Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bile Duct Cancer Treatment | Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating.html

  If youve been diagnosed with bile duct cancer, your treatment team will discuss your options with you. Its important to weigh the benefits of each treatment option against the possible risks and side effects. […] The main types of treatment for bile duct cancer include: Surgery for Bile Duct Cancer, Radiation Therapy for Bile Duct Cancer, Chemotherapy for Bile Duct Cancer, Targeted Drug Therapy for Bile Duct Cancer, Immunotherapy for Bile Duct Cancer, Palliative Therapy for Bile Duct Cancer. […] Your treatment options will depend on several factors: The location and extent of the cancer, Whether the cancer is resectable (removable by surgery), The likely side effects of treatment, Your overall health and personal preferences, The chances of curing the disease, extending life, or relieving symptoms.

• #2 Treatment for bile duct cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/

  Bile duct cancer is often treatable. But it can be difficult to treat. […] The treatment you have will depend on: the size and type of bile duct cancer you have, where it is, if it has spread, your general health. It may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted medicines and immunotherapy. […] Your treatment will depend on if the cancer can be removed or not. […] If bile duct cancer is found early and it has not spread, you should be able to have surgery to remove it. […] If the cancer has spread too far and cannot be removed, you may have surgery to help control some symptoms of bile duct cancer. […] The aim of these operations is to help improve your symptoms and help you live longer, not to cure the cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. […] You may have chemotherapy for bile duct cancer: after surgery to get rid of any remaining cancer and help stop the cancer coming back, to help make the cancer smaller, and control and improve the symptoms if you are not able to have surgery, with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) or with targeted medicines or immunotherapy.

• #3 Bile Duct Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/bile-duct-cancer/treatment

  This page describes the different types of treatment for bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Which of these treatments a person receives will depend on whether the cancer can be completely removed with surgery (resectable) or not (unresectable). […] The following types of surgery are used to treat bile duct cancer: […] After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some people may receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. These are the main ways radiation might be given to treat bile duct cancer:

• #4 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/bile-duct-treatment-pdq

  Localized intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct cancer may be completely removed by surgery. […] Among patients treated with surgical resection, long-term prognosis varies depending on primary tumor extent, margin status, lymph node involvement, and additional pathological features. […] Extended resections of hepatic duct bifurcation tumors (Klatskin tumors, also known as hilar tumors) to include adjacent liver, either by lobectomy or removal of portions of segments 4 and 5 of the liver, may be performed. […] Most cases of intrahepatic, distal, and perihilar bile duct cancer are unresectable and cannot be completely removed. […] In locally advanced disease, phase II trials have evaluated chemoradiotherapy with the goal of improved local control and potential downstaging for surgical resection.

• #5 Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Stent Placement, Photodynamic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277393-treatment

  Complete surgical resection is the only therapy to afford a chance of cure. Unfortunately, only 10% of patients present with early-stage disease and are candidates for curative resection. […] Palliative procedures are required if internal stenting cannot be accomplished and/or external stenting is not desirable or cannot be obtained. Surgical bypass, particularly for tumors in the common bile duct, should be performed in such cases.

• #6 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is considered to be an incurable and rapidly lethal disease unless all the tumors can be fully resected (cut out surgically). […] In 2008, the Mayo Clinic reported significant success treating early bile duct cancer with liver transplantation using a protocolized approach and strict selection criteria. […] Adjuvant therapy followed by liver transplantation may have a role in treatment of certain unresectable cases. […] Locoregional therapies including transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial radioembolization (TARE) and ablation therapies have a role in intrahepatic variants of cholangiocarcinoma to provide palliation or potential cure in people who are not surgical candidates. […] If the tumor can be removed surgically, people may receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy after the operation to improve the chances of cure.

• #7 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment: Patient Version. This page describes the different types of treatment for bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Which of these treatments a person receives will depend on whether the cancer can be completely removed with surgery (resectable) or not (unresectable). […] The following types of surgery are used to treat bile duct cancer: Removal of the bile duct: This surgical procedure is done to remove part of the bile duct if the tumor is small and is in the bile duct only. Lymph nodes are removed and tissue from the lymph nodes is viewed under a microscope to see if there is cancer. Partial hepatectomy: This is a surgical procedure to remove the part of the liver where cancer is found. The part removed may be a wedge of tissue, an entire lobe, or a larger part of the liver, along with some normal tissue around it. Whipple procedure: During this surgical procedure the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, and the bile duct are removed. Enough of the pancreas is left to make digestive juices and insulin.

• #8 Treatments for resectable biliary tract cancers | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/biliary-tract/treatment/resectable

  The following are treatment options for resectable biliary tract cancers. Resectable means the tumour can be completely removed with surgery. Your healthcare team will suggest treatments based on your needs and work with you to develop a treatment plan. […] Surgery is the main treatment for resectable gallbladder or bile duct cancer. The type of surgery and amount of tissue that needs to be removed depends on several factors about the cancer including the stage and where the cancer started. […] An extended or radical cholecystectomy is typically used to treat early-stage gallbladder adenocarcinoma or perihilar cholangiocarcinoma that is found before surgery. […] A partial hepatectomy or hepatic lobectomy is typically used to treat intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. […] A Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) removes the gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, part of the pancreas, and the duodenum. It is typically used to treat distal cholangiocarcinoma.

• #9 Gallbladder & Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/gallbladder-bile-duct-cancer

  Treatment for gallbladder and bile duct cancer depends on the type and stage of the tumor, the patients overall health and the chance of curing the disease or extending the patients life. […] Surgery is the most effective treatment for gallbladder and bile duct cancers and offers patients the best chance of cure. […] Surgical procedures include: Cholecystectomy, Bile duct surgery, Partial hepatectomy, Whipple procedure, Hepatic artery infusion (HAI) pump chemotherapy, Liver transplant. […] Patients with gallbladder and bile duct cancer are not candidates for surgery if the cancer has already spread at the time of diagnosis or due to the location and severity of the cancer. […] UChicago Medicine medical oncologists find innovative ways to integrate chemotherapy with each patients multidisciplinary treatment plan.

• #10 Bile Duct Cancer | Cholangiocarcinoma | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/bile-duct-cancer

  The goal of this operation is to remove cancer found in the bile ducts before it spreads. Surgery may also be necessary to clear blocked bile ducts and treat conditions like jaundice, a common symptom of bile duct cancer that occurs when a bile duct is blocked and excess bile builds up. […] Also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy, this complex procedure may be necessary if your cancer is in the lower part of the bile ducts. It removes the affected organs, which may include the gallbladder, lower part of the bile ducts, the head of the pancreas, and the first small part of the intestine, known as the duodenum. This procedure may be performed robotically, which involves smaller incisions that result in less blood loss and scarring. A robotic Whipple procedure may also shorten your recovery time and allow you to begin chemotherapy and radiation, if necessary, sooner.

