Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. WHO works with Member States to strengthen national policies and programmes to raise awareness and, reduce exposure to cancer risk factors, and also ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles. […] Tobacco smoke has more than 7000 chemicals, at least 250 are known to be harmful and at least 69 are known to cause cancer. […] Alcohol, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and a Group 1 carcinogen that is causally linked to 7 types of cancer, including oesophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers. […] Overweight and obesity are linked to many types of cancer such as oesophagus, colorectal, breast, endometrial and kidney. Regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight, and a healthy diet can risk.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer

  Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented by modifying or avoiding key risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies. […] The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and management of patients who develop cancer. […] Prevention also offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. […] Modifying or avoiding the following key risk factors can help prevent cancer: avoid tobacco use, including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco; maintain a healthy weight; eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables; exercise regularly; limit alcohol use; practice safe sex; get vaccinated against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV); reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation; prevent unnecessary ionizing radiation exposure (e.g. minimize occupational exposure, ensure safe and appropriate medical use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment); avoid urban air pollution and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels; get regular medical care; and some chronic infections are also risk factors for cancer. People in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to develop cancer through chronic infections.

• #3 Cancer Prevention Overview – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/patient-prevention-overview-pdq

  Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer is lowered. Hopefully, this will reduce the burden of cancer and lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. […] Scientists are studying many different ways to help prevent cancer, including: Ways to avoid or control things known to cause cancer. Changes in diet and lifestyle. Finding precancerous conditions early. Chemoprevention (medicines to treat a precancerous condition or to keep cancer from starting). Risk-reducing surgery. […] Scientists study risk factors and protective factors to find ways to prevent new cancers from starting. Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor.

• #4 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  There are many different types of cancer, with different causes and risk factors. Doctors estimate that about 40% of cancers are preventable. […] However, some general strategies do reduce the risk of cancer or cancer complications in many people. These general strategies fall into 3 categories: Primary prevention: Steps people can take to lessen their chance of developing certain types of cancer […] Secondary prevention: Directed at people who may already have some kind of cancer but have not developed symptoms […] Tertiary prevention: Measures aimed at slowing down the effects of a cancer to prevent complications. […] Screening is part of secondary prevention of certain cancers. It involves using information about a person, particularly their risk factors for cancer and results of their physical examination, to guide testing to look for unrecognized cancer. Early detection of cancerous or precancerous growths can save lives. So it is important that people get the recommended screening tests for cancer.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. WHO works with Member States to strengthen national policies and programmes to raise awareness and, reduce exposure to cancer risk factors, and also ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles. […] Tobacco smoke has more than 7000 chemicals, at least 250 are known to be harmful and at least 69 are known to cause cancer. […] Alcohol, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and a Group 1 carcinogen that is causally linked to 7 types of cancer, including oesophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers. […] Overweight and obesity are linked to many types of cancer such as oesophagus, colorectal, breast, endometrial and kidney. Regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight, and a healthy diet can risk.

• #6 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  Reducing the risk of certain cancers may be possible through dietary and other lifestyle changes. How much risk can be reduced depends on the specific cancer. […] Decreasing alcohol intake can reduce the risk of head and neck, liver, and esophageal cancer. […] Decreasing fat intake appears to reduce the risk of breast and colon cancers. […] Limiting the intake of processed meat and increasing the intake of whole grains and fruits and vegetables may decrease risk of some types of cancer. […] Tobacco use is directly associated with one-third of all cancers. Not smoking and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke can greatly reduce the risk of lung, kidney, bladder, head and neck, and several other cancer types. […] Overweight and obesity are risk factors for cancer, especially breast cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, and pancreatic cancer. People should try to maintain a healthy weight through both diet and exercise. Physical activity itself may reduce the risk of breast, endometrial, and prostate cancers.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. WHO works with Member States to strengthen national policies and programmes to raise awareness and, reduce exposure to cancer risk factors, and also ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles. […] Tobacco smoke has more than 7000 chemicals, at least 250 are known to be harmful and at least 69 are known to cause cancer. […] Alcohol, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and a Group 1 carcinogen that is causally linked to 7 types of cancer, including oesophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers. […] Overweight and obesity are linked to many types of cancer such as oesophagus, colorectal, breast, endometrial and kidney. Regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight, and a healthy diet can risk.

• #8 Can cancer be prevented? | How to reduce your risk of cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/can-cancer-be-prevented-0

  Not all cancers can be prevented but there are things you can do to reduce your risk. […] These include not smoking, keeping a healthy weight and staying safe in the sun. […] Research has shown that things like stopping smoking, keeping a healthy weight, staying safe in the sun, cutting down on alcohol and eating a healthy, balanced diet can reduce the risk of cancer. […] There are no guarantees when it comes to cancer, but making healthy changes does help reduce your risk. […] Not smoking is the best thing you can do to reduce your risk of cancer, as smoking is the biggest cause of cancer. […] Being a healthy weight has lots of health benefits, including reducing the risk of at least 13 different types of cancer. […] Being safe in the sun reduces the risk of skin cancer. […] Cutting down on alcohol reduces your risk of 7 types of cancer. […] Having a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce your risk of cancer. […] The HPV vaccine helps to prevent cancer by protecting against human papillomavirus (HPV).

• #9 Adult health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/cancer-prevention/art-20044816

  Cancer prevention: 7 tips to reduce your risk […] Concerned about cancer prevention? Take charge by making changes such as eating healthy foods and getting regular screenings. […] But experts know that certain lifestyle choices can affect the chances of getting cancer. Try these lifestyle tips to help prevent cancer. […] A great way to help prevent cancer is to not use tobacco. If you want to quit tobacco, ask a healthcare professional about products that can help you stop smoking and other ways of quitting. […] Eating healthy foods isn’t a sure way to prevent cancer. But it might lower the risk. […] People who eat a Mediterranean diet have a lower risk of breast cancer. […] Being at a healthy weight might lower the risk of some types of cancer. […] Physical activity counts too.

• #10 Cancer prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_prevention

  Future preventive screening measures can be additionally improved by minimizing invasiveness and increasing specificity by taking individual biological makeup into account, also known as „population-based personalized cancer screening.” […] Dietary recommendations for reducing cancer risk typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and fish, and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), animal fats, and refined carbohydrates. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends a diet rich in fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer. A diet rich in foods of plant origin, including non-starchy fruits and vegetables, non-starchy roots and tubers, and whole grains, may have protective effects against cancer. […] Consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer and endometrial cancer. Additionally, a higher coffee intake was shown to be related to a lower risk of melanoma and oral/pharyngeal cancer. However, a higher risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and bladder cancer actually is associated with higher coffee intake. However, it’s important to note that these claims are associations and there is not strong evidence that validates the effects of coffee consumption and cancer risk.

• #11 Cancer Prevention | CancerQuest

  https://cancerquest.org/patients/cancer-prevention

  In addition to these general guidelines, there are several specific compounds that have exhibited evidence that they may contribute to cancer prevention. […] The following cancer prevention methods are described below in more detail. […] Exercise can cause many changes in the human body. The types of changes depend on the amount and type of exercise. Exercise increases the amount of blood pumped by the heart (called cardiac output). This, in turn, leads to increased oxygen and blood flow. The increased heart rate also triggers the release of hormones. […] Physical activity is strongly associated with lower risk of cancer at seven sites: bladder, colon, breast, endometrial, lung, esophageal, kidney, and stomach gastric. Physical activity has also been linked to reductions in pancreatic and ovarian cancer.

