Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Types of Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types

  There are many types of cancer treatment. Some people with cancer have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] The types of treatment that you receive will depend on the type of cancer you have and how advanced it is. […] Biomarker testing may help you and your doctor choose a cancer treatment for you. […] Chemotherapy works by killing or stopping the growth of cancer and other fast-growing cells. […] Hormone therapy is a treatment that slows or stops the growth of breast and prostate cancers that use hormones to grow. […] Hyperthermia is a type of treatment in which body tissue is heated to help damage and kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer.

• #2 Cancer treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cancer-treatment/about/pac-20393344

  Cancer treatment includes surgery, radiation, medicines and other therapies. The goal of cancer treatment is to cure or shrink a cancer or stop it from spreading. […] Many cancer treatments exist. You may receive one treatment or a combination of treatments. Your cancer treatment plan may be based on your type of cancer and your situation. […] The goal of cancer treatment is to cure your cancer and help you live a typical life span. That may or may not be possible depending on your specific situation. If a cure is not possible, treatments are used to help shrink your cancer or slow its growth. Those treatments may help you live without symptoms for as long as possible. […] The goal of the primary treatment is to completely remove the cancer from your body or kill all the cancer cells.

• #3 Treatment For Cancer | Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types.html

  Planning cancer treatment can take time and you should talk to your doctor about how long you can expect to wait until treatment starts. It’s important to learn about all your treatment options to make the decision that is best for your situation. […] Many procedures and drugs are available to treat cancer, with many more being studied. Some are „local” treatments like surgery and radiation therapy, which are used to treat a specific tumor or area of the body. Drug treatments (such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy) are often called „systemic” treatments because they can affect the entire body. […] There are many different approaches for treating cancer, depending on the type of cancer, how advanced it is, what types of treatment are available, and what the goals of treatment are. […] Learn about the most common types of treatment for cancer here. […] Learn about how cancer treatments might be used in certain situations here.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/treatment/

  Treatment for prostate cancer will depend on your individual circumstances. For many people with prostate cancer, no treatment will be necessary. […] When treatment is necessary, the aim is to cure or control the disease so it affects everyday life as little as possible and does not shorten life expectancy. […] Sometimes, if the cancer has already spread, the aim is not to cure it but to prolong life and delay symptoms. […] Your MDT will be able to recommend what they feel are the best treatment options, but ultimately the decision is yours. […] If you have side effects from treatment, you should be referred to specialist services (such as continence services) to help stop or ease these side effects. […] The risk group of the cancer will help determine which types of treatments will be necessary.

• #5 Overview of Cancer Therapy – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/principles-of-cancer-therapy/overview-of-cancer-therapy

  Palliative care: Specialized medical care for people with serious illnesses focused on providing relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family. For cancer, palliative care may include therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, to remove, decrease size, or slow growth of a tumor that is causing pain. […] Overall treatment should be coordinated among a radiation oncologist, surgeon, and medical oncologist, where appropriate. […] Treatment decisions should weigh the likelihood of adverse effects against the likelihood of benefit; these decisions require frank communication and often the involvement of a multidisciplinary cancer team. […] For patients with incurable disease, hospice or other related end-of-life care programs are important parts of cancer treatment.

• #6 Cancer treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cancer-treatment/about/pac-20393344

  The goal of adjuvant therapy is to kill any cancer cells remaining after the primary treatment. The aim is to lower the chance of the cancer returning. […] The goal of palliative care is to help you feel better. If you have cancer, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. […] Cancer treatments can cause side effects. The side effects depend on the type of treatment you receive. […] Your treatment will depend on several factors. They include the type and stage of your cancer, your general health and your preferences. […] Cancer treatment options include: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. […] Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system to kill cancer cells.

• #7 Cancer treatments: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000901.htm

  Cancer treatments […] If you have cancer, your health care provider will recommend one or more ways to treat the disease. The most common treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Other options include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, laser, hormonal therapy, and others. Here is an overview of the different treatments for cancer and how they work. […] Surgery is a common treatment for many types of cancer. During the operation, the surgeon takes out the mass of cancerous cells (tumor) and some of the nearby tissue. Sometimes, surgery is done to relieve side effects caused by a tumor. […] Chemotherapy refers to medicines used to kill cancer cells. The medicines may be given by mouth or into a blood vessel (IV). Different types of medicines may be given together at the same time or one after the other.

• #7 Cancer treatments: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000901.htm

  Radiation therapy uses x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells. Cancer cells grow and divide faster than normal cells in the body. Because radiation is most harmful to quickly growing cells, radiation therapy damages cancer cells more than normal cells. This prevents the cancer cells from growing and dividing, and leads to cell death. […] Targeted therapy uses medicines to stop cancer from growing and spreading. It does this with less harm to normal cells than other treatments. […] Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that relies on the body’s ability to fight infection (immune system). It uses substances made by the body or in a lab to help the immune system work harder or in a more targeted way to fight cancer. This helps your body get rid of cancer cells.

• #8 Cancer Treatments | CancerQuest

  https://cancerquest.org/patients/treatments

  For much of human history, surgery was the first line of treatment for many solid tumors. With surgery, a patient is taken to the operating room, put under anesthesia, and the tumor removed. […] The advantages of surgery include: the removal of a large volume of tumor can relieve mass effect; the removal of cancer cells that are producing blood-borne factors; the removal of a tumor in a part of the body that cannot be treated with radiation; potential ability to remove all cancer cells in a small area; ability to look at the cancerous tissue; convenience for the patient. […] The disadvantages of surgery include: inability to kill microscopic disease around the edges of the tumor; the patient must be able to tolerate the surgery and anesthesia; some damage to nearby normal tissues; complications from surgery; inability to remove cancer in other parts of the body; inability to safely remove kill cells in certain parts of the body; removal of an organ which may affect the patients quality of life; inability of a surgeon to discern cancer cells from normal cells with the naked eye.

• #9 How is cancer treated? | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/how-is-cancer-treated/

  There are several types of cancer treatment. Its common for a combination of treatments to be used. Treatments include: surgery an operation to remove the cancer is the main treatment for many types of cancer […] radiotherapy high energy X-rays are used to destroy the cancer cells […] chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells […] hormonal therapy reduces the level of hormones in the body or blocks hormones from reaching cancer cells […] targeted therapies destroy cancer cells, usually by interfering with the cancers ability to grow […] stem cell or bone marrow treatments allow high doses of anti-cancer treatment to be given or are used to give the person a new immune system to fight the cancer […] Surgery is one of the main treatments for cancer and can be used for lots of reasons. Surgery can be used to: diagnose cancer

• #10 How is cancer treated? | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/how-is-cancer-treated/

  remove cancer […] control symptoms of cancer […] restore parts of the body (for example breast reconstruction) […] Surgery can cure many cancers. […] Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to treat disease. […] Doctors can give radiotherapy to try and destroy a tumour and cure the cancer. This is called curative treatment. […] If its not possible to cure the cancer, doctors may give you radiotherapy to help relieve symptoms you have. This is called palliative treatment. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy can be given as a main treatment or after other treatments to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. […] Chemotherapy is also given to control cancer that has spread and to relieve symptoms. […] Targeted therapies (sometimes known as biological therapies) can be used to stimulate the immune system, control the growth of cancer cells or to overcome side effects of treatment.

• #11 Types of Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types

  Photodynamic therapy uses a drug activated by light to kill cancer and other abnormal cells. […] Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. […] Stem cell transplants are procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in people who have had theirs destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from your body. […] Treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread.

