Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  Cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in the bile ducts develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply out of control and form a mass of cells (tumor) that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. It’s not clear what causes the changes that lead to cholangiocarcinoma. […] Factors that may increase your risk of cholangiocarcinoma include: […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis. This disease causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts. […] Chronic liver disease. Scarring of the liver caused by a history of chronic liver disease increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Bile duct problems present at birth. People born with a choledochal cyst, which causes dilated and irregular bile ducts, have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #2 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in your bile ducts. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes cholangiocarcinoma. But health conditions that cause chronic (long-term) inflammation in your bile ducts may play a role. […] Ongoing damage from inflammation can cause changes in cell DNA. DNA contains the instructions that tell cells how to behave. Damaged DNA can cause problems with how cells grow and divide, creating tumors that damage tissue. […] You may be more likely to develop cholangiocarcinoma if you have: Structural abnormalities where your bile duct and pancreatic duct meet. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is rare. About 8,000 people in the United States develop this cancer each year. […] Worldwide, cholangiocarcinoma is more common in Southeast Asia. Bile duct cancer is a complication of clonorchiasis, a chronic (long-term) infection associated with a Chinese liver fluke parasite.

• #3 What Causes Bile Duct Cancer? | Causes of Bile Duct Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know the exact cause of most bile duct cancers, but we do know some of the risk factors that make a person more likely to develop these cancers. […] There seems to be a link between bile duct cancer and things that irritate and inflame the bile ducts, whether its bile duct stones, infection with a parasite, or something else. […] Scientists are starting to understand how inflammation might lead to certain changes in the DNA of cells, making them grow out of control and form cancers. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes (mutations) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed for a cell to become cancer. […] There are few known genetically inherited disorders that are associated with higher risk for bile duct cancer. Gene mutations related to bile duct cancers are usually acquired during life rather than inherited. […] Some of the gene changes that lead to bile duct cancer might be caused by inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #4 Cholangiocarcinoma: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of cancers that begin in the bile ducts. […] Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes—those that control cell division, for example—allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. In most cases of cholangiocarcinoma, these genetic changes are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in the bile duct cells that give rise to the tumor. The genetic changes, which are called somatic mutations, are not inherited. Somatic mutations in many different genes have been found in cholangiocarcinoma. […] Several non-genetic risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified. These include a bile duct disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile duct stones or cysts, and exposure to certain chemical toxins used in manufacturing. In Southeast Asia, infection with parasitic worms that live in the human bile ducts greatly increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Other risk factors that have been studied include long-term infection with viral hepatitis B or C, scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), and chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes. […] Studies suggest that a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence whether a person will develop cholangiocarcinoma. However, most people who develop the disease do not have any of the identified risk factors.

• #5 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in your bile ducts. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes cholangiocarcinoma. But health conditions that cause chronic (long-term) inflammation in your bile ducts may play a role. […] Ongoing damage from inflammation can cause changes in cell DNA. DNA contains the instructions that tell cells how to behave. Damaged DNA can cause problems with how cells grow and divide, creating tumors that damage tissue. […] You may be more likely to develop cholangiocarcinoma if you have: Structural abnormalities where your bile duct and pancreatic duct meet. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is rare. About 8,000 people in the United States develop this cancer each year. […] Worldwide, cholangiocarcinoma is more common in Southeast Asia. Bile duct cancer is a complication of clonorchiasis, a chronic (long-term) infection associated with a Chinese liver fluke parasite.

• #6 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/risk-factors

  Bile duct cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, occurs when cells in the bile duct become damaged or mutated. These damaged cells begin to grow and divide out of control and form a tumor or tumors. […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is not known, but research indicates that inflammation may play a role in altering the cells’ DNA, causing cancer to form and grow. […] Some conditions that cause chronic inflammation may increase the risk for developing bile duct cancer. […] Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have a higher-than-normal risk for developing bile duct cancer. […] Certain ethnic groups have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Long-term infection with hepatitis B or C virus may increase risk.

• #7 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #8 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Cholangiocarcinoma frequently arises in the absence of genetic predisposition and without a clear etiology. However, certain risk factors that vary with ethnicity and geography predispose to cholangiocarcinoma in some patients. These predisposing risk factors include but are not limited to: […] Infestation with liver flukes such as Clonorchis and Opisthorchiasis is strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. These infestations are endemic to Southeast Asian regions; the highest incidence rates are in northeast Thailand. Liver fluke infestation is due to the consumption of undercooked fish, and parasite-induced chronic biliary inflammation is the primary driver of malignant transformation. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis have a significantly elevated risk, perhaps as much as 400 times the risk, of developing cholangiocarcinoma compared to the general population, especially with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease.

• #9 Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2504381/

  In East Asia, where the disease is common, CCA has been pathogenically associated with liver fluke infestation, particularly the endemic Opisthorcis viverrini. […] Various chemicals have been linked to CCA. The banned carcinogenic contrast agent Thorotrast has been strongly associated with CCA, in some cases many years after exposure. […] Cirrhosis from any cause is associated with an increased risk of CCA. […] Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are established risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and may have a role in cholangiocarcinogenesis.

• #10 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #11 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #12 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) is a rare but aggressive type of cancer. […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is unknown. However, some things may increase your chances of developing the condition. The most common include being over 65 years old or having a rare chronic liver disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is unknown, although some things can increase the risk of developing the condition. […] A number of factors that increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer have been identified. […] Your chances of developing cancer of the bile duct increase as you get older. Most people with the condition are over 65 years old. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare type of liver disease that causes long-lasting (chronic) inflammation of the liver.

• #13 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop bile duct cancer. […] Certain conditions of the liver or bile ducts have been found to either cause bile duct cancer or to increase the risk of developing it. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). […] Bile duct stones (hepatolithiasis) are a lot like gallstones, but much smaller. They can also cause inflammation that increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Choledochal cyst disease is a rare condition which some people are born with. […] Liver fluke infections can happen when you eat raw or undercooked fish that is infected with these tiny parasitic worms. […] Some people have abnormalities where the bile duct and pancreatic duct normally meet.

• #14 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Cholangiocarcinoma frequently arises in the absence of genetic predisposition and without a clear etiology. However, certain risk factors that vary with ethnicity and geography predispose to cholangiocarcinoma in some patients. These predisposing risk factors include but are not limited to: […] Infestation with liver flukes such as Clonorchis and Opisthorchiasis is strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. These infestations are endemic to Southeast Asian regions; the highest incidence rates are in northeast Thailand. Liver fluke infestation is due to the consumption of undercooked fish, and parasite-induced chronic biliary inflammation is the primary driver of malignant transformation. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis have a significantly elevated risk, perhaps as much as 400 times the risk, of developing cholangiocarcinoma compared to the general population, especially with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease.

• #15 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Around 10 to 20% of people with PSC will develop bile duct cancer. Your risk of developing bile duct cancer is thought to be higher if you have PSC and you smoke. […] Some people can have fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in their bile duct. […] Up to 20% of people with choledochal cysts that are not removed will develop cancer of the bile duct. […] Biliary stones are rare in western Europe, but are relatively common in parts of Asia, such as Japan and Taiwan. Its estimated that approximately 10% of people with biliary stones will develop bile duct cancer. […] Liver flukes are a type of parasitic insect known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemical toxins is known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] The following factors are linked with an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer, but more research is still needed: hepatitis B and hepatitis C, cirrhosis (a scarred liver) as a result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, HIV, diabetes, obesity, smoking.

• #16 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Cholangiocarcinoma frequently arises in the absence of genetic predisposition and without a clear etiology. However, certain risk factors that vary with ethnicity and geography predispose to cholangiocarcinoma in some patients. These predisposing risk factors include but are not limited to: […] Infestation with liver flukes such as Clonorchis and Opisthorchiasis is strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. These infestations are endemic to Southeast Asian regions; the highest incidence rates are in northeast Thailand. Liver fluke infestation is due to the consumption of undercooked fish, and parasite-induced chronic biliary inflammation is the primary driver of malignant transformation. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis have a significantly elevated risk, perhaps as much as 400 times the risk, of developing cholangiocarcinoma compared to the general population, especially with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease.