• #12 Cancer Prevention | CancerQuest

  https://cancerquest.org/patients/cancer-prevention

  Exercise lowers sex hormone levels. Estrogen is a female sex hormone that maintains the female reproductive system. While estrogen is essential for the female body, women with elevated levels of estrogen and other sex hormones (androgens) are at a higher risk for developing breast cancer. Research has shown that exercise of sufficient frequency and intensity causes significant decreases in levels of these hormones. […] Exercise prevents high insulin levels. Insulin resistance leads to elevated blood levels of insulin, as well as elevated amounts of glucose in the blood stream. Insulin increases the chances of tumor development by activating cell proliferation, or cells dividing rapidly, and the inhibition of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. […] Exercise reduces inflammation and regulates insulin levels.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. WHO works with Member States to strengthen national policies and programmes to raise awareness and, reduce exposure to cancer risk factors, and also ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles. […] Tobacco smoke has more than 7000 chemicals, at least 250 are known to be harmful and at least 69 are known to cause cancer. […] Alcohol, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and a Group 1 carcinogen that is causally linked to 7 types of cancer, including oesophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers. […] Overweight and obesity are linked to many types of cancer such as oesophagus, colorectal, breast, endometrial and kidney. Regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight, and a healthy diet can risk.

• #14 Ways to reduce your risk of getting cancer

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cancer/reduce-risk/

  Physical activity can reduce your risk of some types of cancer, such as breast, bowel and womb cancer. […] Carrying excess weight or living with obesity can increase your risk of some cancers. […] Alcohol increases your risk of at least 7 types of cancer. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and sunbeds can damage skin and increase your risk of skin cancer. […] Reduce your risk of cancer by taking part in free cancer screening programmes. […] Some cancers are caused by viruses. […] Make sure your children take part in vaccination programmes for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV). […] You may be exposed to cancer-causing substances in your workplace. […] Radon is a radioactive gas in the air that can cause lung cancer. […] If you breastfeed your baby this will reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] The combined oral contraceptive pill can slightly increase the risk of breast and cervical cancers. […] Finding cancer early means you are more likely to survive it.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Cancer causing infections, such as hepatitis and human papilloma virus (HPV), are responsible for up to 25% of cancer cases in low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines are available for hepatitis B virus and some types of HPV, and can reduce the risk of liver and cervical cancers, respectively. […] Exposure to all types of ionizing radiation increases the risk of various types of malignancy including leukaemia and a number of solid tumours. Risks increase when the exposure occurs at a young age and also when the exposure amount is higher. Avoiding excessive exposure, and using sunscreen and protective clothing are effective preventive measures.

• #16 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  Avoiding sun exposure (especially during the middle of the day) can reduce the risk of skin cancers. Covering exposed skin and using sunscreens with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 that protect against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B light also help reduce the risk of skin cancer. […] Vaccines can prevent certain types of cancer that are caused by viruses. For example, certain strains of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer, anal cancer, and some forms of head and neck cancer. Vaccination against HPV can largely prevent many cases of these cancers. […] As another example, infection with hepatitis B virus increases the risk of liver cancer. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus can help prevent liver cancer. […] Aspirin use may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer or result in earlier diagnosis because of bleeding. […] For women with symptoms of menopause, taking hormone therapy (for example, estrogen and progesterone) may increase the risk of breast cancer. Women who have symptoms of menopause should carefully consider the risks and benefits of using hormone therapy and consult their health care professional.

• #17 Cancer Prevention | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/screening-prevention/prevention

  No single food prevents cancer, but eating a variety of plant-based foods lowers your risk of getting cancer. Eating healthy helps you keep a healthy weight and supports your immune system. Healthy foods contain compounds that repair cells and help fight cancer before it starts. […] The vaccines for two infections—HPV and hepatitis B—can help prevent certain cancers. […] Exposure to the sun, including tanning and sunburns, can increase your risk of developing skin cancer. […] Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco. Radon is a radioactive gas—impossible to see, taste, or smell. Breathing in radon over time may cause lung cancer. Testing is the only way to know if your home has radon.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer

  Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented by modifying or avoiding key risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies. […] The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and management of patients who develop cancer. […] Prevention also offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. […] Modifying or avoiding the following key risk factors can help prevent cancer: avoid tobacco use, including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco; maintain a healthy weight; eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables; exercise regularly; limit alcohol use; practice safe sex; get vaccinated against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV); reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation; prevent unnecessary ionizing radiation exposure (e.g. minimize occupational exposure, ensure safe and appropriate medical use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment); avoid urban air pollution and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels; get regular medical care; and some chronic infections are also risk factors for cancer. People in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to develop cancer through chronic infections.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Cancer causing infections, such as hepatitis and human papilloma virus (HPV), are responsible for up to 25% of cancer cases in low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines are available for hepatitis B virus and some types of HPV, and can reduce the risk of liver and cervical cancers, respectively. […] Exposure to all types of ionizing radiation increases the risk of various types of malignancy including leukaemia and a number of solid tumours. Risks increase when the exposure occurs at a young age and also when the exposure amount is higher. Avoiding excessive exposure, and using sunscreen and protective clothing are effective preventive measures.

• #20 National Cancer Prevention Month | Cancer Awareness Months | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/national-cancer-prevention-month/

  February is National Cancer Prevention Month. […] Research shows that more than 40% of these cases and nearly half of the deaths can be attributed to preventable causes: smoking, excess body weight, physical inactivity, and excessive exposure to the sun, among others. […] This means that steps such as quitting smoking (or never starting in the first place), maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, protecting your skin from the sun, and getting vaccinated against the pathogens that cause certain cancers can dramatically reduce your risk of cancer in many cases. […] Its imperative that we implement effective, evidence-based practices that reduce modifiable cancer risk factors for everyone. […] The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can prevent HPV, a risk factor for developing anal, cervical, and four other cancers.

• #21

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4718348/

  There are two kinds of anti-cancer vaccines: preventive (or prophylactic) and therapeutic vaccines. The former include anti-HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) for the prevention of cervical cancer, and anti-HBV vaccines for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] In conclusion, prevention programs are an important weapon in the fight against cancer, and currently available evidence shows that they can contribute to reducing both the incidence of cancer and mortality.

• #22 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  Avoiding sun exposure (especially during the middle of the day) can reduce the risk of skin cancers. Covering exposed skin and using sunscreens with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 that protect against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B light also help reduce the risk of skin cancer. […] Vaccines can prevent certain types of cancer that are caused by viruses. For example, certain strains of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer, anal cancer, and some forms of head and neck cancer. Vaccination against HPV can largely prevent many cases of these cancers. […] As another example, infection with hepatitis B virus increases the risk of liver cancer. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus can help prevent liver cancer. […] Aspirin use may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer or result in earlier diagnosis because of bleeding. […] For women with symptoms of menopause, taking hormone therapy (for example, estrogen and progesterone) may increase the risk of breast cancer. Women who have symptoms of menopause should carefully consider the risks and benefits of using hormone therapy and consult their health care professional.

