoidosis Resources — Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/cardiac-sarcoidosis-resources/

  Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is diagnosed in between 2-5% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis (sarcoidosis in other parts of their body.) However, some reports are showing that the incidence of cardiac sarcoidosis postmortem in the US may be as high as 20-30% in sarcoidosis patients, indicating that there is much room for improvement in diagnostic methods and risk awareness. […] Studies have found that cardiac sarcoidosis is far more common in Japan than in Western countries; more than 50% of sarcoidosis patients in Japan have cardiac involvement. […] Researchers are working to improve diagnostic tools for cardiac sarcoidosis, and FSRs CSN will soon play an integral part in that progress. Our Clinical Studies Network for the 2018-2020 grant period includes 12 sites, two international and ten US-based. One of the core studies that will be conducted at all sites starting early next year focuses on cardiac sarcoidosis. This prospective observational registry will combine ideas from Dr. Daniel Culver of the Cleveland Clinic and Dr. Muhunthan Thillai of Royal Papworth Hospital in the UK to study the usefulness of standard cardiac sarcoidosis screening and assessment. Large amounts of patient data will be collected, allowing our CSN investigators to analyze the effectiveness of various screening strategies and tests currently used to detect cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis patients.

• #61 Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-epidemiology-sarcoidosis-articulo-S1579212907600305

  Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis […] Its incidence and prevalence have been extensively studied, but with contradictory results because of the lack of standard diagnostic criteria, variations in the methods for detecting cases, and the low sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests. […] Case-control studies, as well as advances in molecular biology, will help to identify genetic susceptibility factors and to understand the different phenotypes of sarcoidosis. […] The epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Rochester, Minnesota: a population-based study of incidence and survival. […] Epidemiology, demographics and genetics of sarcoidosis. […] Epidemiology of sarcoidosis and its genetic and environmental risk factors. […] Geographic variation in sarcoidosis in South Carolina: its relation to socioeconomic status and health care indicators. […] Epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis in the UK. […] Epidemiology of sarcoidosis.

• #62 Sarcoidosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sarcoidosis-1?lang=us

  Sarcoidosis occurs all over the world in all ages and races. Attempts to describe accurate epidemiology are complicated by the use of inconsistent diagnostic criteria and variable (often asymptomatic) disease manifestations. […] Still, certain epidemiological patterns are reported in the literature: age of onset most commonly presents between 2nd through 4th decades of life, although diagnosis in children and elderly also recognized; gender inconsistent data; there may be a small female predominance among African-Americans; race the highest incidence in African-Americans (36 to 50 per 100,000) and northern European Caucasians; incidence among Caucasians has been estimated at 11 to 20 per 100,000; the reported incidence is lower in Asian populations; heritability familial clustering of sarcoidosis has been reported, suggesting either a genetic or environmental component of the disease; the two largest studies suggest a familial relative risk increase ~4x given a single affected first-degree relative.

• #63 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  Using Sweden’s nationwide register data, the incidence of sarcoidosis was 11.5 per 100,000, which is slightly higher than estimates from the U.S. (about 8-11 per 100,000) and Canada (6.8 per 100,000 per year). […] Comparisons across countries can be useful to generate hypotheses but should be made with caution. […] A limitation of many administrative database studies is the lack of information on sarcoidosis phenotype, which is an important factor related to the incidence and prevalence. […] Race is an important factor when considering the rate of sarcoidosis, since the diversity of the population sample may lead to different incidence and prevalence estimates. […] The highest incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in the U.S. is consistently observed in non-Hispanic Blacks, with Black American women having the highest rates. […] Recent findings from incidence, prevalence and risk factor studies have provided new insights into the distribution of sarcoidosis across populations.

• #64 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  The exact causes of sarcoidosis remain unknown, but a few factors have emerged which provide clues regarding disease etiology. […] Future studies should be conducted in diverse populations. […] The inability to stratify according to sarcoidosis phenotypes in these data is a limitation that should be addressed. […] It is an exciting time for sarcoidosis epidemiological research with the recent emergence of new large population datasets.

• #65 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Geographical location has been shown to be an important factor related to sarcoidosis occurrence and recent studies confirm variation by region. […] The age at diagnosis in men was 45 compared with 54 in women. […] The overall average age of onset in most studies was between 47 and 51 years old, except for one report from Estonia (average age in men 34, women 43 years old). […] Mortality studies based on death certificates require that sarcoidosis be listed as a cause of death to be included in the study, which likely includes more severe cases of sarcoidosis. […] Overall, these data underscore the burden of sarcoidosis in terms of premature mortality and comorbidity. […] The possible relationship between cancer and sarcoidosis has been investigated for decades with numerous reports of patients diagnosed with malignancies proximal to (immediately before or after) the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, yielding inconsistent results.

