Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prognosis and survival for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/prognosis-and-survival

  If you have a brain or spinal cord tumour, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type, grade and characteristics of your cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis than high-grade tumours. […] The type of brain or spinal cord tumour is an important prognostic factor. Some types of tumours have a better prognosis than others. […] In general, people younger than 55 have a better prognosis. […] The location and size of the tumour are important prognostic factors because they determine whether the tumour can be completely removed with surgery. Tumours that are small and easily accessible have a better prognosis.

• #2 Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular persons chances of survival. […] Survival varies with each grade and particular type or subtype of brain and spinal cord tumour. The following factors can also affect survival for brain and spinal cord tumours. However, survival rates for brain tumours will vary widely, depending on the type of tumour, its grade and the location in the brain. […] Low-grade tumours have a more favourable prognosis than high-grade tumours. […] People younger than 65 years of age have a more favourable prognosis. […] People with a better performance status and neurological status have a more favourable prognosis.

• #3 Prognosis and survival for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/prognosis-and-survival

  Tumours that can be completely removed with surgery usually have a better prognosis. […] If a tumour spreads to other areas of the central nervous system (CNS) or beyond the CNS, the prognosis is less favourable. […] People with a high performance status( Karnofsky score of 70 or greater) before treatment have a better prognosis than those with a lower performance status. People who can carry out everyday activities, can walk and can take care of themselves have better neurological function and a higher performance status than those who require help or cant do these activities. […] Oligodendrogliomas have a chromosome abnormality where the p arm of chromosome 1 and the q arm of chromosome 19 have been deleted. These tumours are more responsive to chemotherapy and have a better prognosis than tumours that do not have this chromosome abnormality. […] Survival varies with each grade and particular type or subtype of brain and spinal cord tumour.

• #4 Survival statistics for brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics

  Tumours that can be surgically removed have a more favourable prognosis than tumours that can be partially removed or not removed. Tumours that are in parts of the brain where they cannot be easily removed by surgery have lower survival rates. […] People with cancer should talk to their doctor about their prognosis. Prognosis depends on many factors, including: your health history, type of cancer, stage, characteristics of the cancer, treatments chosen, how the cancer responds to treatment. […] Only a doctor familiar with these factors can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis.

• #5 Survival for brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/survival

  There are different types of spinal cord tumours. The most common types are meningiomas, tumours of the spinal nerves and ependymomas. Spinal cord tumours can be cancerous (malignant) or non cancerous (benign). Benign tumours have a better prognosis than malignant tumours. […] Generally, for people with malignant and benign spinal cord tumours: almost 95 out of 100 people (almost 95%) survive their spinal cord tumour for 5 years or more; around 90 out of 100 people (around 90%) survive their spinal cord tumour for 10 years or more.

• #6 A Nomogram for Predicting Overall Survival of Patients With Primary Spinal Cord Glioblastoma

  https://www.e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?number=1597

  A total of 132 patients were included. The 1-year, 1.5-year, and 2-year OS were 45.5%, 29.5%, and 18.9%, respectively. […] We have developed and internally validated a nomogram for predicting the survival outcome of PSCGBM for the first time. The nomogram has the potential to assist clinicians in making individualized predictions of survival outcome of PSCGBM. […] The median survival time was 11 months. […] In our study, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age groups, tumor extension, extent of resection and adjuvant therapy were predictors of PSCGBM. […] Although the median survival time of PSCGBM is relatively short, of note, we observed that 45 patients had a survival time of at least 18 months. […] In our study, GTR was identified as a protective factor of favorable survival outcome (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.140.93; p = 0.034). […] A robust population-based survival-predicting model for PSCGBM is established and internationally validated. This nomogram offers clinicians a simple-to-use method for assessing mortality risk in patients with PSCGBM.