• #23 Cancer Prevention Overview – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/patient-prevention-overview-pdq

  Not smoking or quitting smoking lowers the risk of getting cancer and dying from cancer. […] Two vaccines to prevent infection by cancer-causing agents have been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). […] Chemoprevention is the use of substances to lower the risk of cancer, or keep it from recurring. […] Studies have shown that weight loss surgery lowers cancer risk. […] Other types of surgery can help lower the risk of cancer. […] Aspirin has not been shown to prevent most cancers. […] Vitamin and dietary supplements have not been shown to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #24 What is Chemoprevention? | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/risk-and-prevention/prevention-screening/what-is-chemoprevention

  Chemoprevention is the use of a medication, vitamin, or supplement to stop cancer from happening. This is most often used for people who have a high risk of cancer. They may have a strong family history, carry a certain gene, or have a personal health history that makes their risk higher. […] It can be used in three ways: Primary prevention: Prevent cancer in a healthy person. […] Secondary prevention: Prevent a pre-cancerous area from becoming cancer. […] Tertiary prevention: Used for a person who has already had cancer, to prevent them from developing another cancer. […] Studies have found that regular use of aspirin and/or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) results in a 20-40% reduction in the risk of developing colorectal polyps and cancer. […] Chemoprevention is also being studied in other cancers such as head and neck, lung, and skin cancer. […] Talk about the risks of any chemoprevention with your healthcare provider. In some cases, there are more risks than benefits, and you may decide chemoprevention is not right for you. In other people, the benefit of cancer prevention may make the side effects tolerable.

• #25 What is Chemoprevention? | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/risk-and-prevention/prevention-screening/what-is-chemoprevention

  Chemoprevention is the use of a medication, vitamin, or supplement to stop cancer from happening. This is most often used for people who have a high risk of cancer. They may have a strong family history, carry a certain gene, or have a personal health history that makes their risk higher. […] It can be used in three ways: Primary prevention: Prevent cancer in a healthy person. […] Secondary prevention: Prevent a pre-cancerous area from becoming cancer. […] Tertiary prevention: Used for a person who has already had cancer, to prevent them from developing another cancer. […] Studies have found that regular use of aspirin and/or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) results in a 20-40% reduction in the risk of developing colorectal polyps and cancer. […] Chemoprevention is also being studied in other cancers such as head and neck, lung, and skin cancer. […] Talk about the risks of any chemoprevention with your healthcare provider. In some cases, there are more risks than benefits, and you may decide chemoprevention is not right for you. In other people, the benefit of cancer prevention may make the side effects tolerable.

• #26 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  A metaanalysis of epidemiological studies, including a total of 16 105 cases, showed a 27% risk reduction of CRC with aspirin use. […] As a result of the current clinical evidence, aspirin is gaining acceptance as a colorectal cancer preventive therapy in agestratified groups, as highlighted by the recently updated US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines which recommend aspirin for primary cancer prevention in individuals aged 5059 years, who also have a 10% or greater 10year risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Clinical evidence has convincingly demonstrated that it is possible to lower cancer incidence, at least for breast and colorectal cancer, through the use of preventive medicine. […] Implementing awareness and education on cancer prevention is mandatory for both the general public and healthcare professionals.

• #27 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  In individuals with a higher than average cancer risk, for example due to an inherited predisposition, then additional therapeutic prevention approaches are warranted in addition to any general recommendations. […] For the highest risk cohorts of the germline mutation carriers (e.g., mutations of APC, BRCA1, BRCA2, or CDH1), cancer prevention can ultimately extend to prophylactic surgery. […] The benefits of primary prevention are well documented in the longterm SERMs metaanalysis by Cuzick et al. […] Even though the longterm followup data reinforce the initial beneficial findings from all the prevention trials, the routine use of primary prevention is still very low, which is currently limiting its effectiveness at a population level. […] Aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use has been associated with reduced risk of CRC in several studies, initially with contradictory results but longer followup subsequently confirmed the positive effects.

• #28 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  Avoiding sun exposure (especially during the middle of the day) can reduce the risk of skin cancers. Covering exposed skin and using sunscreens with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 that protect against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B light also help reduce the risk of skin cancer. […] Vaccines can prevent certain types of cancer that are caused by viruses. For example, certain strains of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer, anal cancer, and some forms of head and neck cancer. Vaccination against HPV can largely prevent many cases of these cancers. […] As another example, infection with hepatitis B virus increases the risk of liver cancer. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus can help prevent liver cancer. […] Aspirin use may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer or result in earlier diagnosis because of bleeding. […] For women with symptoms of menopause, taking hormone therapy (for example, estrogen and progesterone) may increase the risk of breast cancer. Women who have symptoms of menopause should carefully consider the risks and benefits of using hormone therapy and consult their health care professional.

• #29 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  There are many different types of cancer, with different causes and risk factors. Doctors estimate that about 40% of cancers are preventable. […] However, some general strategies do reduce the risk of cancer or cancer complications in many people. These general strategies fall into 3 categories: Primary prevention: Steps people can take to lessen their chance of developing certain types of cancer […] Secondary prevention: Directed at people who may already have some kind of cancer but have not developed symptoms […] Tertiary prevention: Measures aimed at slowing down the effects of a cancer to prevent complications. […] Screening is part of secondary prevention of certain cancers. It involves using information about a person, particularly their risk factors for cancer and results of their physical examination, to guide testing to look for unrecognized cancer. Early detection of cancerous or precancerous growths can save lives. So it is important that people get the recommended screening tests for cancer.

• #30 Adult health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/cancer-prevention/art-20044816

  Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer and one of the easiest to prevent. […] Protecting against certain viral infections can help protect against cancer. […] Talk to a healthcare professional about getting vaccines to prevent the following: Hepatitis B can raise the risk of getting liver cancer. […] HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers. […] Some behaviors carry a high risk of infections that can raise the risk of getting cancer. […] Do regular self-exams. Get screenings for cancers, such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast. These efforts raise the chances of finding cancer early. That’s when treatment is most likely to work.

• #31

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4718348/

  Primary and secondary prevention should therefore be regarded as a priority for global cancer control. […] Organized screening is a highly standardized form of „systems screening”; as it is constantly monitored through quality check and process indicators and relies on evidence-based protocols and guidelines, it differs from opportunistic or spontaneous screening. […] High-quality cervical screening helps to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality. In Italy, the incidence of squamous cell and invasive cancers has significantly decreased from 11.6/100,000 to 8.7/100,000 since the introduction of cervical screening. […] High-quality CRC screening has been seen to reduce the incidence of CRC by 33% and mortality due to CRC by 43%. […] Despite these controversies, breast cancer screening has undoubtedly contributed to reducing cancer mortality by 30-50%.

• #32

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4718348/

  Primary and secondary prevention should therefore be regarded as a priority for global cancer control. […] Organized screening is a highly standardized form of „systems screening”; as it is constantly monitored through quality check and process indicators and relies on evidence-based protocols and guidelines, it differs from opportunistic or spontaneous screening. […] High-quality cervical screening helps to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality. In Italy, the incidence of squamous cell and invasive cancers has significantly decreased from 11.6/100,000 to 8.7/100,000 since the introduction of cervical screening. […] High-quality CRC screening has been seen to reduce the incidence of CRC by 33% and mortality due to CRC by 43%. […] Despite these controversies, breast cancer screening has undoubtedly contributed to reducing cancer mortality by 30-50%.