• #17 Cholangiocarcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma?lang=us

  Cholangiocarcinomas (commonest type of bile duct cancers) are malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree, excluding the gallbladder or ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is the third most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladder cancer. They tend to have a poor prognosis and high morbidity. […] A number of risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified, and bile stasis and chronic inflammation of the biliary epithelium are identified as common features among many of them: Caroli disease / choledochal cysts: lifetime risk of 10-15%; choledocholithiasis: more than cholelithiasis; primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): especially in Western countries; recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: especially in Southeast Asia; cirrhosis; toxins: e.g. thorotrast, dioxin, polyvinylchloride, heavy alcohol use; viral infections: e.g. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, EBV; Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); fibropolycystic liver disease; liver fluke infestation: Opisthorchis spp. and Clonorchis spp.; hepatolithiasis. […] Regarding inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiocarcinoma develops in one in every 100 to 200 patients, which means they have a 4 times greater risk than IBD-free patients. Individuals with ulcerative colitis are at higher risk of having cholangiocarcinoma in comparison to those with Crohn disease.

• #18 Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2504381/

  In East Asia, where the disease is common, CCA has been pathogenically associated with liver fluke infestation, particularly the endemic Opisthorcis viverrini. […] Various chemicals have been linked to CCA. The banned carcinogenic contrast agent Thorotrast has been strongly associated with CCA, in some cases many years after exposure. […] Cirrhosis from any cause is associated with an increased risk of CCA. […] Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are established risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and may have a role in cholangiocarcinogenesis.

• #19 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #20 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #21 Cholangiocarcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer, is a rare but aggressive malignancy originating in the bile ducts. […] The etiology of cholangiocarcinoma involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. Chronic biliary inflammation is a significant risk factor. This often is the result of conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is a chronic liver disease, and hepatolithiasis (bile duct stones). […] Parasitic infections, particularly with liver flukes like Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are also strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma, especially in regions such as Southeast Asia. […] Genetic mutations and alterations play a crucial role in the development of this cancer. Patients who develop cholangiocarcinoma often have mutations in genes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), IDH2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2).

• #22 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #23 Cholangiocarcinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277393-overview

  Cholangiocarcinomas arise from the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary epithelium. More than 90% are adenocarcinomas, and the remainder are squamous cell tumors. The etiology of most bile duct cancers remains undetermined. Long-standing inflammation, as with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or chronic parasitic infection, has been suggested to play a role by inducing hyperplasia, cellular proliferation, and, ultimately, malignant transformation. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may be associated with chronic ulcerative colitis and chronic cholecystitis. […] Occupational cholangiocarcinoma has been documented in workers at printing companies in Japan who had been exposed to high concentrations of chemical compounds, including 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and/or dichloromethane. […] Heavy infestation by the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis (endemic predominantly in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and far eastern Russia) and Opisthorchis viverrini (the Southeast Asian liver fluke) has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #24 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #25 Cholangiocarcinoma | Bile Duct Cancer

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma occurs when the cells in bile ducts undergo genetic changes, causing them to multiply uncontrollably and form a harmful mass (tumor) that can damage healthy tissues. The precise cause of cholangiocarcinoma is still under medical research. Certain reports have proved that genetic mutations cause cholangiocarcinoma. The parasitic infections are also known to contribute to the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is caused by the mutation in the bile duct cells, which results in alterations in the DNA. It results in excessive multiplication of cells and prevents cell death, leading to tumor mass formation. However, the exact cause for the mutation is not known. Chronic sclerosing cholangitis, presence of the liver parasite, increased age, smoking, chronic liver disorders, diabetes, and problems of the bile duct are the factors that increase the chance of developing bile duct cancer. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is mainly caused by a liver parasite called Opisthorchiasis. It is commonly seen in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and places where uncooked cyprinoid fish is consumed.

• #26 Cholangiocarcinoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00300-2

  Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system, which can be classified as intrahepatic, perihilar and distal. […] In endemic regions, liver fluke infection is associated with CCA, owing to the oncogenic effect of the associated chronic biliary tract inflammation. […] In other regions, CCA can be associated with chronic biliary tract inflammation owing to choledocholithiasis, cholelithiasis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis, but most CCAs have no identifiable cause. […] Administration of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel decreases the risk of CCA from liver flukes, but reinfection is common and future vaccination strategies may be more effective. […] Genetic studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of CCA, and two aberrations that drive the pathogenesis of non-fluke-associated intrahepatic CCA, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 fusions and isocitrate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations, can be therapeutically targeted. […] CCA remains a highly lethal disease and further scientific and clinical insights are needed to improve patient outcomes.

• #27 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  Cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in the bile ducts develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply out of control and form a mass of cells (tumor) that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. It’s not clear what causes the changes that lead to cholangiocarcinoma. […] Factors that may increase your risk of cholangiocarcinoma include: […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis. This disease causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts. […] Chronic liver disease. Scarring of the liver caused by a history of chronic liver disease increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Bile duct problems present at birth. People born with a choledochal cyst, which causes dilated and irregular bile ducts, have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #28 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop bile duct cancer. […] Certain conditions of the liver or bile ducts have been found to either cause bile duct cancer or to increase the risk of developing it. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). […] Bile duct stones (hepatolithiasis) are a lot like gallstones, but much smaller. They can also cause inflammation that increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Choledochal cyst disease is a rare condition which some people are born with. […] Liver fluke infections can happen when you eat raw or undercooked fish that is infected with these tiny parasitic worms. […] Some people have abnormalities where the bile duct and pancreatic duct normally meet.

• #29 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Around 10 to 20% of people with PSC will develop bile duct cancer. Your risk of developing bile duct cancer is thought to be higher if you have PSC and you smoke. […] Some people can have fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in their bile duct. […] Up to 20% of people with choledochal cysts that are not removed will develop cancer of the bile duct. […] Biliary stones are rare in western Europe, but are relatively common in parts of Asia, such as Japan and Taiwan. Its estimated that approximately 10% of people with biliary stones will develop bile duct cancer. […] Liver flukes are a type of parasitic insect known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemical toxins is known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] The following factors are linked with an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer, but more research is still needed: hepatitis B and hepatitis C, cirrhosis (a scarred liver) as a result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, HIV, diabetes, obesity, smoking.

• #30 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/causes-risk-factors

  People who have chronic (long-standing) inflammation of the bile ducts have an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Other inflammatory conditions can increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer: […] Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine. It is often associated with inflammation of the bile ducts, which is called primary sclerosing cholangitis. […] Although rarely seen in the United States, food- or water-borne parasites that live in the bile ducts are common in Asia and raise the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Congenital bile duct cysts are typically diagnosed in childhood. The lining of these sacs often contains precancerous cells that increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. […] This inflammatory disease is a risk factor for cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts. […] Studies have suggested that intrahepatic bile duct cancer is more common among heavy smokers. […] Bile duct cancer occurs most often in older people. The average age of diagnosis in the United States is 72. […] Diabetes can slightly raise the risk for intrahepatic bile duct cancer.

• #31 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter bilis and Helicobacter hepaticus species can cause biliary cancer. […] Congenital liver abnormalities, such as Caroli disease (a specific type of five recognized choledochal cysts), have been associated with an approximately 15% lifetime risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] The rare inherited disorders Lynch syndrome II and biliary papillomatosis have also been found to be associated with cholangiocarcinoma. […] Exposure to Thorotrast, a form of thorium dioxide which was used as a radiologic contrast medium, has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma as late as 30-40 years after exposure.

• #32 What Is Bile Duct Cancer? Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/bile-duct-cancer/guide/

  Bile duct cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts. […] Though bile duct cancer can affect anyone, its more common in individuals older than age 65, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). […] Certain diseases that affect the liver and bile ducts may increase your risk of developing bile duct cancer. Those include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (hardening and scarring of the bile ducts), Bile duct stones (small stones that can cause inflammation), Choledochal cyst disease (bile duct cysts), Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Abnormalities where the bile and pancreatic duct meet, Clonorchiasis (a parasite in the liver), Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a buildup of fat in the liver cells thats not due to alcohol use, Polycystic liver disease (a rare, genetic disease of the liver), Caroli syndrome (an abnormality of the intrahepatic bile ducts that is present at birth).