• #7 Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer—A Retrospective UK Single-Centre Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10527546/

  Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is characterised by the compression of the spinal cord due to direct or metastatic spread to the vertebrae, potentially leading to neurological deficits. […] Spinal tumours resulting from the metastasis of lung cancer are particularly connected with an unfavourable prognosis, often displaying rapid advancement and limited survival. […] The median overall survival (OS) was 5.5 months, with 52 out of 74 patients dying within 6 months of diagnosis with MSCC. […] For the entire cohort, the statistically significant variables on multi-variate analysis were cancer type (NSCLC had improved OS), the number of involved vertebrae (one to two vertebrae involvement had improved OS), and the time taken to develop motor deficits (10 days to develop motor deficits had worsened OS).

• #8 Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer—A Retrospective UK Single-Centre Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/18/4432

  Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is characterised by the compression of the spinal cord due to direct or metastatic spread to the vertebrae, potentially leading to neurological deficits. […] Spinal tumours resulting from the metastasis of lung cancer are particularly connected with an unfavourable prognosis, often displaying rapid advancement and limited survival. […] The median overall survival (OS) was 5.5 months, with 52 out of 74 patients dying within 6 months of diagnosis with MSCC. […] For the entire cohort, the statistically significant variables on multi-variate analysis were cancer type (NSCLC had improved OS), the number of involved vertebrae (one to two vertebrae involvement had improved OS), and the time taken to develop motor deficits (≤10 days to develop motor deficits had worsened OS).

• #9 Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer—A Retrospective UK Single-Centre Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10527546/

  Within the entire cohort, patients diagnosed with NSCLC and spinal metastases affecting one to two vertebrae exhibited enhanced OS. […] In both the entire cohort and the NSCLC subgroup, the development of motor deficits within a period of 10 days was associated with poor OS. […] Survival rates are poor, with just 10% of patients surviving for 18 months after the initial clinical presentation of MSCC. […] In the entire lung cancer cohort, we identified two prognostic factors that demonstrated a statistically significant impact on patient survival with NSCLC and one to two affected vertebrae. […] The early development of motor deficits (10 days) was associated with worsened OS in both the entire lung cancer cohort and the NSCLC subgroup. […] Patients with an EGFR mutation were 90% less likely to die compared to those with non-EGFR mutations. […] In light of these findings, further large-scale research is required to identify the prognostic factors that are independent predictors of MSCC secondary to lung cancer.

• #10 Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer—A Retrospective UK Single-Centre Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/18/4432

  Within the entire cohort, patients diagnosed with NSCLC and spinal metastases affecting one to two vertebrae exhibited enhanced OS. […] In both the entire cohort and the NSCLC subgroup, the development of motor deficits within a period of ≤10 days was associated with poor OS. […] The early development of motor deficits (≤10 days) was associated with worsened OS in both the entire lung cancer cohort and the NSCLC subgroup. […] The following factors were associated with prolonged survival time: female, NSCLC, ambulatory, ECOG performance status 1–2, one or two vertebrae involved, pre-treatment with chemotherapy, and MRI undertaken within 24 h of suspected MSCC. […] Patients with NSCLC were 82% less likely to die compared to patients with SCLC. […] Those with one or two vertebrae metastatic involvement were 64% less likely to die compared to those with three or more vertebrae involvement.

• #11 Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer—A Retrospective UK Single-Centre Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/18/4432

  The patients who developed a motor deficiency within ten days after MSCC diagnosis were 6.1 times more likely to die compared to those who developed motor deficiencies at 11 or more days post-MSCC diagnosis. […] In the NSCLC cohort, the following factors were associated with a prolonged survival time: EGFR mutation, ambulatory, ECOG performance status 1–2, one or two vertebrae involved, pre-treatment with chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

• #12 Prognostic factors and its predictive value in patients with metastatic spinal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8281408/

  The spine is the most common location of metastatic diseases. Treating a metastatic spinal tumor depends on many factors, including patients overall health and life expectancy. […] The prognostic value of Frankel spinal cord injury functional classification scale, metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC), spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) and the revised Tokuhashi score for prediction of prognosis was explored in patients with metastatic spinal tumors. […] Frankel spinal cord injury functional classification scale, MSCC, SINS and revised Tokuhashi score were helpful in predicting the prognosis of patients with metastatic spinal cancer. […] The present study showed that age, comorbidity of metastasis from elsewhere, therapies, number of spinal tumors, patient attitude toward tumors and Karnofsky performance score significantly influenced prognosis of patients with metastatic spine tumors.