• #11 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/bile-duct-treatment-pdq

  Localized intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct cancer may be completely removed by surgery. […] Among patients treated with surgical resection, long-term prognosis varies depending on primary tumor extent, margin status, lymph node involvement, and additional pathological features. […] Extended resections of hepatic duct bifurcation tumors (Klatskin tumors, also known as hilar tumors) to include adjacent liver, either by lobectomy or removal of portions of segments 4 and 5 of the liver, may be performed. […] Most cases of intrahepatic, distal, and perihilar bile duct cancer are unresectable and cannot be completely removed. […] In locally advanced disease, phase II trials have evaluated chemoradiotherapy with the goal of improved local control and potential downstaging for surgical resection.

• #12 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is considered to be an incurable and rapidly lethal disease unless all the tumors can be fully resected (cut out surgically). […] In 2008, the Mayo Clinic reported significant success treating early bile duct cancer with liver transplantation using a protocolized approach and strict selection criteria. […] Adjuvant therapy followed by liver transplantation may have a role in treatment of certain unresectable cases. […] Locoregional therapies including transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial radioembolization (TARE) and ablation therapies have a role in intrahepatic variants of cholangiocarcinoma to provide palliation or potential cure in people who are not surgical candidates. […] If the tumor can be removed surgically, people may receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy after the operation to improve the chances of cure.

• #13 Management of Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) | Section of Abdominal Transplant Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://transplantsurgery.wustl.edu/bile-duct/current-management-of-cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer/

  Washington University liver surgeons at Barnes-Jewish Hospital offer the option of liver removal and liver transplantation to patients with cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) confined to the bile ducts. […] The preferred treatment of cholangiocarcinoma is surgical removal, and this usually can be performed for cholangiocarcinomas that arise in the liver or in the lower end of the bile duct within the pancreas gland (usually with the Whipple procedure). […] When we treat a patient with a Klatskin tumor, our preferred approach is always standard surgical removal; however, when this is not possible, we now consider liver transplantation as a treatment option. […] Patients with cholangiocarcinoma who are not candidates for removal but are eligible for liver transplantation undergo radiologic imaging and laparoscopic examination to ensure there is no cancer outside of the bile ducts and liver. They receive courses in chemotherapy and chemoradiation to control their cancers. […] Both the cancer and the obstruction are treated in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice when it is possible. […] Palliative treatment to clear obstructions and relieve jaundice may be undertaken in patients with unresectable disease.

• #14 Management of Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) | Section of Abdominal Transplant Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://transplantsurgery.wustl.edu/bile-duct/current-management-of-cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer/

  Washington University liver surgeons at Barnes-Jewish Hospital offer the option of liver removal and liver transplantation to patients with cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) confined to the bile ducts. […] The preferred treatment of cholangiocarcinoma is surgical removal, and this usually can be performed for cholangiocarcinomas that arise in the liver or in the lower end of the bile duct within the pancreas gland (usually with the Whipple procedure). […] When we treat a patient with a Klatskin tumor, our preferred approach is always standard surgical removal; however, when this is not possible, we now consider liver transplantation as a treatment option. […] Patients with cholangiocarcinoma who are not candidates for removal but are eligible for liver transplantation undergo radiologic imaging and laparoscopic examination to ensure there is no cancer outside of the bile ducts and liver. They receive courses in chemotherapy and chemoradiation to control their cancers. […] Both the cancer and the obstruction are treated in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice when it is possible. […] Palliative treatment to clear obstructions and relieve jaundice may be undertaken in patients with unresectable disease.

• #15 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some people may receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy. It is not yet known whether chemotherapy or radiation therapy given after surgery helps keep the cancer from coming back. […] The following types of palliative surgery may be done to relieve symptoms caused by a blocked bile duct and improve quality of life: Biliary bypass: If cancer is blocking the bile duct and bile is building up in the gallbladder, a biliary bypass may be done. During this operation, the doctor will cut the gallbladder or bile duct in the area before the blockage and sew it to the part of the bile duct that is past the blockage or to the small intestine. This type of surgery creates a new pathway around the blocked area. Endoscopic stent placement: If the tumor is blocking the bile duct, surgery may be done to put in a stent (a thin, flexible tube) to drain bile that has built up in the area. The doctor may place the stent through a catheter that drains the bile into a bag on the outside of the body or the stent may go around the blocked area and drain the bile into the small intestine. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: This procedure is used to x-ray the liver and bile ducts. A thin needle is inserted through the skin below the ribs and into the liver. Dye is injected into the liver or bile ducts and an x-ray is taken. If the bile duct is blocked, a stent may be left in the liver to drain bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body.

• #16 Bile Duct Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Support | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bile-duct-cancer/

  Another recent targeted therapy that has been approved is called durvalumab. […] STENT INSERTION […] A blocked or narrowed bile duct can be helped with a stent. It is a small, thin, and expandable tube placed in the duct. This widens the duct to allow bile to flow. This treatment can treat jaundice symptoms. Doctors usually do it before chemotherapy or surgery. The stents may be a temporary or a permanent treatment. They can block with debris over time so you may be recommended to have a stent change. Whether it needs changing also depends on the type of stent used. […] If you have a stent and see the signs of jaundice (see above), contact your doctor or nurse. […] HOW WILL I BE MONITORED OVER TIME? […] On diagnosis, you may meet a clinical nurse specialist (CNS). They will be your contact through treatment.

• #17 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some people may receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back is called adjuvant therapy. It is not yet known whether chemotherapy or radiation therapy given after surgery helps keep the cancer from coming back. […] The following types of palliative surgery may be done to relieve symptoms caused by a blocked bile duct and improve quality of life: Biliary bypass: If cancer is blocking the bile duct and bile is building up in the gallbladder, a biliary bypass may be done. During this operation, the doctor will cut the gallbladder or bile duct in the area before the blockage and sew it to the part of the bile duct that is past the blockage or to the small intestine. This type of surgery creates a new pathway around the blocked area. Endoscopic stent placement: If the tumor is blocking the bile duct, surgery may be done to put in a stent (a thin, flexible tube) to drain bile that has built up in the area. The doctor may place the stent through a catheter that drains the bile into a bag on the outside of the body or the stent may go around the blocked area and drain the bile into the small intestine. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: This procedure is used to x-ray the liver and bile ducts. A thin needle is inserted through the skin below the ribs and into the liver. Dye is injected into the liver or bile ducts and an x-ray is taken. If the bile duct is blocked, a stent may be left in the liver to drain bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body.