• #12 Cancer treatment – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_treatment

  Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors by damaging their DNA causing cellular death. […] Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with drugs („anticancer drugs”) that can destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be given in a variety of ways such as injections into the muscles, skin, artery, or vein, or it could even be taken by mouth in the form of a pill. […] Targeted therapy, which first became available in the late 1990s, has had a significant impact in the treatment of some types of cancer, and is currently a very active research area. […] Cancer immunotherapy refers to a diverse set of therapeutic strategies designed to induce the patient’s own immune system to fight the tumor. […] The growth of some cancers can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. Common examples of hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostate cancers.

• #13 Types of Cancer Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-cancer-treatments

  Chemotherapy (Chemo) This strong medication keeps cancer from spreading, makes it grow slower, or even kills cancer cells. It can cause side effects because it kills cells in your body that grow quickly, including those in your blood, mouth, digestive system, and hair follicles. There are over 100 types of chemo drugs. Your doctor will choose the one thats best for your type of cancer. You may take it as a pill or capsule, rub it into your skin as a cream, or get it as an injection or IV at home or in the hospital. […] External Beam Radiation This treatment attacks cancer cells with high-energy particles (proton or particle therapy) or waves (X-rays). It kills or damages cells in one specific area instead of throughout your whole body. The most common type comes from a machine outside your body. Its called external-beam radiation.

• #14 Types of Cancer Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-cancer-treatments

  Internal Radiation Youll probably hear your doctor call it brachytherapy. Theyll put radioactive implants about the size of a grain of rice inside your body where the tumor is. The radiation kills the cancer cells. This treatment makes you radioactive for a while, so you may have to avoid other people until its finished. […] Open Surgery Treating cancer with surgery works best if you have a solid tumor in one area. It often cant treat cancer that has spread or cancer thats in your blood, like leukemia. The surgeon makes a cut in your skin with a scalpel or other sharp tool and removes as much of the tumor as possible. They may also take out lymph nodes and other tissues for testing. This is called open surgery. […] Minimally Invasive Surgery The goal for this procedure is the same as open surgery: to remove tumors, and also tissues and lymph nodes if needed. Instead of one large cut, the surgeon makes several small ones. They put a tube with a tiny camera into one cut to see inside your body, and tools into the others. This is called laparoscopic surgery. It usually has a shorter recovery time than open surgery.

• #15 Cancer Treatments | CancerQuest

  https://cancerquest.org/patients/treatments

  With radiation therapy, 3D models are created of the tumor and the surrounding normal area. Radiation therapy is focused on the tumor, and the normal tissues are avoided. […] The advantages of radiation therapy include: death of a large proportion of cancer cells within the entire tumor (radiation alone may be used to cure some small tumors); death of microscopic disease, very small groups of cancer cells that would not be visible to the naked eye; ability to shrink tumors; relative safety for the patient; works to make systemic therapy more effective; organ preservation; stimulation of an immune response against the tumor. […] The disadvantages of radiation therapy include: damage to surrounding tissues; inability to kill tumor cells that cannot be seen on imaging scans; inability to kill all cancer cells in tumors; inability to relieve mass effect in certain parts of the body; poor killing of cancer cells in areas that do not have a good supply of oxygen; increased incidence in wound complication and poor healing; inconvenience of radiation therapy.

• #16 Lighting a new path in cancer care with radiation therapy | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/lighting-new-path-cancer-care-radiation-therapy

  The award will support Dr. Byrnes work developing biocompatible materials to reduce side effects of radiation therapy. His research is supported by the NIH Common Fund, the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the Department of Defense, the American Cancer Society and other organizations committed to advancing cancer care through bold, innovative science. […] The core of our research is developing ways to protect healthy tissue from the damaging side effects of radiation therapy, but without compromising radiations ability to destroy tumors. […] Radiation is a powerful tool in cancer treatment, but it often harms nearby normal tissues. […] Weve seen promising results in preclinical models by engineering nanoparticles to deliver mRNA that prompts cells to produce Dsup. […] Healthy tissue remains protected while tumors still respond to treatment.

• #17 Chemotherapy: Types & How They Work

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/16859-chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy is a common cancer treatment. It uses drugs to destroy cancer cells and prevent tumor growth. Chemotherapy is usually given intravenously (through a vein). Its an effective treatment but can cause side effects. […] Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment. Also called chemo, its one of several cancer treatments that use drugs against various types of cancer. […] Chemotherapy may get used with surgery or radiation therapy to treat cancer. […] Chemotherapy destroys the cancer cells and prevents them from multiplying. […] Chemotherapy can treat a wide range of cancers, including primary cancer and metastatic cancer. […] The type of chemotherapy you receive depends on several factors: location of the cancer, stage of the cancer, or how advanced it is, and your overall health.

• #18 Treatment types | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/treatment-types

  There are several types of treatment for cancer, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The type of treatment you have will depend on the type of cancer you have, the stage of cancer, your personal preferences and your age. […] The main goal of surgery to treat cancer is to completely remove the tumour or cancerous tissue. Surgery is most effective at completely removing cancer that is at an early stage, is localized and hasnt spread to other parts of the body. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be given on their own or in a combination. Chemotherapy may also be given with other treatments, such as radiation therapy or targeted therapy. […] Radiation therapy works by destroying cancer cells and damaging a cancer cells DNA so that it stops dividing and growing. Radiation therapy may be used alone to treat cancer or with other treatments such as surgery or chemotherapy.

• #19 Cancer therapy options – Vocabulary Users – OHDSI Forums

  https://forums.ohdsi.org/t/cancer-therapy-options/5234

  Adjuvant chemotherapy is any chemo given after surgery in the hope that the chemo will kill off the remaining cancer cells. This is not a vocabulary issue. You have to create a cohort with chemo patient and a prior surgery recently. There is no difference between chemo and adjuvant chemo in terms of what drugs are used. […] Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is chemo given before surgery, with the idea that the chemo will shrink the cancer enough that it can be removed surgically. Against, still a normal chemo. […] Palliative chemotherapy is any chemo given to people without the hope of curing them. Its just for prolonging life. Again, ordinary chemo. […] Hormonal therapy is a pharmacological class. These are hormones are hormone antagonists for treatment of cancers that are dependent on hormones for their growth. Use 21603812 ATC ENDOCRINE THERAPY. […] Radiotherapy can also be adjuvant or neoadjuvant.

• #20 Chemotherapy: Types & How They Work

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/16859-chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy drugs target all fast-growing cells, including cancer cells. This means chemotherapy drugs destroy cancer cells but can also damage other cells in your body, potentially causing side effects. […] Despite the potential side effects, chemotherapy has been an effective, reliable cancer treatment for decades. Chemo can rid your body of cancer completely, or it can help you have a better quality of life by reducing symptoms. […] Cancer can come back after chemotherapy or any type of cancer treatment. […] Yes. Some forms of cancer are sensitive to chemotherapy and go away completely following treatment.