• #33 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop bile duct cancer. […] Certain conditions of the liver or bile ducts have been found to either cause bile duct cancer or to increase the risk of developing it. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). […] Bile duct stones (hepatolithiasis) are a lot like gallstones, but much smaller. They can also cause inflammation that increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Choledochal cyst disease is a rare condition which some people are born with. […] Liver fluke infections can happen when you eat raw or undercooked fish that is infected with these tiny parasitic worms. […] Some people have abnormalities where the bile duct and pancreatic duct normally meet.

• #34 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in your bile ducts. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes cholangiocarcinoma. But health conditions that cause chronic (long-term) inflammation in your bile ducts may play a role. […] Ongoing damage from inflammation can cause changes in cell DNA. DNA contains the instructions that tell cells how to behave. Damaged DNA can cause problems with how cells grow and divide, creating tumors that damage tissue. […] You may be more likely to develop cholangiocarcinoma if you have: Structural abnormalities where your bile duct and pancreatic duct meet. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is rare. About 8,000 people in the United States develop this cancer each year. […] Worldwide, cholangiocarcinoma is more common in Southeast Asia. Bile duct cancer is a complication of clonorchiasis, a chronic (long-term) infection associated with a Chinese liver fluke parasite.

• #35 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #36 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #37 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop bile duct cancer. […] Certain conditions of the liver or bile ducts have been found to either cause bile duct cancer or to increase the risk of developing it. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). […] Bile duct stones (hepatolithiasis) are a lot like gallstones, but much smaller. They can also cause inflammation that increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Choledochal cyst disease is a rare condition which some people are born with. […] Liver fluke infections can happen when you eat raw or undercooked fish that is infected with these tiny parasitic worms. […] Some people have abnormalities where the bile duct and pancreatic duct normally meet.

• #38 Explore Bile Duct Cancer Symptoms And Causes Symptoms and Causes at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/bile-duct-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  Chronic liver and bile duct inflammation is one of the most common bile duct cancer causes. Several liver and bile duct diseases may result in chronic inflammation. These include primary sclerosing cholangitis, choledochal cyst disease, bile duct stones, liver fluke infections, and cirrhosis. […] The presence of gallstones could also be a potential bile duct cancer cause. It may be due to chronic irritation and inflammation of the bile ducts. […] There are several mechanisms through which obesity causes bile duct cancer. First, obesity alters the level of certain hormones, leading to bile duct cancer. Second, obesity also causes various other diseases, such as gallstones, bile duct stones, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. […] Possible bile duct cancer causes include liver disease, chronic inflammation, obesity, gallstones, and infection.

• #39 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #40 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Around 10 to 20% of people with PSC will develop bile duct cancer. Your risk of developing bile duct cancer is thought to be higher if you have PSC and you smoke. […] Some people can have fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in their bile duct. […] Up to 20% of people with choledochal cysts that are not removed will develop cancer of the bile duct. […] Biliary stones are rare in western Europe, but are relatively common in parts of Asia, such as Japan and Taiwan. Its estimated that approximately 10% of people with biliary stones will develop bile duct cancer. […] Liver flukes are a type of parasitic insect known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemical toxins is known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] The following factors are linked with an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer, but more research is still needed: hepatitis B and hepatitis C, cirrhosis (a scarred liver) as a result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, HIV, diabetes, obesity, smoking.

• #41 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  Cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in the bile ducts develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply out of control and form a mass of cells (tumor) that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. It’s not clear what causes the changes that lead to cholangiocarcinoma. […] Factors that may increase your risk of cholangiocarcinoma include: […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis. This disease causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts. […] Chronic liver disease. Scarring of the liver caused by a history of chronic liver disease increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Bile duct problems present at birth. People born with a choledochal cyst, which causes dilated and irregular bile ducts, have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #42 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #43 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #44 Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2504381/

  In East Asia, where the disease is common, CCA has been pathogenically associated with liver fluke infestation, particularly the endemic Opisthorcis viverrini. […] Various chemicals have been linked to CCA. The banned carcinogenic contrast agent Thorotrast has been strongly associated with CCA, in some cases many years after exposure. […] Cirrhosis from any cause is associated with an increased risk of CCA. […] Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are established risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and may have a role in cholangiocarcinogenesis.

• #45 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #46 Risks and causes of bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/risks-causes

  In most cases we don’t know what causes bile duct cancer, but there are some things that can increase the risk. These include being older or having medical conditions that cause long term (chronic) inflammation of the bile ducts. […] The risk of getting bile duct cancer increases as people get older. It can develop at any age but most people are aged 65 and over. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare type of inflammation of the bile ducts. Doctors don’t know what causes it. People with PSC may have an increased risk of developing cancer of the bile ducts. […] Liver flukes are worms that get into the bile ducts. Having them increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] People with choledochal cysts have them from birth. […] Doctors usually remove choledochal cysts to reduce the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Liver cirrhosis can increase the risk of bile duct cancer. Especially intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Some IBDs like ulcerative colitis, can increase the risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who have had Thorotrast in the past have a higher chance of developing bile duct cancer.

• #47 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #48 What Is Bile Duct Cancer? Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/bile-duct-cancer/guide/

  Bile duct cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts. […] Though bile duct cancer can affect anyone, its more common in individuals older than age 65, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). […] Certain diseases that affect the liver and bile ducts may increase your risk of developing bile duct cancer. Those include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (hardening and scarring of the bile ducts), Bile duct stones (small stones that can cause inflammation), Choledochal cyst disease (bile duct cysts), Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Abnormalities where the bile and pancreatic duct meet, Clonorchiasis (a parasite in the liver), Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a buildup of fat in the liver cells thats not due to alcohol use, Polycystic liver disease (a rare, genetic disease of the liver), Caroli syndrome (an abnormality of the intrahepatic bile ducts that is present at birth).

• #49 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #50 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Around 10 to 20% of people with PSC will develop bile duct cancer. Your risk of developing bile duct cancer is thought to be higher if you have PSC and you smoke. […] Some people can have fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in their bile duct. […] Up to 20% of people with choledochal cysts that are not removed will develop cancer of the bile duct. […] Biliary stones are rare in western Europe, but are relatively common in parts of Asia, such as Japan and Taiwan. Its estimated that approximately 10% of people with biliary stones will develop bile duct cancer. […] Liver flukes are a type of parasitic insect known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemical toxins is known to increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] The following factors are linked with an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer, but more research is still needed: hepatitis B and hepatitis C, cirrhosis (a scarred liver) as a result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, HIV, diabetes, obesity, smoking.

• #51 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #52 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A radioactive substance called Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) was found to increase the risk for bile duct cancer, as well as other types of liver cancer. […] People with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) have been found to have a higher risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who drink alcohol are more likely to get intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Studies have found other factors may also increase the risk of bile duct cancer.

• #53 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter bilis and Helicobacter hepaticus species can cause biliary cancer. […] Congenital liver abnormalities, such as Caroli disease (a specific type of five recognized choledochal cysts), have been associated with an approximately 15% lifetime risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] The rare inherited disorders Lynch syndrome II and biliary papillomatosis have also been found to be associated with cholangiocarcinoma. […] Exposure to Thorotrast, a form of thorium dioxide which was used as a radiologic contrast medium, has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma as late as 30-40 years after exposure.

• #54 Risks and causes of bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/risks-causes

  In most cases we don’t know what causes bile duct cancer, but there are some things that can increase the risk. These include being older or having medical conditions that cause long term (chronic) inflammation of the bile ducts. […] The risk of getting bile duct cancer increases as people get older. It can develop at any age but most people are aged 65 and over. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare type of inflammation of the bile ducts. Doctors don’t know what causes it. People with PSC may have an increased risk of developing cancer of the bile ducts. […] Liver flukes are worms that get into the bile ducts. Having them increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] People with choledochal cysts have them from birth. […] Doctors usually remove choledochal cysts to reduce the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Liver cirrhosis can increase the risk of bile duct cancer. Especially intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Some IBDs like ulcerative colitis, can increase the risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who have had Thorotrast in the past have a higher chance of developing bile duct cancer.