• #18 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. These are the main ways radiation might be given to treat bile duct cancer: External radiation therapy: A machine outside the body sends radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Radiation is given in a series of treatments to allow healthy cells to recover and to make radiation more effective. The number of treatments is based on details about the cancer, such as the size and location of the tumor. It is not known whether external radiation therapy helps in the treatment of resectable bile duct cancer. In unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer, new ways to improve the effect of external radiation therapy on cancer cells are being studied: Hyperthermia therapy: Body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs. Radiosensitizers: Drugs called radiosensitizers make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more cancer cells. Internal radiation therapy: A radioactive substance is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the bile duct.

• #19 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  In cases of stage 4 bile duct cancer, achieving a successful cure is highly unlikely. However, stenting, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery can often be used to help relieve the symptoms. […] If your MDT thinks it is possible to cure your bile duct cancer, surgery will be needed to remove any cancerous tissue. […] If your bile duct becomes blocked as a result of cancer, treatment to unblock it may be recommended. This will help resolve symptoms such as jaundice, itchy skin, and abdominal pain. […] Radiotherapy is not a standard treatment for bile duct cancer, but may help to relieve the symptoms, slow the spread of the cancer and prolong life. […] Chemotherapy is used in a similar way to radiotherapy to relieve the symptoms of cancer, slow down the rate it spreads and prolong life.

• #20 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. These are the main ways radiation might be given to treat bile duct cancer: External radiation therapy: A machine outside the body sends radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Radiation is given in a series of treatments to allow healthy cells to recover and to make radiation more effective. The number of treatments is based on details about the cancer, such as the size and location of the tumor. It is not known whether external radiation therapy helps in the treatment of resectable bile duct cancer. In unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer, new ways to improve the effect of external radiation therapy on cancer cells are being studied: Hyperthermia therapy: Body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs. Radiosensitizers: Drugs called radiosensitizers make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more cancer cells. Internal radiation therapy: A radioactive substance is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the bile duct.

• #21 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. These are the main ways radiation might be given to treat bile duct cancer: External radiation therapy: A machine outside the body sends radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Radiation is given in a series of treatments to allow healthy cells to recover and to make radiation more effective. The number of treatments is based on details about the cancer, such as the size and location of the tumor. It is not known whether external radiation therapy helps in the treatment of resectable bile duct cancer. In unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer, new ways to improve the effect of external radiation therapy on cancer cells are being studied: Hyperthermia therapy: Body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs. Radiosensitizers: Drugs called radiosensitizers make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more cancer cells. Internal radiation therapy: A radioactive substance is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the bile duct.

• #22 7 Innovative Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/bile-duct-cancer-treatment.html

  Proton therapy, which utilizes larger radiation particles and has different dose distribution properties compared to photon-based approaches, may also be used to treat biliary cancers. […] New advances in radiation therapy for biliary cancers include everything from the types of subatomic particles to the machines used to deliver radiation. New forms of radiation are being explored in clinical trials, dose-escalation continues to advance, and equipment continues to improve.

• #23 Treatments for unresectable biliary tract cancers | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/biliary-tract/treatment/unresectable

  You may be offered a stent or biliary bypass surgery to relieve a blockage caused by a tumour in the biliary tract. […] A liver transplant is sometimes done for early-stage cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). It may be offered for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) or perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) that is unresectable due to the location of the tumour. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Many people with unresectable gallbladder or bile duct cancer will have chemotherapy, if their body is strong enough to cope with this treatment’s side effects. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. External radiation therapy (ERT) may be offered to relieve pain and other symptoms of unresectable gallbladder or bile duct cancer. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules (such as proteins) on or inside cancer cells. By targeting these molecules, the drugs stop the growth and spread of cancer cells while limiting harm to normal cells. You may have targeted therapy for unresectable bile duct cancer if it has certain genetic mutations.

• #24 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. These are the main ways radiation might be given to treat bile duct cancer: External radiation therapy: A machine outside the body sends radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Radiation is given in a series of treatments to allow healthy cells to recover and to make radiation more effective. The number of treatments is based on details about the cancer, such as the size and location of the tumor. It is not known whether external radiation therapy helps in the treatment of resectable bile duct cancer. In unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer, new ways to improve the effect of external radiation therapy on cancer cells are being studied: Hyperthermia therapy: Body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy and certain anticancer drugs. Radiosensitizers: Drugs called radiosensitizers make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more cancer cells. Internal radiation therapy: A radioactive substance is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the bile duct.

• #25 Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapy | Bile Duct Cancer Chemo | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with cancer-killing drugs that are usually given into a vein (IV) or taken by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and reach all areas of the body, making this treatment useful for some cancers that have spread to organs beyond the bile duct. Because the drugs reach all the areas of the body, this is known as a systemic treatment. […] Chemo can help some people with bile duct cancer and can be used in these ways: […] Chemo may be given after surgery (sometimes with radiation therapy) to try to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. This is called adjuvant chemo. […] It may be given before surgery for cancers that might be able to be completely removed. Chemo might shrink the tumor enough to improve the odds that surgery will be successful. This is called neoadjuvant treatment.

• #26 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. There are two main types of chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer. Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Systemic chemotherapy is used to treat unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. The following chemotherapy drugs may be used: gemcitabine and cisplatin, capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX), gemcitabine and capecitabine. Regional chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is placed directly into an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. Intra-arterial embolization is being studied in the treatment of unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. It is a procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anticancer drugs are given in blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes, the anticancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that feeds the tumor. The beads block blood flow to the tumor as they release the drug. This allows a higher amount of drug to reach the tumor for a longer period of time, which may kill more cancer cells.

• #27 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. There are two main types of chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer. Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Systemic chemotherapy is used to treat unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. The following chemotherapy drugs may be used: gemcitabine and cisplatin, capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX), gemcitabine and capecitabine. Regional chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is placed directly into an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. Intra-arterial embolization is being studied in the treatment of unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. It is a procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anticancer drugs are given in blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes, the anticancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that feeds the tumor. The beads block blood flow to the tumor as they release the drug. This allows a higher amount of drug to reach the tumor for a longer period of time, which may kill more cancer cells.

• #28 Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapy | Bile Duct Cancer Chemo | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  HAI may help some people whose cancer couldn’t be removed by surgery live longer, but more research is needed. […] TACE may be used for tumors that can’t be removed. […] The drugs used most often to treat bile duct cancer include: Gemcitabine (Gemzar), Cisplatin (Platinol), Capecitabine (Xeloda), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). […] In some cases, 2 or more of these drugs may be combined to try to make them more effective. […] Most side effects are short-term and go away after treatment ends. There are often ways to lessen these side effects. […] Tell your cancer care team about any side effects you notice, so they can be treated right away. Most side effects can be treated.