• #21 Cancer Treatment: Types, Options & What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/cancer-treatment

  Current cancer treatments are helping people live longer, fuller lives. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy, among others. The general goal of cancer treatment is to stop or slow the progression of the disease. Better still, in some cases, the goal of treatment is to eliminate (cure) the cancer. Cancer specialists (oncologists) base treatment decisions on: The type of cancer. The cancer stage, or how advanced it is (the extent of the disease). How aggressive, or fast-growing, the cancer is. Your overall health and whether you can handle treatment (including your likely response to treatments). Treatment goals, which may include getting rid of the cancer or helping you live longer and more comfortably (palliative care). Healthcare providers may recommend one or (more commonly) a combination of cancer treatments, including: Surgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy. Hormone therapy. Immunotherapy. Targeted therapy. Ablation. Bone marrow transplant. Clinical trials. Usually, the goal of surgery is to remove all cancer cells and some of the surrounding healthy tissue (a margin). Afterward, a pathologist tests the healthy tissue to ensure no cancer cells remain. Radiation therapy uses high doses of radiation to destroy cancerous tumors. The radiation causes cancer cells to break down and die. Chemotherapy (or chemo) uses chemotherapy drugs to kill cancer cells. These drugs travel through your bloodstream, destroying fast-growing cells like cancer cells along the way. Hormone therapy blocks or reduces hormones that fuel cancer cell growth. Immunotherapy helps your immune system identify and destroy cancer cells. Targeted therapy treatments interfere with specific processes that allow some cancer cells to thrive. Ablation therapy uses extreme hot or cold energy to kill cancer cells. A stem cell transplant replaces immature blood cells that are (or could become) cancerous with healthy cells. A clinical trial is a study that tests the safety and effectiveness of new cancer treatments. Cancer treatment usually involves a main treatment and additional ones. The most common primary treatment for tumors that haven’t spread is surgery. But your primary treatment depends on lots of factors, including your cancer type and stage. Cancer treatment may be a one-time surgery or it may require many treatments. The most common cancer treatments are a course of treatment that involves multiple treatment sessions. Depending on your diagnosis, cancer treatment can save your life. Increasingly, oncologists are using the word cure to describe the outlook for some early-stage cancers (cancers that haven’t spread) after treatment. But even with the most advanced cancers, like metastatic cancers, treatment can provide benefits. These include relieving cancer-related symptoms and helping you live longer. Healthcare providers often break up cancer treatments into cycles or sessions to allow your body time to heal. Still, these treatments work by killing cancer cells. In the process, cancer therapies can destroy healthy cells, too. The most common short-term cancer treatment side effects include: Fatigue. Anemia. Nausea and vomiting. Pain. Potential long-term side effects of cancer treatment include: Bone and joint problems, like joint pain and bone weakening (osteoporosis). Cognitive issues, like trouble remembering and concentrating. Digestive system problems, like trouble absorbing nutrients. Heart issues, like high blood pressure (hypertension) or an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). Mental health issues, like depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nervous system problems, like nerve degeneration (neuropathy). Reproductive system issues, like changes in sex drive, early menopause and infertility. Current cancer treatments reflect 250 years of research into the most effective approaches to fighting this disease. And this work has made a huge impact. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, over the next eight years, 16.3 million people in the U.S. will be alive at least five years after first receiving their cancer diagnosis. This means that people with cancer are living longer, fuller lives, thanks to new cancer treatments.

• #22 Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01856-7

  In 1997, the FDA approved Rituximab, the first targeted therapy for B-cell lymphomas, marking the beginning of a new era of targeted treatments. […] The year 2001 saw another milestone with the FDA approval of Imatinib, the first kinase inhibitor, which revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and other rare gastrointestinal tumors. […] The 2014 FDA approval of Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab for the treatment of melanoma, along with the accelerated approval of Trametinib and Dabrafenib for patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma, marked a new beginning in cancer immunotherapy. […] The approval of T-VEC in 2015 and Delytact in 2021 for melanoma and malignant glioma, respectively, highlighted the resurgence of oncolytic viruses as a cancer treatment modality. […] The 2020s have seen further advancements with the FDA approval of Sotorasib, the first small molecule inhibitor targeting specific KRAS gene mutations.

• #23 Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01856-7

  The combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab as the preferred first-line treatment option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underscores the importance of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy in the frontline management of this aggressive form of cancer. […] The treatment landscape has expanded from monotherapy to combination therapies, encompassing a variety of immunomodulators, anti-angiogenic drugs, chemotherapies, and targeted therapies. […] A diverse array of treatments, including previously undruggable targets, peptide drugs, monoclonal antibodies, ADCs, cell therapies, gene therapy, neoantigen and cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immunologic adjuvants, innate immunity activators, proton therapy, carbon ion therapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and anti-angiogenesis therapy, is reshaping the old cancer drug market and ushering in a more diversified era of tumor treatment.

• #24 Traditional Cancer Treatments | Cancer

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/treatments/traditional-cancer-treatments

  Cancer surgery can remove cancerous tumors and surrounding tissue. We often use chemotherapy or radiation before or after cancer surgery for better outcomes. Sometimes especially for early-stage cancer surgery may be the only treatment needed. […] As the name implies, targeted therapy uses specialized medications to target cancer cells. Targeted therapy can change cancer cells, kill them or halt their growth and reproduction. Some targeted therapies are also immunotherapies. […] Your medical team will create an individualized treatment plan that’s specific to your condition. But no matter what type of cancer treatment you have, you are likely to experience some physical and emotional effects. […] Side effects are, unfortunately, an inevitable part of most cancer treatments. We provide the support you need to help you cope with side effects, including hair loss, nausea, swelling, pain, skin rashes and more.

• #25 Biological therapy for cancer – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/biological-therapy-for-cancer/about/pac-20385261

  Biological therapy for cancer is a treatment that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Biological therapy for cancer can treat many types of cancer. […] The goal of biological therapy for cancer is to get the immune system to find and kill cancer cells. Biological therapy can help treat many kinds of cancers. […] Risks of biological therapy for cancer may depend on the type of treatment you receive. […] The goal of all of these treatments is to help the body’s immune system kill the cancer. […] Biological therapy for cancer helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Many different biological therapy treatments exist, including: Adoptive T-cell therapy, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy, also called BCG therapy, Cancer vaccines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, Cytokine therapy, Immune checkpoint inhibitors and modulators, Immunoconjugates, Immunotherapy, Monoclonal antibodies, Targeted therapy, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy. […] Some types of biological therapy are used only in clinical trials. That means they still are being studied. Biological therapy for cancer is an active area of cancer research. […] The results of biological therapy for cancer may take time.

• #26 Types of Cancer Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-cancer-treatments

  Gene Therapy This treatment uses a special carrier, usually a virus, to put RNA or DNA into your living cells. Your doctor will either remove some of your cells and put the genetic materials into them in a lab or give you the carrier directly. The changed cells then either kill cancer cells, slow their growth, or help healthy cells fight cancer better. Doctors dont use this method widely yet, but several types of gene therapies are available for certain diseases. […] Immunotherapy This type of biological therapy, or biotherapy, uses your immune system to fight the cancer. It either boosts your immune system or marks cancer cells so your immune system can find and destroy them more easily. You get it by mouth as a pill, into a vein as an IV, by rubbing a cream into your skin, or through a catheter directly into your bladder.

• #27 Types of Cancer Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-cancer-treatments

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs that take the brakes off your immune system to help it find and attack cancer cells. […] Cancer vaccines start an immune response against cancer cells so your body can better attack them. They can also prevent certain cancers. […] Monoclonal antibodies are drugs made in a lab to work like your natural antibodies. They mark cancer cells as the ones your immune system should attack. They can also help chemotherapy and radiation go directly to cancer cells. […] Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT) This is another type of immunotherapy, but it also involves gene therapy. Doctors take immune cells from your blood and add genes to change them so they can better spot and kill cancer cells. Then they grow lots of these cells in a lab and put them back into your body. So far, the only kind of ACT approved by the FDA is called CAR T-cell therapy.

• #28 Managing Adverse Events in Pembrolizumab Therapy for Gastric Cancer

  https://www.targetedonc.com/view/managing-adverse-events-in-pembrolizumab-therapy-for-gastric-cancer

  Yelena Y. Janjigian, MD, discusses how to manage the potential adverse events of pembrolizumab when using the recently approved combination of pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy. […] In the study, this combination led to a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with placebo when used for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma, meeting the primary end point of the study. […] According to Janjigian, this specific approach helps maintain the treatment schedule more consistently and helps to improve patient tolerance. […] Trastuzumab [Herceptin] can also be given every 2 weeks—there’s substantial data supporting that. Pembrolizumab, in turn, can be administered every 6 weeks to align with the 2-week chemotherapy regimen, she concludes.