• #13 Prognostic factors and its predictive value in patients with metastatic spinal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8281408/

  Evaluation of indices for the prediction of outcomes in patients with metastatic spinal tumors indicated that scores of Frankel spinal cord injury functional classification scale, MSCC, SINS and revised Tokuhashi scale were important factors influencing the patterns of surgery. […] All in all, patients with older age, complications of metastases from elsewhere, subtotal corpectomy, fixation and decompression, high number of spinal tumors, hostile attitude to tumors and low Karnofsky performance score have poor prognosis.

• #14 Prognosis after Palliative Surgery for Patients with Spinal Metastasis: Comparison of Predicted and Actual Survival

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/16/3868

  The revised Tokuhashi score and the new Katagiri score are useful for predicting the prognosis of patients with spinal metastasis; however, the median life expectancy in the current study was longer than the survival period predicted using these scoring systems. […] A higher CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) and absence of postoperative adjuvant therapy were independent risk factors for 6-month mortality, regardless of preoperative life expectancy based on scoring systems and/or the opinions of oncologists.

• #15 Prognostic indicators in metastatic spinal cord compression: using functional independence measure and Tokuhashi scale to optimize rehabilitation planning | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3102024

  FIM score improved from 83 to 102 (P0.0001). Estimated median survival from time of rehabilitation was 10.0 months. […] KaplanMeier analysis showed longer survival in patients with high Tokuhashi scores (915) compared to low scores (08) (P0.005); and high FIM change (13) compared to low FIM change (13) (P0.02). […] Cox regression revealed that high FIM gain and high Tokuhashi score were prognostic factors. […] Rehabilitation improves functional outcomes in MSCC. Patients who had a high Tokuhashi score and achieved high functional gains after rehabilitation had longer survival. […] The Tokuhashi score can help identify patients with good prognosis and potential for improvement during rehabilitation. […] The KaplanMeier survival analysis by log-rank test showed a significant difference in survival between patients with a high Tokuhashi score (915) compared to a low score (08) (P=0.003).

• #16 Prognostic indicators in metastatic spinal cord compression: using functional independence measure and Tokuhashi scale to optimize rehabilitation planning | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3102024

  There was a significant difference in survival between patients with a low FIM change (13) compared to a high FIM change (13) (P=0.012). […] Cox regression using forward selection showed that high FIM change and high Tokuhashi score were positive prognostic factors. […] Tokuhashi score (odds ratio (OR)=1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.041.62, P=0.022) and length of rehabilitation (OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.011.07, P=0.021) were significantly associated with high FIM gain.

• #17 Prognosis after Palliative Surgery for Patients with Spinal Metastasis: Comparison of Predicted and Actual Survival

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/16/3868

  Prognosis after Palliative Surgery for Patients with Spinal Metastasis: Comparison of Predicted and Actual Survival […] The aim of the study was to examine predictive scoring systems and identify prognostic factors for 6-month mortality after palliative surgery. […] A higher CRP/albumin ratio (odds ratio: 0.39; cut-off 0.409) and absence of postoperative adjuvant therapy (odds ratio: 7.15) were independent risk factors for poor survival. […] Our findings suggest that careful consideration is needed to determine whether palliative surgery is the best option for patients with a high preoperative CRP/albumin ratio and/or absence of postoperative adjuvant therapy, regardless of predictions made from scoring systems. […] 21.3% of patients died of cancers within 6 months after surgery, contrary to our preoperative predictions.