• #33 Cancer Risk Reduction and Prevention | The AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/about-cancer/cancer-prevention/

  Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or indoor tanning is the predominant cause of all three main types of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Adopting sun-safe habits and avoiding the use of indoor tanning devices can decrease the incidence of skin cancer. […] Infections with cancer-related pathogens account for about one in five cancer diagnoses worldwide, and taking measures to prevent and treat these infections can help prevent certain cancers. […] Screening for colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, by colonoscopy can both detect these cancers at an early stage, when successful treatment is more likely, and prevent them from developing in the first place. […] If everyone followed colorectal cancer screening guidelines, at least 60 percent of colorectal cancer deaths in the United States could be avoided.

• #34

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4718348/

  Primary and secondary prevention should therefore be regarded as a priority for global cancer control. […] Organized screening is a highly standardized form of „systems screening”; as it is constantly monitored through quality check and process indicators and relies on evidence-based protocols and guidelines, it differs from opportunistic or spontaneous screening. […] High-quality cervical screening helps to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality. In Italy, the incidence of squamous cell and invasive cancers has significantly decreased from 11.6/100,000 to 8.7/100,000 since the introduction of cervical screening. […] High-quality CRC screening has been seen to reduce the incidence of CRC by 33% and mortality due to CRC by 43%. […] Despite these controversies, breast cancer screening has undoubtedly contributed to reducing cancer mortality by 30-50%.

• #35 Prevention and Early Detection Guidelines | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/health-care-professionals/american-cancer-society-prevention-early-detection-guidelines.html

  The American Cancer Society recommends that adults at average risk for colorectal cancer undergo regular screening starting at age 45, with either a high-sensitivity stool-based test or a structural (visual) examination. […] The American Cancer Society recommends yearly screening for lung cancer with a low-dose CT (LDCT) scan for people aged 50 to 80 years who smoke or used to smoke and have at least a 20 pack-year history of smoking. […] The American Cancer Society recommends that asymptomatic men who have at least a 10-year life expectancy have an opportunity to make an informed decision with their health care provider about screening for prostate cancer after they receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] Since 1991, the American Cancer Society has published guidelines that focus on nutrition and physical activity, aimed at advising health care professionals, policy makers, and the general public about dietary and other lifestyle practices that reduce cancer risk. […] The American Cancer Society recommends HPV vaccination for boys and girls between age 9 and 12.

• #36 Prevention of Cancer – Cancer – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/cancer/prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer/prevention-of-cancer

  There are many different types of cancer, with different causes and risk factors. Doctors estimate that about 40% of cancers are preventable. […] However, some general strategies do reduce the risk of cancer or cancer complications in many people. These general strategies fall into 3 categories: Primary prevention: Steps people can take to lessen their chance of developing certain types of cancer […] Secondary prevention: Directed at people who may already have some kind of cancer but have not developed symptoms […] Tertiary prevention: Measures aimed at slowing down the effects of a cancer to prevent complications. […] Screening is part of secondary prevention of certain cancers. It involves using information about a person, particularly their risk factors for cancer and results of their physical examination, to guide testing to look for unrecognized cancer. Early detection of cancerous or precancerous growths can save lives. So it is important that people get the recommended screening tests for cancer.

• #37 What is Chemoprevention? | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/risk-and-prevention/prevention-screening/what-is-chemoprevention

  Chemoprevention is the use of a medication, vitamin, or supplement to stop cancer from happening. This is most often used for people who have a high risk of cancer. They may have a strong family history, carry a certain gene, or have a personal health history that makes their risk higher. […] It can be used in three ways: Primary prevention: Prevent cancer in a healthy person. […] Secondary prevention: Prevent a pre-cancerous area from becoming cancer. […] Tertiary prevention: Used for a person who has already had cancer, to prevent them from developing another cancer. […] Studies have found that regular use of aspirin and/or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) results in a 20-40% reduction in the risk of developing colorectal polyps and cancer. […] Chemoprevention is also being studied in other cancers such as head and neck, lung, and skin cancer. […] Talk about the risks of any chemoprevention with your healthcare provider. In some cases, there are more risks than benefits, and you may decide chemoprevention is not right for you. In other people, the benefit of cancer prevention may make the side effects tolerable.

• #38 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  In individuals with a higher than average cancer risk, for example due to an inherited predisposition, then additional therapeutic prevention approaches are warranted in addition to any general recommendations. […] For the highest risk cohorts of the germline mutation carriers (e.g., mutations of APC, BRCA1, BRCA2, or CDH1), cancer prevention can ultimately extend to prophylactic surgery. […] The benefits of primary prevention are well documented in the longterm SERMs metaanalysis by Cuzick et al. […] Even though the longterm followup data reinforce the initial beneficial findings from all the prevention trials, the routine use of primary prevention is still very low, which is currently limiting its effectiveness at a population level. […] Aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use has been associated with reduced risk of CRC in several studies, initially with contradictory results but longer followup subsequently confirmed the positive effects.

• #39

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/stomach-cancer/prevention.php

  People who have an inherited syndrome called hereditary diffuse gastric cancer have mutations in the CDH1 gene that significantly increase their risk of stomach cancer. The risk is so high, in fact, that its recommended they have their stomachs removed preemptively. […] Having a gastric ulcer in the stomach caused by an H. pylori infection can increase a persons risk of developing stomach cancer. In any event, having a stomach ulcer does not mean you will develop stomach cancer. Advances in ulcer management over the years has greatly improved stomach cancer incidence. […] As we continue to learn more about stomach cancer and its causes, the following stomach cancer prevention recommendations may help you reduce your risk: Not using any tobacco products, Not drinking alcohol, Maintaining a healthy body weight (e.g. body mass index below 25), Being physically active every day, Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (particularly citrus fruits) and low in processed meats, Seeking treatment for an H. pylori infection.

• #40 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  In individuals with a higher than average cancer risk, for example due to an inherited predisposition, then additional therapeutic prevention approaches are warranted in addition to any general recommendations. […] For the highest risk cohorts of the germline mutation carriers (e.g., mutations of APC, BRCA1, BRCA2, or CDH1), cancer prevention can ultimately extend to prophylactic surgery. […] The benefits of primary prevention are well documented in the longterm SERMs metaanalysis by Cuzick et al. […] Even though the longterm followup data reinforce the initial beneficial findings from all the prevention trials, the routine use of primary prevention is still very low, which is currently limiting its effectiveness at a population level. […] Aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use has been associated with reduced risk of CRC in several studies, initially with contradictory results but longer followup subsequently confirmed the positive effects.

• #41 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer. […] Our high-risk breast cancer care specialists offer a full range of breast cancer prevention services. […] Generally, women who have a first-degree relative (mother, sister or daughter) or multiple second- or third-degree relatives (grandparent, aunt or cousin) who were diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 60 are considered at increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, your chance for developing the disease increases if you have 1 or more of these breast cancer risk factors: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer, Breast cancer in a male relative, Genetic testing indicating a mutation in certain genes (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), Precancerous breast biopsy, Personal history of noninvasive ductal cancer, Dense breast tissue, Chest radiation as a treatment for cancer under age 30.