• #29 Personalizing Lung Cancer Treatment Reduces Toxicity and Improves Cure Rates

  https://www.onclive.com/view/personalizing-lung-cancer-treatment-reduces-toxicity-and-improves-cure-rates

  NSCLC treatment traditionally involves chemoradiotherapy, but severe adverse effects limit its effectiveness and patient survival rates. […] Personalized, chemotherapy-free strategies are emerging, particularly for patients with high PD-L1 expression, to reduce toxicity and improve outcomes. […] The SPRINT trial showed promising results with induction immunotherapy and personalized radiotherapy, enhancing survival and reducing adverse effects. […] Future trials like TRIPL and SPRINT2 will explore novel immunotherapy combinations, potentially revolutionizing NSCLC treatment. […] New lung cancer treatment options have emerged in recent years, and several groups are exploring personalized treatment strategies that omit chemotherapy for some patients with locally advanced NSCLC. […] Establishing chemotherapy-free treatment approaches for locally advanced NSCLC using biomarker testing to identify patients who could be treated effectively without chemotherapy would represent a major advance.

• #30 Cancer treatments: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000901.htm

  Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that are fueled by hormones, such as breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers. It uses surgery, or medicines to stop or block the body’s natural hormones. This helps slow the growth of cancer cells. […] Hyperthermia uses heat to damage and kill cancer cells without harming normal cells. […] Laser therapy uses a very narrow, focused beam of light to destroy cancer cells. […] In photodynamic therapy, a person gets a shot of a medicine that is sensitive to a special type of light. The medicine stays in cancer cells longer than it stays in healthy cells. Then, the doctor directs light from a laser or other source at the cancer cells. The light changes the medicine to a substance that kills the cancer cells. […] Cryotherapy, also called cryosurgery, uses very cold gas to freeze and kill cancer cells. It is sometimes used to treat cells that might turn into cancer (called pre-cancerous cells) on the skin or cervix, for example. Providers can also use a special instrument to deliver cryotherapy to tumors inside the body, such as the liver or prostate.

• #31 Types of Cancer Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-cancer-treatments

  Targeted Therapies These are usually paired with other treatments. Theyre strong medicine, like chemotherapy, but instead of killing all fast-growing cells, they home in on the parts of cancer cells that make them different from other cells. Targeted drugs do things like stop blood vessels from growing around cancer cells or turn off signals that tell cancer cells to grow. They can also tell your immune system to destroy them or change their proteins so they die. […] Hormone Therapy Also called endocrine therapy, it targets cancers that use hormones to grow. There are two kinds of this therapy: one that stops you from making hormones, and one that keep hormones from working the way they should. You can either take them as pills or get them through a shot. Sometimes you may get surgery to remove an organ that makes hormones, like ovaries or testicles. Doctors use hormone therapy with other methods to shrink tumors before surgery or treatment, or to kill cancer cells that have spread to other parts of your body. It can also lower the chances that your cancer will return.

• #32

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/treatment/

  Hormone therapy is often used in combination with radiotherapy. […] Hormone therapy alone does not cure prostate cancer. It can be used to slow the progression of advanced prostate cancer and relieve symptoms. […] TURP is a procedure that can help relieve pressure from the tube that carries urine from your bladder out of your penis (urethra) to treat any problematic symptoms you may have with urination. It does not cure the cancer. […] HIFU is sometimes used to treat localised prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate. […] Cryotherapy is a method of killing cancer cells by freezing them. It’s sometimes used to treat localised prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate gland. […] Treatment options include: radiotherapy, hormone treatment, chemotherapy. […] Chemotherapy is often used to treat prostate cancer that’s spread to other parts of the body (metastatic prostate cancer). […] Many of these side effects can be prevented or controlled with other medicines that your doctor can prescribe. […] You may decide against treatment for prostate cancer, particularly if you are at an age where you feel treating the cancer is unlikely to significantly extend your life expectancy.

• #33 Treatment for cancer | Cancer in general | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment

  Stem cell or bone marrow transplants are treatments for some types of cancer including leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma. You have them with high dose chemotherapy and sometimes radiotherapy. […] Targeted cancer drugs work by targeting those differences that help a cancer cell to survive and grow. Immunotherapy uses our immune system to fight cancer. […] Radioisotope therapy uses radioactive medicines to treat some types of cancer. It is also known as radionuclide therapy. You have the radioisotope as a drink, capsule or injection. […] Personalised medicine involves using information about a persons cancer to help diagnose, treat and find out about how well treatment is working. […] Palliative care aims to relieve symptoms of cancer and improve your quality of life rather than cure your cancer. You can have it at any stage after a diagnosis of advanced cancer.

• #34 How is cancer treated? | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/how-is-cancer-treated/

  Hormonal therapies work by altering the production or activity of particular hormones in the body. […] There are several different types of hormonal therapy. […] A transplant using stem cells (early blood cells) from another person (a donor) is called a donor stem cell transplant. […] A donor stem cell transplant can be used to treat cancers such as lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia. […] High-dose treatment with stem cell support is normally given after treatment with standard chemotherapy. […] This treatment is also called autologous stem cell transplant. It is used to treat different cancers and some types of leukaemias and lymphomas.

• #35 Cancer Treatments | Cancer Survivors | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer-survivors/patients/treatments.html

  Cancer is treated in several ways. It depends on the type of cancer and how far it has spread. […] The best treatment for you depends on: The type of cancer you have. The size of the cancer and how far it has spread in your body. This is called the stage. […] Cancer treatment is based on the stage of the cancer. Sometimes, treatment is meant to cure the cancer. Other times, the goal is to stop the cancer from spreading further. Some treatments may be given to reduce side effects of other treatments and relieve symptoms caused by the cancer or its treatment. This is called palliative care and can be given at any stage of your cancer treatment. Your treatment plan may change over time. […] Cancer treatment may include: Surgery: An operation in which doctors cut out the cancer. Chemotherapy: Use of special medicines to shrink or kill the cancer. The drugs can be pills you take or medicines given in your veins, or sometimes both. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays (similar to x-rays) to kill the cancer. Hormonal therapy: Blocks cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. Immunotherapy: Works with your body’s immune system to help it fight cancer cells or to control side effects from other cancer treatments. Stem cell transplant (bone marrow transplant): Replacing bone marrow cells lost due to very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Most commonly used to treat blood cancers and cancers that start in the lymph nodes.

• #36 Michigan woman first in U.S. to receive promising new cancer treatment – mlive.com

  https://www.mlive.com/news/2025/05/michigan-woman-first-in-us-to-receive-promising-new-cancer-treatment.html

  Tiffiney Beard, 46, is the nations first recipient of step-and-shoot proton radiation treatment. […] Beard was the nations first recipient of step-and-shoot proton radiation treatment, undergoing three months of therapy with minimal side effects or disruptions to her routine. […] Step-and-shoot proton arc therapy is a new radiation option that allows physicians to better target tumors, explained Dr. Rohan Deraniyagala, a radiation oncologist at Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital in Royal Oak. […] The new treatment option can take up to 2.5 times more time than general proton radiation, but with the advantage of potentially fewer side effects and less radiation toxicity to surrounding tissue and organs. […] This is a way to treat cancer patients without removing them from their life.