• #55 Cholangiocarcinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277393-overview

  Cholangiocarcinomas arise from the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary epithelium. More than 90% are adenocarcinomas, and the remainder are squamous cell tumors. The etiology of most bile duct cancers remains undetermined. Long-standing inflammation, as with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or chronic parasitic infection, has been suggested to play a role by inducing hyperplasia, cellular proliferation, and, ultimately, malignant transformation. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may be associated with chronic ulcerative colitis and chronic cholecystitis. […] Occupational cholangiocarcinoma has been documented in workers at printing companies in Japan who had been exposed to high concentrations of chemical compounds, including 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and/or dichloromethane. […] Heavy infestation by the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis (endemic predominantly in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and far eastern Russia) and Opisthorchis viverrini (the Southeast Asian liver fluke) has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #56 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #57 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #58 Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2504381/

  In East Asia, where the disease is common, CCA has been pathogenically associated with liver fluke infestation, particularly the endemic Opisthorcis viverrini. […] Various chemicals have been linked to CCA. The banned carcinogenic contrast agent Thorotrast has been strongly associated with CCA, in some cases many years after exposure. […] Cirrhosis from any cause is associated with an increased risk of CCA. […] Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are established risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and may have a role in cholangiocarcinogenesis.

• #59 Cholangiocarcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Additionally, exposure to certain toxins, such as thorotrast (a radiographic contrast agent banned in the 1960s) and nitrosamines, has been linked to an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Lifestyle factors, including smoking and chronic alcohol consumption, may also contribute to its pathogenesis.

• #60 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #61 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #62 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #63 Bile Duct Cancer Symptoms, Survival Rate, Prognosis, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/bile_duct_cancer_cholangiocarcinoma/article.htm

  Bile duct cancer arises from the cells that line the bile ducts, the drainage system for bile that is produced by the liver. […] It is not understood why most people with bile duct cancer develop the disease. However, chronic inflammation of the bile ducts may be a risk factor for this cancer. […] Certain parasitic infections found in the Far East that cause liver infections are also associated with an increased risk. […] There are rare congenital diseases that increase the risk of bile duct cancer, including Lynch II syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer associated with biliary tree and other cancers) and Caroli’s syndrome (portal hypertension, hepatic fibrosis, and biliary tree cysts). […] Native Americans are six times more likely to develop bile duct cancer. Asian Americans may also be at higher risk. Bile duct cancer is also more prevalent in Israel and Japan, but it is a very rare disease in North America.

• #64 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #65 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #66 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #67 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #68 Cholangiocarcinoma: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of cancers that begin in the bile ducts. […] Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes—those that control cell division, for example—allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. In most cases of cholangiocarcinoma, these genetic changes are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in the bile duct cells that give rise to the tumor. The genetic changes, which are called somatic mutations, are not inherited. Somatic mutations in many different genes have been found in cholangiocarcinoma. […] Several non-genetic risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified. These include a bile duct disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile duct stones or cysts, and exposure to certain chemical toxins used in manufacturing. In Southeast Asia, infection with parasitic worms that live in the human bile ducts greatly increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Other risk factors that have been studied include long-term infection with viral hepatitis B or C, scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), and chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes. […] Studies suggest that a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence whether a person will develop cholangiocarcinoma. However, most people who develop the disease do not have any of the identified risk factors.

• #69 About bile duct cancer known as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)

  https://www.pemazyre.com/about-cholangiocarcinoma

  Learn about cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), including its subtypes, and one of the causes an abnormal gene change called an FGFR2 fusion. […] Cholangiocarcinoma occurs when the cells lining the bile ducts go through abnormal gene changes, which make the cells grow and divide without stopping. These cancer cells form tumors. […] There are different types of gene changes or defects that can lead to CCA, such as gene mutations, gene amplifications, or gene fusions. […] One specific type of gene fusion that can cause CCA is called a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion. […] An FGFR2 fusion is one of the most common types of abnormal gene changes in people with iCCA.

• #70 About bile duct cancer known as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)

  https://www.pemazyre.com/about-cholangiocarcinoma

  Learn about cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), including its subtypes, and one of the causes an abnormal gene change called an FGFR2 fusion. […] Cholangiocarcinoma occurs when the cells lining the bile ducts go through abnormal gene changes, which make the cells grow and divide without stopping. These cancer cells form tumors. […] There are different types of gene changes or defects that can lead to CCA, such as gene mutations, gene amplifications, or gene fusions. […] One specific type of gene fusion that can cause CCA is called a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion. […] An FGFR2 fusion is one of the most common types of abnormal gene changes in people with iCCA.

• #71 Gallbladder & Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/gallbladder-bile-duct-cancer

  Gallbladder and bile duct cancer affect fewer than 10,000 people in the United States each year. […] A common type of bile duct cancer, called cholangiocarcinoma, begins in the bile ducts either inside or outside the liver. […] Risk factors for bile duct cancer include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a disease that causes scarring of the bile ducts. […] Some parasites (liver flukes) found in raw or undercooked fish. Liver fluke infection is rare in the U.S., but can affect people who travel to Asia. […] UChicago Medicine medical oncologists find innovative ways to integrate chemotherapy with each patient’s multidisciplinary treatment plan. […] In addition to traditional chemotherapy, we are actively investigating newer approaches of systemic therapies (including targeted therapy and immunotherapy) for patients with gallbladder and bile duct cancers. […] Examples of current clinical trials include targeted therapies against genomic alterations such as IDH1, FGFR and HER2 in bile duct cancers.

• #72 Cholangiocarcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer, is a rare but aggressive malignancy originating in the bile ducts. […] The etiology of cholangiocarcinoma involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. Chronic biliary inflammation is a significant risk factor. This often is the result of conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is a chronic liver disease, and hepatolithiasis (bile duct stones). […] Parasitic infections, particularly with liver flukes like Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are also strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma, especially in regions such as Southeast Asia. […] Genetic mutations and alterations play a crucial role in the development of this cancer. Patients who develop cholangiocarcinoma often have mutations in genes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), IDH2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2).

• #73 Gallbladder & Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/gallbladder-bile-duct-cancer

  Gallbladder and bile duct cancer affect fewer than 10,000 people in the United States each year. […] A common type of bile duct cancer, called cholangiocarcinoma, begins in the bile ducts either inside or outside the liver. […] Risk factors for bile duct cancer include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a disease that causes scarring of the bile ducts. […] Some parasites (liver flukes) found in raw or undercooked fish. Liver fluke infection is rare in the U.S., but can affect people who travel to Asia. […] UChicago Medicine medical oncologists find innovative ways to integrate chemotherapy with each patient’s multidisciplinary treatment plan. […] In addition to traditional chemotherapy, we are actively investigating newer approaches of systemic therapies (including targeted therapy and immunotherapy) for patients with gallbladder and bile duct cancers. […] Examples of current clinical trials include targeted therapies against genomic alterations such as IDH1, FGFR and HER2 in bile duct cancers.

• #74 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #75 Deep in the Bile Ducts, Researchers Explore How Cancer Arises | URMC Newsroom

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/deep-in-the-bile-ducts-researchers-explore-how-cancer-arises

  Liver cancers include both hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. They can occur for a variety of reasons including cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse, liver disease due to diabetes or obesity, or viral liver infections. […] Hezel noted that the Arid1a gene, which controls how DNA is organized, can have a different impact on other tissues, cells, and circumstances. […] But when it loses its normal function in the bile duct cells of the liver, the result is an out-of-control cell cycle. […] Further, when bile duct cells coincidentally harbor the cancer gene Kras, cooperation between the Arida1a and Kras leads to cholangiocarcinoma, data show.

• #76 Deep in the Bile Ducts, Researchers Explore How Cancer Arises | URMC Newsroom

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/deep-in-the-bile-ducts-researchers-explore-how-cancer-arises

  Aram Hezel, MD, and his research team discovered another important step in what causes an aggressive type of liver cancer called cholangiocarcinoma. […] Investigators were studying the relationship between several genes and liver injury (gall stones in the bile ducts, alcohol abuse, and infection, for example), and one gene, SMAD4, stood out. […] But when SMAD4 is inactivated, it can no longer stop cancer from developing, researchers discovered in mice. […] A Wilmot Cancer Institute scientist discovered how gene mutations fuel the growth of bile duct cancer, a rare but aggressive type of liver cancer that has been on the rise in the U.S. […] The pre-clinical investigation is specific to cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, which is the second most common type of liver cancer.