• #42 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer. […] Our high-risk breast cancer care specialists offer a full range of breast cancer prevention services. […] Generally, women who have a first-degree relative (mother, sister or daughter) or multiple second- or third-degree relatives (grandparent, aunt or cousin) who were diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 60 are considered at increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, your chance for developing the disease increases if you have 1 or more of these breast cancer risk factors: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer, Breast cancer in a male relative, Genetic testing indicating a mutation in certain genes (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), Precancerous breast biopsy, Personal history of noninvasive ductal cancer, Dense breast tissue, Chest radiation as a treatment for cancer under age 30.

• #43 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer. […] Our high-risk breast cancer care specialists offer a full range of breast cancer prevention services. […] Generally, women who have a first-degree relative (mother, sister or daughter) or multiple second- or third-degree relatives (grandparent, aunt or cousin) who were diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 60 are considered at increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, your chance for developing the disease increases if you have 1 or more of these breast cancer risk factors: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer, Breast cancer in a male relative, Genetic testing indicating a mutation in certain genes (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), Precancerous breast biopsy, Personal history of noninvasive ductal cancer, Dense breast tissue, Chest radiation as a treatment for cancer under age 30.

• #44 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer. […] Our high-risk breast cancer care specialists offer a full range of breast cancer prevention services. […] Generally, women who have a first-degree relative (mother, sister or daughter) or multiple second- or third-degree relatives (grandparent, aunt or cousin) who were diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 60 are considered at increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, your chance for developing the disease increases if you have 1 or more of these breast cancer risk factors: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer, Breast cancer in a male relative, Genetic testing indicating a mutation in certain genes (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), Precancerous breast biopsy, Personal history of noninvasive ductal cancer, Dense breast tissue, Chest radiation as a treatment for cancer under age 30.

• #45 Breast Cancer Prevention | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/outreach/prevention/preventable-cancers/breast-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer. […] Our high-risk breast cancer care specialists offer a full range of breast cancer prevention services. […] Generally, women who have a first-degree relative (mother, sister or daughter) or multiple second- or third-degree relatives (grandparent, aunt or cousin) who were diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 60 are considered at increased risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, your chance for developing the disease increases if you have 1 or more of these breast cancer risk factors: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer, Breast cancer in a male relative, Genetic testing indicating a mutation in certain genes (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), Precancerous breast biopsy, Personal history of noninvasive ductal cancer, Dense breast tissue, Chest radiation as a treatment for cancer under age 30.

• #46 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  The constant increase of cancer incidence and the huge costs of new treatments make cancer prevention a crucial goal in order to maintain sustainable public health systems across the world. […] Cancer prevention medicine can be considered to be treatment of premalignant cells or preneoplastic conditions. […] In the field of cancer prevention medicine, breast and colon cancer demonstrates the strongest clinical evidence that pharmacological intervention can lower cancer risk. […] Preventive interventions, including lifestyle and behavioral changes and use of preventive medicine (or therapies), still need far more effort in terms of development and implementation, from basic research up to the educational and communication level, to realize their true potential. […] Therapeutic prevention can be described as primary, secondary, or tertiary, according to the population being targeted and stage of cancer development.

• #47 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  In individuals with a higher than average cancer risk, for example due to an inherited predisposition, then additional therapeutic prevention approaches are warranted in addition to any general recommendations. […] For the highest risk cohorts of the germline mutation carriers (e.g., mutations of APC, BRCA1, BRCA2, or CDH1), cancer prevention can ultimately extend to prophylactic surgery. […] The benefits of primary prevention are well documented in the longterm SERMs metaanalysis by Cuzick et al. […] Even though the longterm followup data reinforce the initial beneficial findings from all the prevention trials, the routine use of primary prevention is still very low, which is currently limiting its effectiveness at a population level. […] Aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use has been associated with reduced risk of CRC in several studies, initially with contradictory results but longer followup subsequently confirmed the positive effects.

• #48 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  A metaanalysis of epidemiological studies, including a total of 16 105 cases, showed a 27% risk reduction of CRC with aspirin use. […] As a result of the current clinical evidence, aspirin is gaining acceptance as a colorectal cancer preventive therapy in agestratified groups, as highlighted by the recently updated US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines which recommend aspirin for primary cancer prevention in individuals aged 5059 years, who also have a 10% or greater 10year risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Clinical evidence has convincingly demonstrated that it is possible to lower cancer incidence, at least for breast and colorectal cancer, through the use of preventive medicine. […] Implementing awareness and education on cancer prevention is mandatory for both the general public and healthcare professionals.

• #49

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4718348/

  There are two kinds of anti-cancer vaccines: preventive (or prophylactic) and therapeutic vaccines. The former include anti-HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) for the prevention of cervical cancer, and anti-HBV vaccines for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] In conclusion, prevention programs are an important weapon in the fight against cancer, and currently available evidence shows that they can contribute to reducing both the incidence of cancer and mortality.

• #50 Cancer prevention | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/cancer/cancer-prevention-2024_en

  Targeted health promotion measures can considerably reduce cancer risk. […] It is estimated that over 40% of cancers could be prevented through healthierful diets, physical activity, smoking cessation, reducing alcohol consumption and reduced exposure to environmental pollution. […] Different modifiable factors may increase or decrease the risk for developing cancer. It is therefore important that primary prevention efforts address the whole breadth of factors, aiming to establish cancer-protective behaviours from a young age. […] At an EU level, prevention is one of the key action areas of the Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan that will address tobacco, harmful alcohol consumption, environmental pollution and hazardous substances. […] The Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway provides reliable and up-to-date information on the health effects of such modifiable risk factors, i.e. smoking, alcohol consumption, different nutrition aspects (for example whole grain, or fruit and vegetables) and Physical activity and sedentary behaviour, as well as the recommended policies to tackle the modifiable risk factors and promote healthier behaviours.

• #51 Our Cancer Prevention Recommendations | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/

  Experts now believe that up to 40% of cancer cases are preventable. Our Cancer Prevention Recommendations are a blueprint for how to reduce your risk of cancer. […] Our evidence from massive population studies and from researchers who look at cells in a laboratory suggests that around 40% of cancer cases could be prevented if people follow our Recommendations and if governments create environments where its easier to live healthily. […] Our Cancer Prevention Recommendations devised by experts and rigorously tested by independent scientists to confirm they work are a blueprint for individuals and societies to reduce cancer. […] Not smoking, and staying safe in the sun, are also important to reduce your cancer risk. […] The Recommendations should be seen as a package unfortunately, you cant just pick and choose if you want to reduce your cancer risk.