• #37 New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34408877/

  Cancer is a global health problem responsible for one in six deaths worldwide. Treating cancer has been a highly complex process. Conventional treatment approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have been in use, while significant advances are being made in recent times, including stem cell therapy, targeted therapy, ablation therapy, nanoparticles, natural antioxidants, radionics, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and ferroptosis-based therapy. […] Current methods in oncology focus on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Stem cell therapy has brought promising efficacy in regenerating and repairing diseased or damaged tissues by targeting both primary and metastatic cancer foci, and nanoparticles brought new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Targeted therapy possessed breakthrough potential inhibiting the growth and spread of specific cancer cells, causing less damage to healthy cells. Ablation therapy has emerged as a minimally invasive procedure that burns or freezes cancers without the need for open surgery. Natural antioxidants demonstrated potential tracking down free radicals and neutralizing their harmful effects thereby treating or preventing cancer. Several new technologies are currently under research in clinical trials, and some of them have already been approved. This review presented an update on recent advances and breakthroughs in cancer therapies.

• #38 Overview of Cancer Therapy – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/principles-of-cancer-therapy/overview-of-cancer-therapy

  Differentiating agents (eg, retinoids for acute promyelocytic leukemia and isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2) inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia) […] Targeted therapies that exploit the growing knowledge of genomics and cellular and molecular biology (eg, imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia). […] Various modalities may be used as the primary treatment or before or after the primary treatment. […] Neoadjuvant therapy: Treatment given before the primary treatment (usually before surgery) to decrease tumor size and thus optimize the primary treatment (eg, make complete surgical resection feasible). […] Primary treatment: The main treatment given for a malignancy after initial diagnosis. It is given with curative intent, if possible. […] Adjuvant therapy: Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will recur.

• #39 Understanding Treatment Options | VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Centerf_logo_RGB-Blue_1024Twitter_Social_Icon_Circle_ColorGroup 7Group 8LinkedIn IconMask

  https://www.masseycancercenter.org/cancer-types-and-treatments/understanding-treatment-options/

  Combined modality therapy– a term used to describe when physicians choose more than one therapy in treating a patient, such as a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Adjuvant therapy– a term used to describe when physicians choose more than one therapy in treating a patient. However, the term adjuvant therapy is more specifically used to describe treatment given after the primary cancer treatment is completed to improve the chance of a cure. For example, if the physician wants to treat cancer cells that may be present, he or she may prescribe one or more additional treatments. […] Neoadjuvant therapy– a term used to describe when physicians choose to use more than one therapy in treating a patient. However, the term neoadjuvant therapy is more specifically used to describe cancer treatment given before the primary therapy — both to kill any cancer cells and contribute to the effectiveness of the primary therapy.

• #40 Cancer treatment – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_treatment

  Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment. Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy including small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies, and PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. Other therapies include hyperthermia, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and stem-cell therapy. […] The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient. Biomarker testing can help to determine the type of cancer, and indicate the best therapy. […] The primary goal of cancer treatment is to either cure the cancer by its complete removal, or to considerably prolong the life of the individual. Palliative care is involved when the prognosis is poor and the cancer termed as terminal. There are many types of cancer, and many of these can be successfully treated if detected early enough.

• #41 Types of Cancer Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-cancer-treatments

  Cryosurgery uses very cold nitrogen or argon gas to freeze off abnormal tissue. It can treat some early skin cancers, retinoblastoma, and precancerous spots on your skin or cervix. […] Photodynamic therapy is a laparoscopic surgery that puts drugs near tumors. Light activates the medicine, and it kills cancer cells. […] Stem Cell Transplant These are cells in your blood and bone marrow that havent matured into their final form. The doctor uses them to replace cells in your bone marrow that other treatments kill. That means you can get higher doses of those therapies. Sometimes, stem cells can find and kill cancer cells. You get stem cell transplants through a catheter, much like a blood transfusion. […] Precision Medicine This new field, also called personalized medicine, uses your genetic makeup and other things to find out the best treatment for your cancer. In the one-size-fits-all model, your doctor chooses the option that works best on most cancers like yours. Precision medicine helps take some of the guesswork out of the selection process. It isnt used widely for all forms of the disease. Many people who get it are part of clinical trials.

• #42 Cancer Treatment: An Overview

  https://www.myaccesshope.org/blog/cancer-treatment

  Precision medicine or precision oncology customizes cancer treatment based on knowledge of how the disease is influenced by each persons unique genes, environment, and lifestyle, as well as the specific molecular or genetic alterations driving the cancer. […] While some degree of fatigue is common with many cancer treatments, the potential side effects and complications one might anticipate from cancer treatment depends on the specific type of therapy prescribed. […] Supportive care encompasses a multitude of ancillary services or treatments that may be offered alongside cancer-directed therapy that are aimed at preventing or mitigating the physical and/or emotional burden cancer can have on the person and their family/caregivers. […] Cancer therapeutics have never been more effective, and the ongoing intensive efforts in the research laboratory and in clinical trials promise to continue us on this trajectory. […] Every individual facing cancer deserves awareness and access to the most suitable cancer treatments and/or clinical trials for their unique situation.

• #43

  https://www.hcahoustonhealthcare.com/healthy-living/blog/artificial-intelligence-for-cancer-detection-and-treatment-planning

  Learn how doctors are using artificial intelligence for cancer detection, diagnosis and treatment, and how it enables accurate and effective cancer care. […] Cancer is one of the most complex diseases to diagnose and treat. […] Doctors are increasingly using artificial intelligence for cancer therapy, from detection to treatment planning. […] AI can analyze imaging scans with greater speed and accuracy. […] AI models are effective at detecting subtle patterns in imaging exams that may be missed by the human eye. […] AI can also aid in cancer treatment planning. […] Machine learning algorithms can analyze previous cases and predict how a patient will respond to a treatment based on their genomic data, lifestyle factors and medical history. […] AI can be trained on bulk RNA sequencing data and then fine-tuned to incorporate single-cell RNA sequencing data, which can help determine how cancer cells will react to a targeted treatment or combination drugs.

• #44 Treatment for cancer | Cancer in general | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment

  Your treatment depends on where your cancer is, how big it is, whether it has spread, and your general health. There are different types of treatment you might have. Understanding your treatment and the side effects can help you to cope. […] Chemotherapy is a standard treatment for some types of cancer. It uses anti cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. […] Surgery is the main treatment for some cancers. You may also have it for other reasons. But what happens before, during and after surgery, normally depends on the type of cancer and your general health. […] Find out about cancer treatment with radiotherapy, including external radiotherapy, internal radiotherapy, side effects, radiotherapy for symptoms and follow up after treatment. […] Hormone therapy blocks or lowers the amount of hormones in the body to stop or slow down the growth of cancer.

• #45 Endometrial Cancer Phase III Shows Molecular Profiling Personalizes Treatment | Inside Precision Medicine

  https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/endometrial-cancer-phase-iii-shows-molecular-profiling-personalizes-treatment/

  Tailoring treatment according to molecular and disease characteristics can spare nearly half of patients with high-intermediate risk (HIR) endometrial cancer from radiotherapy while maintaining excellent survival rates, show PORTEC-4a study data presented at ESTRO 2025. […] „The findings from the PORTEC-4a trial have significant implications for precision medicine in the management of endometrial cancer,” said lead author Anne Sophie V.M. van den Heerik from Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands. „The trial demonstrated that integrating molecular risk profiles into treatment decisions can better stratify patients based on their individual risk for recurrence, leading to more tailored and personalized treatment approaches.” […] The PORTEC series of trials have played a key role in refining treatment strategies for women with endometrial cancer, ensuring that radiotherapy is used effectively while minimizing side effects.

• #46 Cancer treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cancer-treatment/about/pac-20393344

  Hormone therapy treatments remove those hormones from the body or block their effects in order to stop the cancer cells from growing. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. […] During and after your treatment, your healthcare team monitors your results.

• #47 Cancer treatment – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_treatment

  Angiogenesis inhibitors prevent the extensive growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis) that tumors need to survive and grow. […] Exercise prescription is becoming a mainstream adjunct treatment for cancer, based on studies which show that exercise (compared to no exercise) is associated with reduced recurrence rates, improved mortality outcomes, reduction of side effects from traditional cancer treatments. […] Clinical trials, also called research studies, test new treatments in people with cancer. The goal of this research is to find better ways to treat cancer and help cancer patients.