• #29 Chemotherapy for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy-treatment

  Chemotherapy is a common treatment for people with bile duct cancer. […] Your doctor might suggest you have chemotherapy after surgery to remove bile duct cancer. This is to lower the chance of it coming back. […] Your doctor might recommend you have chemotherapy if you can’t have surgery to remove bile duct cancer. Or if the cancer comes back after having it removed. […] Unfortunately, chemotherapy won’t cure bile duct cancer. You usually have it to control the cancer or slow down its growth. This can help to relieve pain and other symptoms. […] The most common chemotherapy drugs for bile duct cancer are: capecitabine, gemcitabine and cisplatin, a combination called FOLFOX. […] Gemcitabine and cisplatin is a first line treatment for bile duct cancer. This means it is the first treatment you have after being diagnosed. Or the first treatment you have if the cancer comes back.

• #30 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. There are two main types of chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer. Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Systemic chemotherapy is used to treat unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. The following chemotherapy drugs may be used: gemcitabine and cisplatin, capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX), gemcitabine and capecitabine. Regional chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is placed directly into an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. Intra-arterial embolization is being studied in the treatment of unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. It is a procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anticancer drugs are given in blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes, the anticancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that feeds the tumor. The beads block blood flow to the tumor as they release the drug. This allows a higher amount of drug to reach the tumor for a longer period of time, which may kill more cancer cells.

• #31 Chemotherapy Outcomes for the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic and Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3269144/

  The most recent guidelines regarding treatment of advanced biliary tract cancers, developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), recommend the use of gemcitabine, capecitabine, or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), either as single agents or in combination with a platinum analog (oxaliplatin or cisplatin), or the combination of gemcitabine and capecitabine, with the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin receiving a category 1 recommendation. […] The combination of gemcitabine/cisplatin demonstrated improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to gemcitabine alone. […] Analysis of our patient population from the past 5 years also suggests that the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is an effective option for maintaining disease control in patients with unresectable intrahepatic or hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

• #32 Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapy | Bile Duct Cancer Chemo | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemo can be used (usually with immunotherapy) for more advanced cancers that cannot be removed or have spread to other parts of the body. Chemo does not cure these cancers, but it might help people live longer. […] Chemo can help shrink tumors or slow their growth for a time. This can help relieve symptoms from the cancer, for instance, by shrinking tumors that are pressing on nerves and causing pain. […] Doctors give chemo in cycles, with each period of treatment followed by a rest period to give the body time to recover. Chemo cycles generally last about 3 to 4 weeks. Chemo usually isn’t recommended for people in poor health, but advanced age by itself is not a barrier to getting chemo. […] Because giving chemo into a vein (IV) isn’t always helpful for bile duct cancer, doctors have tried giving the drugs right into the main artery going into the liver, called the hepatic artery.

• #33 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. There are two main types of chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer. Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Systemic chemotherapy is used to treat unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. The following chemotherapy drugs may be used: gemcitabine and cisplatin, capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX), gemcitabine and capecitabine. Regional chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is placed directly into an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. Intra-arterial embolization is being studied in the treatment of unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. It is a procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anticancer drugs are given in blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes, the anticancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that feeds the tumor. The beads block blood flow to the tumor as they release the drug. This allows a higher amount of drug to reach the tumor for a longer period of time, which may kill more cancer cells.

• #34 Chemotherapy for Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/treatment/chemotherapy

  If you have bile duct cancer that has spread, you may receive chemotherapy as the main treatment if surgery is not an option. Research has suggested that the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin can lengthen the lives of people with bile duct cancer that cannot be removed by surgery. […] Chemotherapy is also occasionally given to relieve symptoms due to bile duct cancer, such as a tumor that is pressing on a nerve and causing pain. […] MSK researchers are evaluating the potential of a new chemotherapy technique called hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) in the treatment of bile duct cancer. HAI involves delivering a high dose of chemotherapy drugs directly to the liver through a tiny pump implanted under the skin in the lower belly. The chemotherapy passes from the liver into the bile ducts. HAI therapy may be used to shrink tumors before surgery.

• #35 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. There are two main types of chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer. Systemic chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Systemic chemotherapy is used to treat unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. The following chemotherapy drugs may be used: gemcitabine and cisplatin, capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX), gemcitabine and capecitabine. Regional chemotherapy: When chemotherapy is placed directly into an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. Intra-arterial embolization is being studied in the treatment of unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent bile duct cancer. It is a procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked after anticancer drugs are given in blood vessels near the tumor. Sometimes, the anticancer drugs are attached to small beads that are injected into an artery that feeds the tumor. The beads block blood flow to the tumor as they release the drug. This allows a higher amount of drug to reach the tumor for a longer period of time, which may kill more cancer cells.

• #36 Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapy | Bile Duct Cancer Chemo | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with cancer-killing drugs that are usually given into a vein (IV) or taken by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and reach all areas of the body, making this treatment useful for some cancers that have spread to organs beyond the bile duct. Because the drugs reach all the areas of the body, this is known as a systemic treatment. […] Chemo can help some people with bile duct cancer and can be used in these ways: […] Chemo may be given after surgery (sometimes with radiation therapy) to try to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. This is called adjuvant chemo. […] It may be given before surgery for cancers that might be able to be completely removed. Chemo might shrink the tumor enough to improve the odds that surgery will be successful. This is called neoadjuvant treatment.

• #37 Chemotherapy for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy-treatment

  Chemotherapy is a common treatment for people with bile duct cancer. […] Your doctor might suggest you have chemotherapy after surgery to remove bile duct cancer. This is to lower the chance of it coming back. […] Your doctor might recommend you have chemotherapy if you can’t have surgery to remove bile duct cancer. Or if the cancer comes back after having it removed. […] Unfortunately, chemotherapy won’t cure bile duct cancer. You usually have it to control the cancer or slow down its growth. This can help to relieve pain and other symptoms. […] The most common chemotherapy drugs for bile duct cancer are: capecitabine, gemcitabine and cisplatin, a combination called FOLFOX. […] Gemcitabine and cisplatin is a first line treatment for bile duct cancer. This means it is the first treatment you have after being diagnosed. Or the first treatment you have if the cancer comes back.

• #38 Chemotherapy Outcomes for the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic and Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3269144/

  Recent clinical trials for biliary cancers include a heterogenous group of patients with cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder, and ampullary cancers. Limited data exist regarding the relative effectiveness of known chemotherapeutic regimens specifically in intrahepatic or hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] The primary objective of this research was to determine overall tumor control rates with chemotherapeutic regimens used for first-line treatment of unresectable intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] In this retrospective review, both gemcitabine/cisplatin and alternative doublets (including capecitabine/oxaliplatin, gemcitabine/capecitabine, and gemcitabine/oxaliplatin) were effective regimens in maintaining disease control in intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment in these patients. However, because of the rarity of these tumors, the clinical data regarding treatment efficacy is limited.