• #52 Can cancer be prevented? | How to reduce your risk of cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/can-cancer-be-prevented-0

  Not all cancers can be prevented but there are things you can do to reduce your risk. […] These include not smoking, keeping a healthy weight and staying safe in the sun. […] Research has shown that things like stopping smoking, keeping a healthy weight, staying safe in the sun, cutting down on alcohol and eating a healthy, balanced diet can reduce the risk of cancer. […] There are no guarantees when it comes to cancer, but making healthy changes does help reduce your risk. […] Not smoking is the best thing you can do to reduce your risk of cancer, as smoking is the biggest cause of cancer. […] Being a healthy weight has lots of health benefits, including reducing the risk of at least 13 different types of cancer. […] Being safe in the sun reduces the risk of skin cancer. […] Cutting down on alcohol reduces your risk of 7 types of cancer. […] Having a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce your risk of cancer. […] The HPV vaccine helps to prevent cancer by protecting against human papillomavirus (HPV).

• #53 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #54 Cancer Prevention | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/screening-prevention/prevention

  In addition to cancer prevention, it is important to check for cancer or conditions that may lead to cancer. This is called cancer screening. […] You can take actions to lower your risk or chances of getting cancer. These actions are called cancer prevention. Making healthy lifestyle choices can prevent about half of all cancers. Here are examples of healthy lifestyles choices: […] A person can control some risk factors, like alcohol consumption, use of tobacco, exposure to sunlight, diet, obesity, and exposure to infections and infectious agents. […] Quit tobacco—better yet, never start—to lower your risk for cancer and other diseases. Tobacco causes many types of cancer. It is the leading cause of cancer-related death. […] Moving your body throughout the day has many benefits that help lower your risk of getting cancer and many other diseases. Exercise helps lower inflammation that can increase your cancer risk. It also helps keep damaged cells from turning into cancer.

• #55 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] A balanced diet can help you stay at a healthy weight. And healthy weight is a key factor in helping prevent breast cancer. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer.

• #56 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #57 Cancer Prevention | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/screening-prevention/prevention

  No single food prevents cancer, but eating a variety of plant-based foods lowers your risk of getting cancer. Eating healthy helps you keep a healthy weight and supports your immune system. Healthy foods contain compounds that repair cells and help fight cancer before it starts. […] The vaccines for two infections—HPV and hepatitis B—can help prevent certain cancers. […] Exposure to the sun, including tanning and sunburns, can increase your risk of developing skin cancer. […] Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco. Radon is a radioactive gas—impossible to see, taste, or smell. Breathing in radon over time may cause lung cancer. Testing is the only way to know if your home has radon.

• #58 Ways to reduce your risk of getting cancer

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cancer/reduce-risk/

  Physical activity can reduce your risk of some types of cancer, such as breast, bowel and womb cancer. […] Carrying excess weight or living with obesity can increase your risk of some cancers. […] Alcohol increases your risk of at least 7 types of cancer. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and sunbeds can damage skin and increase your risk of skin cancer. […] Reduce your risk of cancer by taking part in free cancer screening programmes. […] Some cancers are caused by viruses. […] Make sure your children take part in vaccination programmes for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV). […] You may be exposed to cancer-causing substances in your workplace. […] Radon is a radioactive gas in the air that can cause lung cancer. […] If you breastfeed your baby this will reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] The combined oral contraceptive pill can slightly increase the risk of breast and cervical cancers. […] Finding cancer early means you are more likely to survive it.

• #59 Reduce your risk | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/reduce-your-risk

  Did you know that about 4 in 10 cancer cases in Canada can be prevented? Its true. There are things we eat, drink, breathe and do that affect our cancer risk. […] Follow these recommendations and help reduce your cancer risk. […] The birth control pill and hormone replacement therapy may increase your risk of cancer. Understand the risks and benefits. […] Some viruses cause cancer. Check with your healthcare provider about whether a hepatitis B or HPV vaccine is a good idea for you. […] Learn how to reduce your exposure to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens). […] We recognize that making healthy behaviour changes can be difficult to achieve alone, thats why were here to help. […] It teaches you how 16 factors affect your risk of getting cancer and how you can reduce your risk by making simple changes.

• #60 Cancer Prevention and Screening Resource Center | Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey

  https://cinj.org/patient-care/cancer-prevention-and-screening-resource-center

  Cancer is the result of the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells within the body. Some of these abnormal cells can be discovered through a cancer screening. Preventative tests can lead to early detection of cancers, some of which if discovered early can lead to successful outcomes. Resources available through Rutgers Cancer Institute and ScreenNJ describe risk factors and other information that can be useful in speaking to a health care provider about a screening schedule. […] There are guidelines and recommendations for cancer screenings. However, individuals at high risk may need to be screened sooner or more frequently. Speak to your healthcare provider about the cancer screenings that are right for you. Most screenings are covered by insurance. […] Women are encouraged to know how their breasts normally feel and report any breast changes promptly to their healthcare providers.

• #61 Cancer prevention | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/cancer/cancer-prevention-2024_en

  Targeted health promotion measures can considerably reduce cancer risk. […] It is estimated that over 40% of cancers could be prevented through healthierful diets, physical activity, smoking cessation, reducing alcohol consumption and reduced exposure to environmental pollution. […] Different modifiable factors may increase or decrease the risk for developing cancer. It is therefore important that primary prevention efforts address the whole breadth of factors, aiming to establish cancer-protective behaviours from a young age. […] At an EU level, prevention is one of the key action areas of the Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan that will address tobacco, harmful alcohol consumption, environmental pollution and hazardous substances. […] The Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Knowledge Gateway provides reliable and up-to-date information on the health effects of such modifiable risk factors, i.e. smoking, alcohol consumption, different nutrition aspects (for example whole grain, or fruit and vegetables) and Physical activity and sedentary behaviour, as well as the recommended policies to tackle the modifiable risk factors and promote healthier behaviours.

• #62 Cancer prevention | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/cancer/cancer-prevention-2024_en

  Encouraging and promoting healthy lifestyles is key for the successful prevention of non-communicable disease, including cancer. Access to healthy diets and physical activity from an early age can help create health-promoting habits and behaviours that track into adulthood. […] The European Code Against Cancer (ECAC) is an initiative of the European Commission and the result of a project coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The code aims to inform people about actions they can take to reduce their risk of cancer and relate to: tobacco, second-hand smoke, healthy body weight, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, sun/UV exposure, environmental pollutants, radiation, breastfeeding and hormonal therapy, infections and vaccination, and screening. The code is based on scientific evidence on cancer prevention.

• #63 Cancer Prevention in Action

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/prevention_in_action/

  Community Cancer Prevention in Action (CPiA) is a New York State Department of Health program supporting local cancer prevention and risk reduction interventions using a policy, systems and environmental (PSE) change approach. […] Grantees build awareness of and support for cancer prevention policies in their local communities. They work to decrease exposure to ultraviolet radiation, increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates among adolescents, and increase awareness of and support for cancer prevention PSE changes. Select grantees also work to increase cancer screening rates for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. […] Grantees conduct education and mobilize their local communities to: Increase the adoption of sun safety policies and practices in community settings. Increase the number of community education interventions to build support for the HPV vaccine as cancer prevention. Increase the adoption of worksite policies that establish paid time off benefits for employees to obtain cancer screenings. […] Cancer Prevention Resources: Sun Safety (cdc.gov) Everyone Can Play a Role to Reduce Skin Cancer (cdc.gov) Developing a Paid Leave Policy for Cancer Paid Leave: A Benefit for Employers and Employees Offering Paid Time Off for Cancer Screenings The HPV Vaccine for Parents (cdc.gov)

• #64 Department of Health | Cancer | Office of Cancer Control and Prevention

  https://www.nj.gov/health/ces/public/resources/occp.shtml

  The New Jersey Cancer Education and Early Detection (NJCEED) Program provides comprehensive outreach, education and screening services for breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancers. Persons eligible for these services must be at or below 250% of the federal poverty level and be uninsured or under-insured. […] The Office of Cancer Control and Prevention (OCCP) coordinates comprehensive cancer control efforts in New Jersey. Comprehensive cancer control is a collaborative process by which a community and its partners pool resources to reduce illness and death due to cancer through prevention, early detection, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliation. […] The OCCP also participates in the national efforts of the CDC to establish state-based comprehensive cancer control plans and conduct prevention of cancer risk factors, enhance early detection of preventable cancers and facilitate survivorship through the activities of its Regional Chronic Disease Coalitions.