• #48 Treatment for Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment

  When you need treatment for cancer, you have a lot to learn and think about, from what type of treatment is best for you, to dealing with side effects of treatment, and thinking about taking part in a clinical trial. […] Learn about surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and more. […] Learn how to manage or treat side effects caused by cancer or cancer treatments. […] Find an NCI-supported clinical trial and learn how to locate other research studies that may be right for you or a loved one. […] Consumer-friendly information about drugs and drug combinations used to prevent and treat cancer. […] Types of therapies used in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer care, such as mind-body methods like meditation and yoga, or biologically-based like herbs and vitamins. […] Suggested questions to ask your doctor about treatment choices and the possible side effects of treatment. […] Find research articles on cancer treatment, which may include news stories, clinical trials, blog posts, and descriptions of active studies.

• #49

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/treatments/treatments-types

  Hormone therapy aims to stop the bodys natural hormones from helping some cancers to grow. […] Palliative care helps people with advanced cancer to live as fully and as comfortably as possible. […] Your doctor may suggest you take part in a clinical trial. Doctors run clinical trials to test new or modified treatments and ways of diagnosing disease to see if they are better than current methods. […] Over the years, trials have improved treatments and led to better outcomes for people with cancer.

• #50 Cancer Treatments | Cancer Survivors | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer-survivors/patients/treatments.html

  Talk to your cancer doctor about the treatment options available for your type and stage of cancer. Your doctor can explain the risks and benefits of each treatment and their side effects. Side effects are how your body reacts to drugs or other treatments. […] Sometimes people get an opinion from more than one cancer doctor. This is called a „second opinion.” Getting a second opinion may help you choose the treatment that is right for you.

• #51

  https://www.allinahealth.org/cancer-resources/cancer-treatment

  Targeted therapy uses medicines designed to treat specific features of cancer cells and stop them from growing and spreading. […] Clinical trials (sometimes referred to as cancer treatment studies) are newer approaches aimed at improving the prevention, detection and treatment of cancer. […] Cancer rehabilitation benefits include building your overall strength, reducing pain and discomfort, regaining function, and much more. […] Cancer treatments can affect your fertility. Now is the time to talk with your cancer care team about ways to preserve your fertility if you want to have children in the future. […] Cancer treatment can affect sexual function and performance as well as fertility. […] Palliative care is for anyone who is in any stage of an advanced illness. This is care that provides relief from the symptoms, pain and stress of a serious illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both you and your family.

• #52 Cancer treatment | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/treatment

  Advanced cancer means your cancer has spread or returned (recur) after treatment and is unlikely to be cured. […] If you have cancer diagnosed at a late stage, or treatment has stopped working, you may be told that the cancer is terminal or end stage. Maintaining quality of life is important and supportive care is available during this time.

• #52 Cancer treatment | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/treatment

  There are various approaches to treating cancer, many of which involve combinations of therapies to provide the most effective treatment. […] One of the most common cancer treatment methods. […] Being prepared and understanding radiation therapy can help lessen the stress surrounding your treatment. […] Know what to expect with cancer surgery. […] Therapies used alongside conventional medicine to help improve cancer patients’ quality of life. […] Hormone therapy may also be called endocrine therapy or hormone-blocking therapy. […] Helps your body’s own immune system attack cancer cells. […] A clinical trial is a study that compares responses to different interventions in real settings. […] Treatment to improve quality of life. […] A drug treatment that attacks specific features of cancer cells.

• #53 Is reduced libido a common long-term side effect of cancer treatment? – India Today

  https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/wellness/story/is-reduced-sexual-desire-a-common-long-term-side-effect-of-cancer-treatment-2721634-2025-05-08

  These psychological layers often go unaddressed, yet they play a huge role in long-term sexual dissatisfaction. As Dr. Chaudhary puts it, Even after a healthy recovery, issues like body dysmorphia and anxiety can cast a long shadow over intimacy. […] Sexual health is still under-discussed in post-cancer care, says Dr. Malhotra. Survivors hesitate to bring it up, and many healthcare providers aren’t trained, or don’t have time, to explore it. […] Recovery, sexual and emotional, is possible. In some cases, yes, pre-cancer levels of libido and satisfaction can return, says Dr. Chaudhary. But it needs a multidisciplinary approach. Hormone therapy (where safe), pelvic physiotherapy, sex counselling, and, perhaps most importantly, open communication with partners can make a world of difference. […] Honest communication, emotional connection, and patience, these are the pillars now, says Dr. Chaudhary. Sex therapists can help partners discover new forms of intimacy, ones that aren’t defined solely by intercourse.

• #54 Exercise Helps Reduce Adverse Effects From Cancer Treatment – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/news/exercise-helps-reduce-adverse-effects-from-cancer-treatment/

  Physical exercise was associated with improved psychological well-being and subjective quality of life as well as reduced cardiac toxicity, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and dyspnea. […] Exercise mitigates adverse outcomes associated with cancer and its treatments, according to a review published online April 29 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. […] There was moderate- to high-certainty evidence that exercise significantly mitigates adverse events associated with cancer and its treatments (e.g., cardiac toxicity, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and dyspnea), compared with usual care or no exercise. […] Exercise reduces adverse events and enhances well-being through a range of health outcomes in people with cancer, the authors write. This study reinforces the efficacy of incorporating exercise into cancer treatment protocols.

• #55 A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Cancer Treatment Options

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/cancer/cancer-treatment-2665223806.html

  Radiation therapy for cancer uses various techniques, the most common being external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and internal radiation therapy, per the Cleveland Clinic. […] Radiation therapy operates on a simple, yet powerful, principle: it employs radiation, usually high-powered X-rays, to annihilate cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy uses your body’s own immune system to fight cancer. […] Immunotherapy can bring about various side effects. […] Surgery plays a vital role in cancer treatment, and involves removing cancerous tissue from the body. […] Like all cancer treatments, surgery carries potential side effects, according to the Mayo Clinic: […] Targeted therapy is designed to attack specific cancer cells with precision. […] While targeted therapy offers promising results, it may yield side effects such as:

• #56 Is reduced libido a common long-term side effect of cancer treatment? – India Today

  https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/wellness/story/is-reduced-sexual-desire-a-common-long-term-side-effect-of-cancer-treatment-2721634-2025-05-08

  For instance, a 2023 study published in Scientific Reports found that nearly half of long-term cancer survivors, 5 and 10 years post-diagnosis, reported their sexual life as less satisfying than before cancer. The study accentuated that both physical symptoms (like fatigue and pain) and psychological factors (such as depression and anxiety) were associated with reduced sexual satisfaction. […] He mentions that this is especially true for younger breast cancer patients who are induced into early menopause to prevent recurrence. This results in hormonal chaos, which means lower estrogen, reduced secretions, vaginal dryness and this makes intimacy not just difficult, but sometimes painful. […] Just in case you thought that only women bear the brunt of cancer treatment side effects, men are affected too, but differently. Erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation, and loss of confidence post-surgery or hormone therapy are common issues, especially in prostate or testicular cancer survivors.

• #57

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/treatment/

  Watchful waiting and active surveillance are different approaches to keeping an eye on the cancer and starting treatment only if it shows signs of getting worse or causing symptoms. […] A radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of your prostate gland. This treatment is an option for curing prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate or has not spread very far. […] Studies have shown that radiotherapy after prostate removal surgery may increase the chances of a cure, although research is still being carried out into when it should be used after surgery. […] Radiotherapy involves using radiation to kill cancerous cells. […] This treatment is an option for curing prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate or has not spread very far. […] Radiotherapy can also be used to slow the progression of prostate cancer that’s spread and relieve symptoms.