• #39 Chemotherapy Outcomes for the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic and Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3269144/

  The most recent guidelines regarding treatment of advanced biliary tract cancers, developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), recommend the use of gemcitabine, capecitabine, or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), either as single agents or in combination with a platinum analog (oxaliplatin or cisplatin), or the combination of gemcitabine and capecitabine, with the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin receiving a category 1 recommendation. […] The combination of gemcitabine/cisplatin demonstrated improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to gemcitabine alone. […] Analysis of our patient population from the past 5 years also suggests that the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is an effective option for maintaining disease control in patients with unresectable intrahepatic or hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

• #40 Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can involve a machine that directs radiation beams at your body (external beam radiation). Or it can involve placing radioactive material inside your body near the site of your cancer (brachytherapy). […] Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see if targeted therapy may be effective against your cholangiocarcinoma. […] Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body’s disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. For cholangiocarcinoma, immunotherapy might be an option for advanced cancer when other treatments haven’t helped.

• #41 Finding the Right Targets to Treat Biliary Tract Cancers | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2024/02/19/finding-the-right-targets-to-treat-biliary-tract-cancers/

  Among the targeted therapies examined in the study were fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors. […] Genetic alterations of FGFR2, however, are only found in about 10% to 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cases, and over time, patients can become resistant to treatment often after a few months because they develop secondary FGFR2 mutations. […] To overcome this issue, researchers are exploring next-generation FGFR inhibitors. […] In September 2022, the FDA approved durvalumab (Imfinzi) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic BTC. […] The most recent FDA approval related to BTC came in October 2023 with an expanded indication for pembrolizumab to be used in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin for the treatment of locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC.

• #42 Biliary Tract Cancers: Pharmacologic Management – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/biliary-tract-cancers-pharmacologic-treatment/

  If the tumor is unresectable or the patient has metastatic disease, systemic therapy is preferred. […] Adjuvant therapy with capecitabine is the preferred regimen following surgery. Durvalumab + gemcitabine + cisplatin or gemcitabine + cisplatin are the recommended first-line systemic therapies for unresectable and metastatic disease. […] Due to the aggressive nature of biliary tract cancers, second-line therapies are often needed. FOLFOX stands out as a preferred second-line therapy among the options for unresectable and metastatic disease. […] In biliary tract cancer, immunotherapies and targeted therapies are primarily used for recurrent disease or in specific circumstances. […] Pembrolizumab is recommended as a subsequent-line therapy for unresectable and metastatic disease for tumors with MSI-H, dMMR, or TMB-H.

• #43 Finding the Right Targets to Treat Biliary Tract Cancers | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2024/02/19/finding-the-right-targets-to-treat-biliary-tract-cancers/

  Among the targeted therapies examined in the study were fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors. […] Genetic alterations of FGFR2, however, are only found in about 10% to 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cases, and over time, patients can become resistant to treatment often after a few months because they develop secondary FGFR2 mutations. […] To overcome this issue, researchers are exploring next-generation FGFR inhibitors. […] In September 2022, the FDA approved durvalumab (Imfinzi) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic BTC. […] The most recent FDA approval related to BTC came in October 2023 with an expanded indication for pembrolizumab to be used in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin for the treatment of locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC.

• #44 What new research is being done in bile duct cancer treatment? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/a-next-generation-treatment-for-bile-duct-cancer.h00-159622590.html

  For patients with cholangiocarcinoma, or bile duct cancer, the first line of treatment often includes standard cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] FGFR inhibitors, in combination with standard treatments, have extended the lives of many with this disease. […] Now, a new type of FGFR inhibitor may allow patients to live longer without their disease progressing. […] The drug being studied in the clinical trial, tinengotinib, is an example of a next-generation FGFR inhibitor because it binds to the FGFR2 in a unique way. […] This approach does seem to extend survival among patients, especially among those who initially responded to an FGFR inhibitor the clinical trial showed a median progression-free survival of seven months. […] Tinengotinib, on the other hand, has a unique binding mechanism away from the ATP binding pocket that enables it to target even newly resistant cancer cells.

• #45 Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can involve a machine that directs radiation beams at your body (external beam radiation). Or it can involve placing radioactive material inside your body near the site of your cancer (brachytherapy). […] Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see if targeted therapy may be effective against your cholangiocarcinoma. […] Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body’s disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. For cholangiocarcinoma, immunotherapy might be an option for advanced cancer when other treatments haven’t helped.

• #46 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  The majority of cases of cholangiocarcinoma present as inoperable (unresectable) disease in which case people are generally treated with palliative chemotherapy, with or without radiotherapy. […] Chemotherapy has been shown in a randomized controlled trial to improve quality of life and extend survival in people with inoperable cholangiocarcinoma. […] There is no single chemotherapy regimen which is universally used, and enrollment in clinical trials is often recommended when possible. […] Infigratinib (Truseltiq) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) that was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2021. […] Pemigatinib (Pemazyre) is a kinase inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) that was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2020. […] Ivodesinib (Tibsovo) is a small molecule inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. […] Durvalumab, (Imfinzi) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor that blocks the PD-L1 protein on the surface of immune cells, thereby allowing the immune system to recognize and attack tumor cells.

• #47 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  In a liver transplant, the entire liver is removed and replaced with a healthy donated liver. A liver transplant may be done in people with perihilar bile duct cancer. If the person has to wait for a donated liver, other treatment is given as needed. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Your doctor may suggest biomarker tests to help predict your response to certain targeted therapy drugs. The following targeted therapy drugs may be used to treat bile duct cancer: ivosidenib, pemigatinib. […] Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system fight cancer. The following immunotherapy drugs may be used to treat bile duct cancer: durvalumab, pembrolizumab. […] Most people with bile duct cancer cannot have their cancer completely removed with surgery. This may be the case if the cancer has spread too far, the cancer is in a place that is too difficult to completely remove with surgery, or the patient is not healthy enough for surgery. Treatment of unresectable bile duct cancer (including metastatic or recurrent disease) may include: stent placement or biliary bypass, as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life, external or internal radiation therapy, as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life, systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy (durvalumab or pembrolizumab) and systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy with pemigatinib, a clinical trial of various combinations of chemotherapy, a clinical trial of immunotherapy or targeted therapy in people with mutations (changes) in certain genes.

• #48 Finding the Right Targets to Treat Biliary Tract Cancers | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2024/02/19/finding-the-right-targets-to-treat-biliary-tract-cancers/

  Among the targeted therapies examined in the study were fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors. […] Genetic alterations of FGFR2, however, are only found in about 10% to 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cases, and over time, patients can become resistant to treatment often after a few months because they develop secondary FGFR2 mutations. […] To overcome this issue, researchers are exploring next-generation FGFR inhibitors. […] In September 2022, the FDA approved durvalumab (Imfinzi) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic BTC. […] The most recent FDA approval related to BTC came in October 2023 with an expanded indication for pembrolizumab to be used in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin for the treatment of locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC.