• #65 Ways to reduce your risk of getting cancer

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cancer/reduce-risk/

  Physical activity can reduce your risk of some types of cancer, such as breast, bowel and womb cancer. […] Carrying excess weight or living with obesity can increase your risk of some cancers. […] Alcohol increases your risk of at least 7 types of cancer. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and sunbeds can damage skin and increase your risk of skin cancer. […] Reduce your risk of cancer by taking part in free cancer screening programmes. […] Some cancers are caused by viruses. […] Make sure your children take part in vaccination programmes for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV). […] You may be exposed to cancer-causing substances in your workplace. […] Radon is a radioactive gas in the air that can cause lung cancer. […] If you breastfeed your baby this will reduce your risk of breast cancer. […] The combined oral contraceptive pill can slightly increase the risk of breast and cervical cancers. […] Finding cancer early means you are more likely to survive it.

• #66 Cancer Prevention in Action

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/prevention_in_action/

  Community Cancer Prevention in Action (CPiA) is a New York State Department of Health program supporting local cancer prevention and risk reduction interventions using a policy, systems and environmental (PSE) change approach. […] Grantees build awareness of and support for cancer prevention policies in their local communities. They work to decrease exposure to ultraviolet radiation, increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates among adolescents, and increase awareness of and support for cancer prevention PSE changes. Select grantees also work to increase cancer screening rates for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. […] Grantees conduct education and mobilize their local communities to: Increase the adoption of sun safety policies and practices in community settings. Increase the number of community education interventions to build support for the HPV vaccine as cancer prevention. Increase the adoption of worksite policies that establish paid time off benefits for employees to obtain cancer screenings. […] Cancer Prevention Resources: Sun Safety (cdc.gov) Everyone Can Play a Role to Reduce Skin Cancer (cdc.gov) Developing a Paid Leave Policy for Cancer Paid Leave: A Benefit for Employers and Employees Offering Paid Time Off for Cancer Screenings The HPV Vaccine for Parents (cdc.gov)

• #67 Department of Health | Cancer | Office of Cancer Control and Prevention

  https://www.nj.gov/health/ces/public/resources/occp.shtml

  The New Jersey Cancer Education and Early Detection (NJCEED) Program provides comprehensive outreach, education and screening services for breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancers. Persons eligible for these services must be at or below 250% of the federal poverty level and be uninsured or under-insured. […] The Office of Cancer Control and Prevention (OCCP) coordinates comprehensive cancer control efforts in New Jersey. Comprehensive cancer control is a collaborative process by which a community and its partners pool resources to reduce illness and death due to cancer through prevention, early detection, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliation. […] The OCCP also participates in the national efforts of the CDC to establish state-based comprehensive cancer control plans and conduct prevention of cancer risk factors, enhance early detection of preventable cancers and facilitate survivorship through the activities of its Regional Chronic Disease Coalitions.

• #68

  https://cancer.wvumedicine.org/about-us/inside-the-institute/cancer-prevention-and-control/

  Early detection of cancer can save lives. The most common cancers in West Virginia lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal can all be caught and treated early through routine screening tests. […] A key part of the teams mission is to reduce cancer health disparities and remove barriers to cancer care. […] Cancer Prevention and Control is proud to be the home of the WVU Cancer Institute Mobile Cancer Screening Program, providing mammography and lung cancer screening. […] Mobile cancer services help West Virginians in our most rural areas have access to potentially life-saving cancer screening. […] Because primary care drives cancer screenings, we keep them up to date on the latest screening guidelines for different types of cancer and teach best practices for cancer screenings, with the goal of helping each primary care center improve their screening rates.

• #69 Cancer Prevention Center | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/patients-family/diagnosis-treatment/care-centers-clinics/cancer-prevention-center.html

  When seen for evaluation, you will have your risk of developing cancer assessed, be counseled regarding a healthy lifestyle as well as other ways to reduce cancer risk (e.g., medications), and receive screening recommendations based on your individualized cancer risk. […] The best reason to come to MD Anderson for cancer screenings is that we make recommendations women dont often get elsewhere. […] Many women are also not told about medications like tamoxifen that can reduce their risk of breast cancer, which we might recommend based on their personal risk factors.

• #70 Cancer Prevention in Action

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/prevention_in_action/

  Community Cancer Prevention in Action (CPiA) is a New York State Department of Health program supporting local cancer prevention and risk reduction interventions using a policy, systems and environmental (PSE) change approach. […] Grantees build awareness of and support for cancer prevention policies in their local communities. They work to decrease exposure to ultraviolet radiation, increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates among adolescents, and increase awareness of and support for cancer prevention PSE changes. Select grantees also work to increase cancer screening rates for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. […] Grantees conduct education and mobilize their local communities to: Increase the adoption of sun safety policies and practices in community settings. Increase the number of community education interventions to build support for the HPV vaccine as cancer prevention. Increase the adoption of worksite policies that establish paid time off benefits for employees to obtain cancer screenings. […] Cancer Prevention Resources: Sun Safety (cdc.gov) Everyone Can Play a Role to Reduce Skin Cancer (cdc.gov) Developing a Paid Leave Policy for Cancer Paid Leave: A Benefit for Employers and Employees Offering Paid Time Off for Cancer Screenings The HPV Vaccine for Parents (cdc.gov)

• #71 Cancer Prevention and Control Program

  https://lombardi.georgetown.edu/research/programs/cancer-prevention-control/

  The programs membership is also instrumental in leading translational working groups around focal and emerging areas of cancer control and prevention, including care delivery research, epidemiology and modeling, translational genomics, and in studying the burdens of cancer among older adults and long-term cancer survivors. […] The Cancer Prevention and Control (CPC) Program is part of the LCCC and hence all non therapeutic Interventional and Observational studies must be registered and reported in OnCore and CTRP in a timely fashion.

• #72 Cancer Prevention and Risk Reduction | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/patient-family/cancer-prevention-risk

  The Pediatric Cancer Genetic Risk Program at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s provides cancer risk assessment for children, comprehensive recommendations for managing cancer risk in children, and psychosocial support for families affected by hereditary cancer. […] Our nutrition experts help patients follow a healthy diet during and after cancer treatment. […] This much is known: A sedentary lifestyle raises the risk of cancer, while physical activity even moderate exercise can reduce the risk not only of developing cancer but having a recurrence following treatment. […] With an estimated 8,500 new cases of skin cancer diagnosed in the U.S. every day, it is important that you not only protect yourself from the suns UV rays, but also regularly check your skin for anything out of the ordinary.