• #77 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #78 What Is Bile Duct Cancer? Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/bile-duct-cancer/guide/

  Other factors that many elevate your chances of having bile duct cancer include: Being Hispanic American, Living in an area where liver parasites are common, Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes, Being older than 50 years of age, Being obese, Having ulcerative colitis or inflammatory bowel disease, Being exposed to toxins, such as radon, asbestos, or thorium dioxide, Having a family history of bile duct cancer, Being a current or former smoker, Having an alcohol use disorder, Having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Some conditions closely related to bile duct cancer include: Liver cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Cirrhosis, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Alcoholism, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Choledochal cyst disease, Polycystic liver disease, Bile duct stones, Clonorchiasis, Caroli syndrome.

• #79 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #80 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/causes-risk-factors

  People who have chronic (long-standing) inflammation of the bile ducts have an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Other inflammatory conditions can increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer: […] Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine. It is often associated with inflammation of the bile ducts, which is called primary sclerosing cholangitis. […] Although rarely seen in the United States, food- or water-borne parasites that live in the bile ducts are common in Asia and raise the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Congenital bile duct cysts are typically diagnosed in childhood. The lining of these sacs often contains precancerous cells that increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. […] This inflammatory disease is a risk factor for cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts. […] Studies have suggested that intrahepatic bile duct cancer is more common among heavy smokers. […] Bile duct cancer occurs most often in older people. The average age of diagnosis in the United States is 72. […] Diabetes can slightly raise the risk for intrahepatic bile duct cancer.

• #81 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #82 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A radioactive substance called Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) was found to increase the risk for bile duct cancer, as well as other types of liver cancer. […] People with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) have been found to have a higher risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who drink alcohol are more likely to get intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Studies have found other factors may also increase the risk of bile duct cancer.

• #83 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #84 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/risk-factors

  Some diseases of the liver or bile duct, such as polycystic liver disease, pancreatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, choledochal cysts, and Carolis syndrome, may increase a person’s bile duct cancer risks. […] Being obese may increase the risk for developing some cancers, including bile duct and liver cancer. […] A water-borne parasite called liver fluke may infect the bile duct and cause cancer. […] Tobacco use may increase the risk for developing bile duct cancer.

• #85 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #86 Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Causes & Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/causes-risk-factors

  People who have chronic (long-standing) inflammation of the bile ducts have an increased risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Other inflammatory conditions can increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer: […] Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine. It is often associated with inflammation of the bile ducts, which is called primary sclerosing cholangitis. […] Although rarely seen in the United States, food- or water-borne parasites that live in the bile ducts are common in Asia and raise the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Congenital bile duct cysts are typically diagnosed in childhood. The lining of these sacs often contains precancerous cells that increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. […] This inflammatory disease is a risk factor for cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts. […] Studies have suggested that intrahepatic bile duct cancer is more common among heavy smokers. […] Bile duct cancer occurs most often in older people. The average age of diagnosis in the United States is 72. […] Diabetes can slightly raise the risk for intrahepatic bile duct cancer.

• #87 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A radioactive substance called Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) was found to increase the risk for bile duct cancer, as well as other types of liver cancer. […] People with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) have been found to have a higher risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who drink alcohol are more likely to get intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Studies have found other factors may also increase the risk of bile duct cancer.

• #88 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) | Liver and Pancreatic Cancer Care | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/cancer-care-oncology/specialties/liver-cancer-pancreatic-cancer/conditions/cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma occurs when cells in the bile tubes grow out of control. Cells grow out of control when their DNA develops changes (mutations). These DNA changes allow cells to build up and grow into tumors. […] Chronic liver disease people with liver disease, like hepatitis B or C, for many years have a higher risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) people with PSC, a disease where bile tubes get inflamed, are more likely to get cholangiocarcinoma. […] Smoking people who smoke are more likely to get bile duct cancer than those who don’t smoke. […] Age bile duct cancer is more common in people older than 50. […] Liver fluke infection liver fluke is a parasite that you can get by eating undercooked fish. It’s a rare cause of cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia. […] Choledochal cyst a choledochal cyst, sacs filled with bile, frequently get precancerous changes that can put you at risk for bile duct cancer. […] Alcohol use people who drink a lot of alcohol are more likely to get bile duct cancer than those who don’t drink.

• #89 Risks and causes of bile duct cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bile-duct-cancer/risks-causes

  In most cases we don’t know what causes bile duct cancer, but there are some things that can increase the risk. These include being older or having medical conditions that cause long term (chronic) inflammation of the bile ducts. […] The risk of getting bile duct cancer increases as people get older. It can develop at any age but most people are aged 65 and over. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare type of inflammation of the bile ducts. Doctors don’t know what causes it. People with PSC may have an increased risk of developing cancer of the bile ducts. […] Liver flukes are worms that get into the bile ducts. Having them increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] People with choledochal cysts have them from birth. […] Doctors usually remove choledochal cysts to reduce the risk of developing bile duct cancer. […] Liver cirrhosis can increase the risk of bile duct cancer. Especially intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Some IBDs like ulcerative colitis, can increase the risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who have had Thorotrast in the past have a higher chance of developing bile duct cancer.

• #90 Cholangiocarcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma?lang=us

  Cholangiocarcinomas (commonest type of bile duct cancers) are malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree, excluding the gallbladder or ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is the third most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladder cancer. They tend to have a poor prognosis and high morbidity. […] A number of risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified, and bile stasis and chronic inflammation of the biliary epithelium are identified as common features among many of them: Caroli disease / choledochal cysts: lifetime risk of 10-15%; choledocholithiasis: more than cholelithiasis; primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): especially in Western countries; recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: especially in Southeast Asia; cirrhosis; toxins: e.g. thorotrast, dioxin, polyvinylchloride, heavy alcohol use; viral infections: e.g. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, EBV; Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); fibropolycystic liver disease; liver fluke infestation: Opisthorchis spp. and Clonorchis spp.; hepatolithiasis. […] Regarding inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiocarcinoma develops in one in every 100 to 200 patients, which means they have a 4 times greater risk than IBD-free patients. Individuals with ulcerative colitis are at higher risk of having cholangiocarcinoma in comparison to those with Crohn disease.

• #91 Bile Duct Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Support | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bile-duct-cancer/

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer found in tubes called ducts. […] Cholangiocarcinoma seems to be on the rise in the UK. Researchers believe more people getting diagnosed with long term liver disease is the cause. […] The cause of bile duct cancer in the UK is known for 3 to 4 in every 10 people. For the rest the cause is unknown. Where known the causes can include: […] PSC is an autoimmune disease of the bile ducts. It is the most common known cause of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Thorotrast was a drug used as a contrast agent. It is closely tied to bile duct cancer. […] A chemical called propylene bichloride, which is used as a solvent also has a high risk. […] Cysts in the bile ducts make bile duct cancer more likely. […] This can be a risk for developing bile duct cancer. […] People with chronic pancreatitis have a higher risk.

• #92 Klatskin Tumors (Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/hilar-cholangiocarcinoma

  Hilar cholangiocarcinoma develops when normal cells mutate (change) and become abnormal cells. These abnormal cells divide and multiply uncontrollably, eventually creating tumors. Researchers dont know what causes the mutation. They do know some conditions and activities increase your risk, like medical conditions and genetic mutations that happen after youre born. […] Medical conditions that increase the risk of Klatskin tumors include: Alcohol use disorder. Choledocholithiasis. Chronic pancreatitis. Clonorchiasis (infection with a Chinese liver fluke parasite). Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Viruses, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

• #93 Cholangiocarcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma?lang=us

  Cholangiocarcinomas (commonest type of bile duct cancers) are malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree, excluding the gallbladder or ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is the third most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladder cancer. They tend to have a poor prognosis and high morbidity. […] A number of risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified, and bile stasis and chronic inflammation of the biliary epithelium are identified as common features among many of them: Caroli disease / choledochal cysts: lifetime risk of 10-15%; choledocholithiasis: more than cholelithiasis; primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): especially in Western countries; recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: especially in Southeast Asia; cirrhosis; toxins: e.g. thorotrast, dioxin, polyvinylchloride, heavy alcohol use; viral infections: e.g. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, EBV; Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); fibropolycystic liver disease; liver fluke infestation: Opisthorchis spp. and Clonorchis spp.; hepatolithiasis. […] Regarding inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiocarcinoma develops in one in every 100 to 200 patients, which means they have a 4 times greater risk than IBD-free patients. Individuals with ulcerative colitis are at higher risk of having cholangiocarcinoma in comparison to those with Crohn disease.