• #49 Finding the Right Targets to Treat Biliary Tract Cancers | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2024/02/19/finding-the-right-targets-to-treat-biliary-tract-cancers/

  Among the targeted therapies examined in the study were fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors. […] Genetic alterations of FGFR2, however, are only found in about 10% to 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cases, and over time, patients can become resistant to treatment often after a few months because they develop secondary FGFR2 mutations. […] To overcome this issue, researchers are exploring next-generation FGFR inhibitors. […] In September 2022, the FDA approved durvalumab (Imfinzi) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic BTC. […] The most recent FDA approval related to BTC came in October 2023 with an expanded indication for pembrolizumab to be used in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin for the treatment of locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC.

• #50 Bile duct cancer immunotherapy treatment: What to expect

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bile-duct-cancer-immunotherapy

  Bile duct cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, begins when cancerous cells grow and spread within the bile ducts. Some people with this cancer may benefit from a treatment known as immunotherapy. […] Historically, the most common treatments for bile duct cancer have included radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. New research shows that immunotherapy can also help treat this form of cancer. This treatment uses an individuals immune system to fight cancer. […] Research shows that CAR-T cells can be effective in treating bile duct cancer. […] Doctors might recommend immunotherapy if other treatments do not help. They may also need immunotherapy if they are not eligible for these other treatment options. […] Research shows that immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy can be effective for bile duct cancer.

• #51 Finding the Right Targets to Treat Biliary Tract Cancers | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2024/02/19/finding-the-right-targets-to-treat-biliary-tract-cancers/

  But researchers are continuing to study ways to increase the effectiveness of PD-1 inhibitors for more patients with this cancer type, for example, by pairing them with a CTLA-4 inhibitor or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. […] Researchers suggested the need to target BRAF mutations, which only occur in about 5% of ICC but are associated with a worse prognosis. […] Another potential therapy worth keeping an eye on is BST02, which the FDA granted Fast Track Designation in January 2024 for the treatment of all types of liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. […] Only about 8,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with BTCs each year, but the poor mortality rate has clearly made it a priority for researchers to find the right targets to help patients live longer.

• #52 Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer

  Heating cancer cells. Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they’re heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells. […] Photodynamic therapy. In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You’ll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You’ll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments. […] Biliary drainage. Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don’t hesitate to ask about your doctor’s experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.

• #53 Treatment Options – Cholangiocarcinoma New Zealand

  https://cholangiocarcinomanewzealand.org/treatment-options/

  Adjuvant therapy is treatment after surgery for resectable cholangiocarcinoma. […] Neoadjuvant therapy is a treatment before surgery for borderline resectable cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chemoradiation is a therapy for some advanced cholangiocarcinomas. […] Palliative therapy using radiation is often used to palliate symptoms when a patients cancer is too advanced to be cured. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers a nonsurgical, localized treatment that kills the tumor cells with heat, while sparing the healthy liver tissue. […] Chemoembolization is a minimally invasive treatment for liver cancer that can be used when there is too much tumor to treat with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). […] Radioembolization is very similar to chemoembolization but with the use of radioactive microspheres.

• #54 Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer

  Heating cancer cells. Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they’re heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells. […] Photodynamic therapy. In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You’ll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You’ll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments. […] Biliary drainage. Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don’t hesitate to ask about your doctor’s experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.

• #55 Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Stent Placement, Photodynamic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277393-treatment

  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an experimental local cancer therapy already in use for other gastrointestinal malignancies. PDT is effective in restoring biliary drainage and improving quality of life in patients with nonresectable disseminated cholangiocarcinomas. […] Adjuvant and preoperative radiation therapy has been used to reduce tumors in an effort to make them resectable. This therapy has been performed with and without concurrent chemotherapy as a radiation sensitizer. […] Most often, chemotherapy is given in low doses to act as a radiation sensitizer during a 4- to 5-week course of external-beam radiotherapy. Primary chemotherapy has been evaluated as well, including gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy in inoperable biliary tract carcinoma. […] Targeted agents are becoming available as second-line therapy for cholangiocarcinoma with specific driver mutations. These include fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors for advanced cholangiocarcinoma harboring an FGFR2 gene fusion or rearrangement, and an isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) inhibitor for IDH1-mutated cholangiocarcinoma.

• #56 Treatment Options – Cholangiocarcinoma New Zealand

  https://cholangiocarcinomanewzealand.org/treatment-options/

  Adjuvant therapy is treatment after surgery for resectable cholangiocarcinoma. […] Neoadjuvant therapy is a treatment before surgery for borderline resectable cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chemoradiation is a therapy for some advanced cholangiocarcinomas. […] Palliative therapy using radiation is often used to palliate symptoms when a patients cancer is too advanced to be cured. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers a nonsurgical, localized treatment that kills the tumor cells with heat, while sparing the healthy liver tissue. […] Chemoembolization is a minimally invasive treatment for liver cancer that can be used when there is too much tumor to treat with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). […] Radioembolization is very similar to chemoembolization but with the use of radioactive microspheres.

• #57 Treatment Options – Cholangiocarcinoma New Zealand

  https://cholangiocarcinomanewzealand.org/treatment-options/

  Adjuvant therapy is treatment after surgery for resectable cholangiocarcinoma. […] Neoadjuvant therapy is a treatment before surgery for borderline resectable cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chemoradiation is a therapy for some advanced cholangiocarcinomas. […] Palliative therapy using radiation is often used to palliate symptoms when a patients cancer is too advanced to be cured. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers a nonsurgical, localized treatment that kills the tumor cells with heat, while sparing the healthy liver tissue. […] Chemoembolization is a minimally invasive treatment for liver cancer that can be used when there is too much tumor to treat with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). […] Radioembolization is very similar to chemoembolization but with the use of radioactive microspheres.

• #58 Bile Duct Cancer Treatment | Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating.html

  Its important to discuss all treatment options, including their goals and possible side effects, with your doctors to help make the decision that best fits your needs. […] Clinical trials are carefully controlled research studies that are done to get a closer look at promising new treatments or procedures. Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the-art cancer treatment. […] You may hear about alternative or complementary methods to relieve symptoms or treat your cancer that your doctors havent mentioned. […] Be sure to talk to your cancer care team about any method you are thinking about using. […] Whether you are thinking about treatment, getting treatment, or not being treated at all, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. […] Remember that even if you choose not to treat the cancer, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life.

• #59 Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cholangiocarcinoma-bile-duct-cancer

  Heating cancer cells. Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they’re heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells. […] Photodynamic therapy. In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You’ll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You’ll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments. […] Biliary drainage. Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don’t hesitate to ask about your doctor’s experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.