• #73 National Cancer Prevention Month | Cancer Awareness Months | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/national-cancer-prevention-month/

  Scientists are investigating new ways to prevent breast cancer, with clinical trials involving vaccines, personalized doses of tamoxifen, and targeted inhibition of the cells that give rise to breast cancer. […] A lack of awareness regarding the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) used to screen for colorectal cancer, the HIV vaccine, and whole-exome sequencing is leading to some groups failing to benefit from these cancer screening and prevention methods. […] The AACR is committed to advancing the science of cancer prevention. […] With its funding partners, the AACR makes grants available to scientists studying prevention of a variety of cancers.

• #74 Cancer Prevention Overview – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/patient-prevention-overview-pdq

  Not smoking or quitting smoking lowers the risk of getting cancer and dying from cancer. […] Two vaccines to prevent infection by cancer-causing agents have been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). […] Chemoprevention is the use of substances to lower the risk of cancer, or keep it from recurring. […] Studies have shown that weight loss surgery lowers cancer risk. […] Other types of surgery can help lower the risk of cancer. […] Aspirin has not been shown to prevent most cancers. […] Vitamin and dietary supplements have not been shown to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #75

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4718348/

  There are two kinds of anti-cancer vaccines: preventive (or prophylactic) and therapeutic vaccines. The former include anti-HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) for the prevention of cervical cancer, and anti-HBV vaccines for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] In conclusion, prevention programs are an important weapon in the fight against cancer, and currently available evidence shows that they can contribute to reducing both the incidence of cancer and mortality.

• #76 National Cancer Prevention Month | Cancer Awareness Months | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/national-cancer-prevention-month/

  Scientists are investigating new ways to prevent breast cancer, with clinical trials involving vaccines, personalized doses of tamoxifen, and targeted inhibition of the cells that give rise to breast cancer. […] A lack of awareness regarding the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) used to screen for colorectal cancer, the HIV vaccine, and whole-exome sequencing is leading to some groups failing to benefit from these cancer screening and prevention methods. […] The AACR is committed to advancing the science of cancer prevention. […] With its funding partners, the AACR makes grants available to scientists studying prevention of a variety of cancers.

• #77 Cancer prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_prevention

  Future preventive screening measures can be additionally improved by minimizing invasiveness and increasing specificity by taking individual biological makeup into account, also known as „population-based personalized cancer screening.” […] Dietary recommendations for reducing cancer risk typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and fish, and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), animal fats, and refined carbohydrates. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends a diet rich in fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer. A diet rich in foods of plant origin, including non-starchy fruits and vegetables, non-starchy roots and tubers, and whole grains, may have protective effects against cancer. […] Consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer and endometrial cancer. Additionally, a higher coffee intake was shown to be related to a lower risk of melanoma and oral/pharyngeal cancer. However, a higher risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and bladder cancer actually is associated with higher coffee intake. However, it’s important to note that these claims are associations and there is not strong evidence that validates the effects of coffee consumption and cancer risk.

• #78 Cancer prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_prevention

  Future preventive screening measures can be additionally improved by minimizing invasiveness and increasing specificity by taking individual biological makeup into account, also known as „population-based personalized cancer screening.” […] Dietary recommendations for reducing cancer risk typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and fish, and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), animal fats, and refined carbohydrates. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends a diet rich in fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer. A diet rich in foods of plant origin, including non-starchy fruits and vegetables, non-starchy roots and tubers, and whole grains, may have protective effects against cancer. […] Consumption of coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer and endometrial cancer. Additionally, a higher coffee intake was shown to be related to a lower risk of melanoma and oral/pharyngeal cancer. However, a higher risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and bladder cancer actually is associated with higher coffee intake. However, it’s important to note that these claims are associations and there is not strong evidence that validates the effects of coffee consumption and cancer risk.

• #79 National Cancer Prevention Month | Cancer Awareness Months | AACR

  https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/national-cancer-prevention-month/

  Scientists are investigating new ways to prevent breast cancer, with clinical trials involving vaccines, personalized doses of tamoxifen, and targeted inhibition of the cells that give rise to breast cancer. […] A lack of awareness regarding the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) used to screen for colorectal cancer, the HIV vaccine, and whole-exome sequencing is leading to some groups failing to benefit from these cancer screening and prevention methods. […] The AACR is committed to advancing the science of cancer prevention. […] With its funding partners, the AACR makes grants available to scientists studying prevention of a variety of cancers.

• #80

  https://www.who.int/activities/preventing-cancer

  Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. WHO works with Member States to strengthen national policies and programmes to raise awareness and, reduce exposure to cancer risk factors, and also ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles. […] Tobacco smoke has more than 7000 chemicals, at least 250 are known to be harmful and at least 69 are known to cause cancer. […] Alcohol, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and a Group 1 carcinogen that is causally linked to 7 types of cancer, including oesophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers. […] Overweight and obesity are linked to many types of cancer such as oesophagus, colorectal, breast, endometrial and kidney. Regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight, and a healthy diet can risk.

• #81

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer

  Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented by modifying or avoiding key risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies. […] The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and management of patients who develop cancer. […] Prevention also offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. […] Modifying or avoiding the following key risk factors can help prevent cancer: avoid tobacco use, including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco; maintain a healthy weight; eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables; exercise regularly; limit alcohol use; practice safe sex; get vaccinated against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV); reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation; prevent unnecessary ionizing radiation exposure (e.g. minimize occupational exposure, ensure safe and appropriate medical use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment); avoid urban air pollution and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels; get regular medical care; and some chronic infections are also risk factors for cancer. People in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to develop cancer through chronic infections.

• #82 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  A metaanalysis of epidemiological studies, including a total of 16 105 cases, showed a 27% risk reduction of CRC with aspirin use. […] As a result of the current clinical evidence, aspirin is gaining acceptance as a colorectal cancer preventive therapy in agestratified groups, as highlighted by the recently updated US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines which recommend aspirin for primary cancer prevention in individuals aged 5059 years, who also have a 10% or greater 10year risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Clinical evidence has convincingly demonstrated that it is possible to lower cancer incidence, at least for breast and colorectal cancer, through the use of preventive medicine. […] Implementing awareness and education on cancer prevention is mandatory for both the general public and healthcare professionals.

• #83 Therapeutic cancer prevention: achievements and ongoing challenges – a focus on breast and colorectal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396378/

  A metaanalysis of epidemiological studies, including a total of 16 105 cases, showed a 27% risk reduction of CRC with aspirin use. […] As a result of the current clinical evidence, aspirin is gaining acceptance as a colorectal cancer preventive therapy in agestratified groups, as highlighted by the recently updated US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines which recommend aspirin for primary cancer prevention in individuals aged 5059 years, who also have a 10% or greater 10year risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Clinical evidence has convincingly demonstrated that it is possible to lower cancer incidence, at least for breast and colorectal cancer, through the use of preventive medicine. […] Implementing awareness and education on cancer prevention is mandatory for both the general public and healthcare professionals.

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