• #94

  https://www.gleneagles.com.sg/conditions-diseases/bile-duct-cancer?sourceType=browse-health-az&sourceDetail=health-search-results

  Bile duct cancer, also known as cholangiocarcinoma, begins in the cells that line the inside of the bile ducts. […] It is unclear what causes bile duct cancer, but long-term (chronic) inflammation may contribute to its development, as inflammation can damage cells and lead to changes in its DNA, altering the way cells grow. […] These conditions are believed to be risk factors for bile duct cancer: Parasitic infection of the bile duct, Abnormalities where the bile duct and pancreatic duct meet, Choledochal cyst disease, Chronic ulcerative colitis, Cirrhosis of the liver or chronic liver disease, Diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Hepatitis B or C, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Obesity. […] Other factors which may play a role include: Alcohol consumption, which can lead to liver cirrhosis, Exposure to certain toxins, Age, with most cases occurring over the age of 50.

• #95 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #96 Bile Duct Cancer Symptoms, Survival Rate, Prognosis, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/bile_duct_cancer_cholangiocarcinoma/article.htm

  Bile duct cancer arises from the cells that line the bile ducts, the drainage system for bile that is produced by the liver. […] It is not understood why most people with bile duct cancer develop the disease. However, chronic inflammation of the bile ducts may be a risk factor for this cancer. […] Certain parasitic infections found in the Far East that cause liver infections are also associated with an increased risk. […] There are rare congenital diseases that increase the risk of bile duct cancer, including Lynch II syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer associated with biliary tree and other cancers) and Caroli’s syndrome (portal hypertension, hepatic fibrosis, and biliary tree cysts). […] Native Americans are six times more likely to develop bile duct cancer. Asian Americans may also be at higher risk. Bile duct cancer is also more prevalent in Israel and Japan, but it is a very rare disease in North America.

• #97 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #98 What Causes Bile Duct Cancer? | Causes of Bile Duct Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know the exact cause of most bile duct cancers, but we do know some of the risk factors that make a person more likely to develop these cancers. […] There seems to be a link between bile duct cancer and things that irritate and inflame the bile ducts, whether its bile duct stones, infection with a parasite, or something else. […] Scientists are starting to understand how inflammation might lead to certain changes in the DNA of cells, making them grow out of control and form cancers. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes (mutations) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed for a cell to become cancer. […] There are few known genetically inherited disorders that are associated with higher risk for bile duct cancer. Gene mutations related to bile duct cancers are usually acquired during life rather than inherited. […] Some of the gene changes that lead to bile duct cancer might be caused by inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #99 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in your bile ducts. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes cholangiocarcinoma. But health conditions that cause chronic (long-term) inflammation in your bile ducts may play a role. […] Ongoing damage from inflammation can cause changes in cell DNA. DNA contains the instructions that tell cells how to behave. Damaged DNA can cause problems with how cells grow and divide, creating tumors that damage tissue. […] You may be more likely to develop cholangiocarcinoma if you have: Structural abnormalities where your bile duct and pancreatic duct meet. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is rare. About 8,000 people in the United States develop this cancer each year. […] Worldwide, cholangiocarcinoma is more common in Southeast Asia. Bile duct cancer is a complication of clonorchiasis, a chronic (long-term) infection associated with a Chinese liver fluke parasite.

• #100 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer/risk-factors

  Bile duct cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, occurs when cells in the bile duct become damaged or mutated. These damaged cells begin to grow and divide out of control and form a tumor or tumors. […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is not known, but research indicates that inflammation may play a role in altering the cells’ DNA, causing cancer to form and grow. […] Some conditions that cause chronic inflammation may increase the risk for developing bile duct cancer. […] Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have a higher-than-normal risk for developing bile duct cancer. […] Certain ethnic groups have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Exposure to certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Long-term infection with hepatitis B or C virus may increase risk.

• #101 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #102 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #103 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #104 BILE DUCT CANCER: A RARE AND CHALLENGING CONDITION | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/bile-duct-cancer-a-rare-and-challenging-condition

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare type of cancer where the bile ducts, a group of tubes that convey bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine, are affected. […] There is no known cause for bile duct cancer, although it is thought to arise over time due to stress-induced modifications of the biliary tract that occur due to chronic inflammation. In recent years, the three types of bile duct cancers have been shown to be triggered by unique genetic mutations that cause the cancer to develop. […] The number one factors associated with causing bile duct cancer include gallstones, gallbladder lesions, growths or cysts, calcification of the gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder), and bile duct infections caused by liver flukes. […] Other cholangiocarcinoma risk factors include: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis is closely linked to liver disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohns disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is classified into three types based on its location in the biliary tract: Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (IC), Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma (PC), and Distal Cholangiocarcinoma (DC).

• #105 Cholangiocarcinoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00300-2

  Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system, which can be classified as intrahepatic, perihilar and distal. […] In endemic regions, liver fluke infection is associated with CCA, owing to the oncogenic effect of the associated chronic biliary tract inflammation. […] In other regions, CCA can be associated with chronic biliary tract inflammation owing to choledocholithiasis, cholelithiasis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis, but most CCAs have no identifiable cause. […] Administration of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel decreases the risk of CCA from liver flukes, but reinfection is common and future vaccination strategies may be more effective. […] Genetic studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of CCA, and two aberrations that drive the pathogenesis of non-fluke-associated intrahepatic CCA, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 fusions and isocitrate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations, can be therapeutically targeted. […] CCA remains a highly lethal disease and further scientific and clinical insights are needed to improve patient outcomes.

• #106 Cholangiocarcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer, is a rare but aggressive malignancy originating in the bile ducts. […] The etiology of cholangiocarcinoma involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. Chronic biliary inflammation is a significant risk factor. This often is the result of conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is a chronic liver disease, and hepatolithiasis (bile duct stones). […] Parasitic infections, particularly with liver flukes like Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are also strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma, especially in regions such as Southeast Asia. […] Genetic mutations and alterations play a crucial role in the development of this cancer. Patients who develop cholangiocarcinoma often have mutations in genes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), IDH2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2).

• #107 Cholangiocarcinoma: Risk Factors, Environmental Influences and Oncogenesis

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/2/195.full

  O. viverrini infection is traditionally considered the primary cause of CCA. However, Satoshi et al. argued that this pathogen may not be the single factor for the development of CCA. […] The development of CCA is also a major issue now. […] The inflammation may play a major role in the promotion of carcinoma, and the induction is likely more prone to occur in patients with an abnormal genetic background. […] CCA development, as with most tumors, is probably a multi-step process dependent on an interaction between host genetic factors and environmental factors. […] Several studies have shown an abnormal expression of the K-RAS oncogene in up to 100% of cases and the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in about 1/3 of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens with CCA. […] Enhanced proliferative signaling, an increased mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes, and the evasion of apoptosis may constitute additional steps for the development of CCA.