• #66

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pulmonarymedicine/fulltext/2024/09000/big_data_in_sarcoidosis.20.aspx

  Sarcoidosis exhibits heterogeneous clinical manifestations influenced by various factors. […] The incidence and prevalence of the disease vary across populations. These epidemiological metrics are further modified by geography, age, sex, race, and ethnicity. […] As awareness grows in the sarcoidosis field, more extensive epidemiological studies using national registries, electronic health records, insurance databases, and longitudinal cohorts through collaborative networks are being established to reveal further insights into the heterogeneity of sarcoidosis and its risk factors and improve overall understanding of the disease’s global burden. […] Utilizing large-scale epidemiological databases encompassing diverse ancestries holds significant promise in unraveling various aspects of sarcoidosis epidemiology. These resources offer a unique opportunity to tackle clinical heterogeneity by examining the interplay of environmental factors and socioeconomic determinants.

• #67

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pulmonarymedicine/fulltext/2024/09000/big_data_in_sarcoidosis.20.aspx

  Sarcoidosis exhibits heterogeneous clinical manifestations influenced by various factors. […] The incidence and prevalence of the disease vary across populations. These epidemiological metrics are further modified by geography, age, sex, race, and ethnicity. […] As awareness grows in the sarcoidosis field, more extensive epidemiological studies using national registries, electronic health records, insurance databases, and longitudinal cohorts through collaborative networks are being established to reveal further insights into the heterogeneity of sarcoidosis and its risk factors and improve overall understanding of the disease’s global burden. […] Utilizing large-scale epidemiological databases encompassing diverse ancestries holds significant promise in unraveling various aspects of sarcoidosis epidemiology. These resources offer a unique opportunity to tackle clinical heterogeneity by examining the interplay of environmental factors and socioeconomic determinants.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pulmonarymedicine/fulltext/2024/09000/big_data_in_sarcoidosis.20.aspx

  The current state of GWAS in sarcoidosis, utilizing biobank data, falls short of optimization. […] Biobank resources are invaluable for epidemiological investigations and drive advancements in personalized medicine through genomic research on many common diseases. […] However, in the case of sarcoidosis, meticulous planning and precise phenotype characterization are imperative for molecular studies.

• #69 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Data from ACCESS, NHSII and BWHS have provided excellent information on risk factors for sarcoidosis. […] Newer and until recently untapped resources are population and administrative databases which can be used to conduct cohort and case-control studies. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis has consistently been observed to be highest in Nordic countries and African Americans. […] A recent study from Sweden using nationwide population-based registers estimated an incidence of 11.5 per 100,000 per year and a prevalence of 0.16%. […] The majority of the study population was white, but the 4% who were black had a higher incidence (43/100,000 per year) and prevalence (0.52%) compared with white women. […] In a study using the Optum health insurance medical claims database in the USA, the incidence rate ranged from 7.6 to 8.8 per 100,000 per year.

• #70 Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1057

  Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a widely underdiagnosed yet clinically significant form of granulomatous myocarditis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] The prevalence of CS has been increasing over the past two decades, likely due to utilization of advanced cardiac imaging. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis varies widely across the globe and has been reported to be higher in populations of northern European and African American descents. […] A US national healthcare database analysis between 2010 and 2013 revealed a three-times higher prevalence among Black Americans (141.4 per 100,000) compared with Whites (49.8 per 100,000), and a lower prevalence in Hispanics and Asians (21.7 vs 18.9 per 100,000, respectively). […] The highest prevalence was noted among Black American women (178.5 per 100,000).

• #71 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Geographical location has been shown to be an important factor related to sarcoidosis occurrence and recent studies confirm variation by region. […] The age at diagnosis in men was 45 compared with 54 in women. […] The overall average age of onset in most studies was between 47 and 51 years old, except for one report from Estonia (average age in men 34, women 43 years old). […] Mortality studies based on death certificates require that sarcoidosis be listed as a cause of death to be included in the study, which likely includes more severe cases of sarcoidosis. […] Overall, these data underscore the burden of sarcoidosis in terms of premature mortality and comorbidity. […] The possible relationship between cancer and sarcoidosis has been investigated for decades with numerous reports of patients diagnosed with malignancies proximal to (immediately before or after) the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, yielding inconsistent results.