• #58 Cancer treatment side effects: Exercise may reduce pain, fatigue

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/exercise-can-counter-detrimental-effects-of-cancer-treatment

  Researchers recently conducted an umbrella-review to examine the impact exercise can have on people undergoing cancer treatment. […] The results indicated that exercise can mitigate some of the side effects of cancer treatments across a range of cancer types. […] Both traditional exercise and mind-body exercises showed benefits. […] The researchers found that, according to recent studies, exercise can mitigate some side effects of cancer treatments. […] Overall, research indicates that exercise can improve health outcomes. […] Among the associations, aerobic and resistance exercises made up 9.9% of the associations, HIIT exercises accounted for 3.7%, mind-body exercises made up 28.5%, and other types of exercises not specified accounted for 57.9% of associations. […] The researchers found that 54% of the associations between exercise and fewer therapy side effects that they analyzed were statistically significant.

• #59 Traditional Cancer Treatments | Cancer

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/treatments/traditional-cancer-treatments

  Some types of cancer treatment can affect your appetite or your ability to eat and drink. Working with a specialized oncology dietitian can help change your diet so you stay strong throughout treatment. […] Cancer diagnosis, treatment and even survivorship all bring unique emotional challenges. We connect you with experts who can support your emotional health throughout the journey.

• #60 Cancer drugs A to Z list | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/drugs

  There are many cancer drugs and cancer drug combinations. They have individual side effects. The list includes chemotherapy, hormone therapies, targeted cancer drugs, immunotherapy drugs and bisphosphonates. […] A to Z list of cancer drugs including combination treatments […] Cancer Chat is our fully moderated forum where you can talk to others affected by cancer, share experiences, and get support.

• #61 Essentia Health receives American Cancer Society transportation, lodging grants to support cancer patients | Essentia Health

  https://www.essentiahealth.org/about/essentia-health-newsroom/acs-grants-awarded-to-support-cancer-patients

  The Essentia Health-Fargo Foundation is honored to receive two new grants, totaling $30,000, from the American Cancer Society (ACS) to help alleviate some of the financial burden for patients undergoing cancer treatment. […] Access to high-quality cancer treatment impacts cancer outcomes. A lack of transportation and lodging needed to receive quality care can lead to missed appointments, treatment interruptions and delays in follow-up care. […] „Transportation obstacles or the cost of a hotel room should not be barriers that determine the survival of those needing cancer treatment,” said Dr. Arif Kamal, chief patient officer for the ACS.

• #62 Cancer Treatment | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/cancer/cancer-treatment.html

  Cancer is treated in several ways, depending on each person’s medical condition and type of cancer. Common treatments involve chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Other treatments include surgery and biological therapies. […] For many people with cancer, treatment is a process that is designed to meet their needs. Doctors plan treatments based on several key factors, such as the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the person’s age, health, and lifestyle. […] If you have been diagnosed with cancer, it is important for you to know that you play an important role in the treatment process. Offering input, asking questions, and expressing your concerns about treatment can help make treatment a better experience. […] Cancer is treated in several ways, depending on each person’s medical condition and type of cancer. Common treatments involve chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Other treatments include surgery and biological therapies.

• #63 Cancer Care When You Need It

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/features/cancer-care-when-you-need-it/

  The pain was becoming unbearable. When Daniel Campos cancer spread from his kidneys to his hip and femur, the constant throbbing left him unable to walk and possibly facing surgical replacement. […] Campos’ life with cancer changed when he and his wife, Cecilia, learned about the same-day cancer care clinic at Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health. Designed specifically for the needs of patients with cancer, the clinic opened in June of 2024, and Daniel was among the first patients. […] Our overarching goal is to prevent hospitalizations and give our patients direct access to the special services they need, said Victoria Bradford, RN, senior director of nursing and outpatient cancer services at UC San Diego Health. […] Same-day treatment options are essential for patients with cancer due to the unique and often urgent needs that come with every type of cancer and its associated treatments.

• #64 Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01856-7

  Traditional therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have burdened cancer patients with onerous physical and psychological challenges. […] Emerging as fervently pursued modalities are small molecule targeted agents, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), cell-based therapies, and gene therapy. […] These cutting-edge treatment modalities not only afford personalized and precise tumor targeting, but also provide patients with enhanced therapeutic comfort and the potential to impede disease progression. […] In this review, we discussed the different treatment modalities, including small molecule targeted drugs, peptide drugs, antibody drugs, cell therapy, and gene therapy. […] The aim is to assist clinicians and researchers in gaining a deeper understanding of these diverse treatment options, enabling them to carry out effective treatment and advance their research more efficiently.

• #65 Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01856-7

  The best strategy for continuously reducing global cancer mortality is the widespread implementation of precise and individualized treatment and increased investment in advancing cancer drug research. […] The cancer treatment timeline documents the evolution of therapies over the past 170 years, highlighting the transformative treatments that have emerged to enhance clinical outcomes and improve patients quality of life. […] Starting from the early use of general anesthesia in surgical resections in the mid-1800s, to Wilhelm Conrad Rntgens invention of X-rays at the end of the 19th century, which initiated the era of combining radiation with surgery for cancer treatment, to the breakthroughs in chemotherapy during World War II, and the recent advancements in immunotherapy and gene therapy, each milestone has played a pivotal role in the ongoing fight against cancer.

• #66 Personalizing Lung Cancer Treatment Reduces Toxicity and Improves Cure Rates

  https://www.onclive.com/view/personalizing-lung-cancer-treatment-reduces-toxicity-and-improves-cure-rates

  Unlike many other studies testing chemotherapy-free treatment for locally advanced NSCLC, the SPRINT trial enrolled patients who were fit enough to receive standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] SPRINT participants then received 3 cycles of induction pembrolizumab (Keytruda); a 4-week course of personalized radiotherapy, often with lower doses; and additional pembrolizumab. […] Few serious AEs related to study therapy occurred, and approximately 50% of treated patients (n = 25) had significant disease shrinkage after induction immunotherapy. […] Progression-free survival and overall survival rates exceeded expectations for this patient population, and disease improvement after induction immunotherapy was identified as a powerful predictor of long-term treatment efficacy. […] Building on the SPRINT findings, MECCC investigators are leading the multi-institutional phase 2 TRIPL and SPRINT2 trials in 2025, testing combinations of promising novel immunotherapy drugs targeting LAG3, NKG2A, and CD73, and more established drugs targeting PD-1/PD-L1.

• #67

  https://www.tamiu.edu/newsinfo/2025/05/tamiu-gechs.shtml

  Its not often that young students have an opportunity to be part of developing an innovative drug delivery system for targeted cancer therapy. […] The major goal of this research is to develop an effective and biocompatible transdermal drug delivery system for targeted cancer therapy. […] This innovative system could offer a promising platform for localized cancer therapy by improving drug targeting and reducing systemic toxicity. […] It builds on earlier research involving chitosan-based hydrogels and MXene nanomaterials, integrating their strengths into a novel, transdermal delivery approach aimed at safer and more efficient treatment, particularly for skin cancer. […] Some of our TAMIU graduates continue conducting research with us before transitioning to advanced programs, including pharmacy school, medical school, and PhD studies.