• #18 Predicting the Ambulatory Status of Patients Irradiated for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC) from Head-and-neck Cancer | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/8/4833

  Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is generally associated with neurologic dysfunction mainly with motor deficits. For these patients, maintaining or regaining the ability to walk, either with or without aid, is a very important endpoint. This may be achieved with radiotherapy alone, which still is the most frequent treatment for MSCC. […] In order to assign the most appropriate treatment protocol to a patient with MSCC, it would be helpful to be able to estimate the patient’s ambulatory status following radiotherapy alone. […] Therefore, the present study aims to create a scoring system that supports clinicians to estimate the post-treatment ambulatory status of patients irradiated for MSCC, particularly for those patients with MSCC from head-and-neck cancer. […] The individual scores for the 60 patients were 7 points, 12 points, 15 points, 20 points, 22 points and 27 points, respectively. Three prognostic groups were designed, namely 7-12 points (group A), 15-20 points (group B) and 22-27 points (group C), respectively. The corresponding post-treatment ambulatory rates at 1 month following radiotherapy were 11% for group A, 62% for group B and 96% for group C, respectively.

• #19 Predicting the Ambulatory Status of Patients Irradiated for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC) from Head-and-neck Cancer | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/8/4833

  Based on three predictive factors, time developing motor deficits prior to radiotherapy, pre-treatment ambulatory status and ECOG performance score, three prognostic groups were designed with significantly different post-treatment ambulatory rates of 11% (group A), 62% (group B) and 96% (groups C), respectively. Patients of group A have a low probability of being ambulatory following radiotherapy alone and would likely benefit from the addition of upfront decompressive surgery, particularly if they meet the criteria of the randomized trial of Patchell et al. […] The post-treatment ambulatory rate of group B patients is also not optimal. Thus, for these patients, upfront surgery may be considered. In group C, the post-treatment ambulatory rates at 1, 3 and 6 months following radiotherapy were extremely high with 96%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Therefore, these patients appear well treated with radiotherapy alone and may not require upfront surgery. […] This system can help predict the probability of being ambulatory after radiotherapy alone and identify patients who could benefit from upfront decompressive surgery in this particular group of cancer patients.

• #20 Factors predictive of survival and estimated years of life lost in the decade following nontraumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2016182

  Age, male sex and lower dismissal FIM score were associated with decreased survival, but neither injury severity nor level was associated with it. […] Survival after SCI varies depending on SCI cause, with survival better after traumatic SCI than after nontraumatic SCI. […] Metastatic cancer and vascular ischemia were associated with the greatest survival reduction. […] Factors independently predictive of decreased survival were increased age (+10 years; hazard ratio (HR (95% CI)), 1.6 (1.41.7)), male sex (1.3 (1.01.6)), lower dismissal FIM score (10 points; 1.3 (1.21.3)) and all nontraumatic causes. […] As a broad group, NTSCI was associated with a mean (s.d.) loss of 1.8 (0.3) years in the decade after injury compared with the reference community population. […] This finding is in contrast to traumatic SCI as a broad group, which was associated with 1 EYOLL (mean (s.d.), 0.7 (0.4) years) compared with the same reference population.

• #21 Factors predictive of survival and estimated years of life lost in the decade following nontraumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2016182

  Compared with matched controls, nontraumatic causes of SCI that were associated with the greatest EYOLL in the first decade after injury were metastatic cancer and ischemia. […] Factors that independently predicted decreased survival after SCI included increased age, male sex and lower dismissal FIM scores.

• #22 Spinal Tumors: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17500-spinal-tumors

  The prognosis (outlook) of spinal tumors depends greatly on your age and overall health and on whether the tumor is benign or malignant and primary or metastatic. […] In general, early diagnosis and treatment of a spinal tumor usually lead to a better outcome. If youre experiencing symptoms of spinal tumors, such as back pain that gets worse at night, its important to see your healthcare provider.

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