• #72 Sarcoidosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

  Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young adults of both sexes, although studies have reported more cases in females. Incidence is highest for individuals younger than 40 and peaks in the age-group from 20 to 29 years; a second peak is observed for women over 50. […] Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in all races with an average incidence of 16.5 per 100,000 in men and 19 per 100,000 in women. The disease is most common in Northern European countries and the highest annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 is found in Sweden and Iceland. In the United States, sarcoidosis is more common in people of African descent than Caucasians, with annual incidence reported as 35.5 and 10.9 per 100,000, respectively. […] There may also be differences in the severity of the disease between people of different ethnicities. Several studies suggest the presentation in people of African origin may be more severe and disseminated than for Caucasians, who are more likely to have asymptomatic disease. […] It is more common in certain occupations, namely firefighters, educators, military personnel, those who work in industries where pesticides are used, law enforcement, and healthcare personnel.

• #73 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  The exact causes of sarcoidosis remain unknown, but a few factors have emerged which provide clues regarding disease etiology. […] Future studies should be conducted in diverse populations. […] The inability to stratify according to sarcoidosis phenotypes in these data is a limitation that should be addressed. […] It is an exciting time for sarcoidosis epidemiological research with the recent emergence of new large population datasets.

• #74 National retrospective registry survey on the epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Finland 2002−2022 | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/11/1/e002461

  Sarcoidosis was a more common disease in Finland than in previous studies. […] Multiorgan sarcoidosis among the elderly has increased over the past 20 years. […] Significant regional differences in prevalence might be partly explained by familial clustering. […] The incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in the age group 60 years or more had increased, and D86.8 (sarcoidosis of other and combined sites) was the most common diagnosis code used in this age group in Finland in 2022. […] Multiorgan sarcoidosis in the elderly is a disease that future research should focus on, as this group comprises a significant proportion of patients with sarcoidosis.

• #75 Information for Providers — Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research

  https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/aaws-provider-information/

  African American women have more severe and chronic forms of sarcoidosis, worse disease-related morbidity, and a higher mortality rate . . . and its NOT all genetics. There are systemic factors within our healthcare system that contribute to worse outcomes and care that we must acknowledge and address. […] A recent qualitative study published in 2021, explains how poor patient-provider communication, provider knowledge gaps and mistrust in providers and the healthcare system all serve as barriers to quality care for black women. […] Despite having the highest prevalence of sarcoidosis and higher hospitalization and mortality rates compared to their Caucasian male and female and African American male counterparts, African American women are exceedingly underrepresented in clinical trials/research. […] It is only through science and research, that we can gain a better understanding of the impact of sarcoidosis in the African American community, a community living with the highest prevalence of this chronic disease.

• #76 Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7755458/

  Using Sweden’s nationwide register data, the incidence of sarcoidosis was 11.5 per 100,000, which is slightly higher than estimates from the U.S. (about 8-11 per 100,000) and Canada (6.8 per 100,000 per year). […] Comparisons across countries can be useful to generate hypotheses but should be made with caution. […] A limitation of many administrative database studies is the lack of information on sarcoidosis phenotype, which is an important factor related to the incidence and prevalence. […] Race is an important factor when considering the rate of sarcoidosis, since the diversity of the population sample may lead to different incidence and prevalence estimates. […] The highest incidence and prevalence of sarcoidosis in the U.S. is consistently observed in non-Hispanic Blacks, with Black American women having the highest rates. […] Recent findings from incidence, prevalence and risk factor studies have provided new insights into the distribution of sarcoidosis across populations.

• #77 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Epidemiological studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge about sarcoidosis, providing critical information on the determinants and distribution of the disease. […] Epidemiological studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge about sarcoidosis through describing its distribution, examining long-term outcomes and identifying risk factors for the disease. […] Recently, the use of large datasets have helped us to better understand patterns in sarcoidosis occurrence. […] It is necessary to strategically build upon population-based data in order to enable in-depth, etiologic studies if we wish to move forward from gathering information to preventing disease. […] Epidemiological studies can be used to describe the distribution of sarcoidosis in a population and investigate risk factors for the disease.

• #78 Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196636/

  The exact causes of sarcoidosis remain unknown, but a few factors have emerged which provide clues regarding disease etiology. […] Future studies should be conducted in diverse populations. […] The inability to stratify according to sarcoidosis phenotypes in these data is a limitation that should be addressed. […] It is an exciting time for sarcoidosis epidemiological research with the recent emergence of new large population datasets.

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