• #60 Bile Duct Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Support | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bile-duct-cancer/

  Another recent targeted therapy that has been approved is called durvalumab. […] STENT INSERTION […] A blocked or narrowed bile duct can be helped with a stent. It is a small, thin, and expandable tube placed in the duct. This widens the duct to allow bile to flow. This treatment can treat jaundice symptoms. Doctors usually do it before chemotherapy or surgery. The stents may be a temporary or a permanent treatment. They can block with debris over time so you may be recommended to have a stent change. Whether it needs changing also depends on the type of stent used. […] If you have a stent and see the signs of jaundice (see above), contact your doctor or nurse. […] HOW WILL I BE MONITORED OVER TIME? […] On diagnosis, you may meet a clinical nurse specialist (CNS). They will be your contact through treatment.

• #61 Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Stent Placement, Photodynamic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277393-treatment

  Complete surgical resection is the only therapy to afford a chance of cure for cholangiocarcinoma. Unfortunately, many patients present with unresectable disease. Additional treatment measures in cholangiocarcinoma may include the following: Stenting, Photodynamic therapy (PDT), Radiation therapy, Pharmacotherapy. […] For palliative treatment, celiac-plexus block via regional injection of alcohol or other sclerosing agent can relieve pain in the mid back from retroperitoneal tumor growth. In addition, other endoscopic forms of palliation, such as brachytherapy and radiofrequency ablation, have been used. […] Stents can be placed via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) to relieve biliary obstruction. Stenting may relieve pruritus and improve quality of life.

• #62 Treatment options for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  You normally have a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs as your first line treatment. A first line treatment is the first treatment you have after being diagnosed with cancer. […] Your doctor might offer you further treatment if the first line treatment isn’t working or the cancer starts to grow again. This is called second line treatment. […] You might also have other treatments to help control your symptoms. […] Bile duct cancer can cause symptoms such as: weight loss, pain in the tummy (abdomen), yellowing of the skin and eyes – this is called jaundice. […] You usually see the symptom control team (palliative care team). They help to manage your symptoms. You might have different treatments depending on the type of symptoms you have. This might include painkillers and anti-sickness medicines.

• #63 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  The treatments for bile duct cancer are not as effective as treatments for other types of cancer. Therefore, a number of clinical trials are being conducted to find better ways of treating the condition. […] Another promising field of research involves using targeted therapies to treat bile duct cancer.

• #64

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/bile-duct-cancer/treatment.php

  Once your personalized bile duct cancer treatment plan is created, your team will discuss it with you, and treatment at Winship will be scheduled right away. Often, that means enrolling you in a clinical trial so you have access to the latest bile duct cancer treatment options. […] As Georgias only National Cancer Institute (NCI)designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winship researchers are pioneers in hepatobiliary oncology and lead dozens of clinical trials testing bile duct cancer treatment options each year. […] At Winship, we offer the most comprehensive array of bile duct cancer treatment options in Georgia, and the expertise to know which treatments work best for your individual cancer. […] While not a treatment for bile duct cancer, most patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer outside the liver) will need to have a procedure to place a stent into the blocked bile duct to open it up before cancer treatment can begin.

• #65 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250117/New-clinical-trial-aims-to-extend-survival-for-bile-duct-cancer-patients.aspx

  A new clinical trial, sponsored by UCL and UCLH, aims to extend survival for some patients with cancer in the biliary tract by treating them with therapies specifically tailored to the genetic profile of their tumor. […] Patients diagnosed with the three main types of bile duct cancer (intrahepatic, perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma) or with cancer of the gallbladder may be eligible for participation in the SAFIR-ABC10 trial. […] They will have their tumors genetically profiled and will then be offered one or more of seven different anti-cancer therapies best matched to their tumor profile. […] Standard treatment for advanced biliary tract cancer is based on chemotherapy, and more recently, supplemental immune therapy. […] The SAFIR ABC10 study resolves this problem by providing seven different therapies which we can match up with the specific 'targets’ found in each patient’s tumor.

• #66 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250117/New-clinical-trial-aims-to-extend-survival-for-bile-duct-cancer-patients.aspx

  A new clinical trial, sponsored by UCL and UCLH, aims to extend survival for some patients with cancer in the biliary tract by treating them with therapies specifically tailored to the genetic profile of their tumor. […] Patients diagnosed with the three main types of bile duct cancer (intrahepatic, perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma) or with cancer of the gallbladder may be eligible for participation in the SAFIR-ABC10 trial. […] They will have their tumors genetically profiled and will then be offered one or more of seven different anti-cancer therapies best matched to their tumor profile. […] Standard treatment for advanced biliary tract cancer is based on chemotherapy, and more recently, supplemental immune therapy. […] The SAFIR ABC10 study resolves this problem by providing seven different therapies which we can match up with the specific 'targets’ found in each patient’s tumor.

• #67 Treatment options for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  A team of doctors and other health professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you. They are called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The treatment you have depends on: where in the bile ducts the cancer is, how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage), if it is near important blood vessels, if your doctor can remove the cancer completely with an operation, how well your liver works, your general health and level of fitness, if the cancer cells have any gene changes (mutations). […] Your doctor will discuss the treatment, the benefits and the possible side effects with you. […] The MDT look at your test and scan results to see if they can remove (resect) the cancer or not. […] Resectable bile duct cancer is normally only in the bile ducts or has grown just outside them. Generally, early stage bile duct cancers are resectable.

• #68 Bile duct cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bile-duct-cancer

  A team of doctors and healthcare professionals who specialise in treating bile duct cancer work together to plan your treatment. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The treatment you have depends on: the type of bile duct cancer you have, the size of the cancer, whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, your general health, your preferences. […] Some people may be offered treatment to try to cure the cancer. This involves surgery, often followed by chemotherapy. If it is not possible to cure the cancer, you can have treatment to control the growth and help with symptoms. This may be with chemotherapy and sometimes radiotherapy. […] Surgery is often used to relieve symptoms caused by a bile duct cancer blocking the bowel or bile duct. It may also be used as a main treatment for people who can have surgery to remove the cancer.

• #69 Treatment options for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  A team of doctors and other health professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you. They are called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The treatment you have depends on: where in the bile ducts the cancer is, how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage), if it is near important blood vessels, if your doctor can remove the cancer completely with an operation, how well your liver works, your general health and level of fitness, if the cancer cells have any gene changes (mutations). […] Your doctor will discuss the treatment, the benefits and the possible side effects with you. […] The MDT look at your test and scan results to see if they can remove (resect) the cancer or not. […] Resectable bile duct cancer is normally only in the bile ducts or has grown just outside them. Generally, early stage bile duct cancers are resectable.