• #108 What Causes Bile Duct Cancer? | Causes of Bile Duct Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know the exact cause of most bile duct cancers, but we do know some of the risk factors that make a person more likely to develop these cancers. […] There seems to be a link between bile duct cancer and things that irritate and inflame the bile ducts, whether its bile duct stones, infection with a parasite, or something else. […] Scientists are starting to understand how inflammation might lead to certain changes in the DNA of cells, making them grow out of control and form cancers. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes (mutations) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed for a cell to become cancer. […] There are few known genetically inherited disorders that are associated with higher risk for bile duct cancer. Gene mutations related to bile duct cancers are usually acquired during life rather than inherited. […] Some of the gene changes that lead to bile duct cancer might be caused by inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #109 What Causes Bile Duct Cancer? | Causes of Bile Duct Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know the exact cause of most bile duct cancers, but we do know some of the risk factors that make a person more likely to develop these cancers. […] There seems to be a link between bile duct cancer and things that irritate and inflame the bile ducts, whether its bile duct stones, infection with a parasite, or something else. […] Scientists are starting to understand how inflammation might lead to certain changes in the DNA of cells, making them grow out of control and form cancers. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes (mutations) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed for a cell to become cancer. […] There are few known genetically inherited disorders that are associated with higher risk for bile duct cancer. Gene mutations related to bile duct cancers are usually acquired during life rather than inherited. […] Some of the gene changes that lead to bile duct cancer might be caused by inflammation. But sometimes the cause of these changes is not known. Many gene changes might just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #110 Deep in the Bile Ducts, Researchers Explore How Cancer Arises | URMC Newsroom

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/deep-in-the-bile-ducts-researchers-explore-how-cancer-arises

  Aram Hezel, MD, and his research team discovered another important step in what causes an aggressive type of liver cancer called cholangiocarcinoma. […] Investigators were studying the relationship between several genes and liver injury (gall stones in the bile ducts, alcohol abuse, and infection, for example), and one gene, SMAD4, stood out. […] But when SMAD4 is inactivated, it can no longer stop cancer from developing, researchers discovered in mice. […] A Wilmot Cancer Institute scientist discovered how gene mutations fuel the growth of bile duct cancer, a rare but aggressive type of liver cancer that has been on the rise in the U.S. […] The pre-clinical investigation is specific to cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, which is the second most common type of liver cancer.

• #111 Cholangiocarcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer, is a rare but aggressive malignancy originating in the bile ducts. […] The etiology of cholangiocarcinoma involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. Chronic biliary inflammation is a significant risk factor. This often is the result of conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is a chronic liver disease, and hepatolithiasis (bile duct stones). […] Parasitic infections, particularly with liver flukes like Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are also strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma, especially in regions such as Southeast Asia. […] Genetic mutations and alterations play a crucial role in the development of this cancer. Patients who develop cholangiocarcinoma often have mutations in genes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), IDH2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2).

• #112 About bile duct cancer known as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)

  https://www.pemazyre.com/about-cholangiocarcinoma

  Learn about cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), including its subtypes, and one of the causes an abnormal gene change called an FGFR2 fusion. […] Cholangiocarcinoma occurs when the cells lining the bile ducts go through abnormal gene changes, which make the cells grow and divide without stopping. These cancer cells form tumors. […] There are different types of gene changes or defects that can lead to CCA, such as gene mutations, gene amplifications, or gene fusions. […] One specific type of gene fusion that can cause CCA is called a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion. […] An FGFR2 fusion is one of the most common types of abnormal gene changes in people with iCCA.

• #113 Gallbladder & Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/gallbladder-bile-duct-cancer

  Gallbladder and bile duct cancer affect fewer than 10,000 people in the United States each year. […] A common type of bile duct cancer, called cholangiocarcinoma, begins in the bile ducts either inside or outside the liver. […] Risk factors for bile duct cancer include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a disease that causes scarring of the bile ducts. […] Some parasites (liver flukes) found in raw or undercooked fish. Liver fluke infection is rare in the U.S., but can affect people who travel to Asia. […] UChicago Medicine medical oncologists find innovative ways to integrate chemotherapy with each patient’s multidisciplinary treatment plan. […] In addition to traditional chemotherapy, we are actively investigating newer approaches of systemic therapies (including targeted therapy and immunotherapy) for patients with gallbladder and bile duct cancers. […] Examples of current clinical trials include targeted therapies against genomic alterations such as IDH1, FGFR and HER2 in bile duct cancers.

• #114 Cholangiocarcinoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma, commonly known as bile duct cancer, is a rare but aggressive malignancy originating in the bile ducts. […] The etiology of cholangiocarcinoma involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. Chronic biliary inflammation is a significant risk factor. This often is the result of conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is a chronic liver disease, and hepatolithiasis (bile duct stones). […] Parasitic infections, particularly with liver flukes like Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are also strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma, especially in regions such as Southeast Asia. […] Genetic mutations and alterations play a crucial role in the development of this cancer. Patients who develop cholangiocarcinoma often have mutations in genes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), IDH2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2).

• #115

  https://ammf.org.uk/causes-and-risk-factors/

  The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is unclear. It is likely that this cancer arises due to a combination of factors, including other illnesses that cause chronic damage to the liver and/or bile ducts, certain toxins and possibly a small genetic predisposition, although it is not a directly inherited disease. […] The following risk factors are all accepted by scientists to increase the likelihood of developing cholangiocarcinoma: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) PSC, a condition where the bile ducts are chronically inflamed, is the commonest known predisposing cause of cholangiocarcinoma. […] There is some evidence that long term liver damage of any cause, such as chronic viral hepatitis B or C, and alcohol may also be risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Newly discovered likely risk factors include obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease. […] However, the majority of people diagnosed in the West with cholangiocarcinoma have none of the risk factors mentioned above, their cholangiocarcinoma develops sporadically (ie, no known cause).

• #116 Cholangiocarcinoma: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cholangiocarcinoma/

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of cancers that begin in the bile ducts. […] Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes—those that control cell division, for example—allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. In most cases of cholangiocarcinoma, these genetic changes are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in the bile duct cells that give rise to the tumor. The genetic changes, which are called somatic mutations, are not inherited. Somatic mutations in many different genes have been found in cholangiocarcinoma. […] Several non-genetic risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified. These include a bile duct disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile duct stones or cysts, and exposure to certain chemical toxins used in manufacturing. In Southeast Asia, infection with parasitic worms that live in the human bile ducts greatly increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Other risk factors that have been studied include long-term infection with viral hepatitis B or C, scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), and chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes. […] Studies suggest that a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence whether a person will develop cholangiocarcinoma. However, most people who develop the disease do not have any of the identified risk factors.

• #117 Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2504381/

  Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal cancer of the biliary epithelium, arising either within the liver (intrahepatic, ICC) or in the extrahepatic bile ducts (extrahepatic ECC). […] The known risk factors for CCA are summarized. These include primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver fluke infestation, congenital fibropolycystic liver, bile duct adenomas, and biliary papillomatosis, hepatolithiasis, chemical carcinogens such as nitrosamines, Thorotrast, chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, chronic non-alcoholic liver disease and obesity. […] Most cases of CCA are sporadic, and recognized risk factors account for a minority of cases. Given that CCA has risen in a relatively short period of time, an environmental factor is likely to play a role in carcinogenesis. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is the commonest known predisposing factor for CCA in the West. CCA rates of up to 40% have been reported in PSC patients.

• #118 Bile Duct Cancer: A Complex, Difficult-to-Treat Disease | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/news/bile-duct-cancer-a-complex-difficult-to-treat-disease

  Bile duct cancer, also known as cholangiocarcinoma, is a type of cancer that occurs in the bile ducts […] While still rare, the number of new cholangiocarcinoma cases has been increasing in recent years, although the exact reasons for this increase are not well understood. Some of the factors that may contribute to this trend include an aging population and an increase in underlying medical conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and hepatitis B or C. […] Risk factors for the disease include age, sex, ethnicity and underlying medical conditions, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and hepatitis B or C. […] The increasing frequency of cholangiocarcinoma highlights the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment strategies, as well as the need for continued research into the causes and risk factors of the disease.

• #119 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Cholangiocarcinoma frequently arises in the absence of genetic predisposition and without a clear etiology. However, certain risk factors that vary with ethnicity and geography predispose to cholangiocarcinoma in some patients. These predisposing risk factors include but are not limited to: […] Infestation with liver flukes such as Clonorchis and Opisthorchiasis is strongly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. These infestations are endemic to Southeast Asian regions; the highest incidence rates are in northeast Thailand. Liver fluke infestation is due to the consumption of undercooked fish, and parasite-induced chronic biliary inflammation is the primary driver of malignant transformation. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis have a significantly elevated risk, perhaps as much as 400 times the risk, of developing cholangiocarcinoma compared to the general population, especially with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease.

• #120 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #121 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) is a rare but aggressive type of cancer. […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is unknown. However, some things may increase your chances of developing the condition. The most common include being over 65 years old or having a rare chronic liver disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is unknown, although some things can increase the risk of developing the condition. […] A number of factors that increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer have been identified. […] Your chances of developing cancer of the bile duct increase as you get older. Most people with the condition are over 65 years old. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare type of liver disease that causes long-lasting (chronic) inflammation of the liver.