• #68 iOnctura starts randomised phase 1/2 trial in lung cancer treatment – PharmaTimes

  https://pharmatimes.com/news/ionctura-starts-randomised-phase-1-2-trial-in-lung-cancer-treatment/

  iOnctura has begun a randomized phase 1/2 study investigating its lead asset, roginolisib, in combination with dostarlimab, with or without docetaxel, in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). […] The first patient has been dosed in the study, which aims to evaluate the safety of the drug combination and its potential in overcoming resistance to standard immunotherapy. […] iOnctura’s study will assess whether targeting PI3K could re-invigorate the immune system, preventing or reversing treatment resistance. […] We will be investigating whether the combination of roginolisib with dostarlimab and +/- chemotherapy can be given safely and may provide a novel treatment option in patients who no longer respond to their current treatment. […] Emerging data suggests that combining roginolisib with an anti-PD-L1/PD1 agent may help combat drug resistance in NSCLC while maintaining safety. […] The open-label, randomised study will enrol around 45 patients and assess the safety of the combination, alongside its impact on regulatory T-cell reduction in the bloodstream.

• #69

  https://www.hcahoustonhealthcare.com/healthy-living/blog/artificial-intelligence-for-cancer-detection-and-treatment-planning

  Artificial intelligence can also accelerate cancer drug discovery. […] Advanced tools can further support early detection by analyzing imaging data and identifying early signs of cancer that may be missed by human observation. […] Using artificial intelligence for cancer care can help expand personalized medicine and the ability to tailor treatment plans based on a patient’s unique profile. […] AI can also help doctors anticipate cancer progression, enable earlier and more accurate diagnoses and improve overall patient care. […] While AI will never fully replace doctors, it will continue to play a pivotal role in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

• #70 The gut microbiome and cancer: from tumorigenesis to therapy | Nature Metabolism

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-025-01287-w

  The gut microbiome has a crucial role in cancer development and therapy through its interactions with the immune system and tumour microenvironment. […] Although evidence links gut microbiota composition to cancer progression, its precise role in modulating treatment responses remains unclear. […] We discuss the impact of microbial metabolites on immune responses, the relationship between specific bacterial species and treatment outcomes, and potential microbiota-based therapeutic strategies, including dietary interventions, probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation. […] Understanding these complex microbiota-immune interactions is critical for optimizing cancer therapies. […] Future research should focus on defining microbial signatures associated with treatment success and developing targeted microbiome modulation strategies to enhance patient outcomes.

• #71 The gut microbiome and cancer: from tumorigenesis to therapy | Nature Metabolism

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-025-01287-w

  Gut microbiome mediates ferroptosis resistance for colorectal cancer development. […] Gut microbiota-derived metabolites facilitate anticancer therapy efficacy by modulating cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immunity. […] Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients. […] The gut microbiota influences anticancer immunosurveillance and general health. […] The gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. […] The tumor microbiome reacts to hypoxia and can influence response to radiation treatment in colorectal cancer. […] The gut microbiota in persistent post-operative pain following breast cancer surgery. […] The gut microbiome-bile acid axis in hepatocarcinogenesis. […] The role of the gut microbiome in gastrointestinal cancers.

• #72 Advanced imaging and targeted therapy help men with prostate cancer safely defer surgery and radiation therapy | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/advanced-imaging-and-targeted-therapy-help-men-with-prostate

  UCLA researchers looked at how using MRI, MRI-guided biopsies and focal therapy can help men with prostate cancer remain on active surveillance. […] In a new study led by the UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, investigators show that using advanced MRI imaging and targeted focal therapy can help many men with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer safely stay on active surveillance long-term, helping avoid follow-up biopsies and delay or even avoid invasive treatments like surgery or radiation. […] The team found that routine follow-up biopsy, previously considered essential, can now be replaced in most instances by MRI. […] Further, among men whose cancer was slightly more aggressive, those who had focal therapy were much more likely to avoid surgery or radiation than others who did not have the therapy.

• #73 Advanced imaging and targeted therapy help men with prostate cancer safely defer surgery and radiation therapy | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/advanced-imaging-and-targeted-therapy-help-men-with-prostate

  The researchers found 84% of men who received focal therapy avoided surgery or radiation, compared to just 46% of those who did not receive the treatment. […] The findings, recently published online in the Journal of Urology, add to growing evidence that these tools can make active surveillance where cancers are closely monitored rather than immediately treated safer, more personalized and less stressful for patients. […] This represents a major advancement in the management of prostate cancer, said Dr. Leonard Marks, professor and deKernion Endowed Chair in Urology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and senior author of the study. […] By combining MRI-guided diagnosis with selective focal therapy, we can offer men a more personalized approach. […] This strategy not only helps avoid unnecessary procedures, but also gives us a better way to predict who will benefit from extended surveillance, potentially improving quality of life and reducing side effects without compromising safety.

• #74 NHS England aims for faster cancer treatment with new data tool | Cancer | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/may/04/nhs-england-cancer-360-tool-faster-diagnosis-treatment-data

  Cancer 360 will help collate patient information from spreadsheets, emails and records into single digital system. […] Millions of cancer patients have been promised faster diagnosis and treatment, with the rollout of a new technology across the NHS in England. […] The tool, called Cancer 360, is designed to bring cancer patients data into one central system in order that doctors and nurses can prioritise those most in need and see them more quickly. […] The DHSC said Cancer 360, as well as helping patients get a faster diagnosis, would help cut treatment delays and thus boost survival rates. […] Eve Byrne, from Macmillan Cancer Support, welcomed the rollout, saying: With nearly 3.5 million people living with cancer in the UK a number that continues to rise the need for faster diagnosis and timely treatment has never been more urgent.

• #75 Cancer Treatment: An Overview

  https://www.myaccesshope.org/blog/cancer-treatment

  Surgery may have a role in not only treating cancer, but also in diagnosing it, understanding the extent (or stage) of disease, palliating or relieving symptoms related to the cancer, and even in preventing cancer. […] Radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, kills cancer cells using high-intensity beams of energy, usually x-rays. […] Chemotherapy is cytotoxic or cell-killing medicine commonly given through an intravenous infusion into the bloodstream, though it can sometimes be given by other routes, like by mouth or in a pill form. […] Immunotherapy works by harnessing the bodys own natural defenses (the immune system) to fight cancer. […] Hormone therapy, also called endocrine therapy, is often used to treat cancers that rely on hormones to grow, such as certain types of breast cancer or prostate cancer. […] Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT, sometimes also known as bone marrow transplant) may be used to treat some people with blood cancer (such as certain types of leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma), testicular cancer, or certain brain cancers.

• #76 City of Hope Cancer Treatment Centers

  https://www.cancercenter.com/

  As a world-renowned research institution and the founding member of the National Comprehensive Care Network, City of Hope is at the forefront of the next generation of treatments, serving as a leader in the delivery of personalized, whole-person care. […] City of Hope, a 100+-year-old world leader in cancer research, treatment and prevention, joined forces with Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA), uniting a shared vision, values and commitment to high-quality, compassionate care that puts the patient first at our hospitals, Comprehensive Care Centers and Outpatient Care Centers across the United States. […] From personalized cancer treatments to supportive therapies that target side effects, our comprehensive care is delivered by a team of specialists and other cancer experts, all under one roof.

• #77 City of Hope Cancer Treatment Centers

  https://www.cancercenter.com/

  At City of Hope, you have a dedicated team of cancer experts assigned to your care, with some responsible for treating the cancer and others working to help you manage related side effects, like pain, nausea or malnutrition. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with cancer, or you’re already undergoing treatment, and you’re unsure of what to do, our cancer doctors will work with you to design a treatment plan that’s personalized for your diagnosis and your individual needs, treating not just the disease but also helping you manage side effects and get back to life. […] At City of Hope, our experts treat all stages of cancer, from early-stage disease to rare and complex cancers. […] A second opinion may point to a different cancer type, and a review of your genetic profile through cellular-level testing may uncover a more advanced treatment option not previously considered, or help to confirm your current diagnosis and treatment plan. […] City of Hope developed a cancer risk assessment using the gold standard of clinical guidelines free for you to take online right now.

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