• #70 Bile Duct Cancer Treatment | Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/treating.html

  Its important to discuss all treatment options, including their goals and possible side effects, with your doctors to help make the decision that best fits your needs. […] Clinical trials are carefully controlled research studies that are done to get a closer look at promising new treatments or procedures. Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the-art cancer treatment. […] You may hear about alternative or complementary methods to relieve symptoms or treat your cancer that your doctors havent mentioned. […] Be sure to talk to your cancer care team about any method you are thinking about using. […] Whether you are thinking about treatment, getting treatment, or not being treated at all, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. […] Remember that even if you choose not to treat the cancer, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life.

• #71 Treatment options for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  A team of doctors and other health professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you. They are called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The treatment you have depends on: where in the bile ducts the cancer is, how big it is and whether it has spread (the stage), if it is near important blood vessels, if your doctor can remove the cancer completely with an operation, how well your liver works, your general health and level of fitness, if the cancer cells have any gene changes (mutations). […] Your doctor will discuss the treatment, the benefits and the possible side effects with you. […] The MDT look at your test and scan results to see if they can remove (resect) the cancer or not. […] Resectable bile duct cancer is normally only in the bile ducts or has grown just outside them. Generally, early stage bile duct cancers are resectable.

• #72 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cancer of the bile duct can usually only be cured if cancerous cells haven’t spread. If this is the case, some or all of the bile duct may be removed. […] Despite this, treatment such as chemotherapy can relieve the symptoms of bile duct cancer and improve the quality of life of people in the advanced stages of the condition. […] Most cases of bile duct cancer cannot be cured. Instead, treatment is most commonly used to relieve symptoms. […] Your recommended treatment plan will be determined by your general health and the stage the cancer has reached. […] In cases of stage 1 and stage 2 bile duct cancer, a cure may be possible by surgically removing the affected part of the bile duct, and possibly some of the liver or gallbladder. […] In cases of stage 3 bile duct cancers, the chances of achieving a successful cure will depend on how many lymph nodes have been affected. A cure may be possible if only a few nodes have cancerous cells in them, or it may be possible to slow the spread of the cancer by surgically removing the lymph nodes.

• #73 Treatment options for bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  Your surgeon will try to remove the cancer and an area of tissue around it that doesn’t contain any cancer cells. This area is called the margin. […] The type of surgery you have depends on where the bile duct cancer is. Surgery for bile duct cancer is a major operation. Your surgeon will only suggest it if you are fit enough to cope with the operation. […] You might have chemotherapy after surgery. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. These drugs are also called cytotoxic drugs. Chemotherapy helps to lower the chance of the cancer coming back. […] If you can’t have surgery to remove the cancer you usually have: chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs, immunotherapy. […] These can help control the growth of the cancer, relieve symptoms and hopefully help people to live longer.

• #74 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65851/

  In a liver transplant, the entire liver is removed and replaced with a healthy donated liver. A liver transplant may be done in people with perihilar bile duct cancer. If the person has to wait for a donated liver, other treatment is given as needed. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Your doctor may suggest biomarker tests to help predict your response to certain targeted therapy drugs. The following targeted therapy drugs may be used to treat bile duct cancer: ivosidenib, pemigatinib. […] Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system fight cancer. The following immunotherapy drugs may be used to treat bile duct cancer: durvalumab, pembrolizumab. […] Most people with bile duct cancer cannot have their cancer completely removed with surgery. This may be the case if the cancer has spread too far, the cancer is in a place that is too difficult to completely remove with surgery, or the patient is not healthy enough for surgery. Treatment of unresectable bile duct cancer (including metastatic or recurrent disease) may include: stent placement or biliary bypass, as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life, external or internal radiation therapy, as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life, systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy (durvalumab or pembrolizumab) and systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy with pemigatinib, a clinical trial of various combinations of chemotherapy, a clinical trial of immunotherapy or targeted therapy in people with mutations (changes) in certain genes.

• #75 Chemotherapy Outcomes for the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic and Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3269144/

  The most recent guidelines regarding treatment of advanced biliary tract cancers, developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), recommend the use of gemcitabine, capecitabine, or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), either as single agents or in combination with a platinum analog (oxaliplatin or cisplatin), or the combination of gemcitabine and capecitabine, with the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin receiving a category 1 recommendation. […] The combination of gemcitabine/cisplatin demonstrated improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to gemcitabine alone. […] Analysis of our patient population from the past 5 years also suggests that the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is an effective option for maintaining disease control in patients with unresectable intrahepatic or hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

• #76 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) is a rare, aggressive form of cancer. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Experts are continually researching and developing new treatments that can slow cancer spread and improve the outlook associated with cholangiocarcinoma. […] Cholangiocarcinoma treatment depends on where its located and if it has spread. Surgery can treat bile duct cancers that havent spread. But most bile duct cancers have spread by the time theyre diagnosed. […] If surgery alone wont eliminate cholangiocarcinoma, your healthcare provider may recommend a combination of treatments to slow cancer growth or provide palliative care that relieves symptoms. […] Cholangiocarcinoma treatment may include: Surgery: Removes all or part of your bile duct or affected organs.

• #77 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  The treatments for bile duct cancer are not as effective as treatments for other types of cancer. Therefore, a number of clinical trials are being conducted to find better ways of treating the condition. […] Another promising field of research involves using targeted therapies to treat bile duct cancer.

• #78 Finding the Right Targets to Treat Biliary Tract Cancers | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2024/02/19/finding-the-right-targets-to-treat-biliary-tract-cancers/

  Among the targeted therapies examined in the study were fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors. […] Genetic alterations of FGFR2, however, are only found in about 10% to 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cases, and over time, patients can become resistant to treatment often after a few months because they develop secondary FGFR2 mutations. […] To overcome this issue, researchers are exploring next-generation FGFR inhibitors. […] In September 2022, the FDA approved durvalumab (Imfinzi) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic BTC. […] The most recent FDA approval related to BTC came in October 2023 with an expanded indication for pembrolizumab to be used in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) and cisplatin for the treatment of locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC.

• #79 Can Cholangiocarcinoma be Cured? Dr Praveen Kammar

  https://drpraveenkammar.com/blogs/can-cholangiocarcinoma-be-cured/

  Chemotherapy and radiation therapy play critical roles in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. These treatments can be administered before surgery to shrink tumors, after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells, or as standalone treatments when surgery is not an option. […] Commonly used chemotherapy drugs for cholangiocarcinoma include cisplatin and gemcitabine. […] Targeted therapies have emerged as a promising treatment approach for cholangiocarcinoma. […] The future of cholangiocarcinoma treatment is promising, with ongoing research and clinical trials exploring new therapies and technologies. […] With a dedicated team of oncologists, a range of treatment options, and a growing body of research, theres every reason to hold onto hope.

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