• #122 Bile duct cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bile-duct-cancer-cholangiocarcinoma/

  Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) is a rare but aggressive type of cancer. […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is unknown. However, some things may increase your chances of developing the condition. The most common include being over 65 years old or having a rare chronic liver disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] The exact cause of bile duct cancer is unknown, although some things can increase the risk of developing the condition. […] A number of factors that increase the risk of developing bile duct cancer have been identified. […] Your chances of developing cancer of the bile duct increase as you get older. Most people with the condition are over 65 years old. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare type of liver disease that causes long-lasting (chronic) inflammation of the liver.

• #123 Cholangiocarcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma?lang=us

  Cholangiocarcinomas (commonest type of bile duct cancers) are malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree, excluding the gallbladder or ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is the third most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladder cancer. They tend to have a poor prognosis and high morbidity. […] A number of risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified, and bile stasis and chronic inflammation of the biliary epithelium are identified as common features among many of them: Caroli disease / choledochal cysts: lifetime risk of 10-15%; choledocholithiasis: more than cholelithiasis; primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): especially in Western countries; recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: especially in Southeast Asia; cirrhosis; toxins: e.g. thorotrast, dioxin, polyvinylchloride, heavy alcohol use; viral infections: e.g. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, EBV; Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); fibropolycystic liver disease; liver fluke infestation: Opisthorchis spp. and Clonorchis spp.; hepatolithiasis. […] Regarding inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiocarcinoma develops in one in every 100 to 200 patients, which means they have a 4 times greater risk than IBD-free patients. Individuals with ulcerative colitis are at higher risk of having cholangiocarcinoma in comparison to those with Crohn disease.

• #124 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #125 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #126 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scientists have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop bile duct cancer. […] Certain conditions of the liver or bile ducts have been found to either cause bile duct cancer or to increase the risk of developing it. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a condition in which inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis) leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). […] Bile duct stones (hepatolithiasis) are a lot like gallstones, but much smaller. They can also cause inflammation that increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Choledochal cyst disease is a rare condition which some people are born with. […] Liver fluke infections can happen when you eat raw or undercooked fish that is infected with these tiny parasitic worms. […] Some people have abnormalities where the bile duct and pancreatic duct normally meet.

• #127 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter bilis and Helicobacter hepaticus species can cause biliary cancer. […] Congenital liver abnormalities, such as Caroli disease (a specific type of five recognized choledochal cysts), have been associated with an approximately 15% lifetime risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] The rare inherited disorders Lynch syndrome II and biliary papillomatosis have also been found to be associated with cholangiocarcinoma. […] Exposure to Thorotrast, a form of thorium dioxide which was used as a radiologic contrast medium, has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma as late as 30-40 years after exposure.

• #128 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in your bile ducts. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes cholangiocarcinoma. But health conditions that cause chronic (long-term) inflammation in your bile ducts may play a role. […] Ongoing damage from inflammation can cause changes in cell DNA. DNA contains the instructions that tell cells how to behave. Damaged DNA can cause problems with how cells grow and divide, creating tumors that damage tissue. […] You may be more likely to develop cholangiocarcinoma if you have: Structural abnormalities where your bile duct and pancreatic duct meet. […] Cholangiocarcinoma is rare. About 8,000 people in the United States develop this cancer each year. […] Worldwide, cholangiocarcinoma is more common in Southeast Asia. Bile duct cancer is a complication of clonorchiasis, a chronic (long-term) infection associated with a Chinese liver fluke parasite.

• #129 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #130 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #131 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #132 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #133 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #134 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #135 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #136 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A radioactive substance called Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) was found to increase the risk for bile duct cancer, as well as other types of liver cancer. […] People with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) have been found to have a higher risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who drink alcohol are more likely to get intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Studies have found other factors may also increase the risk of bile duct cancer.

• #137 Cholangiocarcinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277393-overview

  Cholangiocarcinomas arise from the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary epithelium. More than 90% are adenocarcinomas, and the remainder are squamous cell tumors. The etiology of most bile duct cancers remains undetermined. Long-standing inflammation, as with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or chronic parasitic infection, has been suggested to play a role by inducing hyperplasia, cellular proliferation, and, ultimately, malignant transformation. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may be associated with chronic ulcerative colitis and chronic cholecystitis. […] Occupational cholangiocarcinoma has been documented in workers at printing companies in Japan who had been exposed to high concentrations of chemical compounds, including 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and/or dichloromethane. […] Heavy infestation by the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis (endemic predominantly in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and far eastern Russia) and Opisthorchis viverrini (the Southeast Asian liver fluke) has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #138 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #139 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #140 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A radioactive substance called Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) was found to increase the risk for bile duct cancer, as well as other types of liver cancer. […] People with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) have been found to have a higher risk of bile duct cancer. […] People who drink alcohol are more likely to get intrahepatic bile duct cancer. […] Studies have found other factors may also increase the risk of bile duct cancer.

• #141 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #142 Cholangiocarcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560708/

  Hepatolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, especially with larger stones and a more prolonged illness duration. Hepatolithiasis is more common in Asia and may be associated with parasitic infections. […] Patients with choledochal cysts, biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms, or intraductal papillary biliary mucinous neoplasms are at a significantly increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. […] Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), and cirrhosis of any etiology are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Type 2 diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Exposure to Thorotrast, a radioactive thorium dioxide contrast media widely used between 1920 and 1950, increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma development. Exposure to asbestos and propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichoropropane) also confers an increased risk. […] Patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), BAP1-related tumor predisposition syndrome, multiple biliary papillomatosis, and cystic fibrosis carry an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma development.

• #143 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #144 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20167626

  A liver parasite. In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish. […] Older age. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50. […] Smoking. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Diabetes. People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. […] Certain inherited conditions. Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.

• #145 Bile Duct Cancer Risk Factors | Cholangiocarcinoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bile-duct-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Cirrhosis can be caused by irritants like alcohol and diseases like hepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have found it increases the risk of bile duct cancer. […] Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus appears to be associated with increased risk for bile duct cancers. […] People with these diseases have an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Lynch syndrome, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and multiple biliary papillomatosis are genetic disorders associated with an increased risk of bile duct cancer. […] Older people are more likely than younger people to get bile duct cancer. […] In the US, the risk of bile duct cancer is highest among Hispanic Americans. […] Having excess body weight or obesity can increase the risk of cancers of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

• #146 Cholangiocarcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

  Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. […] Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. […] Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. […] People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

• #147

  https://ammf.org.uk/causes-and-risk-factors/

  The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is unclear. It is likely that this cancer arises due to a combination of factors, including other illnesses that cause chronic damage to the liver and/or bile ducts, certain toxins and possibly a small genetic predisposition, although it is not a directly inherited disease. […] The following risk factors are all accepted by scientists to increase the likelihood of developing cholangiocarcinoma: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) PSC, a condition where the bile ducts are chronically inflamed, is the commonest known predisposing cause of cholangiocarcinoma. […] There is some evidence that long term liver damage of any cause, such as chronic viral hepatitis B or C, and alcohol may also be risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Newly discovered likely risk factors include obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease. […] However, the majority of people diagnosed in the West with cholangiocarcinoma have none of the risk factors mentioned above, their cholangiocarcinoma develops sporadically (ie, no known cause).

• #148 Cholangiocarcinoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-021-00300-2

  Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system, which can be classified as intrahepatic, perihilar and distal. […] In endemic regions, liver fluke infection is associated with CCA, owing to the oncogenic effect of the associated chronic biliary tract inflammation. […] In other regions, CCA can be associated with chronic biliary tract inflammation owing to choledocholithiasis, cholelithiasis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis, but most CCAs have no identifiable cause. […] Administration of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel decreases the risk of CCA from liver flukes, but reinfection is common and future vaccination strategies may be more effective. […] Genetic studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of CCA, and two aberrations that drive the pathogenesis of non-fluke-associated intrahepatic CCA, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 fusions and isocitrate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations, can be therapeutically targeted. […] CCA remains a highly lethal disease and further scientific and clinical insights are needed to improve patient outcomes.

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